Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Characterization 4 Coutinho & Mayne (eds)

2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-62136-6

An overview on existing dynamic cone penetration test research related

to the Central Area of Brazil
L.C. Figueiredo
Department of Civil Construction, Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of
Mato Grosso, Brazil

R.P. Cunha
Department of Civil & Env. Engineering, University of Braslia, Brazil

W. Conciani
Department of Civil Construction, Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of
Mato Grosso, Brazil

ABSTRACT: This paper presents and discusses several experiments and research carried out in the Central
Area of Brazil, in which Dynamic Light Cone Penetrometers (DPLs) have started to be tested into the existing tropical soil conditions of this region. Although the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) prevails among the
dynamic penetration testing devices, it cannot always be adopted in situ, given ground conditions and the
magnitude of the expected stresses. On the other hand, several initiatives to use the light cone penetrometer
have been done for the prediction of the resilience modulus of subgrade pavement layers, as well as bearing
capacity values from foundations of light structures. Without detailing two much into the comparisons of
the distinct penetration probes, this paper summarizes the advances attained so far from existing publications, which results have already provided a reliable reference procedure, or background, for practical usage
in the Central Brazilian area by the local geotechnical engineering community. It is another effort from the
GPFees Group of the University of Braslia (http://www.geotecnia.unb.br/gpfees) to popularize in Brazil an
economical and cost-effective in situ device oriented towards the daily practice in tropical soils.

1
1.1

INTRODUCTION
General characteristics of penetrometers

The estimated load capacity of the soil is a

commonplace of the actions of civil engineering.
Its almost instinctive to imagine the resistance to
penetration of a rod into the soil. It is therefore
natural that penetrometers have been preferred for
obtaining subsoil information, when it is not always
possible to collect samples or when the financial
cost of the campaign neglects the geotechnical
investigation and allows a low budget for that.
In essence, a penetrometer consists of a thin
metal rod, which is stuck or pushed through the
blows of a hammer or a hydraulic jack system.
The penetration resistance of the rod is measured
at any depth and the data are plotted on a diagram
representing the resistance to penetration in the
abscissa and the depth on the ordinate.
1.2

Standard penetration test

In Brazil, the preferred test is the Standard

Penetration Test, or SPT, although not always

appropriate when examining soil characteristics.

In fact, the SPT is a good device for granular soils,
however this is not the case for predominantly
clayey soil materials. In addition to the problems
encountered for the characteristics of soils there
are other factors that interfere with the SPT results,
some of them detailed by Belincanta & Cintra
(1998), such as the free-fall characteristics of the
hammer (in Brazil), the type of hammer, the anvil
mass, and conservation status of the composition.
Actually the indiscriminate use of the SPT test
has brought geotechnical problems and mismanagement of resources in the field of geotechnical
testing. When faced with the scenario of central
Brazil where it is largely noticed the presence of
low-density soils with high void ratios, and deeply
leached yellow and red latossols, the use of the
SPT is a real challenge. Besides, there are the
normal difficulties of access, especially for civil
constructions in rural settlements, or in small constructions in urban areas. It is evident that other
penetrometers can be more useful and practical
than the SPT, and, perhaps, more cost-effective
for the region.

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1.3

Cone and Piezocone penetration tests

According to Schnaid (2000) the first references

on the cone penetration test are from 1930 relating to test experiments that took place in Holland.
The test consists of the continuous push of a
cone shaped probe at a constant speed into the
soil of 2 cm/s. The cone section can vary from 10
to 15 cm2. A variation of the test is the piezocone
penetration test, which consists of equipment with
a porous element, load cells and transducers that
provide the record of the dynamic pore pressures.
Hence, the pore-water pressure in the soil adjacent
to the cone is continuously provided during the
penetration of the cone. Note that the position of
the porous filter on the base of the piezocone is
not yet standardized. However, the International
Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
EngineeringISSMGEsuggests that the porous
filter must be placed just behind the cone, or at U2
position (Hasmat, 2000).
The piezocone test is attractive, and in addition
to eliminating the influence of the test operator it
provides detailed description of the soil stratigraphy with continuous record of the penetration
resistance. On the other hand, the financial costs
of the equipment use and burden of the constant
maintenancebesides of tests that do require rigs
mounted on small trucksprevents it wide use to
areas of trails and unpaved paths, or densely forested regions, and are surely the inhibitors for a
widespread use of this test in the central portion
of Brazil.
1.4 The context of the Brazilian Central
Area and states

