Incridible Banking Success Series

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES
Page 1
Mr. Rahul Rituraj

Asst Manager,Central Bank Of
India
Achievement- Creating a most
interesting & interactive group on
fb "Bankers Ka Adda" And
Extending Quality Service to
banking aspirant for building best
budding bankers.
Thousands of member who were
nobody before joining our
group are somebody today as a
banker
Naming few names here :
Abhinav Laxman Bhave
(Union Bank PO)
Ravi Goyal (Corporation
Bank PO)
Er Amruta (Bank Of
Maharastra PO)
Sadaf Tahsin (Bank Of
Baroda PO)
Deepika Chouhan (Bank
Of India PO)
Kushal Swargiary
(Central Bank Of India
PO)
Abinash Verma (UCO
Bank PO)
And Many More.........
Er. Deepak Kumar
Mr. Aniket Anand
Bacheolar in Technology
The most essential powerful mantra to
achieve success in life is true devotion
with continuous efforts. In this Success
series I made a serious effort to provide as
much information to Members of group .
This e- Magazine contains the
Mathematical Tricks , English Rules ,
Computer Notes , Current Affairs,
Marketing terms, Financial Terms,
Banking terms etc.
With the advent of globalization it has
become necessary to learn new &
innovative techniques to learn & Tackle
General Awareness & English Section for
upcoming exams.
BSC (IT) in 2011
Achievement
Got GOLD MEDAL in all

india essay competeion
organised by REYUKAI
Won 1st prize in DEBATE

competition at national level.
Under my guidance my
student KISHLAY KISHAN
(DPS 2012 batch)
represented INDIA in
PHILLIPINES at
BOURNVITA ENGLISH
competetion & is currently
studyng in IIT BOMBAY.
MY STUDENT kuhu krishna

topped in 10TH NTSE
examination frm BIHAR
This e-Magazine will help you and give

you proper guidance in your preparation
for your exams.
Incredible India provides you the best
guidance and reading material. It remains
upto you to make the best use of it in any
competitive examination for an absolute
success .
With best wishes for your glorious
success and bright future.
Graduation Details- B.Com

(Hons) in 2011 [1st class in
1st,Gold Medalist]
Sincerely Yours.
Email ID :
centrallyyours@gmail.com
(Ch. I WORK FOR HUMANITY )
Deepak Kumar Das
"Make yourself like a raft boat , keep

calm and unruffled on d surface BUT
paddle with gr8 vigour underneath"
Contribution : Banking And

Nothing Else
"Sharing Is Caring
SPECIAL DEDICATION TO ..
MY MOM DAD BROTHER & MY FRIENDS
PAIN IS TEMPRORARY BUT PRIDE IS FOREVER

Page 2
BANKING SPECIAL
1. Cash Reserve Ratio
The Cash Reserve Ratio is the amount of funds that the banks are bound to keep with Reserve bank of India, with reference
to the demand and time liabilities (NDTL) to ensure the liquidity and solvency of the Banks. Please note that earlier RBI was
empowered to fix RBI between 3-20% by notification. However, from 2006 onwards the RBI is empowered to fix the CRR
on its discretion without any ceiling. The CRR is maintained fortnightly average basis.
What is impact of reducing CRR?

When CRR is reduced, more funds are available to banks for deploying in other business as they have to keep fewer amounts
with RBI. This means that the banks would have more money to play and this leads to reduction of interest rates on Loans
provided by the Banks.
What is impact of Hiking CRR?

RBI uses the method of CRR hike to drain out the excess liquidity from the banks. This is because; the banks will now have
to keep more money with the Reserve Bank of India. On this money banks don`t earn any / much interest. Since they don't
earn any interest, the banks are left with an option to increase the interest rates. If RBI hikes this rate substantially, banks will
have to increase the loan interest rates. The home loans, car loans and EMI of floating Rate loans increase.
The following Graphic shows the history of CRR since 2000.
The above graphic shows that RBI has used this tool to contain the money supply and credit creation more frequently.
Highest CRR was 9% when the Global Financial Slowdown had started taking definite shape. During the slowdown years the
CRR was reduced gradually so that Banks have more money with them. Once, the signs of recovery are shown clearly, RBI
made it again a little higher.
2. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)

Every bank is required to maintain at the close of business every day, a minimum proportion of their Net Demand
and Time Liabilities as liquid assets in the form of cash, gold and un-encumbered approved securities. The ratio
of liquid assets to demand and time liabilities is known as Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR). RBI is empowered to
increase this ratio up to 40%. An increase in SLR also restrict the banks leverage position to pump more money
into the economy.
What is SLR ? (For Non Bankers) : SLR stands for Statutory Liquidity Ratio. This term is used by bankers and
indicates the minimum percentage of deposits that the bank has to maintain in form of gold, cash or other
approved securities. Thus, we can say that it is ratio of cash and some other approved securities to liabilities
(deposits) It regulates the credit growth in India.
The main objectives for maintaining the SLR ratio are the following:
To control the expansion of bank credit. By changing the level of SLR, the Reserve Bank of India can increase or
decrease bank credit expansion.
To ensure the solvency of commercial banks.
To compel the commercial banks to invest in government securities like government bonds.
Formula for Calculating SLR in India
SLR rate = (liquid assets / (demand + time liabilities)) 100%
How does this affect economy?
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Lower SLR, means bank can give more money as loan = lower interest rates = cheap loan = more people take
loan to start business or building house or buying car = boost in economy. This could to inflation, if people have
more cash in their hands than the items available for purchase in the market.
Higher SLR = bank can give less money as loan = Higher interest rate = it becomes expensive to start a new
factory, buy a new house / car/bike. This can curb inflation but may also lead to slowdown in economy, because
people wait for the interest rates to go down, before taking loans.
How Does A SLR Hike Help In Lowering Inflation?
Whenever the RBI hikes the SLR rate, a lot of excess liquidity is sucked out of the markets. Banks have lesser
cash available with them to deploy as loans. Consequently, to maintain their profit margins, they have to increase
the lending rates at which they disburse loans. As loan rates go up, consumers tend to borrow less and eventually
spend less. Thus the demand for goods and services goes down. All inflated prices start coming down due to the
decrease in demand. And as prices start moving downwards, inflation starts coming down.
Difference between CRR and SLR

