RT Procedure General

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING

AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
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REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0

OPERATING PROCEDURE
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
PREPARED BY
APPROVED BY
Name:
Name: J. AFFANDI
Signature:
Signature:
Date :
Date :
REVISION STATUS:
S.NO
REVISION
No.
00
DATE
DESCRIPTION
FIRST ISSUE

CONTENTS
1.0
SCOPE
2.0
REFERENCE DOCUMENT
3.0
OPERATION
4.0
QUALIFICATIONS
5.0
RESPONSIBILITIES
6.0
RADIATION SAFETY
7.0
PROCEDURES
8.0
ATTACHMENTS
9.0
DOCUMENTS
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ATS-RT-001
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REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
ABBREVIATION:
API
- AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
AWS - AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY

ASME - AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
ASTM - AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
RPS
- RADIATION PROTECTION SUPERVISOR
NRPB - NATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION BOARD

IQI
- IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR
DATE
REVISION
0.0

1.0
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REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
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0.0
SCOPE
This procedure is applicable for Radiographic Examination of butt joints of Pressure vessels,
Pipelines, Process Piping, and Structural work involving Carbon steel, Stainless Steel and its
alloys using IR 192 gamma ray & X ray.
2.0
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
2.1
ASME Section V Article 1, 2 & 22 (2010 Edition)
2.2
ASME /ANSI B31.1 (2008) / B31.3 (2008 Edition)
2.3
AWS-D 1.1 (2008)
2.4
API-1104 (2005)
3.0
OPERATION
The exposure device and related equipments used to achieve the above scope shall be carried out
by a team of 2 personnel as a minimum. (Radiographer Level-II and a Radiographer Level-I or
Assistant).
4.0
QUALIFICATIONS
Qualification of the personnel to carry out this procedure shall be qualified Level II as per SNTTC-1A 2006.
5.0
RESPONSIBILITIES
5.1
Radiographer Level-II is responsible for selecting appropriate Techniques, ensuring Site

Safety, Processing, and Interpretation as per applicable codes.
5.2
Radiographer Level-I or Assistant shall assist the Level-II to achieving the above.
6.0
RADIATION SAFETY
6.1
Duties of the radiographer include personnel protection and protection of general public
according to the latest maximum permissible limits. All work shall be carried out in line
with the regulations of RPI, Singapore. Precautions shall be taken as per HSE
requirements as well as NEA requirements.

6.2
6.3
6.4
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ATS-RT-001
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The Companys Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) shall be a qualified person and
certified by a National Radiation Protection Body. He is responsible for overall site
safety, Dosimetry, and Handling of Emergency situation.
Radiography source shall be stored in a pit in an exclusive storage room with lock
and key arrangement. This pit shall be approved by NEA. Source transfer
certificate, Pit room approval certificate form NEA shall be furnished.
During radiography the following safety steps should be taken:
a). Cordoning of area
b). Display of radiation symbols
c). Radiations level check by Dosimeter / Radiation survey meter.
d). Permit for carrying out radiography, as applicable shall be obtained.
e). Radiographers shall wear film badges approved by NEA.
7.0
PROCEDURES
7.1
EQUIPMENT
7.1.1 Projectors shall be used such as Sentinel or Equivalent. Source requirement Ir 192
with maximum level of 60 Curie or as per requirement shall be used.
7.1.2
For X-ray 300 KV; YXLON SMART portable equipment shall be used.
7.1.3 The effective source size or focal effective spot size of 3 mm or less will
be used.
7.2
FILMS
7.2.1 Films may be used depending upon sensitivity requirement. All films to be
used for radiography shall be in good condition and within the period of expiry
date, marked on each individual carton by manufacturer
72.2 For Gamma radiography: Ultra fine grain Type-I (e.g. Kodak MX) shall be
used for thickness up to 10 mm and fine grain film Type-II films (e.g. Kodak
AA) shall be used for thickness > 10 mm to 65 mm, as described in ASTME94 to produce satisfactory radiographs.
7.2.2 for X ray radiography: Fine grain film Type-II films shall be used for
thickness as described in ASTM-E94 to produce satisfactory radiographs.
7.2.3 Films shall be stored in a clean, dry place that is free from radiation, excessive
Heat, undue pressure, or chemical vapor