ago. Plateaus with soils of low densities, deeply

leached, and low resistance to penetration, about
two to five blows of SPT up to 15 m deep, predominates in this region. It is undoubtedly the new
agricultural frontier of the country, with many
small towns and new pioneering settlements under
establishement.
Access to geotechnical campaigns is difficult
due to the state of the paving quality of the roads,
besides of the fact that this region is remote from
major urban centers (or the most developed corner)
from Brazil. Nilsson & Cunha (2004) report that
these problems often come together with the lack
of the awareness of the problem by geotechnical
customers and building contractors. In addition to
that, it is usual that small constructions neglect any
geotechnical test during site reconnaissance stage.
In this regard, this paper explains the advantage
of the use of lightweight penetrometers, especially
the Dynamic Penetrometer Light or DPL in such
small scale works, especially at early design stages.
2

In this section we argue succinctly about the light

dynamic penetrometers. Generally they are made
up of three parts: tip, cone-shaped, threaded rods,
and a hammer that moves in free fall up to striken
on top of an anvil. In the geotechnical literature
the light penetrometers can be divided into three
kind: The French Panda; Dynamic Cone Penetration or simply DCP; and Dynamic Probe Light or
just DPL.
2.1

Figure 1 shows the incidence of Oxisols or

Latossols in Brazil especially in the central region
of the country, where it has been established its
capital, the city of Brasilia, around half a century

Panda

The Panda is a equipment made by a company

called Sol Solution, and is a lightweight dynamic
cone penetrometer designed for soil investigation and compaction control. The equipment has
an anvil with strain gages bridges that receives
blows from a hammer with a variable energy level.
A device of reception of signals generates files
that can be analyzed later on with a geotechnical
insight.
In Brazil the Panda has been used in academic
terms by the University of Brasilia among other
research institutions, besides of some few industry companies. It is not yet used on a widespread
design basis in the country.
2.2

Figure 1. Map of BrazilCentral area of Brazil, with

large incidence of latossols (modified after Furtado,
2010).

THE LIGHTWEIGHT PENETROMETERS

Dynamic cone penetration

The Dynamic Cone Penetration or just DCP was

developed in the 60s in South Africa to evaluate
the strength or stiffness of the pavement. According to Wu (2010), Vuuren (1969) designed the

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original DCP with a 30 cone, and later on Kleyn

(1975) described another DCP design, which used
a 60 cone tip, hammer with 78.48 N mass, and
575 mm free fall. This design was then gradually
adopted by countries around the globe. In 2003,
this lightweight penetrometer was standardized
by the ASTM D6951-03 (2005), for shallow pavement applications (Wu, 2010). The DCP can be
made with accelerometers, however the cost of
the equipment is high to be employed in small
buildings. Figure 2 shows a sketch of a DCP
equipment.
In Brazil the research about DCP has been
carried out by the Federal University of Santa
Catarina. Several articles on the use of the DCP
can be accessed at internet about the methodology
for characterization of unpaved roads (Triches &
Dal Pai, 2006). According to Delgado et al. (2007)
the DCP is used to characterize the bearing capacity of the soil in its natural or compressed state,
and it also presents a good correlation with the
CBR test. The test is a little destructive of the
original soils structure, and somehow this feature
makes it possible a detailed study of the pavement
layers and the sub-grade. In addition, it can be
employed on a very wide working range, i.e., from
soft soils or inconsistent ones, even on gravel layers, from bases or sub bases.

Figure 2. Schematic assembly of DCP made by Kessler

Soils Engineering Products, Inc. Users Manual.