Sr.No.
CRR
1
Cash Reverse Ratio
2
Maintained with central bank(RBI)
3
CRR can be in form of cash
4
5
Controls the liquidity in the economy

Intended to maintain the purchasing
power of money
SLR
Statutory Liquidity Ratio
Maintained with bank
SLR can be in form of cash, precious metals like gold
or securities
Controls the credit growth in the economy
Intended to make banks invest in
government securities
3. INFLATION
An inflation index is a tool used to measure the rate of inflation in an economy. There are several different ways
to measure inflation, leading to more than one inflation index with different economists and investors preferring
one method to another, sometimes strongly. This brief overview should help you understand how an inflation
index works, some of the more popular models, and perhaps even help you decide for yourself the one you think
represents the "true" inflation rate.
Before we can begin, you need to understand the definition of an "index". Basically, an index is just a collection
of data that serves as a baseline for future reference.
Some Popular Inflation Index Reports
There are several popular inflation index reports that investors and economists follow:
Consumer Price Index (CPI): This inflation index measures the change in prices regular consumers pay
to live their day-to-day lives. We'll talk about it more in depth in a moment.
Producer Price Index (PPI): This inflation index measures the change in prices manufacturers and
producers experience on materials necessary for conducting their business. The price of steel and
aluminum for automobile manufacturers would be tracked by the PPI.
Employment Cost Index (ECI): This inflation index measures the rising cost of hiring employees in
various fields.
Gross Domestic Product Deflator (GDP Deflator): This inflation index measures the rise in cost
experienced by end consumers as well as the government or institution providing goods and services to
those consumers.
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4. FDI vs FII
Both FDI and FII is related to investment in a foreign country. FDI or Foreign Direct Investment is an
investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. On the contrary, FII or Foreign Institutional
Investor is an investment made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.
In FII, the companies only need to get registered in the stock exchange to make investments. But FDI is
quite different from it as they invest in a foreign nation.
The Foreign Institutional Investor is also known as hot money as the investors have the liberty to sell it
and take it back. But in Foreign Direct Investment, this is not possible. In simple words, FII can enter the
stock market easily and also withdraw from it easily. But FDI cannot enter and exit that easily. This
difference is what makes nations to choose FDIs more than then FIIs.
FDI is more preferred to the FII as they are considered to be the most beneficial kind of foreign
investment for the whole economy.
Foreign Direct Investment only targets a specific enterprise. It aims to increase the enterprises capacity or
productivity or change its management control. In an FDI, the capital inflow is translated into additional
production. The FII investment flows only into the secondary market. It helps in increasing capital
availability in general rather than enhancing the capital of a specific enterprise.
The Foreign Direct Investment is considered to be more stable than Foreign Institutional Investor. FDI
not only brings in capital but also helps in good governance practises and better management skills and
even technology transfer. Though the Foreign Institutional Investor helps in promoting good governance
and improving accounting, it does not come out with any other benefits of the FDI.
While the FDI flows into the primary market, the FII flows into secondary market. While FIIs are shortterm investments, the FDIs are long term.
Summary
1. FDI is an investment that a parent company makes in a foreign country. On the contrary, FII is an investment
made by an investor in the markets of a foreign nation.
2. FII can enter the stock market easily and also withdraw from it easily. But FDI cannot enter and exit that easily.
3. Foreign Direct Investment targets a specific enterprise. The FII increasing capital availability in general.
4. The Foreign Direct Investment is considered to be more stable than Foreign Institutional Investor
5. Some Special Accounts
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6. Priority Sector Lending

1. What are the targets under priority sector lending ?
Ans : The targets and sub-targets set under priority sector lending for domestic and foreign banks operating in
India are furnished below :
Domestic banks (both public sector
and private sector banks)
Foreign banks operating in India
Total Priority Sector

advances
40 percent of NBC
32 percent of NBC
Total agricultural advances
18 percent of NBC
No target
SSI advances
No target
10 percent of NBC
Export credit
Export credit does not form part of

priority sector
12 percent of NBC
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Advances to weaker
sections
10 percent of NBC
No target
{note : NBC denotes net bank credit}