7.3
7.3.2
REVISION
0.0
Lead intensifying screen of thickness 0.125mm front screen and 0.25mm

backscreen are recommended for use.
Screen shall be free from scratch marks and wrinkles. Screen showing evidence of
physical damage shall be discarded
TECHNIQUES
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.5
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
LEAD INTENSIFYING SCREENS

7.3.1
7.4
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6 OF 19
Double Wall Single Image technique shall be used for pipe diameter greater than
76.2mm. (Refer to figure 1 for shooting sketch and technique details).
Double Wall Double Image (elliptical) technique shall be used for pipe diameter
from 38.1mm (1.5) up to 76.2mm (3). (Refer to figure 2 for shooting sketch and
technique details)
Double wall Double Image (Superimposed) technique for pipe diameter less than
38.1mm. This technique may also be applied to pipe diameter up to 76.2mm
where structural appendages restrict application of the elliptical technique or
whenever OD/ID ratio is greater than 1.4. (Refer to figure 3 for shooting sketch
and technique details)
Single Wall Single Image Panoramic technique shall be used for pipe diameter
greater than 500mm. This technique may also be applied to smaller pipe sizes
where access is possible and geometric un-sharpness requirement is satisfied.
(Refer to figure 4 for shooting sketch and technique detail).
Single Wall Single Image technique shall be used for plate welds and structural IBeams.
RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY
7.5.1 The films submitted for evaluation shall be free from blemishes to the extent that
they do not mask with image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the
subject being radiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:
i. Fogging
ii. Processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, chemical stains,
iii. Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges
iv. False indications due to defective screen
7.5.2 Geometrical Unsharpness: Geometric Un-sharpness (Ug) of the radiograph shall be
determined in accordance with: Ug = Fd/D
Where,Ug
F
D
d
= Geometric Un-sharpness
= Effective Source size
= Distance from source to Object
= Distance from source side of object/weld to the film.

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The Geometric Unsharpness shall not exceed the following:

Material Thickness (mm)
Under 50.8
50.8 through 76.2
Over 76.2 through 101.6
Greater than 101.6
Ug maximum
0.5 mm
0.76 mm
1.0 mm
1.8 mm
Note: The material thickness is the thickness on which the penetrameter is based
7.5.2
Radiographic Sensitivity
I)
Radiographic sensitivity shall be determined by placing an Image Quality
Indicator (IQI) on the specimen in such a position as to cast an image on
the film.
ii)
IQI shall be wire type conforming to DIN 54 109, or ISO type
penetrameters described in ISO 1027, or ASTM type penetrameters
described in ASTM SE-747/90 shall be used. Tables 1, 2 & 3 show the
standard identification numbers found on the penetrameter packs and the
wire sizes found in the DIN type, ISO type and ASTM type typical packs.
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REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
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REVISION
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Table 1 - DIN Wire Type Penetrameter

Wire Diameter inch (mm)
Corresponding Wire Number
DIN Pack
Designation
1 FE DIN
0.125
(3.20)
1
0.098
(2.50)
2
0.078
(2.00)
3
0.062
(1.60)
4
0.050
(1.25)
5
0.040
(1.00)
6
0.032
(0.80)
7
6 FE DIN
0.040
(1.00)
6
0.032
(0.80)
7
0.024
(0.63)
8
0.020
(0.50)
9
0.016
(0.40)
10
0.013
(0.32)
11
0.010
(0.25)
12
10 FE DIN
0.016
(0.40)
10
0.013
(0.32)
11
0.010
(0.25)
12
0.008
(0.20)
13
0.006
(0.16)
14
0.004
(0.125)
15
0.004
(0.1)
16
Table 2 - ISO Wire Type Penetrameter

Corresponding Wire Number
ISO Pack
Designation
1 ISO 7
0.125
(3.20)
1
0.098
(2.50)
2
0.078
(2.00)
3
0.062
(1.60)
4
0.050
(1.25)
5
0.040
(1.00)
6
0.032
(0.80)
7
6 ISO 12
0.040
(1.00)
6
0.032
(0.80)
7
0.024
(0.63)
8
0.020
(0.50)
9
0.016
(0.40)
10
0.013
(0.32)
11
0.010
(0.25)
12
10 ISO 16
0.016
(0.40)
10
0.013
(0.32)
11
0.010
(0.25)
12
0.008
(0.20)
13
0.006
(0.16)
14
0.004
(0.125)
15
0.004
(0.1)
16
Table 3 - ASTM Wire Type Penetrameter

