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Materials Science and Engineering A231 (1997) 198 205

High-temperature creep in a coarse-grained oxide-dispersion


strengthened Ni3Al alloy
U.E. Klotz a,b, R.P. Mason a,c,*, E. Gohring a, E. Arzt a
a

Max-Planck-Institut fur Metallforschung Institut fur Werkstoffwissenschaft and Institut fur Metallkunde, Uni6ersitat Stuttgart,
70 174 Stuttgart, Germany
b
ETH Zurich, Institute of Metallurgy, Zurich, Switzerland
c
Metal Matrix Cast Composites, Unit 1, 101 Clematis A6e, Waltham, MA 02 154, USA
Received 27 January 1997

Abstract
An oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) Ni3Al(B)-alloy containing 5 at.% chromium, produced by powder metallurgy, was
zone-annealed to produce a coarse-grained microstructure. The creep properties were then investigated between 1000 and 1200C
at creep rates from 10 7 to 10 3 s 1 and the resulting experimental data were compared with several models of creep
deformation. As expected, the Rosler and Arzt model for the detachment of single dislocations from the dispersoids did not
satisfactorily explain the measured data. The model of Gohring and Arzt, which considers superdislocations, as present in ordered
Ni3Al, provided a much better correlation. The measured creep strengths were approximately five to ten times higher than those
of fine-grained ODS-Ni3Al; however, they were about 1000 times lower than those of commercial Ni-based alloys such as MA
6000. Suggestions for further development and experiments are made. 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.
Keywords: Ni3Al alloy; Oxide-dispersion; Creep

1. Introduction

combination of oxide-dispersion strengthening and a


coarse-grained microstructure has been applied to develop high-temperature strength.
The creep properties and creep mechanism of the
present alloy at temperatures between 649 and 982C
have been previously determined by Mason and Grant
[35]. In the work reported here the creep properties
were measured at the higher temperatures of 1000, 1100
and 1200C. In an effort to explain the observed creep
behavior the measured creep data were compared with
dislocationdetachment [79] and local-climb [10]
models for the creep of dispersion strengthened materials.

In recent years much attention has been paid to


intermetallic phases, particularly the transition-metal
aluminides such as NiAl or Ni3Al, as potential hightemperature materials. The significant strengthening effect of the Ni3Al phase in Ni-based superalloys has
been well established; therefore it seems worthwhile to
investigate the creep properties of Ni3Al-based materials. Among the advantages of Ni3Al are a lower density
and a higher melting point in comparison to Ni-based
alloys. The reviews of Stoloff [1] and Pope and Ezz [2]
can be consulted for additional background.
The creep behavior of polycrystalline and single-crystal Ni3Al has been extensively investigated; however,
oxide-dispersion strengthened Ni3Al has received little
attention [36]. Haas [6] showed that the incorporation
of oxide-particles into a fine-grained microstructure did
not increase creep strength; therefore, in this work the

2.1. Fabrication and zone annealing

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 617 8934449; fax: + 1 617


8937230.

The Ni3Al-based alloy was produced by mechanical


alloying pre-alloyed powders, having the composition
76 at.% nickel, 19% aluminum, 5% chromium and 0.1%

0921-5093/97/$17.00 1997 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.


PII S 0 9 1 - 5 0 9 3 ( 9 7 ) 0 0 0 6 9 - 5

2. Experimental procedures

U.E. Klotz et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A231 (1997) 198205

boron and 2 vol.% of Y2O3 as described in [4]. During


mechanical alloying some oxidation of the aluminum in
the matrix materials occurred resulting in a total of 3.4
vol.% of mixed yttrium-aluminum oxides. After consolidation by extrusion the material possessed a finegrained microstructure with a grain diameter of 0.7 mm.
To produce a coarse, elongated grain structure, specimens were zone-annealed at 1370C, which is about
10C below the melting point of the alloy. The velocity
of specimen traverse was 0.75 mm min 1. Temperature
measurement was done with an infrared pyrometer.
Due to geometrical constraints it was not possible to
observe the hottest point of the specimen with the
pyrometer. This led to an offset of about 40C between
the measured temperature and the actual maximum
temperature. Although this offset was taken into account, melting of the specimen surface occurred in
some cases. As will be shown later surface melting
influences the creep properties.
Texture measurements were carried out for both the
as-extruded and the zone-annealed material to determine the appropriate elastic modulus to be used when
analyzing the creep data and to determine if zone
annealing had resulted in a texture change.

