MooringSystemIntegrity

InExposedLocations
AndNarrowChannels
JohnFlory,TTILLC
SteveBenfield,TTILtd.
Presentedat3rd ASME/USCGWorkshop
OnMarineTechnologyandStandards
July,2013
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Introduction

Largervesselsarenowbeingmooredatterminals
exposedtohighwaves
and
subjectedtopassingshipforces.
Thistalkdiscusses
someoftheproblems
and
someofthesolutions.

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MooringSystemIntegrity

Introduction

FiveTopicswillbediscussed:
WaveInducedVesselMotionsandTails
HighPerformanceFiberRopeMooringLines
LowFriction,LowAbrasionFairleadLiners
PassingShipSituations
MooringArrangementComputerAnalysis
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WaveInducedVesselMotions

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WaveInducedVesselMotions

Ajettylocatedoffshore,exposedtowavesandswell
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WaveInducedVesselMotionsandTails

Syntheticfiberropetailsareemployed
ontheendsofmooringlines
toreducewavemotioninducedforces.
11m(36ft)longnylontailsweresuggestedby
theOilCompanysInternationalMarineForum
(OCIMF)MooringEquipmentGuidelines(MEG).
Thissuggestionwastakenasobligatoryby
manyterminalsandports.
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WaveInducedVesselMotionsandTails

Onvesselsmooredinhighwaves,usingshort
nylontailsonwireandHMPEmooringlines,
themooringlinesandthetailswerefailing
duetohightensions.
ATTIstudyrecommendedtheuseoflonger
tails,eitherpolyesterornylon.
ThenewMEG3rd editionnowstates
Longer tails may be required
for exposed berths
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WaveInducedVesselMotionsandTails

Polyesterropesaremuchmoredurablethan
nylonropesinwetcondition.
Butpolyestertailsarealsostiffer.
Longerpolyestertailscanprovidethesame
stretchcharacteristicsasshortnylontails.
Newlyintroducednylonropedesigns
havegooddurabilityandmaybepreferred.

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WaveInducedVesselMotionsandTails

Polyestertailreplacedbynylontailatabout0700hrs.
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HighPerformanceFiberRopeMooringLines

HighPerformanceFibersareusuallycalled
HighModulus,buttheyarealsostronger.
Theyinclude:
Aramid (Kevlar*, Twaron*, Technora*)
HMPE(HighModulusPolyethylene)
(Spectra*, Dyneema*)
LCAP(LiquidCrystalAromaticPolyester)
(Vectran*)
* Trademarks
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HighPerformanceFiberRopeMooringLines

Highperformancefiberropehasaboutthe
samestrengthaswireropeofthesamesize.
Ithasmorethantwicethestretchofwirerope.
Itweighsmuchlessandismuchmoreflexible.
Itdoesnothaveprotrudingbrokenwires.
Itismucheasierandsafertohandle.
Itcanbehandledbyfewerpeople.
Itreducesaccidentsandinjuries.
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HighPerformanceFiberRopeMooringLines

Becausehighperformancefiberrope
hasmorestretchthanwire,
itsusereducespeakmooringloads.
Butthisalsoincreasesmotionthroughfairlead.
Fiberropeisalsomorevulnerableto
abrasiondamageonthefairlead.
Alowfriction,lowabrasionnylon
fairleadlinerhasbeendeveloped
tosolvethisproblem
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WaveInducedVesselMotions

Fiberropemooringlinewearingonsteelfairlead.
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NylonFairleadLiner

TTIdevelopedanylonfairleadlinerto
overcometheproblemoffairleadabrasion.
TTIhadbeensuccessfullyusedthenylon
materialtoeliminateabrasionproblems
inoffshorenettingsystems.
TTIthenconductedropeabrasiontests
overnewandcorrodedsteelfairleads
andoverthenylonmaterial.
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NylonFairleadLiner

ResidualStrengthAfter1500cyclesbetween10and30%ofnewstrength.
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NylonFairleadLiner

Thenylonfairleadlinerismoldedintwoparts
whichcanbefittedinexistingfairleadsonships.
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NylonFairleadLiner

Thelowfriction,lowabrasionnylon
fairleadlinerinstalledonboardaship.
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PassingShipProblems

Theriskofpassingshipproblemsincreases
aslargershipsenterintoand
mooralongsideconfinedchannels.
Paststudiesofpassingshipforcesmodeled
onlytheopenwatercase.
TTIandCoastal&HarborEngineering
havenowconductedcomputermodeling
ofalongsidequayandconfinedchannelcases.
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PassingShipinNarrowChannel

FXmax

FYmax

MXYmax

OpenWater

59t

363t

57tm

Narrow Channel

452t

140t

18tm

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PassingShipProblems

Comparedtotheopenwatercase:
Surgeforcesessentiallydouble
alongsideasolidquaywall.
Surgeforcesagainessentiallydouble
alongsideaquaywallinanarrowchannel,
Resultinginessentiallyquadruplingof
surgeforces

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MooringArrangementComputerAnalysis

Theeffectsofwavesandpassingshipscanbe
determinedbydynamiccomputeranalysis.
OCIMFandSITTGOmooringguidelines
nowrecommendcomputeranalysisof
tankerandgascarrierterminal.
Somegascarrierterminalsnowrequirethat
eachvesselsmooringarrangementbevetted
bycomputeranalysis.
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