SALEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SALEM-636111
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Year/Sem: III/ VI

Academic Year: 2012-2013

Prepared by: Mrs. C.Poornima chennan
UNIT-I
GIS TECHNIQUE AND DATA INPUT

PART A
1. Define GIS? (Apr/May 2011)
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and
analyzing geographic phenomenon that exist, and events that occur, on earth
2. List out any four components of GIS? (Apr/May 2011)
1. Hardware 2. Software 3. Data 4. People 5. Methods
3. What are the two types of data used in GIS? (Apr/May 2011)
1. Spatial and Non Spatial data
2. Raster and Vector data
4. What is meant by edge matching? (Apr/May 2011)
Edge matching is to adjusts the position of features that extend across typical map
street boundaries.
5. Define Map. (Nov/Dec 2011)
A graphic representation of features on the earths surface or other geographically
distributed phenomena is called a map.
6. Differentiate between spatial and non-spatial data. (Nov/Dec 2011)
Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be
mapped. Spatial data is often accessed, manipulated or analyzed through Geographic
Information Systems
Non-spatial information about a geographic feature in a GIS, usually stored in a
table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier. For example, attributes of a river
might include its name, length, and sediment load at a gauging station

7. Define thematic map (May/June 2012)

Thematic map is a tool to communicate geographical concepts such as the
distribution of population densities, climate, movement of goods, land use etc
8. Write the various functional sub systems in GIS?
(I) A data input sub system sub system
(II) A data storage and retrieval sub system
(III) A data manipulation and analysis sub system
(IV) A data output and display sub system
9. Name the different types of map?
(I) Topographic and (2) Thematic map
10. Name the types of map projection?
(I) Cylindrical projection
(II) Conic projection
(III) Plane projection
(IV) Interrupted projection
PART B
1. What are the two types of spatial data? Explain their data structure in detail? (12)
(Apr/May 2011)
Refer Class Notes
2. Discuss various map projection with sketches (8) (Nov/Dec 2011)
Refer Class Notes
3. Explain the coordinate systems available for spatial data representation (8)
(Nov/Dec 2011)
Refer Class Notes
4. Explain the data acquisition and interpretation (8) (Nov/Dec 2011)
Refer Class Notes
5. Explain in detail about the development of GIS and its components. Compare with
raster and vector data structure (16) (May/June 2012)
Refer Class Notes
6. Explain the factors that are used in the choice of data structure for a specific
application using GIS? (16) (May/June 2012)
Refer Class Notes

7. Explain in detail the spatial data types and how they are organized in GIS. (8)
(Nov/Dec 2006)
Refer Class Notes
8. Explain the use of Raster data format in GIS (8) (Nov/Dec 2006)
Refer Class Notes
9. Explain Raster and Vector data structure in GIS (8) (Nov/Dec 2006)
Refer Class Notes

UNIT-II

DATA ANALYSIS AND MODELLING

PART A
1. Write down the procedure of query analysis. (May/Jun 2012)
Visualization Showing Interesting Patterns
Exploratory - Spatial Data Analysis to finding IP
Spatial modeling, Regression Explaining IP
2. Give the importance of modeling by using GIS. (May/Jun 2012)
A model helps us to better understand a phenomenon or a system by retaining the
significant features and relationships of reality.
3. Explain any two application which used 3D GIS (Apr/May 2011)
1. It is used in the combination of digital raster graphics (DRG) & Digital line
graphs (DLG), Digital orthophotographs.
2. Non-Graphic application such as terrain modeling and gravity data modeling
used for searching energy resources.
4. Briefly explain about different types of queries used in GIS? (Apr/May 2011)
Attribute data query: The process of retrieving data by working with
attributes.
Spatial data query:
The process of retrieving data by working with
Spatial features.
5. Define TIN (Apr/May 2011), (Nov/Dec 2006)
Triangulated irregular network (TIN) is a vector data model that approximates the
Terrain with a set of non overlapping triangles.
6. Define the following terms: Loose coupling, Tight Coupling. (Apr/May 2011)
Loose Coupling: Linking a GIS to other computer programs through the transfer
of data files
Tight Coupling: Linking a GIS to other computer programs through a common
user interface (CUI)
7. What is meant by modeling in GIS? (Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec 2005)
A simplified representation of a phenomenon or a system.
8. What is nominal data type? (Nov/Dec 2011)
Data that show different kinds or different categories, such as land-use types or soil
types.
9. Define Digital Elevation Model. (Nov/Dec 2009)
DEM: A digital model with an array of uniformly spaces elevation data in raster
Formats.
10. Write a note on overlay Analysis. (Nov/Dec 2009)