2. What constitutes net bank credit ?
The net bank credit should tally with the figure reported in the fortnightly return submitted under section 42(2)
of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. However, outstanding deposits under the FCNR(B) and NRNR
Schemes are excluded from net bank credit for computation of priority sector lending target/ sub-targets.
3. What does the priority sector comprise ?
Ans : Broadly, the priority sector comprises the following :
1. Agriculture
2. Small scale industries (including setting up of industrial estates)
3. Small road and water transport operators (owning upto 10 vehicles).
4. Small business (Original cost of equipment used for business not to exceed Rs 20 lakh)
5. Retail trade (advances to private retail traders upto Rs.10 lakh)
6. Professional and self-employed persons (borrowing limit not exceeding Rs.10 lakh of which not
more than Rs.2 lakh for working capital; in the case of qualified medical practitioners setting up
practice in rural areas, the limits are Rs 15 lakh and Rs 3 lakh respectively and purchase of one
motor vehicle within these limits can be included under priority sector)
7. State sponsored organisations for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes
8. Education (educational loans granted to individuals by banks)
9. Housing [both direct and indirect loans upto Rs.5 lakhs (direct loans upto Rs 10 lakh in urban/
metropolitan areas), Loans upto Rs 1 lakh and Rs 2 lakh for repairing of houses in rural/ semi-urban
and urban areas respectively].
10. Consumption loans (under the consumption credit scheme for weaker sections)
11. Micro-credit provided by banks either directly or through any intermediaty; Loans to self help
groups(SHGs) / Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) for onlending to SHGs
12. Loans to the software industry (having credit limit not exceeding Rs 1 crore from the banking
system)
13. Loans to specified industries in the food and agro-processing sector having investment in plant and
machinery up to Rs 5 crore.
14. Investment by banks in venture capital (venture capital funds/ companies registered with SEBI)
4. What constitutes Direct Finance for Agricultural Purposes ?

Direct Agricultural advances denote advances given by banks directly to farmers for agricultural purposes.
These include short-term loans for raising crops i.e. for crop loans. In addition, advances upto Rs. 5 lakh to
farmers against pledge/hypothecation of agricultural produce (including warehouse receipts) for a period not
exceeding 12 months, where the farmers were given crop loans for raising the produce, provided the borrowers
draw credit from one bank.
Direct finance also includes medium and long-term loans (Provided directly to farmers for financing
production and development needs) such as Purchase of agricultural implements and machinery, Development
Page 7
of irrigation potential, Reclamation and Land Development Schemes, Construction of farm buildings and
structures, etc. Other types of direct finance to farmers includes loans to plantations, development of allied
activities such as fishery, poultry etc and also establishment of bio-gas plants, purchase of land for agricultural
purposes by small and marginal farmers and loans to agri-clinics and agri-business centres.
5. What constitutes Indirect Finance to Agriculture ?

Indirect finance denotes to finance provided by banks to farmers indirectly, i.e., through other agencies.
Important items included under indirect finance to agriculture are as under :
i.
Credit for financing the distribution of fertilisers, pesticides, seeds, etc.
ii.
Loans upto Rs. 25 lakhs granted for financing distribution of inputs for the allied activities such as,
cattle feed, poultry feed, etc.
iii. Loans to Electricity Boards for reimbursing the expenditure already incurred by them for providing low
tension connection from step-down point to individual farmers for energising their wells.
iv.
Loans to State Electricity Boards for Systems Improvement Scheme under Special Project Agriculture
(SI-SPA).
v.
Deposits held by the banks in Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) maintained with
NABARD.
vi.
Subscription to bonds issued by Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) exclusively for financing
pump-set energisation programme in rural and semi-urban areas and also for financing System
Improvement Programme (SISPA).
vii.
Subscriptions to bonds issued by NABARD with the objective of financing agriculture/allied activities.
viii. Finance extended to dealers in drip irrigation/sprinkler irrigation system/agricultural machinery, subject
to the following conditions:
The dealer should be located in the rural/semi-urban areas.
He should be dealing exclusively in such items or if dealing in other products, should be
maintaining separate and distinct records in respect of such items.
A ceiling of upto Rs. 20 lakhs per dealer should be observed.
ix. Loans to Arthias (commission agents in rural/semi-urban areas) for meeting their working capital
requirements on account of credit extended to farmers for supply of inputs.
x. Lending to Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) for on-lending to agriculture.
6. What is the definition of Small Scale Industries (SSI) ?
Small scale industrial units are those engaged in the manufacture, processing or preservation of goods and
whose investment in plant and machinery (original cost) does not exceed Rs. 1 crore. These would, inter alia,
include units engaged in mining or quarrying, servicing and repairing of machinery. In the case of ancillary
units, the investment in plant and machinery (original cost) should also not exceed Rs. 1 crore to be classified
under small-scale industry.
The investment limit of Rs.1 crore for classification as SSI has been enhanced to Rs.5 crore in respect of certain
specified items under hosiery and hand tools by the Government of India
7. What is the definition of Tiny Enterprises ?
The status of Tiny Enterprises is given to all small scale units whose investment in plant & machinery
is upto Rs. 25 lakhs, irrespective of the location of the unit.
Page 8
8. What are Small Scale Service & Business Enterprises (SSSBEs) ?

