Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SOLUTION
Sustainable Oriented and Long-lasting Unique Team for
energy self suffIcient cOmmuNities
Deliverable D1.3.3-a, WP 1.3
1 November 2009
Duration: 60 months
Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Seventh Framework Programme (2007-2013)
Dissemination Level
PU
Public
PP
RE
CO
Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)
Date
Changes description
v1
29.02.12
Original report
SOLUTION / Lapua
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
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2
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validating
the
outcomes
of
individual
and
overall
The report in hand aims to describe the Energy Management System using Lapua
Concerto zone in visualisation of the EMS tool. The next step in developing and
implementation of EMS is a report presenting the final results of the energy supply and
demand management in the city of Lapua, i.e. application of the EMS tool for Lapua
Concerto zone.
In the EMS tool development and implementation the GIS (geographical information
system) has an important role. GIS gives possibilities for collection and presentation
input data, for treatment of data and for output of information of the energy system
management. Connection of GIS and energy modelling leads to the new title of the tool:
GIS-based EMS. Energy-maps and optimised energy configuration are the main results of
the GIS-based EMS tool.
In the WP in question, GIS-based EMS meets the several requirements in the different
tasks (Task 1.3.1-3). Some subtasks are listed below:
A common reporting format for collating relevant demand and supply data
Data mapping and resulting tool for Energy supply and demand management.
Implementation principle of the actual and planning data into the Energy
Management System.
The database within the EMS leads to mapping of the demand and supply sides
and serves as references for further simulation and optimisations.
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For Lapua built EMS tool connects together of all relevant elements of the EMS
(GIS and optimisation models)
Visualisation of the results of the EMS simulation showing the optimum use of the
energy in the Lapua Concerto zone
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Geografical information
Energy consumption
Networks
Direct supply-demand choices
Optimised supply-demand cases
GIS
Modified
optimisation
model
Master
optimisation
model
Optimesed
Operational
Performance
Reasoning
Fixing system
Application x
Application 2
Reasoning
Fixing system
E-map layer of
studied
application:
Capacity
Energy balances
CO2-balance
Operational
and
Total benefits
Communal
E-map
Capacity
Energy balances
CO2-balance
Monetary
consequences
Total
Optimisation
Performance
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CHP / DH
Gasification
Biogas
Optimisation
models
Heat storages
Concerto area:
City of Lapua
GIS
Used as a tool
Maps
Databases
Building data
-
Solar energy
Bioboilers
Geothermal heat
Simulation
models
Type, size
Energy source and
technology
Specific
consumption
Concerto area:
City of Lapua
GIS results
Energy balances
CO2 balances
Scenarios
Planning
Management
Reporting
Updating data
Industrial processes
4.3
In this chapter validation of general properties and requirements of source material used
in GIS analysis for the Lapua case is represented as a generalised example, but however
methods for processing and validation of numeric data described here can be applied to
any Concerto area. A general rule of the more, the better can be stated in terms of
numeric data, however provided that all the data can be consistently linked to exact
buildings geographically.
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of the area, the CHP plant using biomass for heat and electricity production. GIS analysis
can be highly efficient tool for the district heat producing energy company in search of
potential expansion of the DH network.
Figure 4. Grid used (250m) for analysis of geographical distribution in Concerto area of Lapua and
spatial data of buildings (blue dots) and district heating network (red line).
In order to effectively analyse heating sector in terms of geographical distribution, the
Concerto area must be divided into smaller fields. In the case of Lapua, a geographical
square grid of size 250m is used for aggregation of numeric data. This grid subject to
Concerto area is illustrated in Figure 4, and it appears that the size of the grid is suitable
for this area. Obviously, grid size can be easily modified for other Concerto areas. The
main purpose of the grid is to calculate numeric data for each grid square, e.g. total
emissions from heating or distribution of heating methods (DH, electricity, oil etc.).
Since building data of Figure 3 does not provide adequate numeric information for heat
consumption calculation purposes, another source must be used in the case of Lapua.
Population Register Centre provides accurate building data based on building permits.
This data includes several useful details for heating sector purposes:
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Commercial or public
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year of construction
2010
2020
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oil, wood or other combustible fuels. These boiler efficiencies and CO2 emission factors
are used in the case of Lapua:
Light fuel oil: 80% (efficiency), 0.266 kg/kWh (emission)
Wood: 80% (efficiency), 0 kg/kWh (emission)
Heavy fuel oil: 80% (efficiency), 0.284 kg/kWh (emission)
Natural gas: 80% (efficiency), 0.199 kg/kWh (emission)
However, electricity (in heating) and district heating must be treated in a different matter
in terms of CO2 emission calculation. Direct electricity heating has efficiency of 100%,
but in case of heat pumps electricity efficiency of 300% can be used in order to calculate
electricity consumption. Since electricity used in heating is in Finland supplied by the
national grid, linked to the Nordic electricity market, an estimate for the emission factor
of the grid electricity must be used. In the case of Finland emission factor of 0.245
kg/kWh can be used1.