2.2. Creep tests


Constant strain-rate compression creep tests were
performed at 1000, 1100 and 1200C on a Schenck
Trebel RMC 100 electromechanical testing machine.
The specimens were induction heated. The temperature
variation along the gage section was 3 5C at all
temperatures. A computer controller, in conjunction
with a high-temperature extensometer, allowed constant strain rates of 10 7 10 3 s 1 to be used for
testing. The load was monitored as a function of time
and converted into engineering stress. In all tests the
stress axis was oriented parallel to the extrusion direction. Each creep test was continued until steady-state
creep occurred and at least 0.5% strain was accumulated. Several specimens were tested at more than one
strain rate.

2.3. Metallography and microscopy


Specimens were investigated using optical microscopy, SEM and TEM. For optical microscopy and
SEM the samples were ground and then polished down
to 1 mm diamond paste. Etching was done with Adlers
etchant [11] for optical microscopy or electrolytically
with a 15% phosphoric acid solution for SEM. For
TEM, slices were cut and ground to a thickness of
about 150 mm. Then discs were punched from these
foils and jet polished using an electrolyte of 7%
perchloric acid in methanol. Best results were attained
with an etching temperature of 55C and a voltage
of 30 V.

199

Fig. 1. Longitudinal microstructure of oxide-dispersion strengthened


Ni3Al before and after zone annealing.

2.4. Texture measurements


X-ray diffraction patterns (intensity vs. 2U) were
measured for Ni3Al powder and on transverse sections
of as-extruded and zone-annealed materials, using a
Siemens D5000 diffractometer and Cu-Ka radiation.
The peak heights of the {110}, {220} and {111} reflections were compared to determine the presence and
strength of texture.

3. Results

3.1. Zone annealing


Zone annealing resulted in a coarse elongated microstructure. Fig. 1 shows the microstructures before
and after zone annealing and Table 1 provides the zone
annealing conditions and resulting grain size and texTable 1
Zone annealing conditions and resulting microstructural parameters
Present alloy
Solidus temperature (C)
1382
Zone annealing temperature 1370
(C)
Zone annealing velocity (mm
0.75
min1)
Temperature-gradient (K
90
min1)
As-extruded grain size (mm)
0.7
Grain-length after zone an340 450
nealing (mm)
Grain-width after zone an41 58
nealing (mm)
Grain-aspect ratio (GAR)
7.6 8.2
Texture before zone anneal- None
ing
Texture after zone annealing 110 fiber
texture

MA 6000 [12]
1295 [13]
1160 [14]
1.5
39
0.2
4023
171
24

110 fiber texture

U.E. Klotz et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A231 (1997) 198205

200
Table 2
Results of phase-analysis

Only zone-annealed
g% particle-diameter (mm) 1.09 0.4
Volume fraction of g%
82.0
(%)

Water quenched (24 h,


1000C)

Water quenched (24 h,


1100C)

Water quenched (24 h, 1200C)

1.09 0.4
85.9

1.0 9 0.4
65.7

1.0 90.4
42.4

ture parameters. For comparison, the ODS superalloy


MA 6000 [12] is included in this table. One difficulty
with zone annealing was, as mentioned before, the
occurrence of surface melting with some of the specimens. Whenever possible, the affected portion of the
specimens was removed by machining; however materials were in very limited supply and for several creep
specimens the affected region could not be removed
totally while maintaining the minimum practical diameter of 7 mm. When appropriately corrected for the
effective load-bearing area, creep strengths comparable
to those of the unaffected samples were obtained.