Industry related service and business enterprises with investment upto Rs. 10 lakhs in fixed assets,
excluding land and building will be given benefits of small scale sector. For computation of value of
fixed assets, the original price paid by the original owner will be considered irrespective of the price
paid by subsequent owners.
9. What does indirect finance in the small-scale industrial sector include?
Indirect finance to SSI includes the following important items:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
Financing of agencies involved in assisting the decentralised sector in the supply of inputs and
marketing of outputs of artisans, village and cottage industries.
Finance extended to Government sponsored Corporation/organisations providing funds to the weaker
sections in the priority sector.
Advances to handloom co-operatives.
Term finance/loans in the form of lines of credit made available to State Industrial Development
Corporation/State Financial Corporations for financing SSIs.
Funds provided by banks to SIDBI/SFCs by way of rediscounting of bills
Subscription to bonds floated by SIDBI, SFCS, SIDCS and NSIC exclusively for financing SSI units.
Subscription to bonds issued by NABARD with the objective of financing exclusively non-farm sector.
Financing of NBFCS or other intermediaries for on-lending to the tiny sector.
Deposits placed with SIDBI by Foreign Banks in fulfilment of shortfall in attaining priority sector
targets.
Bank finance to HUDCO either as a line of credit or by way of investment in special bonds issued by
HUDCO for on-lending to artisans, handloom weavers, etc. under tiny sector may be treated as indirect
lending to SSI (Tiny) Sector.
10. What type of investments made by banks are reckoned under priority sector ?
Investments made by the banks in special bonds issued by the specified institutions could be reckoned as part of
priority sector advances, subject to the following conditions:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
State Financial Corporations (SFCs)/State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs)

Subscription to bonds exclusively floated by SFCs & SIDCs for financing SSI units will be eligible for
inclusion under priority sector as indirect finance to SSI.
Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) Subscription to special bonds issued by REC exclusively for
financing pump-set energisation programme in rural and semi-urban areas and the System Improvement
Programme under its Special Projects Agriculture (SI-SPA) will be eligible for inclusion under priority
sector lending as indirect finance to agriculture.
NABARD Subscription to bonds issued by NABARD with the objective of financing exclusively
agriculture/allied activities and the non-farm sector will be eligible for inclusion under the priority sector
as indirect finance to agriculture/ SSI, as the case may be.
Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) Subscriptions to bonds exclusively floated by
SIDBI for financing of SSI units will be eligible for inclusion under priority sector as indirect finance
to SSIs.
The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. (NSIC) Subscription to bonds issued by NSIC
exclusively for financing of SSI units will be eligible for inclusion under priority sector as indirect
finance to SSIs.
Page 9
vi.
vii.
National Housing Bank (NHB) Subscription to bonds issued by NHB exclusively for financing of
housing, irrespective of the loan size per dwelling unit, will be eligible for inclusion under priority sector
advances as indirect housing finance.
Housing & Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)
a. Subscription to bonds issued by HUDCO exclusively for financing of housing, irrespective of the
loan size per dwelling unit, will be eligible for inclusion under priority sector advances as
indirect housing finance.
b. Investment in special bonds issued by HUDCO for on-lending to artisans, handloom weavers,
etc. under tiny sector will be classified as indirect lending to SSI (Tiny) sector.
11. What are the weaker sections within the priority sector ?
The weaker sections under priority sector include the following:
1. Small and marginal farmers with land holding of 5 acres and less and landless labourers, tenant farmers
and share croppers.
2. Artisans, village and cottage industries where individual credit limits do not exceed Rs. 50,000/3. Beneficiaries of Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)
4. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
5. Beneficiaries of Differential Rate of Interest (DRI) scheme
6. Beneficiaries under Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY)
7. Beneficiaries under the Scheme for Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavangers (SLRS).
8. Self Help Groups (SHGs)
9.
12. what action is taken in the case of non-achievement of priority sector lending target by a bank ?
i.
ii.
Domestic scheduled commercial banks having shortfall in lending to priority sector / agriculture are
allocated amounts for contribution to the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) established in
NABARD. Details regarding operationalisation of the RIDF such as the amounts to be deposited by
banks, interest rates on deposits, period of deposits etc., are decided every year after announcement in
the Union Budget about setting up of RIDF.
In the case of foreign banks operating in India which fail to achieve the priority sector lending target or
sub-targets, an amount equivalent to the shortfall is required to be deposited with SIDBI for one year at
the interest rate of 8 percent per annum.
13. Whether there is any time limit for disposal of loan applications ?
All loan applications upto a credit limit of Rs. 25,000/- should be disposed of within a fortnight and those for
over Rs. 25,000/- within 8 to 9 weeks.
14. What is the rate of interest for loans under priority sector ?
As per the current interest rate policy, in the case of loans upto Rs 2 lakh, the interest rate should not exceed the
prime lending rate (PLR) of the bank, while in the case of loans above Rs 2 lakh, banks are free to determine the
interest rate
Page 10
15. How is priority sector lending monitored by the Reserve Bank ? Priority sector lending by commercial
banks is monitored by Reserve Bank of India through periodical Returns received from them. Performance of
banks is also reviewed in the various fora set up under the Lead Bank Scheme (at State, District and Block
levels).
NAME OF THE BANK

Allahabad Bank
Andhra Bank
Bank of Baroda
Bank of India
Bank of Maharashtra
Bharatiya Mahila Bank
Canara Bank
FOUNDED
1865 in Allahabad
1923
1908
1906
HEADQUARTERS
Kolkata, India
Hyderabad
Vadodara (Baroda),India
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
1935
2013
1969
Bank of Maharashtra, Pune India