Consumption of district heating in a building is naturally calculated by using efficiency of
100%, however, estimation of emission factor for DH is more complex issue due to the
nature of heat produced in CHP plant. Since end-use of DH in the buildings is available
and pipeline losses can be calculated (by using robust estimation or by using simulation
tool), total production of DH in the local energy company is therefore obtained. If in
some case DH is produced by a heat plant, emission factor is calculated simply by using
plant efficiency and fuel mix data.
However, in the case of Lapua, DH is produced by a local energy company which utilises
CHP plant combined with fuel oil boiler (during peak demand) and bio-boiler (during CHP
shutouts). Therefore, straight-forward calculation by using annual values is not possible
as in the heat plant case, and an hourly optimisation model, as illustrated in Figure 2,
must be used in order to calculate fuel consumption and emission factor of DH
production. Utilisation of this optimisation model is represented in Deliverable 1.3.2.
Also, in the case CHP plant fuels (and thereby emissions) must be divided between
produced electricity and DH. Energy based allocation or benefit allocation can be used.
In the case of Lapua, emission factor of DH depends highly on the fuel mix (peat fuel and
wood chips). Currently Lapuan Energia uses 50% peat fuel in fuel mix for CHP and bioboiler. However, in order to turn in a renewable direction, target for using 15% share of
peat fuel has been set. In these cases, optimisation model provides (by using energy
based allocation for CHP fuels) following emission factors:
50% peat fuel: 0.251 kg/kWh
15% peat fuel: 0.069 kg/kWh
If there are different scenarios to be analysed in the course of GIS utilisation, e.g. in the
case of DH network extension to be considered, these scenarios can be run through the
DH production model or by making sensitivity analysis via several optimisation cases and
constructing a function for fuel use and emissions to be applied to building data. Overall,
in order to sustain robustness and ease-of-use from the GIS software point of view the
basis of the GIS analysis should be in the modularity of the building data, not in
simulation or optimisation methods.
A value for Finland with emissions allocated for power production. Source: W. Graus, E. Worrell. (2010).
Methods for calculating CO2 intensity of power generation and consumption: A global perspective. Energy
Policy.
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4.4
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Figure 7. Schematic process chart for spatial planning of decentralised energy production plant.
In the phase two of the process, on top of a range of different energy producing
technologies, district heating network is also studied in detail either as an extension to
the main system in Lapua or as a separate areal network. For this purpose, the scale and
efficiency of an imaginary network needs to be evaluated. This is accomplished by
utilising the network simulations done during the earlier phases of the project, and with
knowledge on the Finnish systems in general. The key indicators here are two definitions
of energy density, MWh,a/m and sometimes kWh,a/m2, (yearly energy consumption per
district heating pipe meter, and energy consumption per land area) and the relative heat
losses (ratio of losses to needed production) in the system. The seemingly loose but in
principal sound relation exists between the energy density and heat losses; heat losses
start to increase rapidly when energy density becomes lower, see Figure 8.
By applying these indicators to Ala-Nurmo, a residential area part of the Concerto area
with an estimated heat demand of 1 100 MWh, utilising a preliminary network design for
the area we can calculate the energy density to be 0.74 MWh/m. According to the trend
line in Figure 8 we get a relative heat loss of 18 %. This is a reasonable estimate, but as
can be seen in the illustration, the specific value of the heat losses can vary a lot from a
system to another. The current trend line is set up using data on all Finnish district
heating systems and will be revised to better deal with the operational environment in
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Lapua by making a few representative simulations with different types and sizes of areal
networks.
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0
3
4
5
Heat density (MWh/m)
Figure 8. Heat losses and energy densities of Finnish district heating systems.
Another example of useful relations in comparing different options are profit curves as a
function of plant capacity. The specific example illustrated below in Figure 9 describes
just this; the annual operational profit corresponding to a certain capacity. The example
is from Hrsil SME-area, where a gasifier CHP plant is supplying energy for the
surrounding area. The curve is of course case specific one for Hrsil, but it illustrates
both the problem and a solution to issues always present in designing, sizing the plant
and analysing profitability.