3.2. Phase stability


At the elevated temperatures used in this work, the
decreasing stability of the ordered Ni3Al phase with
respect to the disordered Ni Al solid solution is of
concern. The recent work of Ohtani, et al. [15] indicates
that the present Ni3Al Cr alloy will consist of both the
g and the g% phases with the disordered g volume
fraction increasing with increasing temperature. The
volume fraction of g% was determined by quantitative
metallography for samples after zone annealing and
after 24 h at 1000, 1100 and 1200C followed by water
quenching. The results provided in Table 2 indicate that
at each of the test temperatures there is a significant
disordered fraction. The g% particle size exhibited a
statistical lognormal distribution.

3.4. TEM in6estigations


A strong interaction between dislocations and dispersoids is indicated by the bright field TEM micrograph
in Fig. 2 and by the weak beam TEM micrograph in
Fig. 3 for a specimen crept at a strain rate of 3 10 4
s 1 and a temperature of 1000C. Similar observations
are made for specimens tested at other temperatures or
strain rates. In the TEM micrographs superpartial dislocations are also visible. Their curvature indicates that
these are largely of mixed character; however, straight
segments which are of edge character are visible. Using
weak beam images, such as Fig. 3, the spacing of
superpartials was determined to be 14 nm and the edge
dislocations were determined to have a slip-system of
the type {001}11( 0.
The dispersoids have a lognormal size distribution
with a median diameter, d, of 41 nm. Given this diameter and a volume fraction of dispersoids, f, of 3.4 vol.%,
an average planar spacing of the dispersoids, 2l, of 0.13
mm can be calculated from [16]:
2l=d*

' ' 
p

6f

2
3

(1)

3.5. Creep tests


Creep test results are shown in Fig. 4 as a plot of
maximum creep stress versus strain rate on a double-

3.3. Texture measurements


The peak intensities for the as-extruded material are
in good agreement with the intensities measured for the
Ni3Al-powder; therefore the as-extruded material is texture-free. This is not the case for the zone annealed
material where the intensities of the {110}- and the
{220}-reflections are much higher than for Ni3Al-powder, while the intensity of the {111}-reflection is lower.
The zone annealed material therefore possesses a
110fiber texture. Comparing the intensities of the
{110}-reflection with that of the {111}-reflection indicates that about 90% of all grains have a 110-axis
parallel to the specimen axis. A similar result is obtained for the {220}-reflection confirming that the texture is indeed a 110 fiber texture.

Fig. 2. Bright field TEM micrograph showing dispersoiddislocation


interaction in ODS Ni3Al crept at a strain rate of 310 4 s 1 and
a temperature of 1000C.

U.E. Klotz et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A231 (1997) 198205

201

Table 3
Results of creep tests, corrected data
Temp rature Strain rate
(s1)
(C)

Fig. 3. Weak beam TEM micrograph showing superlattice dislocation


having 14 nm fault width. Same creep conditions as in Fig. 2.

logarithmic scale. The data in Fig. 4 have been corrected for the extent of melting during zone annealing
by dividing the measured creep force by the unaffected
cross-sectional area, which was determined from a
transverse micrograph. In Table 3 the measured data
are presented in full detail. Using this data a leastsquares fit was performed to determine the three creep
parameters A, Q and n in the generalized power-law
creep equation, Section 2 [17]:

Eb
Q
exp
kBT
kBT

o; =A

 
s
E

(2)

where o; is the strain rate, A is a creep constant, E is the


elastic modulus in the longitudinal specimen axis, b is
the Burgers vector, kB is Boltzmanns constant, T is the
absolute temperature, Q is the activation energy for
creep, s is the creep stress and n is the stress-exponent.
The necessary values for the elastic modulus of Ni3Al at
elevated temperature could not be found in the literature; therefore, values were extrapolated and interpolated from published dynamic modulus values for

1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1100
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200

