52nd North Carolina Industrial

Ventilation Conference

Basics of Ventilation II

Prerequisite Knowledge

Review of Phase I

In Advanced Design or I&M, the attendee

should already be familiar with basic air
properties such as:

North Carolina Industrial Ventilation

C f
Conference
Raleigh, North Carolina
April 2009

Density
Specific volume
Density factors for

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Prerequisite Knowledge

Prerequisite Knowledge

and know basic hood nomenclature

terminology and application:

Temperature
Elevation
Moisture
Pressure

and Know what types of hoods are used in industrial

ventilation:

Volumetric flow rate

Velocity (minimum duct design, capture, face,
plenum, duct, and minimum transport)
Velocity pressure (duct and slot)
Hood static pressure

Simple hoods
Compound/slotted hoods
Enclosing hoods
Exterior (capture) hoods
Canopy hoods
Push-pull hoods

and understand the effects of slotted hoods, baffles,

and flanges.
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Density (
()

Properties of Air
Identify important properties of air.

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Density and specific volume

Density factor at various air conditions.
Mass flow rate
ACFM (i.e., actual volumetric flow rate).
Types of pressures in a ventilation system.

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Defined as mass/volume
Units of measure:

lbm/ft3
grams/cm3 (metric)
grains/ft3

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52nd North Carolina Industrial

Ventilation Conference

Properties of Air
Specific Volume (SV)

Sea Level Density

1 ft

= 0.075 lbm/ft3
0.075
0 075 lbm

1 ft

STANDARD
CONDITIONS

Defined as
volume/mass
Units of measure:
ft3/lbm

1 ft

ft3

1
of air weighs 0.075 lbm @ 70 F, no moisture
Or, 1 Standard Cubic Foot (SCF) weighs 0.075 lbm
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Sea Level Specific Volume

SV = (1/density) or (1/
(1/)

Problem 1

2.38 ft
13.35
cubic feet

2.38 ft

SV =
= 1 / 0.075 ft3/lbm
13.35 ft3/lbm

2.38 ft
A pound of air will occupy 13.35 cubic feet at sea level,
with no moisture, and 70 F (i.e., standards conditions).
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5,500 cubic feet of air flows through a duct

every minute at Standard Conditions. How
manyy p
pounds per
p minute?
lbm 5500 ft 3 0.075lbm

min min
ft 3

Standard Conditions (STP with no moisture):

Temperature, and/or
Pressure (elevation), and/or
Humidity (i.e., an increase in RH)

Where:

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Temperature = 70 F, and
Pressure = 14.7 psia, and
Moisture = 0 RH.

Actual conditions are caused by changes in:

Actual Conditions

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Actual Conditions

A pound of air with a

different temperature
than 70 F, or at a
diff
different
t elevation,
l
ti
or
with moisture mixed in
will have some other
specific volume and
density.

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412.5 lbm/minute

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Specific Volume
Anywhere Else

? cubic
feet

STP = standard temperature and pressure with no moisture

psia = pounds per square inch atmospheric
RH = relative humidity (i.e., moisture content)
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52nd North Carolina Industrial

Ventilation Conference

Actual Conditions

Problem 2

Any condition where the air is not at Sea

Level, 70 F, and carries no moisture.
It is significant in our work if:

Temperature > 100 F

Elevation > 1000 ASL
Dew Point > 80 F
Industrial Ventilation Design Manual, page 3-14
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7,500 actual cubic feet of air flows through

a duct every minute at a density of 0.043
lbm/ft
/ 3. What is the mass flow rate in lbm
per minute?
lbm 7500 ft 3 0.043lbm

min min
ft 3

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The Perfect Gas Law

Combines Boyles Law, Charles Law, and GayLussacs Law into a single Equation.

Equation used in this course: P = Rg T

The pressure the gas sees (i.e., absolute Pressure).

The temperature
p
of the gas
g (i.e.,
( , absolute
Temperature).
The presence of moisture or any other material mixed
with the gas.

