Appendix

A.1
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6

A.7

A.8
A.9
A.10
A.11
A.12
A.13
A.14
A.15
A.16
A.17
A.18
A.19
A.20
A.21

Directory of base SI terms and derivatives. (From GOA report CED 78-128, Oct 20,
1978. With permission.)
Engineering Values of Some Important Constants.
Normal Volumetric Analysis of Atmospheric Air. (From Product and Reference Book,
D00143, 20032004. With permission of Leybold Vacuum Company.)
Values of Product C* of Mean Free Path l. (From Product and Reference Book, D00
142, 20032004. With permission of Leybold Vacuum Company.)
Altitude and Atmospheric Pressures. (From Compressed Air and Gas Data, 33154,
155. With permission of Ingersol-Rand Company Limited.)
Weight of Water per Cubic Foot of Air at Various Temperatures as a Percent of
Saturation (based on atmospheric pressure of 14.7 lbs ab [101.33kPa abs]). (From
Compressed Air and Gas Data, 33119. With permission of Ingersol-Rand Company
Limited.)
Noise Intensity Levels. (From Jewett, J.W. and Serway R.A., Physics for Scientists and
Engineers (with PhysicsNow and InfoTrac) 6th edition, copyright 2004. Reprinted
with permission of Brooks=Cole, a division of Thomas Learning.)
Vapor-pressure (boiling point) curves of common refrigerants. (From King, G.R.,
Modern Refridgeration Practice, McGraw Hill Company, 53, 1971. With permission.)
Vapor pressure of water vapor at varying temperatures. (From King, G.R, Modern
Refrigeration Practice, McGraw Hill Company, 31, 1971.
Vapor-pressure curves between triple points and critical points. (With kind permission
of Linde BOC Process Plants.)
Conversion Table for Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Argon. (With kind permission of Linde
BOC Process Plants)
Molar Heat Capacity of Some Gases at 300 K. (From Data Book, Air Liquide Process
and Construction. With permission.)
Conversion Table for Vacuum Pressures. (From Product and Reference Book, D00
142, 20032004. With permission of Leybold Vacuum Company.)
Scale of Various Acidities. (From Eshbach, O.W., Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd edition, 1109, 1952. With permission of John Wiley &Sons.)
Boiling points, Latent Heat, and Specific Heat of Various Gases. (From Kerry, F.G.,
Inc. With permission.)
Heating Value and Density of Various Fuels. (From Kerry, F.G., Inc. With permission.)
Value Analysis of Equipment. (From Kerry, F.G., Inc. With permission.)
Effect of oxygen purity on actual energy requirements. (From Kerry, F.G., Inc. With
permission.)
Flammability Characteristics of Various Gases and Liquids.
Relation between boiling points and pressure for oxygen, nitrogen, and argon. (From
Kerry, F.G., Inc. With permission.)
Friction factors for clean commercial steel pipes. (With kind permission of the Crane
Company.)

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

A.1
Derived units with special names

Base units

(kgm/s2)

Newton
Kilogram

kg
Mass

Pascal (N/m2)
Pa
Pressure
stress

Gray (J/kg)
Gy
Absorbed
dose

Force

m2

M2

Area
m/s Velocity

Length

J
Becquerel
Bq

m/s2
Second

Coulomb

Farad

(As)

mol

Amount of
substance
Ampere A
Electric current
Degree
Kelvin
Celsius
K

(K)

Henry

Radian
rad
Plane angle
Steradian sr
Solid angle

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

(C/V)

Weber Wb
(Vs)

Magnetic
Lumen flux density
Luminous
flux

W
Power,
heat flow rate
Volt

(W/A)

Tesla (Wb/nm2)
T
Magnetic
flux density

(cdsr)

lm

(J/s)

V
Potential,
electromotive
force

(Wb/A)

H Inductance

8C

Thermodynamic Celsius
temperature
temperature
t 8C = Tk  273.15
Candela cd
Luminous intensity
suplementary units

Watt

Frequency

F
Electric Capacitance
charge
Siemens S (1/)
ohm
(V/A)

