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Chapter 19: Trigonometry

Trigonometrical Ratios for Angles less than a Right Angle
Definition: In a right angled triangle the ratio of any two of its sides is called a trigonometrical ratio.
Let ABC be a triangle right angled at B and let A be an acute angle. AB is the base for the angle A,
CB is the opposite side, AC the hypotenuse. The different trigonometrical ratios are defined as
Opposite side BC
C
1. sin A =
2. cos A = adjacent side AB

Hypotenuse
AC
Hypotenuse
AC
3. tan A = Opposite side CB

4. cot A = adjacent side AB

adjacent side
AB
Opposite side CB
Hypotenuse
AC
5. sec A =
6. cosec A = Hypotenuse AC A

adjacent side
AB
Opposite side
BC
1) (i) radian = 1800
(ii) 1 radian = 570 1744.6

2) (i) sin2 + cos2 = 1

1
cos ecx
sin x

(iv)

(v)

(ii) sec2 - tan2 = 1

(iii) cosec2 - cot2 = 1
1
sin x
cos x
sec x
tan x
cot x
cos x
sin x
cos x
0
0
0
0
0
0

(vi)

(vii)

Table of Trignometric Ratios of 0 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 90 , 180

00 300(/6) 450(/4) 600(/3) 900(/2) 1800()
Angle

sin
cos
tan
cot
sec
cosec

0
1
0

1/2
3 /2
1/ 3
3

2/ 3
2

1/ 2
1/ 2
1
1
2
2

/2
1/2
3

1/ 3
2
2/ 3

sin(n)=sin(2n)=sin(0)=0
cos(2n)=cos(0)=1
cos(n)=(-1)n, cos[(2n+1) ]=0
2

19.1

1
0

0
-1
0

-1

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Trigonometric Ratios of Angles of Any Size and Sign

(i) sin (900 - ) = cos
cos (900 - ) =sin

(ii)

tan (900 - ) = cot

cot (900 - ) = tan
sec (900 - ) = cosec
cosec (900 - ) = sec
(iii) sin (1800 - ) = sin
cos (1800 - ) = - cos
tan (1800 - ) = - tan
cot (1800 - ) = -cot

= 900
(Silver)

cos sin

(ALL)

cos

sin

=1800

sec (1800 - ) = - sec

cosec (1800 - ) = cosec

cos sin

(v) sin (2700 - ) = - cos

sin (2700 + ) = - cos
tan (2700 - ) = cot
sec (2700 - ) = - cosec
cot (2700 + ) = - tan
(vi) sin (3600 - ) = sin (-) = - sin
cos (3600 - ) = cos (-) = cos
tan (3600 - ) = tan (-) = - tan
cot (3600 - ) = cot (-) = - cot
sec (3600 - ) = sec (-) = sec
cosec (3600 - ) = cosec (-) = - cosec

(Tea)

(iv) sin (1800 + ) = - sin

=0
cos (1800 + ) = - cos
= 3600 tan (1800 + ) = tan
cot (1800 + ) = cot

cos sin
(Cup)
= 2700

sin (- ) = - sin
cos ( - ) = + cos
tan ( - ) = - tan

When n is even integer

sin (900 + ) = cos

cos (900 + ) = - s in
tan (900 + ) = - cot
cot (900 + ) = - tan
sec (900 + ) = - cosec
cosec (900 + ) = sec

sec (1800 + ) = - sec

cosec (1800 + ) = - cosec
cos (2700 - ) = - sin
cos (2700 + ) = + sin
cot (2700 - ) = tan
tan (2700 + ) = - cot
sec (2700 + ) = cosec
(vii) sin (3600 + ) = sin
cos (3600 + ) = cos
tan (3600 + ) = tan
cot (3600 + ) = cot
sec (3600 + ) = sec
cosec (3600 + ) = cosec

When n is odd integer

sin
sin
2

cos
cos
2

tan
tan
2

sin
cos
2

cos
sin
2

tan
cot
2

Trigonometric Ratios of the Sum and Difference of Two Angles

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
tan (A - B) =
1 tan A tan B

cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B

cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

tan (A + B) =

cot A cot B 1
cot B cot A
cot A cot B 1
cot (A + B) =
cot B cot A
cot (A + B) =

1 tan A
tan A
4
1 tan A

cot A 1
cot A
4
1 cot A

1 cot A
cot A
4
1 cot A

19.2

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Product formulae
C D
C D
cos

2
2
C D
C D
sin C - sin D = 2 cos
sin

2
2
C D
C D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos
cos

2
2
C D
C D
cos C - cos D = - 2 sin
sin

2
2
sin C + sin D = 2 sin

2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)

2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
2 sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A + B)

Trigonometric Ratios of Multiples of Angles

A) (i) sin

(2A) = 2 sin A cos A =

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A

(ii) cos

(2A) = cos2 A sin2 A =2 cos2 A 1

= 1-2 sin2 A

1 + cos (2x) = 2 cos x

1 - cos (2x) = 2 sin2x
1 + cos x = 2 cos2(x/2)
1 - cos x = 2 sin2(x/2)
(iii) tan (2A) =