New Delhi, India
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Central Bank of India
1911
Corporation Bank
1906
Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Dena Bank
1938
Mumbai, India
IDBI Bank
1964
Mumbai, India
Mumbai, India
CMD
Rakesh Sethi
C.V.R. Rajendran
S S Mundra
Vijayalakshmi R Iyer
Shri Sushil Muhnot
Usha Ananthasubramanian
Rajiv Kishore Dubey
Shri. Rajeev Rishi
Shri Sadhu ram Bansal
Shri Ashwani Kumar
M.S. Raghavan
Indian Bank
1907
Chennai, India
T.M.Bhasin
Indian Overseas Bank
1937
Chennai, India
M. Narendra
Oriental Bank of Commerce
1943
Gurgaon, Haryana, India
Punjab National Bank
1895
New Delhi, India
Punjab & Sind Bank
1908
Rajendra Place New Delhi, India
Syndicate Bank
1925
Manipal, Karnataka, India
UCO Bank
1943
Union Bank of India
1919
United Bank of India
1950
Vijaya Bank
1931
Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Mumbai, India
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Mangalore, India
S.L.Bansal
K R Kamath
JATINDER BIR SINGH,
Shri Sudhir Kumar Jain
Arun Kaul
Mr. Arun Tiwari
Ms. Archana Bhargava
Shri.V Kannan
Page 11
Some Important term related to Banking

1. What is Inflation?
Inflation is as an increase in the price of bunch of
Goods and services that projects the Indian
economy. An increase in inflation figures occurs
when there is an increase in the average level of
prices in Goods and services. Inflation happens
when there are fewer Goods and more buyers; this
will result in increase in the price of Goods, since
there is more demand and less supply of the goods.
2. What is Deflation?
Deflation is the continuous decrease in prices of
goods and services. Deflation occurs when the
inflation rate becomes negative (below zero) and
stays there for a longer period.
3. What is IPO?
IPO is Initial Public Offering. This is the first
offering of shares to the general public from a
company wishes to list on the stock exchanges.
4. What is Disinvestment?
The Selling of the government stake in public sector
undertakings.
5. What is Fiscal Deficit?
It is the difference between the governments total
receipts (excluding borrowings) and total
expenditure. Fiscal deficit in 2009-10 is proposed at
6.8% of GDP.
6. What is Revenue deficit?
It defines that, where the net amount received (by
taxes & other forms) fails to meet the predicted net
amount to be received by the government. Revenue
deficit in 2009-10 is proposed at 4.8% of GDP.
7. What is GDP?
The Gross Domestic Product or GDP is a measure
of all of the services and goods produced in a
country over a specific period; classically a year.
GDP during 2008-09 is 6.7%.
8. What is GNP?
Gross National Product is measured as GDP plus
income of residents from investments made abroad
minus income earned by foreigners in domestic
market.
9. What is National Income?

What is Per Capita Income?
The national income of a country, or region, divided
by its population. Per capita income is often used to
measure a country's standard of living.Per capita
income during 2008-09 estimated by CSO: Rs.25,
494.
10. What is Vote on Account?
A vote-on account is basically a statement ,where
the government presents an estimate of a sum
required to meet the expenditure that it incurs
during the first three to four months of an election
financial year until a new government is in place, to
keep the machinery running national Income is the
money value of all goods and services produced in a
country during the year.
11. Difference between Vote on Account and
Interim Budget?
Vote-on-account deals only with the expenditure
side of the government's budget, an interim Budget
is a complete set of accounts, including both
expenditure and receipts.
12. What is SDR?
The SDR (Special Drawing Rights) is an artificial
currency created by the IMF in 1969. SDRs are
allocated to member countries and can be fully
converted into international currencies so they serve
as a supplement to the official foreign reserves of
member countries. Its value is based on a basket of
key international currencies (U.S. dollar, euro, yen
and pound sterling).
13. What is SEZ?
SEZ means Special Economic Zone is the one of
the part of governments policies in India. A special
Economic zone is a geographical region that
economic laws which are more liberal than the
usual economic laws in the country. The basic
motto behind this is to increase foreign investment,
development of infrastructure, job opportunities and
increase the income level of the people.
14. What is corporate governance?
Page 12
The way in which a company is governed and how

it deals with the various interests of its customers,
shareholders, employees and society at large.
Corporate governance is the set of processes,
customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting
the way a corporation (or company) is directed,
administered or controlled.Is defined as the general
set of customs, regulations, habits, and laws that
determine to what end a firm should be run.
15. What is monetary policy?
Monetary policy is the process by which the
government, central bank, of a country controls (i)
the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and
(iii) cost of money or rate of interest, in order to
attain a set of objectives oriented towards the
growth and stability of the economy.
16. What is Fiscal Policy?
Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and
revenue collection to influence the economy. These
policies affect tax rates, interest rates and
government spending, in an effort to control the
economy. Fiscal policy is an additional method to
determine public revenue and public expenditure.
17. What is Core Banking Solutions?
Core banking is a general term used to describe the
services provided by a group of networked bank
branches. Bank customers may access their funds
and other simple transactions from any of the
member branch offices. It will cut down time,
working simultaneously on different issues and
increasing efficiency. The platform where
communication technology and information
technology are merged to suit core needs of banking
is known as Core Banking Solutions
18. What is E-Governance?
E-Governance is the public sectors use of
information and communication technologies with
the aim of improving information and service
delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the
decision-making process and making government
more accountable,transparent and effective.
19. What is Right to information Act?
The Right to Information act is a law enacted by the
Parliament of India giving citizens of India access
to records of the Central Government and State
overnments.The Act applies to all States and Union