Resistance
C

(Nm)

Energy, work,
quantity of heat

Hertz
Hz (1/s)

(1/s)

Activity
(of ionizing
radiation source)

Acceleration

Time
Mole

Joule

Meter

Lux

(Im/m2)

lx

Illuminance

M2

A.2
Designation
(Alphabetically)

Symbol

Value and Unit

Atomic mass unit

Avogadro constant

mu
NA

1.66051027 kg
6.02251023 mol1

Boltzmann constant

Electron rest mass

Elementary charge
Molar gas constant

me
e
R

1.38051023 J K1
mbarl
13.8051023
K
9.10911031 kg
1.60211019 As
8.314 Jmol1 K1
mbarl
83:14
molk

Molar volume of
the ideal gas
Standard acceleration of free fall
Planck constant

Vo
gn
h

StefanBoltzmann constant

22.414 m3 kmol1
22.4141 mol1
9.8066 ms2
6.62561034 J s
W
5.669108 2 4
m K

Speed of light in vacuum

Standard reference density of a gas

e
me
c
ln

As
kg
2.9979108 m s1
kg m3

Standard reference pressure

Standard reference temperature

pn
Tn

101.325 Pa 1013 mbar

Tn 273.15 K, J 08C

Specific electron charge

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Remarks

Number of particles per mol,

formerly: Loschmidt number

R NA k
DIN 1343; formerly: molar volume
at 08C and 1013 mbar

Also: unit conductance,

radiation constant

1.75881011

Density at q 08C
and pn 1013 mbar
DIN 1343 (Nov. 1975)
DIN 1343 (Nov. 1975)

A.3
Component

Mol Fraction

Partial Pressure (mbar)

Nitrogen
0.78084
Oxygen
0.20946
Argon
0.00934
Carbon dioxide
0.0350  106
Neon
1.818  105
Krypton
1.14  106
Xenon
8.6  108
H2 deuteride
3.12  104
Deuterium
1.56  104
Helium 3
1.0  107
Hydrogen
5  105
Others
Methane
2.0  104
N2O
5.0  105
Caveat
In industrial areas carbon dioxide may reach as high
metallurgical areas check for H2S and SO2.

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

792
212
9.47
0.31
1.9  102
1.1  103
9.0  105

5.3  103
5.0  104
2.0  103
5.0  104
as 450 vppm. In

A.4
Abbreviation
H2
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Hg
O2
N2
HCl
CO2
H2O
NH3
C2H5OH
Cl2
Air

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Gas

C * 5 lp
(cm mbar)

Hydrogen
Helium
Neon
Argon
Krypton
Xenon
Mercury
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon dioxide
Water vapor
Ammonia
Ethanol
Chlorine
Air

12.00  103
18.00  103
12.30  103
6.40  103
4.80  103
3.60  103
3.05  103
6.50  103
6.10  103
4.35  103
3.95  103
3.95  103
4.60  103
2.10  103
3.05  103
6.67  103

 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

A.5
Altitude Above
Sea Level
Feetb

Miles

5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000

Temperaturea
Metersb
1526
1373
1220
1068
915
763
610
458
305
153
0
153
305
458
610
763
915

8F
77
75
73
71
70
68
66
64
63
61
59
57
55
54
52
50
48

Barometerb

8C
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9

Atmospheric Pressure

Inches
Hg Abs.

mm Hg
Abs.

psia

kg=
cm2 Abs.

kPa A

35.58
35.00
34.42
33.84
33.27
32.70
32.14
31.58
31.02
30.47
29.92
29.38
28.86
28.33
27.82
27.32
26.82

903.7
889.0
874.3
859.5
845.1
830.6
816.4
802.1
787.9
773.9
760.0
746.3
733.0
719.6
706.6
693.9
681.2

17.48
17.19
16.90
16.62
16.34
16.06
15.78
15.51
15.23
14.96
14.696
14.43
14.16
13.91
13.66
13.41
13.17

