Momentum Transfer

Lecture 1: INTRODUCTION OF
CONCEPTS

Transport Phenomena

Relevant Learning

Molecular transport

Convective transport

Heat conduction
Species diffusion
Viscosity
Transfer due to motion of fluid

Balance equation for momentum transport

(shell balance)

Transport mechanisms
Convective
Due to bulk fluid motion

FREE convection vs. FORCED

convection

vs.

Molecular

Inherent ability of the material to

transport properties, without bulk

fluid motion
Through the movement and
collision of the molecules

Example
If you touch something hot, you get heat transfer via conduction.
If you hold your hand above a burner on a stove, the hot air rises from the
burner, and the heat moves via convection.

Molecular transport

How?

No BULK fluid flow doesnt mean there is NO movement

Remember kinetic theory of gases?
Movement and collision of molecules in all direction
There are fluxes in ALL directions

Rate of transport:

If there is a concentration gradient of a property, there will be a

net flux of that property from high to low concentration.

d
z
dz
FLUX

GRADIENT
COEFFICIENT

Molecular transport

Heat conduction

Rate of energy transported is proportional to:

Temperature difference/gradient (dT/dz)
Proportionality coefficient: k (thermal conductivity)
Area across which the energy is transported (A)

dT

Q kAz
dz

Fouriers Law

dT
qz k
dz

Molecular transport

Mass transport through diffusion

Diffusion from area with high concentration of a

species to that with lower concentration
Molecular flux of species A in the z-direction:
J

Ficks Law

*
AZ

DAB

dCA
dz

Molecular transport

Momentum transport

Transfer of momentum from high-momentum area

to low-momentum area
Due to collision of molecules in the system
e.g. flow between parallel plates:
Stationary plate

Moving plate

Molecular transport
Stationary plate

y
x
vx

Moving plate

Viscosity

yx

dv x

dy
Transfer of the x-momentum
in the y direction

Molecular transport (Momentum)

Stationary plate

y+y

x
vx

y
Moving plate

Thin shell of L length, W width, and y thickness

Transfer of x-momentum in the y direction:

( LW ) yx

( LW ) yx

y y

Molecular transport (Momentum)

Stationary plate

y
x

vx
Moving plate

Divide by the volume of the shell, LWy

Taking to a limit of y 0:

( LW ) yx
d yx
0
dy

( LW ) yx
OR

y y

d dv x

0
dy
dy

Molecular transport (Momentum)

Stationary plate

y
x

vx
Moving plate

Integrate twice:

d dv x

0
dy
dy

dv x

C1
dy

vx

C1

y C2

Molecular transport (Momentum)

From: Bird, Stewart,

Lightfoot (2002)

Rheology

Newtons law of
viscosity

constant viscosity
Newtonian fluids
dv x
yx
dy
Temperature and
pressure dependent

Rheology
du z
rz
dr
Bingham

Apparent viscosity (not a constant)

Pseudo-plastic

Non-Newtonian fluids

Honey & yoghurt

Toothpaste
Quicksand
Paints, polymers,
emulsions, pastes,
slurries

Newtonian

Dilatant

du/dx

Molecular transport

Due to random movement of particles

Net flux of transport due to property gradient

dT
qz k
dz

*
AZ

DAB

dCA
dz

yx

dv x

dy

Phenomenological laws

Based on observations, not from any basic principles

May or may not apply to some (or many) situations

cf. Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids

Convective Transfer
x

vx

Fluid enters the box at a rate of vx

It carries a momentum of v
Rate of momentum transfer (Momentum flux)
= vx v
*** Remember: v is a vector!

Molecular transport (Momentum)

Stationary plate

y+y

x
vx

y
Moving plate

Transfer of x-momentum in the x direction:

(W y ) v x 0 v x (W y ) v x L v x 0

Assuming flow is steady state (no change in velocity in the x direction),

this equation cancels out!

Convective Transfer
x

vx

Fluid enters the x-plane at a rate of vx

Its temperature is T
Rate of energy transfer (Energy flux) = vx cpT

Convective Flux
Property

Convective Flux

Energy (kinetic)

(v2/2) vx

Energy (enthalpy)

() vx = (pT) vx

Mass (component A)

(CA) vx

Momentum

(vx) vx
(vy) vx
(vz) vx

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Consider: Fluid is flowing along an inclined flat
surface

From: Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot (2002)

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Consider: Fluid is flowing along an inclined flat
surface
Constant viscosity, density
Focus on a region sufficiently far from the ends of the
wall

Entrance and exit disturbances can be neglected

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

LWx gcos

From: Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot (2002)

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

LW xz x

LW xz x x
From: Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot (2002)

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Wx v z z 0 v z

Wx v z z L v z
From: Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot (2002)

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Momentum balance:
[Input] [Output] + [external forces acting on the system] = 0

LW xz x LW xz x x
Wx vz z 0 vz Wx vz z L vz
LWx g cos

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Assumptions: Steady state, flow in 1 direction only, far from
entrances and edges
vz varies only in the x direction

LW xz x LW xz x x
Wx vz z 0 vz Wx vz z L vz
LWx g cos

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

As before, divide by LWx, take limit as x 0:

LW xz x LW xz x x
xz
lim
x 0

Integrate:

LWx g cos 0

xz x d xz

g
cos

dx
x

x x

xz gxcos C1

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Common boundaries to consider:
At x = 0 Air-liquid interface: xz = 0
At x = Wall-liquid interface: vz = wall movement

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Boundary condition: At x=0, xz=0

xz gxcos C1
dvz
As the fluid is Newtonian, i.e. xz
dx
gcos
dvz

x
dx

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Integrate:

gcos
dvz

x
dx

gcos 2
vz
x C2
2

2nd boundary condition: at x=, vz=0 (Wall is stationary)

g 2 cos x 2
1 2
vz
2

Vz distribution is parabolic
along the x axis!

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

Determine:
Maximum velocity
Volumetric flow rate
Average velocity

Example (Flow on inclined surface)

However!
Does this analysis apply to all flows on inclined
surfaces??!
Under which conditions does it not apply?

Summary

Molecular transport

Inherent ability for molecules to transfer properties

Driven by concentration gradients

Convective transfer

Heat conduction
Diffusion
Shear stress & viscous fluxes

Due to BULK motion of fluids

Shell balance

Thin shell, representative of whole region

Momentum balance over the region Differential
equation.