8108
5106
1104
4107
1106
2105
3104
2106
2107
1106
9105
8108
5107
5106
1105
3104
4105
1106
2105
5105
1103
3104
2107
5106
3105
2104
1105
7105
3104
1103
1106
5106
2105
1104
4104
2104

Stress
(MPa)

o/D

s/E110

126.6
198.8
312.6
137.3
157.0
254.8
361.1
162.4
132.5
89.6
155.1
70.6
82.1
110.2
121.6
196.7
126.9
87.4
125.7
155.0
196.6
175.2
55.9
55.3
64.0
94.8
59.7
73.6
90.8
103.4
45.6
56.0
66.0
76.9
31.3
55.0

6.8108
4.21010
8.11011
3.0109
8.1109
1.61011
2.51012
1.61010
1.4109
9.3108
8.31010
7.7107
4.6108
4.8109
9.3109
2.91011
3.71010
8.8108
1.91010
4.61010
1.11012
2.91011
1.6108
6.5108
3.8109
2.61010
1.2109
8.8109
3.81010
1.31011
1.2108
6.3108
2.5109
1.31010
4.9107
2.6108

8.9104
1.4103
2.19103
9.6104
1.10103
1.79103
2.53103
1.14103
9.3104
6.9104
1.20103
5.5104
6.4104
8.5104
9.4104
1.52103
9.8104
6.8104
9.7104
1.20103
1.52103
1.35103
4.3104
4.8104
5.5104
8.2104
5.1104
6.3104
7.8104
8.9104
3.9104
4.8104
5.7104
6.6104
2.7104
4.7104

yttria-dispersed NiCrAl measured in the 110 direction [18]. Values for the elastic modulus and volume
diffusivity at each test temperature are provided in
Table 4. The three unknowns in Eq. (2) were determined as A= 6.3 1026, Q= 697 kJ mol 1 and n=7.8.

Table 4
Physical constants used in analysis of the experimental data

Fig. 4. Maximum creep stress vs. strain rate for ODS Ni3Al.

Temperature (K)

Dv (m2 s1) [19]

E (GPa) [18]

1273
1373
1473

1.241016
1.081015
8.01015

142.6
129.6
116.0

202

U.E. Klotz et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A231 (1997) 198205

4. Discussion

4.1. Microstructure changes due to zone annealing


As shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1, zone annealing
resulted in significant grain growth particularly in the
extrusion direction where the average grain length increased more than five-hundred-fold. Significantly
greater grain growth and higher values of grain-aspect
ratio would be desirable and are in fact the norm for
zone annealed mechanically alloyed Ni-based superalloys such as MA 6000 (Table 1). During zone annealing, problems were encountered with the localized
melting of specimens. In the present alloy the apparent
temperature for the onset of secondary recrystallization
is 1370C, which is only 12C less than the solidus
temperature [4]. In comparison, the temperature for the
onset of secondary recrystallization in MA 6000 is
1160C which is 135C less than the solidus temperature [13,14]. Such a large temperature difference between the onset of secondary recrystallization and
incipient melting provides greater latitude in selecting
processing temperatures. In Ni-base superalloys g% dissolution (disordering) has been identified as a necessary
prerequisite for the onset of secondary recrystallization
[12,14]. This would suggest that the present near-g%
alloy maintains significant order up to approximately
1370C. Reliable conclusions regarding the recrystallization behavior cannot be made based on the conducted tests. Further experiments involving the
variation of temperature, heating rate, traverse speed
and alloy composition to maximize the grain growth
would be desirable. Lastly, it should be noted that the
observed 110 fiber texture is typical for zone-annealed Ni-based superalloys.