1.229
1.209
1.188
1.169
1.149
1.129
1.109
1.091
1.071
1.052
1.0333
1.015
0.956
0.978
0.960
0.943
0.926

120.5
118.5
116.5
114.6
112.7
110.7
108.8
106.9
105.0
103.1
101.33
99.49
97.63
95.91
94.19
92.46
90.81

 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000

0.95
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.8
3.8
4.7
5.7
6.6
7.6
8.5
9.5
10.4
11.4
13.3
15.2
17.1
18.9

1068
1220
1373
1526
1831
2136
2441
2746
3050
4577
6102
7628
9153
10,679
12,204
13,730
15,255
16,781
18,306
21,357
24,408
27,459
30,510

47
45
43
41
38
34
31
27
23
6
12
30
48
66
70
70
70
70
70
67
62
57
51

8
7
6
5
3
1
1
3
5
14
24
34
44
57
57
57
57
57
55
52
59
46

26.33
25.84
25.37
24.90
23.99
23.10
22.23
21.39
20.58
16.89
13.76
11.12
8.903
7.060
5.558
4.375
3.444
2.712
2.135
1.325
c
8.2731
5.2001
3.2901

668.8
656.3
644.4
632.5
609.3
586.7
564.6
543.3
522.7
429.0
349.5
282.4
226.1
179.3
141.2
111.1
87.5
68.9
54.2
33.7
21.0
13.2
8.36

12.93
12.69
12.46
12.23
11.78
11.34
10.91
10.50
10.10
8.29
6.76
5.46
4.37
3.47
2.73
2.15
1.69
1.33
1.05
0.651
0.406
0.255
0.162

0.909
0.892
0.876
0.860
0.828
0.797
0.767
0.738
0.710
0.583
0.475
0.384
0.307
0.244
0.192
0.151
0.119
0.0935
0.0738
0.0458
0.0285
0.0179
0.0114

89.15
87.49
85.91
84.33
81.22
78.19
75.22
72.40
69.64
57.16
46.61
37.65
30.13
23.93
18.82
14.82
11.65
9.17
7.24
4.49
2.80
1.76
1.12

 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

A.6
Percentage of Saturation
Temperature (8F)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Temperature (8C)

10
0
10
20
30
32
35
40
45
50
55
60
62
64
66
68

Grains
0.028
0.048
0.078
0.124
0.194
0.211
0.237
0.285
0.341
0.408
0.485
0.574
0.614
0.656
0.701
0.748

Grains
0.057
0.096
0.155
0.247
0.387
0.422
0.473
0.570
0.683
0.815
0.970
1.149
1.228
1.313
1.402
1.496

Grains
0.086
0.144
0.233
0.370
0.580
0.634
0.710
0.855
0.024
1.223
1.455
1.724
1.843
1.969
2.103
2.244

Grains
0.114
0.192
0.310
0.494
0.774
0.845
0.946
1.140
1.366
1.630
1.940
2.298
2.457
2.625
2.804
2.992

Grains
0.142
0.240
0.388
0.618
0.968
1.056
1.183
1.424
1.707
2.038
2.424
2.872
3.071
3.282
3.504
3.740

Grains
0.171
0.289
0.466
0.741
1.161
1.268
1.420
1.709
2.048
2.446
2.909
3.447
3.685
3.938
4.205
4.488

Grains
0.200
0.337
0.543
0.864
1.354
1.479
1.656
1.994
2.390
2.853
3.394
4.022
4.299
4.594
4.906
5.236

Grains
0.228
0.385
0.621
0.988
1.548
1.690
1.893
2.279
2.731
3.261
3.879
4.596
4.914
5.250
5.607
5.984

Grains
0.256
0.433
0.698
1.112
1.742
1.902
2.129
2.564
3.073
3.668
4.364
5.170
5.528
5.907
6.308
6.732

Grains
0.285
0.481
0.776
1.235
1.935
2.113
2.366
2.849
3.414
4.076
4.849
5.745
6.142
6.563
7.009
7.480

