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Calibration of Voltmeter and
Ammeter by Potentiometer
NV6032
Operating Manual
Ver 1.1
141-B, Electronic Complex,

Pardesipura, Indore- 452 010 India
Tel.: 91-731- 4211500
email: info@nvistech.com
Toll free : 1800-103-5050
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NV6032
Calibration of Voltmeter and

Ammeter by Potentiometer
NV6032
Table of Contents
1
Introduction
Features
Technical Specifications
Theory
Experiments
Experiment 1
Study of Standardization of the DC Potentiometer
25
Experiment 2
Calibration of voltmeter using DC potentiometers
26
Experiment 3
Calibration of Ammeter using DC potentiometer
28
5.
Warranty
30
6.
List of Accessories
30
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NV6032
Introduction
NV6032 Calibration of Voltmeter and Ammeter by Potentiometer is very useful
setup for understanding functioning of Potentiometer, Voltmeter and Ammeter. It is a
complete unit with Potentiometer, Calibration unit. Calibration unit have a Voltmeter
and a Ammeter, which can be Calibrated by Potentiometer. A potentiometer is an
instrument designed to measure an unknown voltage by comparing it with a known
voltage
It has a high degree of accuracy The potentiometer is used extensively for the
calibration of voltmeters and ammeters, and provides a standard method for
calibration of these instruments.
A potentiometer is an instrument designed to measure an unknown voltage by
comparing it with a known voltage. Measurements using the comparison method are
capable of a very high degree of accuracy because the result obtained does not
depend on an actual pointer deflection, as is the case with a moving-coil instrument,
but only on the accuracy of the known voltage standard to which the comparison
made. Since the potentiometer makes use of a balance or null condition, no power is
consumed from the circuit containing emf when the instrument is balanced. Although
the potentiometer measures voltage, it can be used to determine current simply by
measuring the voltage drop produced by the unknown current through a known
resistance. The potentiometer is used extensively for the calibration of voltmeters and
ammeters, and provides the standard method for calibration of these instruments.
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Features
Inbuilt meters
Complete Setup requires no other accessories
Compact design
Extensive Operating Manual
Two years warranty
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NV6032
Technical Specifications
Analog Voltmeter
0-10V
Analog Ammeter
0-1A
Potentiometer Wire
Constantan
Length
10 mt
DC Supply
1.016 V
Variable Resistance
3-Decade
X 0.1E, X 1E, X 10E
Voltage Ratio Factor
0,1.5,15,30,150,300
Total Resistance
15K E
Variable Supply
0-12 V
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Theory
A potentiometer instrument for measuring the potential (or voltage) in a circuit taps
off a fraction of a known voltage from a resistive slide wire and compares it with the
unknown voltage by means of a galvanometer. The sliding tap of the potentiometer is
adjusted and the galvanometer briefly connected to both the sliding tap and the
unknown potential; the deflection of the galvanometer is observed and the sliding tap
adjusted until the galvanometer no longer deflects. At that point the galvanometer
draws no current from the unknown source, and the magnitude of voltage can be
calculated from the position of the sliding contact. This null balance method is a
fundamental technique of electrical metrology.
Before the introduction of the moving coil and digital voltmeters, potentiometers were
used in measuring voltage, hence the '-meter' part of their name. Today this method is
still important in standards work. The null-balance principle of measurement is also
used in other areas of electronics.
The potentiometer used for measurement is a type of bridge circuit for measuring
voltages by comparison between a small fraction of the voltage which could be
precisely measured, then balancing the two circuits to get null current flow which
could be precisely measured. Measurement potentiometers are divided into four main
classes listed below.
Concept of Voltage :
Voltage attempts to make a current flow, and current will not flow until the Circuit is
not complete. It is possible to have voltage without current, but current cannot flow
without voltage.
Voltage but No Current

Figure 1
This switch is open so the circuit is broken and current cannot flow
No Voltage and No Current