ASTM Set
Designation
.0032 (.081)
.004 (.102)
.005 (.127)
.0063 (.160)
.008
(.203)
.010 (.254)
.010 (.254)
.013 (.330)
.016 (.406)
.020 (.508)
.025
(.635)
.032 (.813)
.032 (.813)
.040 (1.016)
.050 (1.27)
.063 (1.6)
.080
(2.03)
.100 (2.54)
.100 (2.54)
.126 (3.2)
.160 (4.06)
.200 (5.08)
.250
(6.35)
.320 (8.13)

iii)
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REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
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Radiographic sensitivity shall be calculated as follows:

a) For single image techniques
Sensitivity =
Dia. Of thinnest visible wire x 100

Weld thickness
b) For double image elliptical techniques

Sensitivity =

Wall thickness + Weld thickness
c) For double image super imposed techniques

Sensitivity =
2 x Weld thickness
iv)
2% sensitivity is normally required. In certain circumstance,

component geometry and exposure parameters make it impossible to
attain required sensitivity. In such cases a revised sensitivity,
acceptable to the client shall be determined from production tests
under the most favourable reasonably achievable.
v)
Wire penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length

of wires is perpendicular to the length of weld a. The thinnest wire
shall face the edge of film.
vi)
IQI placed on the film side of specimen shall be identified with

letter F.
vii) A comparator test shall be carried out on a representative weld

specimen with IQI placed on both source side & film side. The
source side IQI shall be used to determine that the attained
sensitivity meets the requirements of 11.2.4. Then corresponding
sensitivity value for the film side IQI shall be calculated. This value
shall be considered as the required sensitivity for subsequent
production radiography with film side IQI.
7.5.3 Radiographic Density
I) Density shall be measured on the sound weld metal area using a calibrated
densitometer.
ii)
For X-ray, Radiography density permissible range would be 1.8 to 4.0 H & D.
For Gamma ray, Radiography density permissible range would be 2.0 to 4.0
H&D The density variation over the area of interest shall be with minus 15%
or plus 30% of the density measured near the required wire or over the STEP
HOLE type IQI. If the shim is used under the IQI density variation may exceed
more than 30%.

iii)
7.5.4
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REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
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0.0
Base fog density in unexposed film shall not exceed 0.3. Each new batch
of film shall be checked to ensure that the fog value is below the specified
limit.
Control of Scatter
I)
A lead letter B of size (min) & 1/16 thick (min) should be attached at
the back of film holder to check back scatter radiation.
ii)
Directional collimators shall be used for all non-panoramic techniques to

restrict the radiation beam to the area under examination and thus reduce
the effect of scatter.
7.6 DENSITY:
I)
For X-ray, Radiography density permissible range would be 1.8 to 4.0 H & D.
ii)
For Gamma ray, Radiography density permissible range would be 2.0 to 4.0
H&D The density variation over the area of interest shall be with minus
15% or plus 30% of the density measured near the required wire or over the
STEP HOLE type IQI. If the shim is used under the IQI density variation
may exceed more than
7.6
SURFACE CONDITION
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.7
Visual Inspection shall be carried out prior to radiography to ensure that the weld
is in a visually acceptable condition and free of spatter, slag and other surface
matter that may interfere with the process or interpretation.
The surface shall be in the as welded condition, except that local dressing of
surface irregularities may be carried out, where a smooth contour would assist
with the evaluation of any discontinuities.
IDENTIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS
7.7.1
Radiographs shall be identified by the following information that shall appear on

each processed film.
Project or Work order number
Drawing or Component Number
Joint Number (with repair status, if any)
Radiographic section / Location in relation to marked datum
Date
Thickness & Diameter
Welder Number
Other information may be included as per the clients requirement