23.3
17.8
11.7
6.7
1.1
0
1.7
4.4
7.2
10.0
12.8
15.6
16.7
17.8
18.9
20.0

 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100

0.798
0.851
0.907
0.966
1.028
1.093
1.163
1.236
1.313
1.394
1.479
1.569
1.663
1.763
1.867
1.977

1.596
1.702
1.813
1.931
2.055
2.187
2.325
2.471
2.625
2.787
2.958
3.138
3.327
3.525
3.734
3.953

2.394
2.552
2.720
2.896
3.083
3.280
3.488
3.707
3.938
4.181
4.437
4.707
4.990
5.288
5.601
5.930

3.192
3.403
3.626
3.862
4.111
4.374
4.650
4.942
5.251
5.575
5.916
6.276
6.654
7.050
7.468
7.906

3.990
4.254
4.533
4.828
5.138
5.467
5.813
6.178
6.564
6.968
7.395
7.844
8.317
8.813
9.336
9.883

4.788
5.105
5.440
5.793
6.166
6.560
6.976
7.414
7.877
8.362
8.874
9.413
9.980
10.576
11.203
11.860

Condensed from a circular of the US Weather Bureau. 1 Grain 1,7000 lb; grains  0.0648 grams.

5.586
5.956
6.346
6.758
7.194
7.654
8.138
8.649
9.189
9.756
10.353
10.982
11.644
12.338
13.070
13.836

6.384
6.806
7.253
7.724
8.222
8.747
9.301
9.885
10.502
11.150
11.832
12.551
13.307
14.101
14.937
15.813

7.182
7.657
8.159
8.690
9.249
9.841
10.463
11.120
11.814
12.543
13.311
14.120
14.971
15.863
16.804
17.789

7.980
8.508
9.066
9.655
10.277
10.934
11.625
12.326
13.137
13.997
14.780
15.639
16.624
17.676
18.661
19.766

21.1
22.2
23.3
24.4
25.6
26.7
27.8
28.9
30.0
31.1
32.2
33.3
34.4
35.6
36.7
37.8

A.7
Comparing Noise Levels Using Decibels (b dB)
In physics, a decibel is a unit expressing the intensity of a sound wave equal
to 20 times the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of pressure produced by the
sound wave to a reference pressure, usually 0.0002 microbar, or 1
microbar (mbar).
b 10 log (I=Io )
where Io reference intensity (threshold of hearing) 1012 W=m2
I intensity in W=m2 at level b and is measured in decibels (dB)

Source of Sound
Nearby jet airplane
Jackhammer, machine gun
Siren, rock concert
Subway, power mower
Busy traffic
Vacuum cleaner
Normal conversation
Mosquito buzzing
Whisper
Rustling leaves
Threshold of hearing

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

b (dB)
150
130
120
100
80
70
50
40
30
10
0

A.8
Critical
1000
800
600

Critical

400

(
id e

200

fri g

t7

44

io x
nd
o
13
rb
nt
a
r
Ca
e
frig
Re

nia
mo
Am

t
ran
ige
r
f
e
(R

er
f ri g
Re

7)
71

500
ant

So

lid

100
80
60
40

Re

n
era

20

10
8

psig

6
3

02
t5 2
n
a 2
er nt
rig era
f
e
12
R frig
nt
e
a
r
R
ge
fri
e
R

11

ge

ri
ef

t
an

nt

fri

Re

11

a
er

13

t1

ge

fri

Re

n
ra

t7

18

1
0.8

rig

er

an

0.6

at
er

(R

ef

0.4

0.2

0.1
100

80

60

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

40

20

0
20
40
Temperature (8F)

60

80

100

120

1.0

2.0

50

0.9

1.8

45

0.8

1.6

40

1.4

35

1.2

30

1.0

25

0.8

20

0.6

15

0.4

10

0.2

Absolute pressure (in.Hg)

Absolute pressure (psi)

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
0.3

0.2
Vapor pressure of water at
608F is 0.52 in.Hg or 0.26 psia

0.1

20

30

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

40

50

60
70
80
Temperature (F)

90

100

Absolute pressure (mmHg)