Ru
M

Ru = Universal Gas Constant = 1545.4 ft-lbf/lbm R

M=

Molecular Weight of the gas

IV Design Manual, Appendix B, page 14-23

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Density Factor (df)

Density of Standard Air

Rg is the Gas Constant unique for a particular gas:

PV=nRT

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P = Rg T

Knowing the mass a gas, then the density and

the volume it occupies will be a function of:

322.5 lbm/minute

IV Design Manual, page 3

3--14

MAIR = 28.96 lbm/mole

Pressure at Sea Level = 14.7 psi
TSTD 70 F = (460 + 70) R = 530 R
Ru = 1545.4 ft-lbf/mole-R
Rg = 53.36

Defined as the
ratio of actual
density to
standard density

P = RT = P/RT

in 2
(14.7)(144 2 )
lbm
P
ft

0.075 3

ft
( Rg )(T ) (53.36)(530)

df act
std

act

0.075 lbm

ft 3

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52nd North Carolina Industrial

Ventilation Conference

Density Factor
Components

Problem 3

Density Factor

Temperature: dfT = Tstd/Tact = std/act

Elevation: dfe = [1 (6.73 10-6)(z)]5.258
Moisture: dfm = p
psychrometric
y
charts ((dfT & dfm)
Pressure: dfp = [(407 + SPduct)/407]

Air enters a fan at 280 F and -28 wg pressure.

The Fan is located at 3200 ASL. What is the
Density Factor of the Air at the fan inlet?

Density Factor ((df

df)) = dfT dfe dfm dfp

dfT = 530/(460 + 280) = 0.72

dfe = [1 (6.73 10-6)(3200)]5.258 = 0.89
dfm = 1 (no moisture)
dfp = [(407 - 28)/407] = 0.93

df = dfT dfe dfm dfp = 0.60

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Relationship between Mass

Flow Rate and CFM
m air

3
lbm ft lbm
3 Q ( )

min min ft

m total

m total m air 1

H 2O

m total m air 1

Flow Rate (CFM)

Qact(act)=Qstd(std)(1+)

lbm ft lbm
3 Q ( )

min min ft

Qact [(act)/(std)]= Qstd (1+)

m total (Qact )( act ) (Qact )( act )(1 )

Qact = Qstd (1+) (1 / df )

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Actual Volumetric Flow

Rate (Qact)
m air

m H 2O

Why ACFM?

m total

1
Qact Qstd
df act

Actual CFM ACFM

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m H 2O

m air

Used to size the Air

Control Device
correctly
Used to size the
duct correctly
Used to size the
Fan correctly

Density Factor
Standard CFM SCFM
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52nd North Carolina Industrial

Ventilation Conference

Three Pressures at any

Point in a Duct System

Problem 4
ACFM

m std (Qstd )( std )

4,100 lbm of air at

standard conditions
enters a dryer where it
picks up 320
lbm/minute of water
and leaves with a
density factor of 0.72:

Qstd = 4,100 lbm 0.075 lbm/ft3

= 54,667 scfm

ACFM (SCFM )

1
df

1
320

1
0.72 4100

ACFM (54,667)

What is the Air Volume

(Qact)?

ACFM 81,852 ACFM

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP
VP

Comparison to Atmospheric
(+/--)
(+/
+

Less Than
Atmospheric

(or velocity velocity pressure)

VP df (V / 4005)

VP
V 4005
df

(-)

VP:

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System Components

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V = velocity in fpm
VP = Velocity Pressure in "wg
df = density factor

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Static Pressure Losses

(hood)
(Fh)(VPd)
(compound hood)
[(Fs)(VPs)]
(acceleration)
1VP
(duct friction)
(Fd)(VPd)
(elbows)
(Fel)(VPd)
(entries)
(Fen)(VPd)
(Fspecial fittings)(VPd)
+
Other Losses
Static Pressure

Hoods
Ducts
Air pollution control equipment
Fans
Exhaust stack
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Equals (TP SP)

Cannot be measured directly
Represents kinetic energy

Where:

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Velocity Pressure Velocity

Greater Than
Atmospheric

Total Pressure

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(+)