A GIS operation that combines the geometries and attributes of the input layers to
create the output.
11. Distinguish between DEM and DTM. (Apr/May 2005)
DEM: A digital model with an array of uniformly spaces elevation data in raster
Formats.
DTM: It is visual representation of terrain surface as a solid model.
12. Name the different uses of DEM. (Apr/May 2005)
RADAR-Radio Deduction and Ranging Used for mountains
LASER-Light Amplification by stimulated emition and radiation-used for
Airport platforms
SONAR-Sound Navigation and Ranging-Used for the measurement of undulation
Terrains
13. What do you mean by Buffering in GIS Analysis? (Nov/Dec 2006)
A GIS operation that creates zones consisting of areas with in a specified distance
of select features.
PART B
1. Explain in detail about the application of DEM and DTM with neat sketches.(16)
(May/Jun 2012), (Nov/Dec 2005),
Ans: Refer Page No 278,279 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)
2. Discuss cost and path analysis. Enumerate the detailed procedure of Artificial
intelligence. (16) (May/Jun 2012)
Ans: Refer Page No 377 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)
3. Briefly explain the following terms: DEM, DTM and Artificial Intelligence (12)
(Apr/May 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 279 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)
4. Discuss Vector and Raster analysis in detail.(12) (Apr/May 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 234 & 259 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)
5. Describe how raster data analysis carried out in GIS.(8) (Nov/Dec 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 259 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)
6. Explain different sources of generating DEM. (8) (Nov/Dec 2011) (Apr/May 2005)
Ans: Refer Class Notes
7. Describe how vector data analysis carried out in GIS. (8) (Nov/Dec 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 234 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)
8. Write short note on cost and path analysis. (8) (Nov/Dec 2011)

Ans: Refer Class Notes

9. Define Overlay functions in GIS. (2) (Apr/May 2005)
Ans: Refer Page No 237 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)
10. Explain in detail the different point operation or region operation in the overlay
function.(12) (Apr/May 2005)
Ans: Refer Page No 238 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)
11. What do you mean by Gridded DEM and TIN structure.(4) (Apr/May 2005)
Ans: Refer Page No 279 (Introduction to GIS Kang Tsung Chang)

UNIT III

DATA OUTPUT & ERROR ANALYSIS

PART -A:
1.What are the uses of plotter and printer?(May/June 2012)
Plotters: It is used most frequently in GIS applications.
Printers: In this techniques has long been used in printing and labelling
industries
2. How to rectify the sources of errors? (May/June 2012)
By the doing the accuracy process rectify the sources of errors
3. How is data output handled in GIS? (Nov/Dec 2011)
Data output handled in GIS are :
1.Printers
2. Plotters (i) Electrostatic plotters (ii) Thermo plotters
4.Distinguish accuracy from precision. (Nov/Dec 2011)
precision is how many places shown to the right of the decimal. 0.00000002 is
precise but may not be accurate if the factors used to arrive at that answer are
inaccurate.
hitting the bulls eye of a target is accurate.
hitting the same place several times on a target other than the bulls eye is precise
but not accurate.
5. Explain Different GIS Plotters?(Nov/Dec 2006)
1. Electrographic plotters 2. Thermoplotters
6. Differentiate between printer and plotter. (May/Jun 2006)
1. Plotters belong to a sub category of printers
2. All plotters can be considered printers, but all printers are definitely not plotters.
3. Plotters are used to draw line images, whereas printers are used to draw images
through dots
4. A plotter holds pen and draws lines, whereas printers make use of laser