7.7.2
7.7.3
7.7.4
7.8
7.8.2
7.8.3
REVISION
0.0
Lead letters and numbers shall be used to identify radiographs. These should be
carefully positioned to ensure that they do not encroach upon radiographic area of
interest.
for panoramic exposures full identification is required only on the first radiograph
of the series. Only items I to IV of section 13.1 need to appear on the remainder.
Suitable reference datum marks shall be made on the surface of the work piece to
enable traceability of radiographic results back to the correct location of weld.
Paint marker or indelible ink shall be used to mark on the work piece.
Sufficient overlap shall be maintained to ensure 100% coverage of weld area with
in density requirements of section 11.3.
For circumferential butt-welds the number of radiographs per weld shall not be
less than that specified by the applicable code or standard.
A minimum overlap of 50mm of the original weld shall be given when repair area
is radiographed.
PROCESSING
7.9.1
7.9.2
7.9.3
7.9.4
7.9.5
7.9.6
7.9.7
7.10
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
OVERLAP OF FILM
7.8.1
7.9
PAGE
11 OF 19
Film processing shall be carried out in a dedicated facility that is prepared

exclusively for dark room type activities.
Darkroom shall be located at an environment free from dust, fume, excessive heat
and radiation.
Safe lights shall be checked to prevent from fogging of films.
Unexposed films shall be kept in vertical positions to prevent pressure marks.
Processing chemicals shall be of a standard type from a recognized manufacturer
such as Kodak, Agfa, Dupont or Fuji.
Manufacturers recommendations for development time and temperature shall
apply in all cases. Processing solution shall be mixed maintained, replenished and
disposed in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
Prior to and during development, the processing solutions shall be agitated in
accordance with recognized standard practices.
INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPHS
7.10.1 Interpretation of radiographs shall be carried out in a darkened room, using an
approved viewer with high intensity capacity.
7.10.2 The radiographer shall only carry out interpretation of radiographs or other
personnel qualified to the same standard, as specified in section 4 of this
procedure.

7.11.
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REPORTING
7.11.1 All examination results shall be reported in the standard format
7.12
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
7.12.1 The acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with clients requirements.
7.12.2 However, unless otherwise specified the minimum acceptance criteria shall be in
accordance with the latest editions of the following:
I)
AWS D1.1 (2008)
- for structural steel work
ii)
API 1104 (2005)
- for Cross Country Pipelines
iii)
ASME B 31.3 (2008 Edition) - for Process Piping
iv)
ASME B 31.1 (2008) - for Power Piping
v)
ASME Sec. VIII Div. 1 & 2 (2007Edition) - For Pressure Vessels
8.0
ATTACHMENTS
Figure-1
Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)
Figure-2
Double Wall Double Image (DWDI Elliptical)
Figure-3
Double Wall Double Image (DWDI Superimposed)
Figure-4
Single Wall Single Image (SWSI-Panoramic)
Figure-5
Single Wall Single Image (Plate)
Figure-6.1&6.2
Single Wall Single Image (Pipe)
8.0
DOCUMENTS

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Figure 1
DOUBLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (DWSI)
A
Source
Section A-A
Source
Pipe
Alignment of Radiation Beam

The source of radiation shall be positioned so that the center of the projected beam passes
t
through the centre of the section being examined. The beam shall be offset from the plane
through the weld by the minimum distance necessary to prevent the image of the front side
Filmside. TheIQI
weld falling on the image of the other
film shall be placed diametrically opposite
to the source of radiation, A
in close contact with the weld. FILM
Number of exposures:
Unless otherwise required by contract specifications the following shall apply:
Minimum of four exposures shall be made to radiograph schedule-160 or xx strong
material using gamma rays.
Minimum of three exposures shall be made for other gamma radiography.
Minimum of four exposures shall be made for X-ray radiography.
PAGE
14 OF 19

Figure 2
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE (DWDI- Elliptical)

Offset
A
Source
Source
IQI
IQI
Pipe
FILM
Film
A
Section A-A
Offset of Radiation Beam