Territories of India, except the State of Jammu and
Kashmir - which is covered under a State-level law.
This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005
and came fully into force on 13 October 2005.
20. Credit Rating Agencies in India?
The credit rating agencies in India mainly include
ICRA and CRISIL. ICRA wasformerly referred to
the Investment Information and Credit Rating
Agency of India Limited. Their main function is to
grade the different sector and companies in terms of
performance and offer solutions for up gradation.
The credit rating agencies in India mainly include
ICRA and CRISIL(Credit Rating Information
Services of India Limited)
21. What is Cheque?
Cheque is a negotiable instrument instructing a
Bank to pay a specific amount from a specified
account held in the maker/depositor's name with
that Bank.A bill of exchange drawn on a specified
banker and payable on demand.Written order
directing a bank to pay money.
22. What is demand Draft?
A demand draft is an instrument used for effecting
transfer of money. It is a Negotiable Instrument.
Cheque and Demand-Draft both are used for
Transfer of money. You can 100% trust a DD. It is
a banker's check. A check may be dishonored for
lack of funds a DD cannot. Cheque is written by an
individual and Demand draft is issued by a bank.
People believe banks more than individuals.
23. What is a NBFC?
A non-banking financial company (NBFC) is a
company registered under the Companies Act, 1956
and is engaged in the business of loans and
advances, acquisition of
shares/stock/bonds/debentures/securities issued by
government, but does not include any institution
whose principal business is that of agriculture
activity, industrial activity,
sale/purchase/construction of immovable
property.NBFCs are doing functions akin to that of
banks; however there are a few differences:
(i)A NBFC cannot accept demand deposits (demand
deposits are funds deposited at a depository
Page 13
institution that are payable on demand -immediately or within a very short period -- like
your current or savings accounts.)
(ii) it is not a part of the payment and settlement
system and as such cannot issue cheques to its
customers; and
(iii) Deposit insurance facility of DICGC is not
available for NBFC depositors unlike in case of
banks.
24. Difference between banking & Finance?
Finance is generally related to all types of financial,
this could be accounting, insurances and policies.
Whereas banking is everything that happens in a
bank only.The term Banking and Finance are two
very different terms but are often associated
together. These two terms are often used to denote
services that a bank and other financial institutions
provide to its customers.
25. What is NASSCOM ?
The National Association of Software and Services
Companies (NASSCOM), the Indian chamber of
commerce is a consortium that serves as an
interface to the Indian software industry and Indian
BPO industry. Maintaining close interaction with
the Government of India in formulating National IT
policies with specific focus on IT software and
services maintaining a state of the art information
database of IT software and services related
activities for use of both the software developers as
well as interested companies overseas.
26. What is ASSOCHAM?
The Associated Chambers of Commerce and
Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), India's premier
apex chamber covers a membership of over 2 lakh
companies and professionals across the country. It
was established in 1920 by promoter chambers,
representing all regions of India. As an apex
industry body, ASSOCHAM represents the interests
of industry and trade, interfaces with Government
on policy issues and interacts with counterpart
international organizations to promote bilateral
economic issues.
27. What is NABARD?
NABARD was established by an act of Parliament
on 12 July 1982 to implement the National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981. It
replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD)

and Rural Planning and Credit Cell (RPCC) of
Reserve Bank of India, and Agricultural Refinance
and Development Corporation (ARDC). It is one of
the premiere agency to provide credit in rural areas.
NABARD is set up as an apex Development Bank
with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for
promotion and development of agriculture, smallscale industries, cottage and village industries,
handicrafts and other rural crafts.
28. What is SIDBI?
The Small Industries Development Bank of India is
a state-run bank aimed to aid the growth and
development of micro, small and medium scale
industries in India. Set up in 1990 through an act of
parliament, it was incorporated initially as a wholly
owned subsidiary of Industrial Development Bank
of India.
29. What is SENSEX and NIFTY?
SENSEX is the short term for the words "Sensitive
Index" and is associated with the Bombay
(Mumbai) Stock Exchange (BSE). The SENSEX
was first formed on 1-1-1986 and used the market
capitalization of the 30 most traded stocks of BSE.
Where as NSE has 50 most traded stocks of
NSE.SENSEX IS THE INDEX OF BSE. AND
NIFTY IS THE INDEX OF NSE.BOTH WILL
SHOW DAILY TRADING MARKS. Sensex and
Nifty both are an "index. An index is basically an
indicator it indicates whether most of the stocks
have gone up or most of the stocks have gone down.
30. What is SEBI?
SEBI is the regulator for the Securities Market in
India. Originally set up by the Government of India
in 1988, it acquired statutory form in 1992 with
SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian
Parliament. Chaired by C B Bhave.
31. What is Mutual funds?
Mutual funds are investment companies that pool
money from investors at large and offer to sell and
buy back its shares on a continuous basis and use
the capital thus raised to invest in securities of
different companies. The mutual fund will have a
fund manager that trades the pooled money on a
regular basis. The net proceeds or losses are then
typically distributed to the investors annually.
Page 14
32. What is Asset Management Companies?