1 tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A

1 sin 2x cos x sin x

1 sin x cos( x / 2) sin( x / 2)

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A

(i) sin (3A) = 3 sin A 4 sin3 A

(ii) cos (3A) = 4 cos3 A 3 cos A

sin2=2sin cos
sin=2sin(/2) cos(/2)

3 tan A tan 3 A
(iii) tan(3A)=
1 3 tan 2 A

Trigonometric Ratios of Submultiple Angles

A) (i) sin A = 2 sin (A/2) cos (A/2)

(iii) tan A=

2 tan( A / 2)
1 tan 2 ( A / 2)

(ii) cos A = cos2 (A/2) sin2 (A/2) = 2 cos2 (A/2) 1 = 1 2 sin2 (A/2)
B) (i) sin A =

2 tan( A / 2)
1 tan 2 ( A / 2)

(ii) cos A =

1 tan 2 ( A / 2)
1 tan 2 ( A / 2)

(iii) tan A =

2 tan( A / 2)
1 tan 2 ( A / 2)

C) (i) sin A = 3 sin (A/3) 4 sin3 (A/3)

A
A
- 3 cos
3
3
A
A
3 tan tan 3
3
3
(iii) tan A =
A
1 3 tan 2
3
(ii) cos A = 4 cos3

19.3

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Relation between Side and Angles of Triangle

A)

sin A sin B sin C

a
b
c
=
=
or
=
=
(Sine rule)
a
b
c
sin A sin B sin C

B) (i) a = b cos C + c cos B

(ii) b = c cos A + a cos C
(iii) c = ac os B + b cos A

AA

( Projection formulae)

b
bbbbbbbbbbbbB b

Cosine Rule:
(i) a2 = b2 + c2 2b c cos A
(ii) b2 = c2 + a2 2c a cos B
(iii) c2 = a2 + b2 2a b cos C

These can also be expressed as

b2 c2 a 2
(i) cos A =
2b c

a 2 b2 c2
(iii) cos C =
2a b

2
2
2
(ii) cos B = c a b
2c a

Properties of a Triangle

(1) If is the area of ABC, then

(i) = (1/2) b c sin A = (1/2) c a sin B = (1/2) a b sin C
(ii) =

s(s a)(s b)(s c) where 2s = a + b + c

2
2
2
(iii) = cos A = a sin B sin C = b sin C sin A = c sin A sin B
2 sin(B C)
2 sin(C A )
2 sin(A B)
a
b
(2) If R is the radius of the circumcircles of any ABC, then R =
=

2 sin A

(3) If r is the radius of the incircle of ABC, then

2 sin B

r = = (s a ) tan
s

c
2 sin C

A
= (s b) tan
2

= abc
4

B

2

(4) If r1, r2, r3 are the radii of the excribed circles opposite to the angles A, B, C, respectively, then

A
A
B
C
= s tan
= 4 R sin cos cos
sa
2
2
2
2

B
A
B
C
(ii) r2 =
= s tan
= 4 R cos sin cos
sb
2
2
2
2

C
A
B
C
(iii) r3 =
= s tan
= 4 R cos cos sin
sc
2
2
2
2
(i) r1 =

Inverse Circular Functions

sin -1 (x) = cosec -1 (1/x)
cosec -1 (x) = sin -1 (1/x)
sin -1 (sin )=
sin -1 ( - x) = - sin -1 (x)

cos -1 (x) = sec -1 (1/x)

sec -1 (x) = cos -1 (1/x)
cos -1 (cos )=
cos -1 (- x) = - cos -1 (x)

tan -1 (x) = cot -1 (1/x)

cot -1 (x) = tan -1 (1/x)
tan -1 (tan )=
tan -1(-x) = - tan -1 (x)
tan -1(-x) = - tan -1 (x)

sin -1 x + cos -1 x= /2

tan -1 x + cot -1 x= /2

sec-1x +cosec -1x= /2

tan -1 x - tan -1 y = tan 1 x y

1 xy

tan -1 x + tan -1 y= tan 1 x y

1 xy

19.4

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sin -1 x +sin -1 y= sin 1 ( x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ) cos-1x+cos

-1

y = cos1 ( xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 )

sin-1x - sin -1 y = sin 1 ( x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ) cos-1x-cos-1y= cos 1 ( xy 1 x 2 1 y 2 )

2tan -1 x

tan 1

2x

x 2

2x

sin 1

x 2

= cos 1 1 x 2

3 sin -1 x =sin -1 (3x 4x3)

3 cos -1 x=cos -1 (4x3 3x)
3x x 3
3 tan -1 x = tan -1

2
1 3x

1 x 2

Functions

Domain

Range

y=sin x

[-1, 1]

2 2

y=cos-1x

[-1, 1]

[0,]

y=tan-1x

y=cosec-1x

R-(-1, 1)

y=sec-1x

R-(-1, 1)

-1

-1

y=cot x

2 2

,
{0}

2 2

0, { }

2

, {0}

2 2

General Values of Inverse Function

tan-1()=n+

n
2

19.5