technology
5. A plotter can draw very large images that are of use in architecture, whereas
printers
7. State the various types of error occur during spatial input.
Manual digitizing
Scanning
Data conversion
Keyboard entry
Coordinate entry
8. Define Cartography.
Is the design and production of maps, or visual representations of spatial data. The
vast majority of modern cartography is done with the help of computers, usually using a
GIS but production quality cartography is also achieved by importing layers into a design
program to refine it. Most GIS software gives the user substantial control over the
appearance of the data.
PART-B
1.Name the various types of devices using for data output and explain features of
raster and vector display devices?(May/June 2012)
An output device is a part of the computer that receives the processing from the
computer and presents or displays it. Output devices come in several forms, including
display monitors, printers and speakers, and they are distinct from input devices, which
are the parts of the computer that give the machine instructions.
Display
The display is how you see the output of the computer. The display is the
external monitor on a desktop or the attached monitor on a laptop. Although
displays used to be made with cathode-ray tubes (CRT), flat-screen panels
have replaced that technology. Flat-screen liquid-crystal display (LCD)
monitors are lighter and have better display quality than older CRT monitors.

Printer

A printer is a device that prints output to a page. Printers come in color or

simply black and white. Inkjet and laser printers are the most common home
devices. Most businesses have laser printers since the quality is better and the
output is faster. Printers can be connected to the computer or networked using
a print server.
Speakers
Speakers are attached to computers for the output of sound. Sound cards are
required in the computer for speakers to function. Speakers range from
simple, two-speaker output devices to surround-sound multi-channel units
DVD or CD-ROM
A DVD or CD-ROM is a media device on which the user can write data and
information. DVDs have replaced CD-ROMs since they hold more
information than legacy discs. DVDs are normally used as storage backups to
save documents and applications in case of a hard drive failure. They are also
used to create installation discs for software development.
Headsets
Headsets are a combination of speakers and microphone. A headset is used
mostly by gamers, but it is also great tool for communicating with family or
friends over the Internet using VOIP software.
2. What are the different types errors and how to rectify the errors with give more
accuracy?(16) (May/June 2012), (Nov/Dec 2011),(Nov/Dec 2005), (Apr/May 2005)
Ans: Refer Class notes
3.How data are displayed in GIS? Discuss about various display devices? (12)
(April/May 2011)
Ans: Refer Class notes
4.Describe various types of output data from GIS.(8) (Nov/Dec 2011),(Nov/Dec 2005)
Ans: Refer Class notes
5. What are the different types of errors in GIS?Explain in detail any four errors. (8)
(Nov/Dec 2011)
Ans: Refer Class notes
6.Explain the different source of errors in GIS database.(8)Apr/May 2005)
Ans: Refer Class notes

7. Explian the concept of cartography in making maps.(8) (Nov/Dec 2005)

Ans: Refer Class notes

UNIT IV

GIS APPLICATIONS IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

PART-A
1.Write down the GIS applications in natural resources (May/Jun 2012)

Agriculture
Soil
Water resources
Wasteland management
Social resources
Cadastral records
LIS

2. Define LIS (Apr/May 2011)

A land information system is similar to GIS but is more focused on land records
and detailed views of these records. GIS and LIS systems provide tools that support many
types of record keeping, analysis and decision making.
3. How GIS technology is used in wasteland management? (Apr/May 2011)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.

Erosion by water
Land slide control
Erosion by wind
Riverine Land, Coastal and High altitude lands
Salt affected-soils
Waterlogged Areas
Shifting Cultivation
Intercropping with plantation crops
Wasteland and Animal Husbandry
Agro-Horticulture forestry in Wasteland
Agro-Forestry

4.List out the GIS operations with hierarchy to maintain cadastral records.
(Apr/May 2011)