A company that invests its clients' pooled fund into
securities that match its declared financial
objectives. Asset management companies provide
investors with more diversification and investing
options than they would have by themselves.
Mutual funds, hedge funds and pension plans are all
run by asset management companies. These
companies earn income by charging service fees to
their clients.
33. What are non-perfoming assets?
Non-performing assets, also called non-performing
loans, are loans,made by a bank or finance
company, on which repayments or interest
payments are not being made on time. A debt
obligation where the borrower has not paid any
previously agreed upon interest and principal
repayments to the designated lender for an extended
period of time. The nonperforming asset is therefore
not yielding any income to the lender in the form of
principal and interest payments.
34. What is Recession?
A true economic recession can only be confirmed if
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)growth is negative
for a period of two or more consecutive quarters.
35. What is foreign exchange reservers?
Foreign exchange reserves (also called Forex
reserves) in a strict sense are only the foreign
currency deposits and bonds held by central banks
and monetary authorities.However, the term in
popular usage commonly includes foreign exchange
and gold,SDRs and IMF reserve positions.
36. What is Open Market operations(OMO)?
The buying and selling of government securities in
the open market in order to expand or contract the
amount of money in the banking system by RBI.
Open market operations are the principal tools of
monetary policy.
37. What is Micro Credit?
It is a term used to extend small loans to very poor
people for self-employment projects that generate
income, allowing them to care for themselves and
their families.
38. What is RTGS System?
The acronym 'RTGS' stands for Real Time Gross
Settlement. RTGS system is a funds transfer
mechanism where transfer of money takes place

from one bank to another on a 'real time' and on
'gross' basis. This is the fastest possible money
transfer system through the banking channel.
Settlement in 'real time' means payment transaction
is not subjected to any waiting period. The
transactions are settled as soon as they are
processed. 'Gross settlement' means the transaction
is settled on one to one basis without bunching with
any other transaction.
39. What is Bancassurance?
It is the term used to describe the partnership or
relationship between a bank and an insurance
company whereby the insurance company uses the
bank sales channel in order to sell insurance
products.
What is Wholesale Price Index ?
The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is the index used
to measure the changes in the average price level of
goods traded in wholesale market. A total of 435
commodity prices make up the index. It is available
on a weekly basis. It is generally taken as an
indicator of the inflation rate in the Indian economy.
The Indian Wholesale Price Index (WPI) was first
published in 1902, and was used by policy makers
until it was replaced by the Producer Price Index
(PPI) in 1978.
40. What is Consumer price Index(CPI)?
It is a measure estimating the average price of
consumer goods and services purchased by
households.
41. What is Venture Capital?
Venture capital is money provided by an outside
investor to finance a new, growing, or troubled
business. The venture capitalist provides the
funding knowing that theres a significant risk
associated with the companys future profits and
cash flow. Capital is invested in exchange for an
equity stake in the business rather than given as a
loan, and the investor hopes the investment will
yield a better-than-average return.
42. What is a Treasury Bills?
Treasury Bills (T-Bills) are short term, Rupee
denominated obligations issued by the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the Government of
India. They are thus useful in managing short-term
Page 15
liquidity. At present, the Government of India

issues three types of treasury bills through auctions,
namely, 91-day, 182-day and 364-day. There are no
treasury bills issued by State Governments.
43. What is Banking Ombudsmen Scheme?
The Banking Ombudsman Scheme enables an
expeditious and inexpensive forum to bank
customers for resolution of complaints relating to
certain services rendered by banks.The Banking
Ombudsman is a senior official appointed by the
Reserve Bank of India to redress customer
complaints against deficiency in certain banking
services.The Banking Ombudsman Scheme was
first introduced in India in 1995, and was revised in
2002. The current scheme became operative from
the 1 January 2006, and replaced and superseded
the banking Ombudsman Scheme 2002.
44. What is Subsidy?
A subsidy is a form of financial assistance paid to a
business or economic sector. Most subsidies are
made by the government to producers or
distributors in an industry to prevent the decline of
that industry or an increase in the prices of its
products or to encourage it to hire more labor.
45. What is a Debenture? How many types of
debentures are there? What are they?
A debenture is basically an unsecured loan to a
corporation. A type of debt instrument that is not
secured by physical asset. Debentures are backed
only by the general creditworthiness and reputation
of the issuer.
1. Convertible Debentures: Any type of
debenture that can be converted into some
other security or it can be converted into
stock..
2. Non-Convertibility Debentures(NCB): Non
Convertible Debentures are those that
cannot be converted into equity shares of the
issuing company, as opposed to Convertible
debentures. Non-convertible debentures
normally earn a higher interest rate than
convertible debentures do.
46. What is a hedge fund?
Hedge means to reduce financial risk. A hedge
fund is an investment fund open to a limited range
of investors and requires a very large initial
minimum investment. It is important to note that

hedging is actually the practice of attempting to
reduce risk, but the goal of most hedge funds is to
maximize return on investment.
47. What is FCCB?
A Foreign Currency Convertible Bond (FCCB) is a
type of convertible bond issued in a currency
different than the issuers domestic currency. In
other words, the money being raised by the issuing
company is in the form of a foreign currency. A
company may issue an FCCB if it intends to make a
large investment in a country using that foreign
currency.
48. What is Capital Account
Convertibility(CAC)?
It is the freedom to convert local financial assets
into foreign financial assets and vice versa at market
determined rates of exchange. This means that
capital account convertibility allows anyone to
freely move from local currency into foreign
currency and back. The Reserve Bank of India has
appointed a committee to set out the framework for
fuller Capital Account Convertibility. Capital
account convertibility is considered to be one of the
major features of a developed economy. It helps
attract foreign investment capital account
convertibility makes it easier for domestic
companies to tap foreign markets.
49. What is Current Account Convertibility?
It defines at one can import and export goods or
receive or make payments for services rendered.
However, investments and borrowings are
restricted.
50. What is Arbitrage?
51. The opportunity to buy an asset at a low
price then immediately selling it on a
different market for a higher price.
52. What is Capitalism?
Capitalism as an economy is based on a democratic
political ideology and produces a free market
economy, where businesses are privately owned and
operated for profit; in capitalism, all of the capital
investments and decisions about production,
distribution, and the prices of goods, services, and
labor, are determined in the free market and
affected by the forces of supply and demand.
Page 16