SP
SP

VP

Velocity Pressure

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SP

SP

TP

SP

Static Pressure

@ df = 0.72
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SP
SP

Other Losses = air pollution control device,

loss from velocity increase, etc.)
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52nd North Carolina Industrial

Ventilation Conference

Design of Local Exhaust

Hoods

When we can predict the location of a release of dust or

other contaminant, we can pull a small amount of air
immediately next to the source to remove the
contaminant effectively.
Poor hood design can lead to:

Hood Types

POOR contaminant control,

BIG air pollution control equipment costs ($$$),
BIG replacement air costs ($$$), and
BIG fans with BIG motors ($$$).

ACGIH, Industrial Ventilation A

Manual of Recommended Practice
for Design, 26th Edition

The challenge it to remove the smallest amount of air

with the greatest concentration of pollutant!
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Hood Refresher

Hood Static Pressure

Q = VA
Capture velocity
Minimum transport velocity
Acceleration loss (not really acceleration
it is energy transfer)
Flanges and affects on airflow
Air Volume Requirements
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Given a flanged slotted hood for a welding operation

in an area with disturbing air currents, where:

(Fi
(Figure
1.1)
1 1)

= 4005 (0.78/0.89)0.5 = 3,748 fpm

V = 4005
A = 0.1963 ft2 (from IV Design Manual, page 9-38)
Qact = VA = 3,748 0.1963 = 736 ACFM
Qact = Qstd (1/df) (1 + )
736 = Qstd (1/0.89) (1) 655 SCFM
(VP/df)0.5

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he = (Fh)(VPd), or
he = (Fs)(VPs) + (Fh)(VPd), for compound hoods
Fh = hood entry loss coefficient
Fs = slot loss coefficient
VPd = duct velocity pressure in wg
VPs = slot velocity pressure in wg

Problem 6

Find Qact, where:

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SPH = he + VP
Where:

Problem 5
VP = 0.78 wg
df = 0.89 (no moisture i.e., = 0)
D = 6 inches
Qactt = ________

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df = 0.76 (no moisture i.e., = 0) and 90 included angle

Aslot = 2.41 ft2 and Xsource = 1.5 ft and Dduct = 16
= ________ fpm
Vcapture
p
Qact = ________ ACFM
SPhood = ________ wg

(Figure 6.11)

Vcapture = 200 fpm (from IV Design Manual, page 6-8)

Q = 0.75V(10X2 + A) = (0.75)(200)[(10(1.5)2 + 2.41)] = 3,736 SCFM
Qact = Q (1/df) (1 + w) = (3,736/0.76) (1) = 4,916 ACFM
VPslot = 0.20 wg
and
VPduct = 0.59 wg
Fslot = 1.78
and
Fhood = 0.25
SPhood = 1.78(0.20) + 0.25(0.59) + 0.59 = 1.09 wg
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52nd North Carolina Industrial

Ventilation Conference

System Component
Losses

(hood)
(Fh)(
Fh)(VPd
VPd))
(compound hood)
[(Fs)(VPs)]
(acceleration)
1VP
(duct friction)
(Fd
Fd)(
)(VPd
VPd))
(elbows)
(Fel)(
Fel)(VPd
VPd))
(entries)
(Fen)(
(Fen)(VPd
VPd))
(Special fittings)(VPd
fittings)(VPd))
+
Other Losses
P - Static Pressure

Fen is a function of:

Angle of Entry
Looking for efficiency
(lowest Fen)
Recommended angle < 45
30 and 45 are most

Least Efficient (90)

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Contractions and
Expansions

Fd =

(0.0307)(V)0.533
(Q)0.612

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Problem 7

Calculate the static pressure losses through the system and

properly size the orifice (at standard conditions).