A.9

A.10
xxxxxxxx
8
7
6
5

1 103
9
8
7
6
5

Kr
Kr Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

ne

le
ety

Ac
2

go
1

Xe

C
2l

F
2

e
an

nt

ex

Pe

CC

Tr

LF

ne

en

Cr

yle
Eth

Eth

Tr
Tr

SO

rz

an

Tr

Se

10
9
8
0
10 7
6
5
4

xx

xx

x
xx
xx xx
xx xxx
xx

xx

)
(VA
Air

Tr

Tr

Tr

TR
Tr

Tr
Tr

To
lle
ne

1
9
8
7
6
5
4

Tr

L
CC

Tr

100
9
1 8
10 7
6
5
4

yle
op ne
Pr pa
o
Pr

Kr

1
9
8
7
6
5
4

H2

ne

LF 3

CC

S
H2

CC

an

Me
tha
No ne

Tr

2
CO

Ar

101
9
8
2 7
10
6
5
4

Kr

IQ
r(L
Ai

o
pt

1
9
8
7
6
5

Kr

Kr

Tr

Tr

Tr

102
1

1 10

60

70

80

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 K

340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

20

40

60

80 F

 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

A.11

1 Metric ton (t)

1 Short ton (st)

1 scf gas at 608 F, 1 atm

1 scf gas at 708F, 1 atm

1 m3 gas at 08C, 1 atm

1 gallon (US) liquid

1 liter (dm3) liquid

O2
N2
Ar
O2
N2
Ar
O2
N2
Ar
O2
N2
Ar
O2
N2
Ar
O2
N2
Ar
O2
N2
Ar

st

1.102311

0.907185

3.8275105
3.3494105
4.7784105
3.7552105
3.2862105
4.6881105
1.4286103
1.2502103
1.7836103
4.320103
3.056103
5.276103
1.141103
0.8074103
1.394103

4.2191105
3.6921105
5.2672105
4.1394105
3.6224105
5.1678105
1.5748103
1.3781103
1.9660103
4.762103
3.369103
5.816103
1.258103
0.8900103
1.537103

scf Gas
@ 608F

scf Gas
@ 708F

m3 Gas
@ 08C

Gall (US)
Liquid

Liter
Liquid

26127
29856
20928
23702
27085
18985

26630
30430
21330
24158
27606
19351

700.0
799.9
560.7
635.0
725.6
508.6

1.019243

2.67911102

0.981120

2.62853102

37.32579

38.04405

231.5
327.2
189.5
210.0
296.8
171.9
8.861  103
10.96  103
9.056  103
8.693  103
10.75  103
8.885  103
0.3307
0.4091
0.3380

876.3
1238.6
717.4
795.0
1123.6
650.8
3.354  102
4.148  102
3.428  102
3.291  102
4.070  102
3.363  102
1.252
1.548
1.280

112.9
91.25
110.4
29.81
24.11
29.17

115.0
93.00
112.5
30.39
24.57
29.73

3.024
2.445
2.958
0.7988
0.6458
0.7815

3.785412

0.264172

Note: 1 atm 14.696 psia. Liquid quantities measured at 1 atm at the respective boiling points.

A.12
Molar Heat Capacity (cal=mol K)
Gas
Monatomic Gases
He
AV
Diatomic Gases
H2
N2
O2
CO
Cl2
Polyatomic Gases
CO2
SO2
H2O
CH4

CP

CV

CP 2 CV

g 5 CP=CV

4.97
4.97

2.98
2.98

1.99
1.99

1.67
1.67

6.87
6.95
7.03
7.01
8.29

4.88
4.96
5.04
5.02
6.15

1.99
1.99
1.99
1.99
2.14

1.41
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.35

8.83
9.65
8.46
8.49

6.80
7.50
6.46
6.48

2.03
2.15
2.00
2.01

1.30
1.29
1.30
1.31

Note: All values obtained at 300 K.