52 000
Annual profit ()
50 000
48 000
46 000
44 000
42 000
40 000
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Figure 9. Annual profit curve for a gasifier and CHP engine in Hrsil SME-area.
The profit curve illustrated in Figure 9 only applies to Hrsil case in which heat demand
is based on specific consumption estimates for buildings linked to the CHP plant.
Therefore, this curve applies to fixed heat load only (and synthesis gas consumption).
In the general case examined by GIS planning tool, heat load will vary according to area
selected for analysis. Therefore, annual profit estimate should be a function of heat load
in addition to plant capacity. In Figure 10 an example of this kind of function is
illustrated. This function is based on several optimisation runs performed on gasifier and
CHP plant producing heat (with supporting oil boiler) for local demand (hourly
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consumption data based on outdoor temperature) and electricity to grid with feed-in
tariff being effective.
Figure 10. Annual operational profit of gasifier and CHP engine as function of gasifier capacity (kW)
and total annual heat load (MWh).
Baseline case for the optimisation is the following:
Gasifier capacity: 335 kW
CHP capacity: 100 kWe, 200 kWh
Annual heat load: 1170 MWh (peak load 411 kW)
No extraneous synthesis gas utilisation
The baseline case above was varied with factor of 50% to 150% subject to both plant
capacity and annual heat load. In the case of varying plant capacity, ratio of CHP engine
capacity to gasifier capacity was fixed. It is evident from Figure 10 how increasing heat
load affects profitability of low capacity plant, since more and more heat must be
produced by oil boiler and energy entrepreneur sells produced heat for a price lower than
oil price (see Deliverable D2L.4.1). It is also evident that for different heat loads profit
curve as function of plant capacity follows roughly the trend of Figure 9.
In the planning tool described in Figure 7 functions similar to Figure 10 are used for cost
estimation of planned energy production plant. It must be noted that this function must
be constructed separately for each Concerto area by using country-specific hourly heat
consumption data for optimisation.
4.4.3 Geographical representation of local energy production
Geographical locations of energy production units in the Concerto area can be illustrated
easily as a separate extra layer in map interface of GIS software. As there are merely
few production plants in area this size, these units can be managed as separate units as
opposed to GIS processing of thousands of consumers (buildings). These power plants,
e.g. CHP plants, wind mills, heat plants, can have numeric data concerning technical
parameters, annual heat and electricity production or emissions attached to the unit
illustrated in the map window for merely information purposes.
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4.5
CASE STUDIES
In this deliverable results from case studies are based on GIS analysis (described in
4.4.1) of energy balances of Lapua Concerto area. These case studies are illustrative
examples of performance GIS tool and are not meant to be examined in numeric detail.
However, in order to enlighten the energy balance of the Concerto area, total annual
values of heat energy consumption (not fuel energy consumption) for each heating
method estimated from validated statistics as described in subchapter 4.3.2 can be
represented:
District
heating
Light fuel
oil
Electrical
heating
Wood based
heating
Other heating
methods
Total heat
consumption
44 887 MWh
30 538 MWh
28 777 MWh
8 544 MWh
5 510 MWh
First part of case study consists of GIS analysis on potential expandability of district
heating network. In Figure 11 thematic map of DH consumption in Concerto area is
represented. It is distinctive how areas around DH network have high energy densities as
usually is the case in communal district heating infrastructure. DH consumption is clearly
concentrated in city centre but DH network is expanded also into outer regions of Lapua.
In order to analyse potential areas for DH network extension, buildings using other
heating methods must be examined in terms of location subject to DH network. In
Figures 11-14 heat energy consumption of buildings is illustrated in the case of major
other heating fuels, i.e. light fuel oil, electrical heating and wood fuel. These figures point
out that there seems to be lucrative areas for DH producer to expand to. Especially oil
heating is still used in significant volume even in the grid squares containing DH network.
From the renewable point of view replacing wood fuel with DH produced partly by peat
fuel is not reasonable, and furthermore areas with high wood fuel density seem to be
located in outer regions of Lapua. In the case of electrical heating there are distinctive
coherent areas of high density, especially south of city centre, to be considered. It is,
however, always a matter of costs when it comes to investments on expansive
infrastructure. These cost effects should be analysed in compliance with this GIS
analysis.
Second part of the demonstrative case study is a scenario analysis of total emissions in
Concerto area in terms of differentiation of parameters for heating methods. In this case
building data was modified for district heating and electrical heating. There are two
different scenarios to be analysed:
1. Base scenario: Original building data with 50% peat fuel share in CHP fuel mix
and electrical heating remaining unchanged.