4.2. Creep beha6ior


At the test temperatures and strain rates used in this
study, creep deformation of this coarse grained material
should be due to dislocation glide. The observation of
dislocations of the {001}11( 0cube slip system is in
agreement with the results of Korner [20] for Ni3Al
deformed at temperatures above the temperature of the
flow stress maximum. Observable subgrains or dislocation cells did not form as a result of dislocation activity;
however, multiple dislocations were observed to be
attached to oxide particles suggesting significant dislocationdispersoid interaction.
Creep of dispersion strengthened materials has been
described by models where either the climb of dislocations over the particles or the thermal detachment of
dislocations on the departure side of the particles is the
rate determining process for creep deformation. A
model for the local climb [10] of dislocations over the
dispersoids cannot satisfactorily explain the observed

Fig. 5. Comparison of creep data with several models of creep


deformation (for the parameters see Fig. 6).

creep behavior. As shown in Fig. 5 climb over the


dispersoids happens much too fast to be rate controlling. Rosler and Arzt [7] have developed a model
wherein the thermal detachment of dislocations at the
departure side of the dispersoids is rate controlling.
This model reasonably describes the creep behavior of
several dispersion strengthened materials including DS
aluminium alloys, MA 6000, Ni-based superalloys; and
AKS tungsten. Central to this model is the ability of a
dislocation to reduce its line tension at the dispersoidmatrix interface. A relaxation factor, k, describes the
line tension of a dislocation at the interface as a fraction of the line tension of an isolated dislocation in the
matrix. The creep strength predicted by the Rosler
Arzt model is compared with the measured data in Fig.
5. Even for a very weak dislocationdispersoid interaction, that means for a relaxation factor k of 0.94, the
model predicts a much greater creep resistance than
that measured experimentally. In addition, the apparent
stress exponent predicted is much greater than the
experimental value.
The failure of the RoslerArzt model in the present
case is expected to be due to the ordered nature of the
Ni3Al lattice. The model considers the interaction of
single dislocations with particles in disordered alloys;
however, in Ni3Al dislocations occur as superlattice
partial dislocations separated by a fault. As with single
dislocations in disordered alloys, the resistance to motion of the individual superlattice partial dislocations
will vary with the position of each partial in the particle
interface. Because there is an elastic interaction between
partials, when either partial dislocation encounters a
barrier to forward motion, the other (more mobile)
partial will provide a force favoring the continued
motion of the less mobile partial. This elastic interaction will alter the detachment kinetics for each partial.
This effect has been considered in the model of
Gohring and Arzt, which is described more extensively
in [8,9] and will be briefly dealt with next.

U.E. Klotz et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A231 (1997) 198205

Fig. 6 provides representative curves of the shear


stress versus dislocation position of the superdislocation
(tsd) and each of the partials (t1,t2) calculated for the
current material using the Gohring and Arzt model. All
of the stresses are normalized to the Orowan stress to.
The position of the leading partial dislocation (x1) with
respect to the particle centerline is given by the x value;
the trailing partial follows at a distance (w) equal to the
fault width, 14 nm or 0.86r (r is the mean particle
radius) for the current material. For our model we use
the mean particle radius, given as r *particlep/4, to account
for the statistical distribution of the intersect height.
The stress vs. position profiles for each partial are
fully described by the earlier Rosler and Arzt model [7].
At the left edge of Fig. 6, the leading partial has
surmounted the particle by climb on the arrival side,
and now straddles the particle at its pole. At this point
forward motion of the leading partial will reduce its
line length and total energy; therefore, no externally
applied stress is necessary for forward motion. This is
indicated at the left of Fig. 6 by the negative values of
stress (t1) plotted for the leading partial. Upon advancing to some point on the departure side, the energetics
will be such that an externally applied stress (or thermal
activation) is required for further forward movement of
the leading partial. This transition occurs because advancement requires exchanging low-energy dislocation
line in the particle-matrix interface with higher energy
dislocation line in the matrix. At applied normalized
stresses greater than approximately 0.4, the leading
partial will readily detach from the particle; at stresses
below this value detachment will require thermal activation.
The trailing dislocation moves along at a constant
distance behind the leading partial. Its stress (t2) vs.
position profile is identical in form to that of the

Fig. 6. Normalized stress versus position of a super dislocation and


each of the partials for a super dislocation moving within the
particle-matrix interface. As described more extensively in [8,9], the
elastic interaction between the partials reduces the detachment stress
to td,sd for the superdislocation. This leads to lower creep strengths
than predicted by the RoslerArzt model.