Figure 2
Without the cell there is no source of voltage so current cannot flow
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Voltage is a measure of the energy carried by the charge. Strictly : voltage is the
"energy per unit charge".
The proper name for voltage is potential difference or p.d. for short, but this
term is rarely used in electronics.
Voltage is supplied by the battery (or power supply).
Voltage is used up in components, but not in wires.
We say voltage across a component.
Voltage is measured in volts, V.
Voltage is measured with a voltmeter, connected in parallel.
The symbol V is used for voltage.
Connect a voltmeter in parallel

Figure 3
Voltage at a point and 0V (zero volts) :
Figure 4
Voltage is a difference between two points, but in electronics we often refer to voltage
at a point meaning the voltage difference between that point and a reference point of
0V (zero volts). Zero volts could be any point in the circuit, but to be consistent, it is
normally the negative terminal of the battery or power supply. You will often see
circuit diagram labeled with 0V as a reminder. Zero volts for circuits with a dual
supply.
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Some circuits require a dual supply with three supply connections as shown in the
diagram For these circuits the zero volts reference point is the middle terminal
between the two parts of the supply.
On complex circuit diagrams using a dual supply the earth symbol is often used to
indicate a connection to 0V, this helps to reduce the number of wires drawn on the
diagram.
The diagram shows a 9V dual supply, the positive terminal is +9V, the negative
terminal is -9V and the middle terminal is 0V.
Figure 5
Concept of Current :
Current is the rate of flow of charge.
Current is not used up, what flows into a component must flow out.
We say current through a component.
Current is measured in amps (amperes), A.
Current is measured with an ammeter, connected in series.
To connect in series you must break the circuit and put the ammeter across the
gap, as shown in the diagram.
The symbol I is used for current in equations.
1A (1 amp) is quite a large current for electronics, so mA (milliamps) are often

used. m (milli) means "thousandth": 1mA = 0.001A, or 1000mA = 1A
The need to break the circuit to connect in series means that ammeters are difficult to
use on soldered circuits. Most testing in electronics is done with voltmeters which can
be easily connected without disturbing circuits.
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Connecting an ammeter in Series

Figure 6
Voltage and current for components in series :
Voltages add up for components connected in series. Currents are the same through
all components connected in series. In this circuit the 4V across the resistor and the
2V across the LED add up to the battery voltage : 2V + 4V = 6V. The current through
all parts (battery, resistor and LED) is 20mA.
Figure 7
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Voltage and current for components in parallel :

Voltages are the same across all components connected in parallel. Currents add up
for components connected in parallel. In this circuit the battery, resistor and lamp all
have 6V across them. The 30mA current through the resistor and the 60mA current
through the lamp add up to the 90mA current through the battery.
Figure 8
Resistance :
Resistance is the property of a component which restricts the flow of electric current.
Energy is used up as the voltage across the component drives the current through it
and this energy appears as heat in the component.
Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega .1 is quite small
for electronics so resistances are often given in K and M.
1 K = 1000 , 1 M = 1000000 .
Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 or as high as 10 M
.
Resistors connected in series :
When resistors are connected in series their combined resistance is equal to the
individual resistances added together. For example, if resistors R1 and R2 are
connected in series their combined resistance R is given by :
Combined resistance in series : R = R1 + R2
This can be extended for more resistors : R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + ................
Note that the combined resistance in series will always be greater than any of the
individual resistances.
Figure 9
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Resistors connected in parallel :