2.3

Dynamic probing light

The main focus of this paper is the current literature

discussion about the possible uses of the Dynamic
Probing Light or DPL, especially in determining
the load capacity of small scale (or load magnitude) foundations, in a way to complement the
SPT test, among others, during the geotechnical
investigation.
Hasmat (2000) explains that the test with the
Dynamic Probing became known in Europe
between the two world wars. After 1945 this test
was widespread around the world. Efforts to
standardize the DPL test were performed by the
past International Society for Soil Mechanics and
Foundation EngineeringISSMFEwith the
publication of the report of the Technical Committee on Penetration TestingTC16 (1989), and the
European Standard EN ISO 22476-2:2005 (2005).
Nevertheless, in Brazil, it continues to be a quite
unknown testing device in most of the regions,
particularly in the inner parts of the country.
2.4

The research of the DPL in Brazil

The test with the DPL is summarized by the penetration of a cone with 10 cm2 of area coupled to a
set of threaded rods 1 m in length. In the top there
is an anvil that receives the impact of a hammer in
a free fall manner, which mass is corresponding to
98.1 N. Each 10 cm of penetration is marked by
the number of blows known as N10. Most of the
background research on the DPL has been basically targeted on comparisons between the SPT
and the CPT test.
Nilsson & Cunha (2004) conducted studies
with the DPL for estimating load capacity of piles
for a tropical soil with the presence of a particular porous clay, as it is colloquially known in
Braslia city. The authors assumed that the possible
measurement of torque (a new feature) obtained in
DPL tests could provide lateral friction resistances
by the advancing tip and body of the DPL, which
obviously can be associated with the lateral friction of a driven pile. Accordingly, these authors
adopted an energy derived formula for pile driving,
as the Hiley equation, and a simple moment equation for the measured torque, in order to derive
the lateral DPL lateral resistance. As explained by
these authors, such resistance could be further calibrated, via field pile loading tests, to consider into
the equations a possible pile scale effect and the
construction methodologyhence to be further
employed into real pile analyses.
Although it is particularly not a Brazilian
research, Martins & Miranda (2005) conducted
several tests with the aim to obtain correlations
between various penetrometers focusing their

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comparisons between DPL and CPT tests in

granitic soils from several urban locations in the
North of Portugal, i.e. essentially Porto, Braga and
Guimares. The authors found good correlations
between the CPT resistance and the DPL.
Silva et al. (2006) proposed a semi-empirical
method for estimating the shearing resistance in
excavations of small diameter in residual and laterized soils from basalt in the region of Londrina/
PR. The method was correlated with loads tests,
and in an attempt to predict the shearing load
the authors used the Super Heavy Dynamic
ProbingDPSH, that has an energy level higher
than those from the DPL. The authors concluded
that further studies are needed to establish parameters for the tip resistance and side friction of the
DPL.
Sousa & Fonseca (2006) made correlations of the
DPL with the SPT and the CPT, based on results of
plate load tests and the use of various methods of
load forecasting for shallow foundations, including
the methods of Burland & Burbidge (1985) and
Anagnastopoulos et al. (1991). The soils chosen by
these authors were a granite residual soil, a schist
soil, a massive natural residual soil of granite, and
a soil of volcanic origin. The authors compared
the prediction results, and showed that there was a
good agreement of the DPL with other penetrometers, with the exception of the case of the granite
residual soil.
vila & Conciani (2005) proposed the first
testing correlations between SPT and DPL in the
Brazilian state of Mato Grosso, also backed up by
pile load tests. It is worth mentioning that the tests
were performed with a home made DPL apparatus
built with basis on the TC-16ISSMFE (1989)
reference drawing dimensions, and that such study
aimed the design of low cost residential units (with
a social local appeal). Figure 3 shows a schematic
drawing of this device. In this particular paper, the
authors used the method of Dcourt & Quaresma
(1978) to estimate the capacity of the piles. The
tests were performed in the city of Primavera
do Leste, where the soil is typically a yellow non
plastic sandy silt, which can be classified as SM
in the unified system, with voids of the order of
1.7 (porous). The groundwater at the tested site is
located approximately 5.5 m below surface. The
authors found that the data from the DPL test was
poorly correlated with the respective one from the
SPT. However it was indicated the possible use of
the DPL data to design deep foundations of the
region, as the DPL predictions depicted values
35% lower than those from the experimental load
tests. This option has proved to be feasible in situations where the soil presents low bearing capacity.
Ribeiro Junior et al. (2007) conducted a comparison between the predictions of load capacity, made