The source of radiation shall be offset 12 to 15 to the weld axis, so that the topside
weld shifts and forms viewable elliptical image of both pipe walls in one exposure. The
film shall be placed diametrically opposite to the x-ray tube or source of radiation in
close contact with the weld as a flat cassette allows.
At least two exposures shall be made at 90 to each other.
Figure 3
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REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
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REVISION
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DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE (DWDI- Superimposed)
A
Source
Source
IQI
IQI
Pipe
t
Film
FILM
Section A-A
Alignment of Radiation Beam:

through the center of the pipe in the plane of the weld, such that the images of the two
sides of the weld are superimposed.
At least three exposures 120 apart shall be made.
PAGE
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REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
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REVISION
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Figure 4
SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (SWSI-Panoramic)
Section A-A
Film
Pipe
Source
Source
t
A
Film
IQI
FILM

The source of radiation shall be positioned inside the pipe so that the centre of the
projected beam passes through the center of the weld normal to the pipe surface.
By careful positioning of the source at the centre of the pipe the whole circumferential
weld may be examined in one exposure.
Figure 5

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REF DOC.
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SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (SWSI-Plate)

A
Source
Source
IQI
IQI
t
Film
Film
A
Section A-A

through the center of the weld under examination, normal to the plate surface at that point.
Unless otherwise required by contract specification, the length of weld examined shall not
exceed the FFD/SFD, with the provision that the density at the outer edges of the
diagnostic area shall not vary by more than -15% from the maximum density in sound
metal at the center of the diagnostic area.
SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (SWSI-Pipe)

Figure 6.1 (External Source)
Figure 6.2 (Internal Source)
A
Source
Source
Section A-A
Source
Pipe
Source
IQI
IQI
IQI
IQI
t
Film
Pipe
Film
Film
FILM
Section A-A
The source of radiation shall be positioned outside the pipe, with the
film inside, so that the center of the projected beam passes through
the center of the section of the weld under examination, normal to the
pipe surface.
The source of Radiation shall be positioned inside the pipe, with

film outside, so that the center of the projected beam passes
through the centre of the weld, normal to the pipe surface.
At least 4 exposures at 90 to each other shall be made. Reducing
pipe diameter and increasing wall thickness will result in necessity of
more exposure.
9.1 Radiographic Examination Report Format
Unless otherwise specified by the contract, a minimum of four
exposures shall be made for sch.160 or XX strong material.
Minimum three exposures shall be made for other material.

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NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING

AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

- AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE

AWS - AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY

- RADIATION PROTECTION SUPERVISOR

NRPB - NATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION BOARD

- IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

ASME Section V Article 1, 2 & 22 (2010 Edition)

ASME /ANSI B31.1 (2008) / B31.3 (2008 Edition)

AWS-D 1.1 (2008)

Radiographer Level-II is responsible for selecting appropriate Techniques, ensuring Site

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

Lead intensifying screen of thickness 0.125mm front screen and 0.25mm

LEAD INTENSIFYING SCREENS

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

The Geometric Unsharpness shall not exceed the following:

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

Table 1 - DIN Wire Type Penetrameter

Table 2 - ISO Wire Type Penetrameter

Table 3 - ASTM Wire Type Penetrameter

Wire Diameter inch (mm)

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

Radiographic sensitivity shall be calculated as follows:

Dia. Of thinnest visible wire x 100

b) For double image elliptical techniques

Dia. Of thinnest visible wire x 100

c) For double image super imposed techniques

2% sensitivity is normally required. In certain circumstance,

Wire penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length

IQI placed on the film side of specimen shall be identified with

vii) A comparator test shall be carried out on a representative weld

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

Directional collimators shall be used for all non-panoramic techniques to

Radiographs shall be identified by the following information that shall appear on

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

Film processing shall be carried out in a dedicated facility that is prepared

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

AWS D1.1 (2008)

- for structural steel work

API 1104 (2005)

- for Cross Country Pipelines

ASME B 31.3 (2008 Edition) - for Process Piping

ASME B 31.1 (2008) - for Power Piping

ASME Sec. VIII Div. 1 & 2 (2007Edition) - For Pressure Vessels

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

Alignment of Radiation Beam

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE (DWDI- Elliptical)

Offset of Radiation Beam

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE (DWDI- Superimposed)

Alignment of Radiation Beam:

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

Alignment of Radiation Beam:

NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL

SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (SWSI-Plate)

Alignment of Radiation Beam:

SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (SWSI-Pipe)