When resistors are connected in parallel their combined resistance is less than any of
the individual resistances. There is a special equation for the combined resistance of
two resistors R1 and R2 :
Combined resistance of two resistors in R=
R1 R2
parallel :
R1 + R2
Figure 10
For more than two resistors connected in parallel a more difficult equation must be
used. This adds up the reciprocal ("one over") of each resistance to give the reciprocal
of the combined resistance, R:
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
...............
R R1 R2 R3 R4
The simple equation for two resistors in parallel is much easier to use. Note that the
combined resistance in parallel will always be less than any of the individual
resistances.
Potential difference across a battery :
The potential difference which a battery or one of its cells can maintain between its
terminals decreases as the current supplied by the battery or cell increases. Its
maximum potential difference or electromotive force is therefore, attained only with
zero current output; in other words, when the cell is on open circuit. This does not
mean that the cell in operation is less active but rather that a portion of the released
energy is then internally dissipated. The electromotive force of a cell is the energy
which this source can supply per unit of electrical charge. The potential difference
between two points in an electrical circuit is a measure of the work done per unit
charge in transmitting electrical charge from the one point to the other. The practical
unit of both electromotive force and potential difference is the volt, which is one joule
of energy per coulomb of charge. Since the energy supplied by the cell must equal the
energy dissipated in the circuit, the electromotive force E may be set equal to the sum
of the potential differences for the entire circuit, both that inside the cell v and in the
external circuit V. Thus
E = V + v (1)
The terminal voltage of the cell is then
V = E - v = E - Ir (2)
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Where I is the current in the cell and r is the internal resistance of the cell. Since all
cells have internal resistance, this expression states that the voltage between the
terminals of the cell is a maximum and equal to E only when the current I is zero.
Voltages are usually measured with a voltmeter and it might therefore be assumed
that a voltmeter requires current for its operation and as a result the terminal potential
difference, called terminal voltage, is reduced when the voltmeter is connected to the
cell. The reading would therefore be less than the electromotive force. A useful and
accurate device for measuring potential differences, including electromotive forces, is
the slide wire potentiometer shown diagrammatically in figure 11
Simple slide-wire potentiometer

Figure 11
This instrument is designed to read voltages by a comparison method which does not
require current in the measured circuit. Thus the necessary condition for measuring
electromotive forces is secured. The essential feature of the potentiometer is a
uniform wire of relatively high resistance figure 11, with a working battery W
attached to the ends of this wire to produce a uniform fall of potential along its
length. A fixed contact at A and a movable slide contact at B permit selecting any
voltage from zero when B and A coincide. If a given length of this wire L millimeters
(see figure 11) has a drop of V volts, the drop in volts per millimeter length of wire
will be given by [V / L]. Then any arbitrary span of wire Lx millimeters in length
will have a potential difference Vx = [V / L ] Lx volts. The value of [V / L] must be
known; that is, the wire must be calibrated before it can be used to determine Vx.
Ohm's law :
Ohm demonstrated that there are no "perfect" electrical conductors. Every conductor
offers some level of resistance. These experiments led to Ohm's law. Ohm's law states
that if the ambient temperature remains constant, the current flowing through certain
conductors is proportional to the potential difference (voltage) across it. In other
words, current equals voltage divided by resistance. "I" is current, "V" is voltage, and
"R" is resistance in the equation and diagram.
or "V" (the voltage or the electromotive force - measured in volts) equals "I" (the
current - measured in amperes) times "R" (the resistance - measured in ohms). An
ohm is the SI unit of resistance. It is the resistance between two points of a conductor
under a certain set of circumstances. There must be a constant difference of potential
I=
V
R
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(The work required to bring a unit of electric charge) of 1 volt applied between these
two points, producing the conductor a current of 1 ampere. The diagram below show
exactly how Ohm's Law works with a common battery.
Figure 12
Resistance is property of any object or substance to resist or oppose the flow of an
electrical current. The unit of resistance is the ohm. The abbreviation for electric
resistance is R and the symbol for ohms is the Greek letter omega. For certain
electrical calculations the reciprocal of resistance is used, 1/R, which is termed
conductance. The unit of conductance is the mho, or ohm spelled backward, and the
symbol is the reciprocal of omega.
In principle, it is relatively simple to measure the resistance of a strand of wire.
Connect a battery to a wire of known voltage and then measure the current flowing
through the wire. The voltage divided by the current yields the resistance of the wire.
In essence, this is how your multimeter measures resistance.
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Potentiometer Circuits :
Figure 13
The principle of operation of all potentiometers is based on the circuit of figure 13
which shows the schematic of the basic slide-wire potentiometer.
Figure 13 Circuit diagram of the basic slide-wire potentiometer with function switch S
in the "operate" position and galvanometer key K open, the working battery supplies
current through the rheostat and the slide wire. This working current through the slide
wire may be varied by changing the rheostat setting. The method of measuring
unknown voltage E depends on finding a position for a sliding contact such that the
galvanometer shows zero deflection (a null) when galvanometer key K is closed. Zero
galvanometer current, or a null, means that the unknown voltage E is equal to the
voltage drop E' across portion xy of the slide wire. Determination of the value of the
unknown voltage now becomes a matter of evaluating the voltage drop E' along the
slide wire, single-range Potentiometer. The slide-wire potentiometer is a rather
impractical form of construction. Modern laboratory-type potentiometers use
calibrated dial resistors and a small circular slide wire of one or more turns, thereby
reducing the size of the instrument. Figure 14 shows the schematic diagram of a
simple potentiometer where the long slide wire has been replaced by a combination of
15 precision resistors and a single-turn circular slide wire.
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Figure 14
Figure 14 Circuit diagram of a simple potentiometer illustrating the use of dial
resistors and a circular slide wire. The potentiometer is provided with a double-throw
function switch which connects either the standard cell or the unknown emf to the
circuit. The galvanometer circuit includes a key and a protective series of resistance.
To operate the galvanometer at its maximum sensitivity the resistance can be shorted
out by inserting a shorting key in the contact across the resistance.
Potentiometric voltage measurements :
The following steps are required in making a potentiometer measurement :
1.
The combination of dial resistors and slide wire is set to the value of the
standard cell voltage (this value is usually printed on the body of the cell).
2.
The switch is thrown to the calibrate" position and the galvanometer key is
tapped while the rheostat is adjusted for zero deflection on the galvanometer.
3.
The protective resistance is left in the circuit to avoid damage to the