Figure 3. Schematic assembly of the DPL (vila &

Conciani, 2005).

from the DPL with statistical methods developed

by Aoki and Velloso (1975), and Dcourt &
Quaresma (1978) to predict the load capacity of
foundations based on the results of SPT. The soil
was a sandy clay, red, very soft to moderately soft
in the city of Jaciara, Mato Grosso. The authors
compared the data of dynamic penetrometers with
load tests at compression state and concluded
that the use of the DPL in saturated soils should
be avoided due to energy dissipations. Nevertheless, there was good fit between the predicted
load capacity of the DPL data obtained with the
empirical models of Aoki and Velloso (1975), and
Dcourt & Quaresma (1978), which are originally
suited for SPT tests, and the results of pile load
tests.
Figure 4 shows a comparison of the cited methods and results. In this one it is noticed that the
SPT does not provide good agreement for the test
load. This in fact proves the inadequacy of the SPT
for soils with a very low soils shearing resistance.
Azevedo & Guimares (2010) made a direct correlation between the N30 of the SPT test and the
N10 of the DPL. The field experiment was conducted in a stretch of an electrical transmission
line in the state of Acre, in Brazil, and the authors
warned that more studies on this particular correlation would be necessary.
It is noticed that the geotechnical literature often
fails to show a good agreement between the DPL
and the SPT testing results. Nilsson (2004), vila &

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Figure 4. Comparison between the load estimation

methods for SPT test, and DPL (Ribeiro Junior et al.,
2007).

Conciani (2005), and Ribeiro Junior et al. (2007)

made valuable observations about the inadequacies
of these comparisons. Nilsson (2004) made several
considerations about the differences between the
DPL test and the SPT. This latter author stated
that by using these two tests simultaneously for situations where each one is more effective, one could
surely obtain better correlations and resultsimproving the efficiency of the design.
vila & Conciani (2005) concluded that for
soils of low resistance in Mato Grosso, the SPT
and the DPL do not correlate well. According to
Ribeiro Jnior et al. (2007), the SPT test is best
suited for granular soils, with SPTs (N30) above 5,
where the deep foundation generally has a length
greater than 5 m, whereas the DPL test is more
useful in fine-grained soils of low resistance, where
it could be used for the prediction of deep foundation capacity loads in buildings up to 5 m high
(2 stores). It is worthwhile to say that the DPL test
is extremely sensitive to small variations to stratifications within the soil deposit, feature generally
not found in SPT tests.
In addition to that, some studies have been conducted to compare different DPL configurations.
vila et al. (2006) in a comparative study between
two types of DPLs (DPL Nilsson, and DPL
CEFET) concluded that the configuration of the
equipment do influence directly on the efficiency
of the test. However, Souza et al. (2008) concluded
that the density of the rods have little influence
on the results. Thus, the choice between a thicker
or thinner than normal rod should solely affect the
durability of the device.