PART-B

1. Reliablity

2. Consistency

3. Accuracy

4. Precision

1. Discuss in detail about the applications of remote sensing in agriculture and

Waste land management with suitable examples. (May/Jun 2012)
Ans: Refer Page No 1 &56(GIS Material)
2. Briefly describe the role of GIS in water resource management and its
feasibility studies in Tamilnadu. (May/Jun 2012), (Apr/May 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 02(GIS Material)
3. Develop a simple architecture for Agriculture Information Systems using
GIS.(6) (Apr/May 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 01(GIS Material)
4. Explain the role of GIS in Soil type management. (6) (Apr/May 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 07(GIS Material)
5. Describe the application of GIS in water resources. (8) (Nov/Dec 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 02(GIS Material)
6.Explain the usage of GIS in waste land development (8) (Nov/Dec 2011)
Ans:Refer Page No 56(GIS Material)
7. Explain in detail, the use of GIS in prioritizing watersheds to control soil
erosion in a hilly terrain.(8) (Nov/Dec 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 61(GIS Material)
8.What is land information system? What are its applications in GIS? (8)
(Nov/Dec 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 28(GIS Material)
Extra Questions:
9. Explain the coordinate system selection
Ans: Refer Page No 37(GIS Material)
10.Explain about the cadastral data
Ans: Refer Page No 38(GIS Material)
11.Explain digital compilation with its various steps?
Ans: Refer Page No 41(GIS Material)
12.Write a short note on Cadastral data maintenance.
Ans: Refer Page No 45 (GIS Material)

Ans:

13. Explain About GIS Layer Definition

Ans: Refer Page No 46(GIS Material)
14.Explain FIPS
Ans: Refer Page No 50(GIS Material)
15.Explain cadastral Mapping and Land Information system.
Ans: Refer Page No 51(GIS Material)
16.Discuss about the application of Remote sensing and GIS technique for
efficient urban planning in india
Ans: Refer Page No 13(GIS Material)
17.Write the various beneficiary role of GIS in Agriculture sector
Ans: Refer Page No 6(GIS Material)
18.Explain about the Remote Sensing and GIS application in urban planning.
Ans: Refer Page No 19 (GIS Material)

UNIT V

ADVANCED GIS APPLICATIONS

PART-A
1.Write down the systematic procedure of integration with remote sensing.
(May/Jun 2012)
Resource management
Environmental monitoring and
Planning
2.What is Remote Sensing?(Apr/May2011)
Remote sensing is using for a recording device not in physical contact with the
surface being analyzed
3. Define web GIS. (Apr/May2011)
Web GIS is a type of distributed information system, comprising at least a server
and a client, where the server is a GIS server and the client is a web browser, desktop
application, or mobile application. In its simplest form, web GIS can be defined as any
GIS that uses web technology to communicate between a server and a client.
4.What are the functions of DBMS in GIS? (Nov/Dec 2011)
1.Total DBMS solution : In this all data are accessed through the DBMS, so it must fit the
assumptions imposed by the DBMS designer
2. Mixed solution : In this some data (usually attribute tables and relationships) are accessed
through the DBMS because they fit the model well, while some data (usually locational) are
accessed directly because they do not fit the DBMS model.
5. What do you meant by object oriented data base model? (Nov/Dec 2011), (Nov/Dec
2009)
An object-oriented database is a database that subscribes to a model with
information represented by objects. Object-oriented databases are a niche offering in the
relational database management system (RDBMS) field and are not as successful or wellknown as mainstream database engines.
6. What is AM/FM? (Apr/May2010)
AM(Automated Mapping)-It provides better digital map maintenance without any
content destruction whereas
FM(Facilities Management)-It is capable of sorting, manipulating, processing and
reporting
7. What do you mean by utility network management? (May/Jun 2012)
Utility Network management refers to the broad subject of managing computer
networks. There exists a wide variety of software and hardware products that help network
system administrators manage a network. Network management covers a wide area,
including:

 Security: Ensuring that the network is protected from unauthorized users.

Performance: Eliminating bottlenecks in the network.
Reliability: Making sure the network is available to users and responding to
hardware and software malfunctions.
PART-B
1. Explain in detailed studies involved to monitor real time drought assessment and
flood impact assessment using GIS.(May/Jun 2012)
Abstract :
Space technology has made substantial contribution in all the three phases such as
preparedness, prevention and relief phases of drought and flood disaster management. The
Earth Observation satellites which include both geostationary and polar orbiting satellites
provide comprehensive, synoptic and multi temporal coverage of large areas in real time
and at frequent intervals and thus - have become valuable for continuous monitoring of
atmospheric as well as surface parameters related to droughts and floods.
INTRODUCTION