203

Fig. 7. Comparison of the experimental creep data with the model of


Gohring and Arzt (solid lines) for bpartial =0.253 nm, w= 14 nm,
l =65 nm, k = 0.92, the Orowan stress t0 =GbS/2(l r) and the
dislocation density r= 1013 m 2 and with the model of Rosler and
Arzt (dashed lines) for bsuper =0.5 nm and k =0.94.

leading partial but shifted along the x-axis by the fault


width. At the left edge of Fig. 6, the trailing partial is
climbing up the arrival side of the particle until, at
x1 = 0.86r, it proceeds to advance along the departure
side of the particle. After moving some distance down
the departure side of the particle, an externally applied
stress (or thermal activation) will again be required for
further forward motion of the trailing partial.
The analysis of Gohring and Arzt [8,9] for a superdislocation provides the simple result that the applied stress (tsd) for a given position of the
super-dislocation is the arithmetic mean of the stresses
calculated for the partials. This stress is given by the
solid line in Fig. 6. By comparing the solid line with the
dashed lines, it is readily seen that the dispersoids are
surmounted more easily by a super dislocation consisting of two partial dislocations separated by a stacking
fault, then by an individual undissociated partial dislocation. This is true for the leading partial which now
readily detaches from the dispersoid at position xA
without requiring either an applied stress or thermal
activation. The reason for this effect, which would not
be anticipated for dislocation detachment in a disordered material, is that in ordered ODS Ni3Al the trailing partial dislocation effectively pushes the leading
partial with sufficient force to detach it. Also the trailing partial detaches more easily from the dispersoid
particle at xB, where the athermal detachment stress is
reduced to about td,sd/to = 0.21.
1

Readers should note that because the relative position of the


partials varies with fault width and because the stress varies as a
function of position for each partial, the effects of the
interaction will be sensitive to fault width. This is covered in greater detail
in [8].

204

U.E. Klotz et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A231 (1997) 198205

Fig. 7 compares the observed creep behavior with the


predictions of the full model (solid lines) of Gohring
and Arzt at temperatures of 1273, 1373 and 1473K.
The creep behavior predicted by the model of Rosler
and Arzt (for a disordered material) is shown by the
dashed lines. The Gohring Arzt model, using the relaxation factor k as a fit parameter, is in good agreement
with the experimental data, especially at the highest
temperature of 1473K. At 1373K and more obviously
at 1273K the model fits the experimental data only at
the lower creep rates. This could be caused by other
strengthening mechanisms, for example solid solution
strengthening, providing added creep strength only at
the lower temperatures. Experiments at lower creep
rates at each test temperature would be desirable to
further verify the fit of the Gohring Arzt model with
the actual creep behavior of this alloy.

4.3. Comparison of creep strength with Ni3Al alloys


and superalloys
The creep strength of the present coarse-grained
ODS Ni3Al compares favorably with other Ni3Al alloys
at a temperature of 1000C as shown in Fig. 8. The
dispersion-strengthened Ni3Al (Hf, B) alloy of Haas [6]
with a 1 mm grain size and 10 vol.% dispersoids is
substantially weaker than the present alloy. This result
shows clearly that for a fine-grained alloy the creep
resistance is much more affected by the grain size than
by the volume fraction of dispersoids. In comparison to
the single-crystal Ni3Al alloy of Hemker and Nix [21]
the creep strength and stress exponent of the present
alloy are also higher. Although this superior creep
resistance may be due solely to the dispersoids, it is
likely that the disordered g phase within the g%-matrix
provides some added creep resistance. For this reason
unequivocal conclusions regarding the effectiveness of
oxide-dispersion strengthening in this alloy cannot be