galvanometer during the initial stages of adjustment.
4.
As zero deflection is approached, the protective resistance is shorted and final

adjustments are made with the rheostat control.
5.
After the standardization has been completed, the switch is thrown to the
"operate" position, thus connecting the unknown emf to the circuit.
6.
The instrument is balanced by the main dial and the slide wire, leaving the
protective resistance again in the circuit.
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7.
As balance is approached, the protective resistance is shorted and final

adjustments are made to obtain a true balance condition.
8.
The value of the unknown voltage is read directly off the dial settings.
9.
The working current is checked by returning to the "calibrate" position. If the

dial settings are exactly the same as in the original calibration procedure, a valid
measurement has been made.
10.
If the reading does not agree, a second measurement must be made, again
returning to a calibration check after completion.
Duo-range potentiometer :
The single-range potentiometer is usually constructed to cover voltage ranges of up to
1.6 V. The circuit can be modified to include a second measuring range of lower
value by adding two range resistors and a range switch. Figure 15 shows the
schematic diagram of a duo-range potentiometer, where R1 and R2 are the range
resistors and switch S is the range switch. The simplified schematic is shown in
Figure 15.
Schematic diagram of a duo-range potentiometer

Figure 15
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Simplied schematic diagram of the duo-range potentiometer

Figure 16
Multiple-range Potentiometer :
Precision laboratory potentiometers usually have three voltage ranges : a high range
(1.6 V), a middle range (0.16 V), and a low range (0.016 V). A simplified circuit
diagram of a three-range instrument is given in Figure 17.
Three-range laboratory potentiometer