when comparing to lightweight penetrometers, see

for instance the article from Kleyn & Zyl (1998)
which deals with applications of the Dynamic
Cone Penetrometer (DCP) to pavement design.
The article of Kayalar (1998) is another good
example for the future research with dynamic penetrometers of the DPL family type. In this work
the adopted penetrometer was of the German
Heavy Type (German standards DIN 4094) with a
hammer weight of 0.50 kN, height of fall of 0.5 m
and penetrometer cone diameter of 4.27 cm. This
author established a statistical evaluation of the
data to be used in the design of shallow foundations in cohesionless soils.
The CEN-UNE-EN ISO 22476 (2008) of
the European Union is another example of the
European deep interest in this topic. This standard
explains on possible data/field abnormalities and
the influence on the derived data from particular geotechnical characteristics of the soil, as for
instance the relative density of the granular material, as shown in Figure 5.
Although one can not overlook the efforts of
the research on the DPL, it is a fact that the comparative analyses with different penetrometers,
especially with the SPT, fulfilled its role in the
dissemination, and technical explanation of the
advantages of the DPL usage for a large (previously unaware) audience.
The moment now calls for more applied research
on the energy assessment and direct measurements
from the DPL test, and its possible use in design,
likewise it has been done so far in other practical
oriented research lines (as the use of statistical or
empirical correlations for bearing capacity with
this same data).
Although in the market there are lightweight
penetrometers with built in transducers, as the
French Panda device, the standard DPL still lacks
such feature. Of course, the reader may argue that

2.5 Future research possibilities on the DPL

There is no doubt that, among the dynamic cone
penetrometers, the DCP type has more advantages

Figure 5. Influence of relative density on N10 values

(UNE-EN ISO 22476 (2008)).

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if the Panda provides an answer through its own

transducers, why measure the energy of the standard DPL? The answer is precisely because the DPL
is a simple and easy to purchase (and manufacture)
device, while, (nowadays in Brazil) Panda penetrometers are black boxes that represent a high
cost to engineering companies that are actually
more familiar with the SPT testsand not prone
to invest further on an expensive new (and rather
unknown around this region) imported tool.
In this regard, a properly calibrated and low
cost manufactured DPL could provide practical
formulas for daily use in such companies, especially in small towns when oriented to low cost new
constructions.
3

CONCLUSIONS

A brief review on the use of DPL as an aid for

estimating the capacity loads from foundations in
Brazil shows that past research has been focused
in the correlations to use the DPL based on existing experience with the SPT test, as this latter one
is extremely used in Brazil. Nevertheless, although
the predictions of capacity load for foundations
with the DPL can in principle be done with experience borrowed from the SPT, it has also been
demonstrated that such approach may be, in some
cases, misleading to reliable results.
The reviewed research shows that the DPL is
suitable for tropical soils of low density and porous
matrix. In cases where the magnitude of load is
not significant, e.g., small buildings, the N10 of the
DPL is a handy information for design purposes.
Research also denotes that there are significant differences between both DPL and SPT tests, which
range from equipment geometric differences to
the magnitude of the enthru energy of the free fall
hammer on the anvil. Additionally, soil characteristics influence the results distinctly, for instance,
porous soils of low-density can respond differently
to the advances of each of such aforementioned
penetrometers.
The evaluated research has also shown that the
correlations of the DPL, with the CPT test, have
yielded good agreement. One possible answer to
that would be the closer physical resemblance, or
geometric similarity, between these two artifacts in
regard to other probes. An undeniable fact is that
lightweight penetrometers assembled with accelerometers do yield very good results in terms of soil
stratigraphy, but a major concern still remains: the
attenuation of the input energy at the anvil along
the assembled conjunct of rods and probe.
As a final remark, one can firmly state that the
research on the DPL device surpasses the common
ground of empirical correlations, as usually done

with the SPT. In fact, such former device does

deserve a better insight in terms of the real enthru
energy or its dissipation, so that a more physically
accurate and rational way of interpretation could
devised for its popularization in the Brazilian
practice.
It has large potential for development and
deployment, especially in Brazil where 80% of the
population lives close to the coast (up to 100 km),
and there are still vast extensions of tropical soil
yet to be occupied by (generally low cost or low
load) pioneering constructions from interior cities. A typical case is the state of Mato Grosso,
where agriculture needs to be enhanced and
urgently enforced to feed the needs of the country
and, why not say, the world as well (given projections of 8+ billion inhabitants soon in future
decades).
This paper is an initial and simple contribution
in this direction, based on an ongoing research
with such well-defined cited and somehow discussed objectives (Figueiredo, 2010).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks to CAPES by funding of this
capacitation, the University of Brasilia (UnB),
that provides the course of doctoral, and Institute Federal Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso (IFMT), where if gives this
research.

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