2. Renewable scenario: Peat fuel share in CHP fuel mix lowered into 15% and all
the electrical heating replaced by air heat pumps with ceteris paribus in terms of
other building data.
In Figure 15 prism map of total emissions in Lapua Concerto area in base scenario is
illustrated. It must be noted that this prism map is covered with layer consisting of
thematic map of DH use from Figure 11 in order to visualise location of DH network in
terms of emissions. It is obvious that high volume of DH produced mainly by peat fuel is
responsible of major part of CO2 emissions. Total CO2 emission values for Concerto area
for the base scenario are 41.5 kt and 27.7 kt for the renewable scenario.
However, as is evident from Figure 16 where renewable scenario is used, increase of
wood fuel in CHP production has significant effect on total emissions. Change from
electrical heating to heat pumps is not as evident due to the lower volume of electrical
heating when compared to DH. The purpose of this GIS example is to demonstrate
scenario based analysis in terms of energy balance of Concerto area. It is relatively
effortless to produce this kind of scenario analysis with consistent and valid building data.
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Figure 11. District heat consumption and DH network in Concerto area of Lapua.
Figure 12. Light fuel oil based heat consumption in Concerto area of Lapua.
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Figure 14. Wood fuel based heat consumption in Concerto area of Lapua.
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Figure 15. Prism map of CO2 emissions in base scenario with DH consumption surface.
Figure 16. Prism map of CO2 emissions in renewable scenario with DH consumption surface.
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4.6
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
The case study of Lapua above utilising GIS software in order to visualize energy
consumption and renewable potential was created as an example or a template for other
Concerto areas. This geographical analysis illustrates that having an extensive and
validated geographically linked numeric data concerning buildings of the area a robust
and streamlined process by using GIS software can be used in order to produce
distinctive and visual information about energy use, renewable energy or CO2 emissions.
This GIS process can also produce results for the residents of Concerto area, e.g., to be
shown on the project website.
For the GIS analysis of heat energy use and balances in any Concerto area, following
data is required:
1. Building data
Coordinates of the building (map projection type required)
Building type (residential, commercial, industrial, services etc.)
Floor area (m2)
Division of floor area by use (residential use, other)
Building year
Possible renovation year
Heating fuel type (DH, electricity, wood, fuel oil etc.)
Energy consumption data if available
2. Concerto area information
Geographical definition of area (in form usable by GIS software)
Grid or other area division
3. Energy data for heat energy calculation/simulation
Specific heat consumption as a function of construction year (kWh/m2,a)
Efficiencies for heating methods (boilers, heat pumps)
Emission factors for fuels and electricity (kg/kWh)
4. Energy data for district heating fuel/emission allocation
Emission factor of consumed district heat if available (kg/kWh)
CHP information (see Deliverable 1.3.2)
Heat plant data (efficiency, fuel mix)
Emission factors for fuels (kg/kWh)
In the case of Lapua the analysis was performed for heat energy only as an example.
However, this analysis can be also extended for electricity consumption and production if
necessary. GIS analysis of electricity consumption and production can be useful if there is
a closed electricity grid in the area with possibilities of expanding the grid considered
combined with decentralized local electricity producers. However, in the case of national
grid covering the area and centralized large scale electricity production, it is not
reasonable to analyse this issue other than by calculating geographical electricity
balances if necessary.
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5 Conclusion
Significant ground work has been carried out in the effort of developing a GIS based EMS
tool envisaged in the deliverable description. The data base has been compiled and much
of the necessary refining of has data been done. A 250 meter grid presentation format
was chosen as means of illustrating the energy related data in the Concerto area, and for
this purpose, the aggregation of the more detailed data has been accomplished. While
the aggregated data is more meaningful for presentation purposes, the quality and level
of detail in the data base is unchanged and can be utilised when necessary.
The EMS tool is building on the results of the work done previously during the project,
utilising them wherever reasonable and presenting the results in a way that will benefit
the decision makers on a city level. The simulation and optimisation results will be linked
to the tool by using verified functions and relations. This combination and the
methodology of building on the past results enhance the results of the tool way past the
case specific studies carried out previously and represent a natural continuum for the
work accomplished so far.
In the next phase of the development process, a set of tools in form of MapBasic
Professional functions are implemented. These tools aim to make the updating of data
base effortless, to illustrate the results easily and to give the user means of carrying out
area specific studies, e.g. the extension of the district heating network or evaluating
different energy technologies in a specified area.
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