Figure 17
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Volt box :
The general purpose potentiometer usually covers a measurement range from 0 V to
1.6 V DC. If higher values of voltage are to be measured, a precision voltage divider,
or volt box, is used to extend the range of the potentiometer. Figure 18 is a schematic
diagram of a volt box with voltage ranges from 3 V to 750 V DC. The voltage to be
measured is connected to the "line" terminals and the appropriate voltage range is
selected by setting the rotary selector switch. The resistance values are so chosen that
the output of the divider, applied to the potentiometer, equals 150 mV at maximum
input voltage on each page.
The current drawn from the voltage source under measurement can be made very
small by using a high-resistance divider. In practice, however, the choice of resistance
values involves a compromise : High resistance is desirable to reduce the current
drawn from the voltage source, yet low-value resistors are generally more stable.
Also, low-value resistors provide higher galvanometer sensitivity and minimize the
effects of high-resistance leakage 63 paths around the binding posts. In Figure 18 the
total resistance is relatively high (750 V ), assuring small current drain on the
unknown voltage source (maximum 1.33 mA).
Figure 18
Schematic diagram of a volt box
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Shunt box :
The shunt box is designed for use with potentiometers in the precise measurement of
direct currents and in the calibration of DC ammeters and wattmeters. Figure 19
Figure 19 shows a schematic diagram of a typical shunt box. The current to be
measured is entered through the "line" terminals of the box and develops a voltage
drop across the shunt resistor. A rotary switch allows selection of the desired current
range from 75 mA to 15 A DC.
Schematic diagram of a shunt box

Figure 19
Null Detectors :
There are basically three types of null detector :
1.
The pointer-type galvanometer with taut-band suspension, generally found in

portable instruments. This is a fairly rugged null detector with a sensitivity from
1.0 A to 0.1 A per scale division.
2.
The reflecting galvanometer with enclosed lamp and scale, typically used in
laboratory applications. This galvanometer has high sensitivity, usually in the
range of 0.1 A to 0.01 A per scale division.
3.
The electronic null detector with solid-state circuitry; has excellent sensitivity at
high-input impedance and is extremely rugged but fairly expensive.
4.
Choosing the best type of null detector for a particular application depends on a
number of factors. In the case of the pointer or reflecting galvanometer, these
factors include galvanometer sensitivity, resistance of the galvanometer coil,
period of the galvanometer, and external critical damping resistance of the
circuit. Generally speaking, high galvanometer sensitivity is associated with a
long period and a large critical damping resistance.
5.
A high sensitivity galvanometer, however, is difficult to set up and tends to be

somewhat unstable at its zero-deflection point, so that the choice of
galvanometer often involves a trade-off between sensitivity and ease odd
operation.
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Figure 20
Figure 20 is a schematic view of a reflecting galvanometer with built-in lamp and
integral scale. The lens projects an image of the lamp filament and hairline through an
intermediate achromatic lens C onto the galvanometer mirror D, mounted on the
galvanometer coil. The mirror turns proportionally in response to the magnitude of the
current through the coil, and reflects the light beam back through lens C to a
cylindrical mirror E at the rear of the instrument case. Here the image is amplified and
reflected to the reading scale F in the front. The combined effects of the intermediate
lens and the cylindrical mirror from the primary hairline image, used as an index to
indicate deflections. The electronic null detector combines the advantages of highinput impedance and high sensitivity. It generally consists of a solid-state DC
amplifier with an input attenuator that provides several switch-selected calibrated
input ranges. Any deviation from a zero-signal condition is indicated by a pointer
deflection on a center-zero output meter.
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Calibration of voltmeters and ammeters :

The potentiometer method is the usual basis for the calibration of voltmeters,
ammeters, and wattmeters. Since the potentiometer is a DC measurement device, the
instrument to be calibrated must be of the DC or electrodynamometer type. The
circuit of figure 21 shows the measurement setup for calibration of a DC voltmeter.
One of the first requirements in this calibration procedure is that a suitable, stable DC
supply be available, since any variation in the supply voltage causes a corresponding
change in the voltmeter calibration voltage.
Calibration of a DC voltmeter by the potentiometer method