Droughts and floods are water-related natural disasters which affect a wide range of
environmental factors and activities related to agriculture, vegetation, human and wild life
and local economies. Drought is the single most important weather-related natural disaster
often aggravated by human action, since it affects very large areas for months and years
and thus has a serious impact on regional food production, life expectancy for entire
populations and economic performance of large regions or several countries.
REMOTE SENSING FOR DROUGHTS
Monitoring and assessment of drought through remote sensing and GIS depend on
the factors that cause drought and the factors of drought impact.A.T. Jeyaseelan 293Based
on the causative factors, drought can be classified into Meteorological, Hydrological and
Agricultural droughts. An extensive survey of the definition of droughts by WMO found
that droughts are classified on the basis of: (i)rainfall, (ii) combinations of rainfall with
temperature, humidity and or evaporation, (iii) soil moisture and crop parameter, (iv)
climatic indices and estimates of evapotranspiration, and finally (v) the general definitions
and statements.
Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate and occurs in all climatic zones,
although its characteristics vary significantly from one region to another. Drought
produces a complex web of impacts that span many sectors of the economy and reach well
beyond the area experiencing physical drought. Drought impacts are commonly referred to
as direct or indirect. Reduced crop,rangeland, and forest productivity; increased fire
hazard; reduced water levels;increased livestock and wildlife mortality rates; and damage
to wildlife and fish habitat are a few examples of direct impacts. The consequences of
these impacts illustrate indirect impacts. The remote sensing and GIS technology
significantly contributes to all the activities of drought management.
Drought Preparedness Phase
Long before the drought event occurs, the preparedness in terms of identifying the
drought prone / risk zone area and the prediction of drought and its intensity is

essential.
For more reference see this website link
http://www.wamis.org/agm/pubs/agm8/Paper-14.pdf
2. Discuss about knowledge based techniques and multi criteria techniques.
(May/Jun 2012)
Ans: Refer Page No 50(GIS Material)
3. Discuss in detail about object oriented data model. (Apr/May2011)
The Object-Oriented Data Model
1. A data model is a logic organization of the real world objects (entities), constraints
on them, and the relationships among objects. A DB language is a concrete syntax
for a data model. A DB system implements a data model.
2. A core object-oriented data model consists of the following basic object-oriented
concepts:
(1) object and object identifier: Any real world entity is uniformly modeled as an
object (associated with a unique id: used to pinpoint an object to retrieve).
(2) attributes and methods: every object has a state (the set of values for the
attributes of the object) and a behavior (the set of methods - program code - which
operate on the state of the object). The state and behavior encapsulated in an object
are accessed or invoked from outside the object only through explicit message
passing.
[ An attribute is an instance variable, whose domain may be any class: user-defined
or primitive. A class composition hierarchy (aggregation relationship) is orthogonal
to the concept of a class hierarchy. The link in a class composition hierarchy may
form cycles. ]
(3) class: a means of grouping all the objects which share the same set of attributes
and methods. An object must belong to only one class as an instance of that class
(instance-of relationship). A class is similar to an abstract data type. A class may
also be primitive (no attributes), e.g., integer, string, Boolean.
(4) Class hierarchy and inheritance: derive a new class (subclass) from an
existing class (superclass). The subclass inherits all the attributes and methods of
the existing class and may have additional attributes and methods. single
inheritance (class hierarchy) vs. multiple inheritance (class lattice).

Object Structure
Object Classes

Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance

Object Identity

Object Containment
Object structure:
The object-oriented paradigm is based on encapsulating code and data into a single
unit. Conceptually, all interactions between an object and the rest of the system are
via messages. Thus, the interface between an object and the rest of the system is
defined by a set of allowed messages.

Object Classes
1. Usually, there are many similar objects in a DB. By ``similar'', it means that they
respond to the same messages, use the same methods, and have variables of the
same name and type. We group similar objects to form a class. Each such object is
called an instance of its class. E.g., in a bank DB, customers, accounts and loans
are classes.
2. The definition of the class employee, written in pseudo-code. The definition shows
the variables and the messages to which the objects of the class respond, but not the
methods that handle the messages.
4. Describe the various applications of AM/FM in a utility networks. (Nov/Dec 2011)
Ans: Refer Page No 11(GIS Material)