reached. Additional work involving oxide-dispersion


strengthening in alloys with a single-phase matrix of
lower Ni:Al ratio would be very desirable.
In Fig. 8 the creep properties of the present alloy are
also compared with those of three commercial Ni-based
superalloys: the g%-free ODS alloy MA 754 [22], the
g%-rich ODS alloy MA 6000 [23] and the single-crystal
dispersoid-free alloy NASAIR 100 [24]. Both ODS
alloys possess stress exponents in the region of 40. MA
754 has creep resistance comparable to the present alloy
at the lowest stresses used in testing (127137 MPa)
and it is notably weaker at higher stresses. Due to its
high stress exponent MA 754 would be predicted to be
stronger than the present alloy at lower stresses. MA
6000 exhibits a much higher creep resistance even at a
temperature of 1050C. At a stress of 100 MPa the
difference in strain rate is about three orders of magnitude. The single-crystal alloy NASAIR 100 has a stressexponent of 7 similar to the present alloy, but its creep
resistance is much higher for all stresses.
The poor performance relative to the latter two
alloys is not surprising. In the present work only oxidedispersion strengthening has been applied to improve
the creep resistance of a nominally single-phase alloy.
Comparison of the single-crystal Ni3Al creep behavior
with the current alloy (Fig. 8) indicates that the oxide
dispersion was indeed effective; however, comparison of
the single-crystal Ni3Al creep behavior with that for
single-crystal NASAIR 100 shows that the Ni3Al matrix has very poor creep properties relative to the
advanced superalloys which apply multiple strengthening mechanisms. Both MA 6000 and NASAIR 100
combine complex compositions and heat treatments to
develop a desirable structure of nominally 60 vol.% of
the g% phase precipitated in a g matrix. In addition to
precipitation strengthening, MA 6000 is strengthened
with an oxide dispersion and by the development of a
very coarse grain structure with few grain boundaries,
while single-crystal NASAIR 100 eliminates all grain
boundaries.
Several possibilities exist for improving the creep
properties of this or future ODS Ni3Al alloys. With
improvement of the zone annealing process it may be
possible to achieve a grain structure with coarser grains
and a higher GAR which would have greater creep
strength. In designing future alloys, attention should
also be given to both the volume fraction of dispersoids
(interparticle spacing) and to the size of the dispersoids
relative to the dislocation-partial spacing.

5. Summary

Fig. 8. Comparison of creep properties of


Ni3Al alloys and Ni-based superalloys.

present alloy with other

In this work the influence of Y2O3 dispersoids on the


creep properties of a Ni3Al(Cr, B) alloy was investigated. The material was zone-annealed to develop a

U.E. Klotz et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A231 (1997) 198205

coarse-grained microstructure by secondary recrystallization.


The observed creep behavior could be described by a
power-law creep equation with stress exponent of 7.8
and activation energy of 697 kJ mol 1. The experimentally observed creep resistance was greater than that
predicted by a model for local climb of dislocations
over dispersoid particles. On the other hand, it was less
than that predicted by the Rosler and Arzt model for
the thermal detachment of single dislocations from
dispersoids in a disordered matrix.
The recent thermal-detachment model of Gohring
and Arzt, which takes the ordering of the material and
therefore the occurrence of superpartial dislocations,
into account provided a much better correlation between the experimental data and the model predictions.
On the basis of this model, the lower creep strength of
an ordered material is due to the elastic interactions
between the superpartials while surmounting and detaching from the particle. In spite of the excellent
correlation of model and experiment especially at the
temperature of 1473K, additional work including
creep tests at lower creep rates and extensive TEM
studies should be done in order to verify the model.
It was shown that the creep properties of this coarsegrained ODS-Ni3Al are superior to those of finegrained ODS-Ni3Al or single-crystal Ni3Al. This was a
promising result; however, the creep properties were
inferior to those of the Ni-based superalloys.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge Professor N.J.
Grant of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for
making the ODS Ni3Al available to us, R. Behr for
sharing the results of his TEM studies, and Dr W.M.
Kuschke and A. Kretschmann for performing the texture measurements. R.P. Mason acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation under
NSF-NATO Fellowship Award No. RCD-9353722.

205

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