Figure 21
DC Voltmeter Scale
reading
Potentiometer True
reading
Correction
0.0
0.00
0.00
1.0
0.95
-0.05
2.0
2.00
0.00
3.0
3.05
+0.05
4.0
4.10
+0.10
5.0
5.10
+0.10
6.0
6.15
+0.15
7.0
7.10
+0.10
8.0
8.15
+0.15
9.0
9.20
+0.20
10.0
10.25
+0.25
shows the calibration curve constructed from the data given in
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Typical calibration curve :

Figure 22
Since the calibration process is time consuming, the potentiometer method is often
used to calibrate a laboratory standard voltmeter. A standard voltmeter for this type is
a very precise instrument, with a large mirror-backed scale to increase the accuracy of
reading. The accuracy of such an instrument is usually better than 0.1% of full-scale
reading. Ordinary laboratory meters and panel instruments are then checked by
comparison with this laboratory standard, instead of against a potentiometer. Figure
23 shows the circuit used for calibrating an ammeter. The actual procedure of
calibrating various points on the meter scale is very similar to that for the voltmeter.
Calibration of an ammeter by the potentiometer method

Figure 23
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Self-Balancing Potentiometer :
The circuit diagram of Figure 24 shows the schematic diagram details of the
potentiometer which in this case is used for measuring temperature by a
thermocouple.
Circuit diagram of the Speed-0-Max self-balancing potentiometer (courtesy

Leeds & Northrup Company)
Figure 24
The emf produced by the thermocouple is a function of the temperature difference
between the hot and the cold junction. The variation in temperature of the reference
junction is compensated by an electrical compensating circuit. The voltage drop
across resistor D, which is made of nickel-copper alloy, compensates for the change
in temperature of the reference junction. Resistor G balances the voltage drop across
D at the desired base temperature. Resistor K and slide wire S form the actual
measuring circuit, and resistor B produces the correct voltage drop for calibration of
the circuit with the reference voltage, in this case a Zener-diode reference. The signal
supplied to the input of the potentiometer circuit is passed through a low pass filter.
The filter capacitors have no effect on the DC voltage supplied to the input, but any
rapid variations in the input signal and any stray AC signals are smoothed out by the
action of the capacitors.
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Calibration of the potentiometer :

To calibrate the wire, a galvanometer G and a cell Es of known electromotive force
(called a standard cell) are connected into the circuit as shown in figure 25.
Calibration of the potentiometer

Figure 25
If the voltage drop A to C produced by the working battery W is greater than the
electromotive force of the standard cell Es, there is some span of wire AB for which
the potential drop VAB is equal to the electromotive force of this cell. When the cell
is connected so that its potential opposes the equal potential drop in the wire, no
current will be present in the cell and the needle of the galvanometer will indicate a
current. Knowing both VAB and LAB the value of the potential drop in volts per
millimeter or centimeter length of wire may then be computed and other potential
differences Vx measured
Direct-Reading Potentiometer :
The required length of wire AB for zero current in the galvanometer circuit may be
changed by varying the resistance of the rheostat D. Adjusting the resistance so that a
balance is obtained when the numerical value of the wire length spanned 83406 TwoMeter Potentiometer Slide wire Bridge corresponds to the electromotive force of the
standard cell giving, for example, one millivolt per millimeter, produces a directreading potentiometer. This is a very convenient and time saving arrangement. Now
an unknown or test cell Ex, replacing Es, may be balanced in the circuit by shifting
the slide B until zero galvanometer current is again attained and its terminal voltage,
or electromotive force, read directly from the scale of a meter stick placed below the
wire. It is evident, however, that the new balance can be obtained only if the potential
of this second cell falls within the range of potential drop along the wire. This
depends upon the voltage of the working battery and the calibration scale used.
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Experiment 1
Objective :
Study of Standardization of the DC Potentiometer
Equipments Needed :
1.
Calibration of voltmeters and ammeter by Potentiometer Trainer
2.
Calibration unit
3.
Potentiometer
4.
Sliding jockey
5.
Mains cord
6.
Patch cords
Procedure :
1.
Connect the mains cord to the calibration of voltmeters and ammeter by