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

A.13
torr
mtorr
bar
mbar
mbar
Pa
MPa

103
106
1.33
1.33103
1.33106
1.33105
1.33101

102
105
1.33101
1.33102
1.33105
1.33104
1.33102

101
104
1.33  102
1.33  101
1.33  104
1.33  103
1.33  103

1
103
1.33  103
1.33
1.33  103
1.33  102
1.33  104

101
102
1.33  104
1.33  101
1.33  102
1.33  101
1.33  105

102
101
1.33  105
1.33  102
1.33  101
1.33
1.33  106

103
1
1.33  106
1.33  103
1.33
1.33  101
1.33  107

104
101
1.33  107
1.33  104
1.33  101
1.33  102
1.33  108

105
102
1.33  108
1.33  105
1.33  102
1.33  103
1.33  109

106
103
1.33  109
1.33  106
1.33  103
1.33  104
1.33  1010

A.14
Cooling Water Acidity
Influence of cooling water acidity on corrosion which may affect the cooling water tower,
heat exchangers piping etc.
Water dissociates in hydrogen and hydroxyl ions:
H2 O (H ) (HO)
or quantitatively
or numerically

(A:1)

[(H )(HO) ]=H2 O

(A:2)

(H )(OH ) KION 1014

(A:3)

Equation A.3 for dissociation of water (H)(OH) KION 1014 expresses the independence of hydrogen and hydroxyl (ion) concentrations in aqueous solutions or
 log (H )  log (OH ) 14
And  log (H) pH measure of acidity. The lower the pH, the higher the acidity (lower
the alkalinity). At pH 7 the solutions are equal or neutral (pure distilled water).
Lowest recorded rainfall pH (Wheeling, WV, Fall, 1978)

Battery
acid

Lemon
juice
Unpolluted
rain
Lye

Distilled
water

Vinegar

Ammonia

Acid rain

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

10

11

12

13

14

A.15
Boiling Point
@ 1=0133 bar

Latent Heat
(MJ=kmol)

Specific Heat Capacity

(kJ=kmol 3 K)
0.083
0.92
1.79
5.55
5.71
6.05
6.55
6.83
9.04

Helium
Hydrogen
Neon
Nitrogen
Air
Carbon monoxide
Argon
Oxygen
Krypton

He
H2
Ne
N2

CO
Ar
O2
Kr

4.23
20.4
27.1
77.3
80.9
81.6
87.3
90.2
119.8

268.92
252.8
246.1
195.9
192.3
191.6
185.9
183.0
153.4

Xenon
Methane
Ethylene
Ethane
Propylene
Propane
iso-Butylene
n-Butane

Xe
CH4
C2H4
C2H6
C3H6
C3H6
C3H10
n-C4H10

165.0
111.7
169.5
184.6
225.5
231.1
266.3
272.7

108.2
161.5
103.7
88.6
47.7
42.1
6.9
0.5

Ammonia
Freon 12
Freon 22

NH3
CCl2F2
CHClF2

239.8
243.37
232.4

Water

H2O

373.15

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

17.9
18.9
37.3
57.5

60.8
42.0
54.0
44.8

12.63
8.18
14.7
14.8
18.5
18.8
22.5
22.4

44.3
55.1
68.0
73.0
103.0
98.0

133.0

33.4
29.78
40.78

23.3

76.1

100.00

40.67

76.0

A.16
Fuel

kcal=Nm3

kg=Nm3

Hydrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Ethylene
Propylene
Butylene
Bezene
Toluene
Xylene
Coke oven gas
Blast furnace
Fuel oil

2582.4
8588.88
15432.2
22438.3
29547.8
14228.5
20933.6
27055.7
33919.3
39977.0
46428.2
4749.0
865.0
9528=kg

0.0900
0.7188
1.3605
2.0257
2.7045
1.2640
1.9203
2.5089
3.5157
4.1203
4.7469
0.5182
1.3040

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

A.17
Concept

Air filter
Air compressor
Air cooler
Air separation unit
Argon separation unit
Oxygen compressor
Liquid related equipment
C Complexity
I Importance
P Weight (value)
V Cost
Score I  (C P V)