Fitting ducts into tight places

Fit equipment
Provide high discharge velocity at end of stack

Contractions increase the duct velocity erosion

considerations in particulate conveying systems
Expansions decrease the duct velocity minimum
transport considerations in particulate conveying systems
Energy loss or regain a function of geometry of the
transition piece

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Length of duct
Diameter of duct
(smaller diameter has
more friction)
Speed of air through
the duct

Contractions and Expansions

Use for:

38

SP =FductVP=
(Fd)(L)VP
Losses are a function
of:

Straight Duct

Most Efficient (<10)

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common

30
30
R/D
Number of pieces
Degree of turn (e.g., 45, 90)

37

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90
90
3

90 called elbows
< 90 called angles (e.g.,
30, 45, 60)
Recommended R/D?

Branch Entries

Fel is a function of:

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Elbows

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52nd North Carolina Industrial

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Problem 7

Problem 7

Contractions and Expansions

Contractions and Expansions

Losses for Segment 1-A:

Losses for Contraction (Figure 9-d):

V = Q/A1-A = 9,500 cfm/2.6398 ft2 = 3,599 fpm

VPd = df(V/4005)2 = (1)(3,599/4,005)2 = 0.81 wg
SPh = FhVPd + 1VPd = VPd(1 + Fh)
= 0.81(1 + 0.49) = 1.20 wg
Fd = 0.0307(V0.533/Q0.612)
(or use Table 9-4)
= 0.0307(3,5990.533/95000.612) = 0.0089
SPDuct Friction = (Fd)(L)(VPd) = 0.0089(100)(0.81) = 0.72 wg
SP1-A = (SPh + SPDuct Friction) = (1.2 + 0.72) = -1.92 wg

SP2
SP1
VP1
V2
VP2
L
SP2

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=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

SP1 - (VP2 - VP1) - L(VP2 - VP1), where

-1.92 wg
0.81 wg
Q/AA-B = 9,500 cfm/1.7671 ft2 = 5,376 fpm
df(V2/4005)2 = 1(5,376/4,005)2 = 1.80 wg
0.08 (for 15 degree taper angle)
-1.92 - (1.80 0.81) 0.08(1.80 0.81)
-2.99 wg (SP at exit from contraction)

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Problem 7

Problem 7

Contractions and Expansions

Contractions and Expansions

Losses for Segment 1-B:

Regain for Expansion (Figure 9-d):

SPContraction Exit = -2.37 wg

VA-B = 5,376 fpm
VPA-B = 1.80 wg
Fd = 0.0307(V0.533/Q0.612)
(or use Table 9-4)
= 0.0307(5,3760.533/95000.612) = 0.0110
SPDuct Friction = (Fd)(L)(VPd) = 0.0110(10)(1.80) = 0.20 wg
SP1-B = (SPDuct Friction + SPContraction Exit)
= (0.20 + 2.99) = -3.19 wg

SP2
SP1
VP1
V2
VP2
R
SP2

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=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

SP1 + R(VP1 - VP2), where

-3.19 wg
1.80 wg
3,599 fpm
0.81 wg
0.83 (15 degree taper angle; D2/D1 = 1.22)
-3.19 + 0.83(1.80 0.81) = -3.19 + 0.82
-2.37 wg (SP at exit from expansion)

45

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Problem 7

46

Problem 7

Contractions and Expansions

Contractions and Expansions

Losses for Segment 1-C:

Orifice Design:

SPExpansion Exit = -2.37 wg

VB-C = 3,599 fpm
VPB-C
0 81 wg
wg
B C = 0.81
Fd = 0.0089
SPDuct Friction = (Fd)(L)(VPd) = 0.0089(40)(0.81) = 0.29 wg
SP1-C = (SPDuct Friction + SPExpansion Exit)
= (0.29 + 2.37) = -2.66 wg

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(SPh + SPDuct Friction) = -2.66 wg

V = Q2-C//A2-C = 3,000
,
cfm/1.3963
/
ft2 = 2,149
,
fpm
p
VP = df(V/4005)2 = 1(2,149/4,005)2 = 0.29 wg
(or use Table 9-4)
Fd = 0.0307(V0.533/Q0.612)
= 0.0307(2,1490.533/95000.612) = 0.0137
SPDuct Friction = (Fd)(L)(VPd) = 0.0137(20)(0.29) = 0.08 wg
SPh = 2.66 - SPDuct Friction = 2.66 0.08 = -2.58 wg
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52nd North Carolina Industrial