Potentiometer Trainer and switch on the board.
2.
Note output of DC supply V (1.018V Approx).
3.
Short variable resistance and ammeter i.e., connect S2 to S3 and S4 to S5.
4.
Connect negative terminal of galvanometer G to positive terminal of DC supply.
5.
Connect positive terminal of galvanometer G with jockey.
6.
Connect S6 to positive and S7 to negative terminal of ammeter A1.
7.
Connect potentiometer with X and Z terminal.
8.
Now vary the variable current VR2 and set it to 35 mA.
9.
Touch jokey to X terminal of potentiometer and see the reading of

galvanometer.
10.
Now touch jockey to Z terminal of potentiometer and see the reading of

galvanometer.
11.
Compare both reading of galvanometer (if terminal X gives positive reading

than terminal Z will give negative reading).
12.
Now slide the jokey on potentiometer wire and the find null point i.e.,
galvanometer shows zero reading.
13.
Now measure distance D (in cm) moved from terminal Z to null point.
Note : For odd line of wire take reading from lower scale and for even line wire
take reading from upper scale.
14.
Divide output of DC Supply V to the distance D. This will give a constant C

which is voltage drop per cm. C=V/D.
15.
Here C is calibration standard for all other experiment.
16.
So now potentiometer is standardized for calibration.
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Experiment 2
Objective :
Calibration of voltmeter using DC potentiometers
Equipment Needed :
1.
2.
Calibration unit
3.
Potentiometer
4.
Sliding jockey
5.
Mains cord
6.
Patch cords
Procedure :
1.

2.
3.
Connect positive terminal of galvanometer with jockey and negative terminal to

Y.
4.
5.
Connect potentiometer with X and Z terminal.
6.
Vary the variable current VR2 and set it to 35 mA.
7.
Keep switch SW in voltmeter position i.e., in downward direction.
8.
Now take calibration unit and connect positive terminal 1 of DC voltmeter to S1

and negative terminal 2 to S8.
9.
Connect terminal 5 and 6 of voltage ratio to the terminals S13 and S11 resp.
10.
Also connect terminal 7 and 8 of voltage ratio to the terminals S12 and S14 resp.
11.
Now set voltage of DC voltmeter by variable voltage VR1 at 1.5V and also set
voltage ratio at 15, which gives multiplication factor(M) of 10 i.e. set to
15V:1.5V
12.

galvanometer.
13.

galvanometer.
17.

18.
19.
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14.
Thus measured voltage from potentiometer :

Vp = C x d x M
15.
Where C is calibration standard (Take reference from exp.1) d is distance in cm,

M is Multiplication factor i.e., 10.
16.
This is calibrated voltage across voltmeter put this value in observation table
below.
17.
Now set the voltage of DC voltmeter by increment of 0.5V and note the readings
in observation table.
Observation Table :
S. No
DC
Voltmeter
Reading
V (Volt)
Distance
D (cm)
Voltage
across
potentiometer
V=CDM
Calibrated
Voltage
Vp =DCM
Nvis Technologies
Percentage
error
27
NV6032
Experiment 3
Objective:
Calibration of Ammeter using DC potentiometer
Equipment Needed :
1.
2.
Calibration unit
3.
Potentiometer
4.
Sliding jockey
5.
Mains cord
6.
Patch cords
Procedure :
1.

2.
3.
Connect positive terminal of galvanometer with jockey and negative terminal to

Y.
4.
5.
Vary the variable current VR2 and set it to 35 mA.
6.
Connect terminals of potentiometer to X and Z terminal.
7.
Keep switch SW in ammeter position i.e., in upward direction.
8.
Disconnect terminal S2 and S3 of variable resistance.
9.
Now take calibration unit and connect terminal 9 and 10 of variable resistance to
S2 and S3 resp.
10.
Disconnect terminal S4 and S5 of Ammeter A.
11.
Connect positive terminal 3 of DC ammeter to S5 and negative terminal 4 to S4.
12.
Connect terminal 5 and 6 of voltage ratio to the terminals S13 and S11 resp.
13.
Also Connect terminal 7 and 8 of voltage ratio to the terminals S12 and S14
resp.
14.
Now set current of DC ammeter by variable voltage VR1 at 0.1A and also set
voltage ratio at 15.
18.

galvanometer.
19.

galvanometer.
Nvis Technologies
28
NV6032
20.