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Score

Total
(%)

1
4
2
5
3
5
1

2
5
4
5
3
5
1

1
5
1
5
1
4
1

1
5
1
5
2
4
2

6
70
16
75
12
64
4

2.42
28.36
6.48
30.36
4.86
25.91
1.62

A.18

1.00

Total

Relative energy

0.95

0.70
ation

Separ

0.65

O2 compre
ss

0.30

ion to 500

psi

99.5%
0.25
95

96

97

98

Oxgen purity (%)

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

99

100

A.19

Product

Boiling
Point
Ka

Flash Point
K (8C)b

Auto-ignition
Point
K (8C)c

Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Acetylene
Allyl chloride
Ammonia
Benzene
1,3-Butadiene
Butane
Butyl acetate
1-Butene
2-Butene
N-butyl formate
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Cyclopropane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
2,2-Dimethylbutane
Ethane
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl bromide
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Ethyl ether
Ethyl glycol
Ethyl formate
Ethylglycol acetate
Gasoline
Gasoline (octane 60)
Gasoline (octane 92)
Gasoline (octane 100)
Heptane
Hexane
Hydrogen
Isobutane
Isopropanol
Isopropyl ether
Methane
Methanol
Methylethylketone
Ethylisobutylketone
Methyl acetate
Methylamine
Methyl butene
Methyl chloride
Methyl formate
N-butanol
Pentane

294.26
329.26
189.60
318.15
239.82
353.15
268.71
237.59
399.26
266.48
274.26
380.37
319.26
83.15
240.15
310.37
322.59
184.60
351.48
350.37
311.48
285.37
169.50
286.71
307.59
407.15
327.59
429.15

371.48
342.15
20.40
261.48
355.15
341.15
109.26
339.26
353.15
390.15
330.37
266.15
303.93
249.26
305.15
391.15
309.26

275.37(2.22)
255.37(17.78)

241.48( 31.67)

262.04(11.11)

299.26(26.11)

290.93(17.78)
243.15(30)

252.59(20.56)
225.37(47.78)

224.82(48.33)
270.93(2.22)

223.15(50.00)

<255.37(<7.78)
228.15(45.0)
311.15(38.00)
253.15(20)
330.15(57.0)
228.15(45)
230.37(42.78)

235.37(37.73)
269.26(3.89)
251.48(21.67)

294.26(21.11)
245.37(27.27)

284.26(11.11)
269.82(3.34)
296.15(23.0)
263.15(10)

<266.48(6.67)

254.26(18.89)
308.15(35.00)
<233.15(<40)

458.15(185)
810.93(537.78)
572.59(299.44)
664.82(291.67)
924.26(651.11)
835.37(562.22)
702.04(428.89)
678.15(405.00)
693.71(420.56)
657.04(383.89)
597.04(323.89)
595.37(322.22)
373.15(100)
882.04(608.89)
770.93(497.78)
730.93(457.78)
698.15(425)
788.15(515)
695.93(422.78)
698.71(425.56)
784.26(511.11)
792.09(518.89)
723.15(450.0)
702.04(428.89)
453.5(180.0)
510.93(237.78)
728.15(455.00)
653.15(380.0)
808.71(535.56)
558.15(280)
663.15(390.0)
729.26(456.11)
495.93(222.78)
507.04(233.89)
858.71(585.56)
735.37(462.22)
733.15(460.0)
716.48(443.33)
810.37(537.22)
737.04(463.89)
788.71(515.56)
732.04(458.89)
774.82(501.67)
703.15(430)

905.37(632.22)
729.26(456.11)
615.93(342.78)
582.04(308.89)

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Ignites in Aird
Lean

Rich

4.1 55
2.6 12.8
2.5 81
3.3 11.1
16
25
1.4
7.1 @ (100)
2
11.5
1.9
8.5
1.7
7.6
1.6
9.3
1.8
9.7
1.7
8.0
1.3 44
12.5 74
2.4 10.4
5.6 11.4
1.2
7.0
3.0 12.5
4.3 19
2.2 11.5
6.7 11.3
3.8 15.4
3.1 32.0
3.0 100
1.9 48
1.8 14
2.7 13.5
1.7