Ventilation Conference

Using the Calculation

Sheet

Problem 7

Contractions and Expansions

Orifice Design:
SPh = 2.66 - SPDuct Friction = 2.66 0.08 = -2.58 wg
SPh = FhVPorifice + 1VPd
= 1.78(VPorifice) + 1(0.29)
VPorifice = (2.58 0.29)/1.78 = 1.29 wg
Vorifice = 4005(VP/df)0.5 = 4005(1.29/1)0.5 = 4549 fpm
Aorifice = Qorifice/Vorifice = 3,000 cfm/4549 fpm = 0.6595 ft2
Dorifice = (4 144 Aorifice/)0.5 = (4 144 0.6595/ )0.5
= 11 inches

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ACGIH Calculation Sheet

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Calc Sheet Q, V, D, and VP

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Calc Sheet Duct, Elbow,

Entry Losses

Calc Sheet Hoods

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Using the results from Problem 7, input the

data for segment 1-A into a calculation
sheet.

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52nd North Carolina Industrial

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Calc Sheet Other Losses;

SP; Corrected Q, V, and VP

Balancing Methods

With blast gates

Advantages

Di d
Disadvantages
t

Not tamper-proof
Higher initial cost

Balance-by-design

Advantages

Disadvantages

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Adjustable
Design flexibility

No tampering
No blast gates to wear
Higher airflows

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Accounting For Acceleration at

Branch Entries

Balancing Branch SP at Entries

Weighted Average VP

Q1 + Q2 = Q3
SP1 = SP2 = SP3
Adjustments:

corr

Pressure

2
No adjustment (SPdiff < 5%)
Calculate Qcorr , Vcorr, and VPcorr for branch with lower SP (5% <
SPdiff < 20%)
Redesign branch with lower SP (SPdiff > 20%)

design

SP
SP

VPr = (VP1)(Q1/Q3) + (VP2)(Q2/Q3)

Used to be called Resultant Velocity

Now more correctly named:

Now,
Weighted Average Velocity Pressure

gov

duct

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Accounting For Acceleration at

Branch Entries

Exhaust Stacks

Weighted Average VP

VPr = (VP1)(Q1/Q3) + (VP2)(Q2/Q3)

Accounting for acceleration:

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Do not use weather caps!

If (SP3 - VPr) > 0, account for acceleration (insert difference

on line 40 of calc sheet)
If (SP3 - VPr) < 0, no acceleration or a deceleration occurred
and the difference is unaccounted for in the system design

N l
No-loss
stacks
k

Losses associated with them

May also have other system
effects
Stack diameter = D + 1
Stack height = 4D + 6
D = duct diameter

Maintain discharge velocity

of > 3,000 fpm

Weather Cap
D
No--Loss Stack
No

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Stack Height Above a

Building

System Static Pressure

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The amount of pressure required by the

fan to overcome the resistance in the
system
Determined by data from the calculation
sheet
System SP = SPout - SPin - VPin
Basis for selection of the Fan Static
Pressure (FSP)

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Summary

Objectives 2

Goal: The attendee will identify the important

concepts from Phase 1 important in industrial
ventilation system design.
Identify important properties of air
air.

Apply and perform basic hood calculations at

various conditions.

Calculate density and specific volume.

Calculate the density factor at various air conditions.
Calculate the mass flow rate.
Calculate the ACFM (i.e., actual volumetric flow rate).
Identify the types of pressures in a ventilation
system.
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Be able to find appropriate information in the

Industrial Ventilation Design Manual.
Be able to calculate Q, V, and A given various
conditions.
Be able to calculate the hood entry loss factor.

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Objectives 3

Apply and perform basic ventilation system

design calculations at various conditions.

When a branch entry occurs in a ventilation system,

be able to identify when to calculate Qcorr
co versus
redesign a branch.
Be able to calculate the weighted average velocity
pressure and properly apply it at branch entries.
Be able to calculate a properly sized no-loss stack.
Be able to calculate system static pressure.

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