15.
Now vary the Variable resistance knob and set it any arbitrary value like 10E.
16.
17.
18.
Measure the resistance of variable resistance of calibration unit.
19.
For measurement of current use ohm's law

i.e.I = V/R
Where V = C x d x M
R = Value of variable resistance
Thus measured current from DC potentiometer is calculated.
20.
This is calibrated current across DC ammeter put this value in observation table
below.
21.
Again set current of DC ammeter by variable voltage VR1 at the interval of .1

and find corresponding null reading of galvanometer by sliding jokey on
potentiometer wire.(Remember value of variable resistance R should not be
change).
22.
Tabulate all the retrieved data in below table and calculate other factors:
23.
Repeat above procedure for different value of variable resistance R.

Observation Table :
S. No
Calibrated
Distance D Voltage
DC
(cm)
Current
across
Ammeter
Reading
potentiometer Ic =V/R
V=CDM
I (amplifier)
Nvis Technologies
Percentage
error
I-Ic/I100
29
NV6032
Warranty
1)
We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months

from the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
2)
The guarantee does not cover perishable item like cathode ray tubes, crystals,
batteries, photocells etc.
3)
The guarantee will become void, if

a)
The product is not operated as per instruction given in the instruction

manual.
b)
The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c)
The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d)
Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
4)
The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately

giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically
mentioning the type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
5)
The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched
securely packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the
customer.
List of Accessories
1
Calibration of voltmeters and ammeter by Potentiometer Trainer............. 1 No
Calibration unit........................................................................................ 1 No
Potentiometer .......................................................................................... 1 No
Sliding jockey ......................................................................................... 1 No
Mains cord .............................................................................................. 1 No
e-Manual ................................................................................................. 1 No
Patch cords
a. 12 inches ........................................................................................20 Nos
b. 3 Fit ................................................................................................... 1 No
Nvis Technologies
30

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Calibration of Voltmeter and

141-B, Electronic Complex,

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Calibration of Voltmeter and

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Complete Setup requires no other accessories

Extensive Operating Manual

Two years warranty

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X 0.1E, X 1E, X 10E

Voltage Ratio Factor

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Voltage but No Current

No Voltage and No Current

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Voltage is supplied by the battery (or power supply).

Voltage is used up in components, but not in wires.

We say voltage across a component.

Voltage is measured in volts, V.

Voltage is measured with a voltmeter, connected in parallel.

The symbol V is used for voltage.

Connect a voltmeter in parallel

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Current is the rate of flow of charge.

We say current through a component.

Current is measured in amps (amperes), A.

Current is measured with an ammeter, connected in series.

The symbol I is used for current in equations.

1A (1 amp) is quite a large current for electronics, so mA (milliamps) are often

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Connecting an ammeter in Series

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Voltage and current for components in parallel :

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Resistors connected in parallel :

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Simple slide-wire potentiometer

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The protective resistance is left in the circuit to avoid damage to the

As zero deflection is approached, the protective resistance is shorted and final

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As balance is approached, the protective resistance is shorted and final

The working current is checked by returning to the "calibrate" position. If the

Schematic diagram of a duo-range potentiometer

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Simplied schematic diagram of the duo-range potentiometer

Three-range laboratory potentiometer

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Schematic diagram of a shunt box

The pointer-type galvanometer with taut-band suspension, generally found in

A high sensitivity galvanometer, however, is difficult to set up and tends to be

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Calibration of voltmeters and ammeters :

Calibration of a DC voltmeter by the potentiometer method

shows the calibration curve constructed from the data given in

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Typical calibration curve :