1.4
7.0
1.4
7.6
1.5
7.6
1.4
7.4
1.2
6.7
1.2
7.5
4.0 75.0
1.8
8.4
2.0 12.0
1.4 21
5.3 14.0
7.3 35.0
1.8 12
1.4
7.5
3.1 16
4.9 20.7

10.7 17.4
5.9 20.0
1.4 11.2
1.5
7.8

Max Contente
in O2 (Vol%)
12
11.6

12.6
15
11.2
10.4
12.1
11.5
11.4
11.7
12.4
5.4
5.6
11.7
10.0
12.1
11.0
10.6
11.2
14.0
13.0
10.0

10.7
10.4
11.0

11.6
11.6
11.6
11.6
11.9
5.0
12.0
12.0
10
12.1
9.7
11.4
12.0
10.9
10.7
15.0
10.1
11.3
12.4

Propane
Propylene
Propylene oxide
Toluene
tert-Butylamine
Vinyl chloride
Xylene

231.10
225.05
307.04
383.15
317.59
260.37
413.15

235.93(37.22)
277.15(4.0)
264.26(8.89)

302(28.85)

739.26(466.11)
683.15(410)
738.15(465)
808.71(535.76)
653.15(380.)
745.37(472.22)
737.04(463.89)

2.2
2.4
22.1
1.4
1.7
4
1.1

10.0
10.3
21.522
7.0
8.9
22
7

11.4
11.5
10
9.1
<11
9
8

Boiling point K @ 101.325 kPa.

Flashpoint is minimum temperature at which vapors of combustible liquid will be ignited by a flame.
c
Autoignition temperature is minimum temperature at which a product will spontaneously oxidize in air.
d
Flammability limit is volume (%) of combustible gas in air such that below the lean limit or above the rich limit,
the mixture is considered non-flammable.
e
Maximum oxygen content is the oxygen (%) in a combustible gas mixture below which the mixture is non
flammable.
b

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

A.20

195 c

190

185
Nitrogen
180

Temperature (8C)

175

Argon

170

165

Oxygen

160

155

150
0.0
145

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

5.0
Pressure (bar)

10.0

15.0

 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

( )

0.02

4/Re

3 4 5 6 8 105
2

Re Reynolds number =

2
dur
m

3 4 5 6 8 107

1.5

3 4 5 6 8 108

36
48

3
4
5
6
8
10
12
16
20
24

2 4 6 8 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6
0 0 0 0
Schedule number

Adapted from data extracted

from bibliography reference 18.

114
112
2
212
3 1
32
4
5
6
8
10
12
14

3/4

1/2

3/8

1/4

Norminal
pipe
size,
in.
1/8

The above diagram relates to steel

pipe to ANSI 36.10 and BS 1600
and indicates the inside diameters
of these pipes for various schedule numbers.
For other clean commercial steel
pipes ascertain inside diameter
and use main chart only.

102
127
152
203
254
305
406
508
610
914
1219

76

51

38.1

25.4

19.0

0.75
1.0

12.7

10.2

0.50

0.40

Inside diameter
in.
mm
0.20
5.1
0.25
6.3
0.30
7.6

20
00
0
30
00
40 0
0
00
60
00
8 0
0
0
10 00
00
00

Solution: The friction

factor () equals 0.16.

3 4 5 6 8 106

Complete turbulence

200 300 400 600 800

Turbulent zone

20 30 40 60 80 100

Transition
zone

8 10

3 4 5 6 8 104

00

10

Problem: Determine the friction factor for 12-inch schedule

40 pipe at a flow having a Reynolds number of 300,000.

103

Crittical
zone

Laminar
zone

=6

0.009

0.01

0.015

L u2
D 2gn

Friction
factor =
hL

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

20
0
0
30
00
40
00
60
00
80
0
10 0
00
0

Values of (vd ) for water at 15C (velocity in m/s diameter in mm

A.21

 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.