53. What is Socialism?
Socialism as an economy is based on a collectivist
type of political ideology and involves the running
of businesses to benefit the common good of a vast
majority of people rather than of a small upper class
segment of society.
Notes By Anubhav Laxman Bhave
54. What is NPA?
Bank gives loan to a person.
Person fails to make regular payments.
Bank gives him notice to correct his
behavior. But he doesnt.
Bank declares that loan as Non-Performing
Asset (NPA) (=Bad Loan)
Currently Indian banks have NPAs worth
more than Rs. 1 lakh crores.
55. Debt Recovery tribunals?
Prior to 90s, banks had very hard time
recovering bad loans.
Because often, borrowers (loan takers)
would file frivolous cases in civil courts,
then taarikh pe taarikh, taarikh pe
taarikh.. proceeding would go on for
years.
So 1993, Government established Debt
Recovery Tribunals to deal with NPA
matters.
Now borrower cannot approach civil court,
theyve to goto special Debt Recovery
Tribunal (DRT).
In 2002, Government came up with new
Act, named SARFAESI Act.
56. What is the Sarfaesi Act?
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets
and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002,
Suppose, Mr.Paraajay has opened factory with
Rs.100 crores. He financed this, via mixture of Debt
+ equity in following way. (make sure you
understand debt vs Equity,
Initially the company runs well and good.
But then Mr.Paraajay doesnt revise his

MBA books often, so he forgets the business
concepts. His company starts making losses.
He fails to pay loan EMIs for many months.
SBI gives him notice to correct his behavior.
Still, he doesnt start pay
declares this Rs.40 crores loan NPA (NonPerforming Asset).
Once a loan is declared as non-performing
asset, SBI can take actions under
SARFAESI act, to recover the loan money.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION
In India, RBI has initiated several measures to
achieve greater financial inclusion,such as
facilitating no-frills accounts and GCCs for small
deposits and credit. Some of these steps are:
Opening of no-frills accounts: Basic
banking no-frills account is with nil or very
low minimum balance as well as charges
that make such accounts accessible to vast
sections of the population. Banks have been
advised to provide small overdrafts in such
accounts.
Relaxation on know-your-customer (KYC)
norms: KYC requirements for opening bank
accounts were relaxed for small accounts in
August 2005, thereby simplifying
procedures by stipulating that introduction
by an account holder who has been
subjected to the full KYC drill would suffice
for opening such accounts. The banks were
also permitted to take any evidence as to the
identity and address of the customer to their
satisfaction. It has now been further relaxed
to include the letters issued by the Unique
Identification Authority of India containing
details of name, address and Aadhaar
number.
Engaging business correspondents (BCs):
In January 2006, RBI permitted banks to
engage business facilitators (BFs) and BCs
as intermediaries for providing financial and
banking services. The BC model allows
banks to provide doorstep delivery of
services, especially cash in-cash out
Page 17
transactions, thus addressing the last-mile

problem. The list of eligible individuals and
entities that can be engaged as BCs is being
widened from time to time. With effect from
September 2010, for-profit companies have
also been allowed to be engaged as BCs.
India map of Financial Inclusion by MIX
provides more insights on this.
Use of technology: Recognizing that
technology has the potential to address the
issues of outreach and credit delivery in
rural and remote areas in a viable
manner,banks have been advised to make
effective use of information and
communications technology (ICT), to
provide doorstep banking services through
the BC model where the accounts can be
operated by even illiterate customers by
using biometrics, thus ensuring the security
of transactions and enhancing confidence in
the banking system.
Adoption of EBT: Banks have been advised
to implement EBT by leveraging ICT-based
banking through BCs to transfer social
benefits electronically to the bank account of
the beneficiary and deliver government
benefits to the doorstep of the beneficiary,
thus reducing dependence on cash and
lowering transaction costs.
GCC: With a view to helping the poor and
the disadvantaged with access to easy credit,
banks have been asked to consider
introduction of a general purpose credit card
facility up to `25,000 at their rural and semiurban branches. The objective of the scheme
is to provide hassle-free credit to banks
customers based on the assessment of cash
flow without insistence on security, purpose
or end use of the credit. This is in the nature
of revolving credit entitling the holder to
withdraw up to the limit sanctioned.
Simplified branch authorization: To
address the issue of uneven spread of bank
branches, in December 2009, domestic
scheduled commercial banks were permitted
to freely open branches in tier III to tier VI
centres with a population of less than 50,000

under general permission, subject to
reporting. In the north-eastern states and
Sikkim, domestic scheduled commercial
banks can now open branches in rural,semiurban and urban centres without the need to
take permission from RBI in each case,
subject to reporting.
Opening of branches in unbanked rural
centres: To further step up the opening of
branches in rural areas so as to improve
banking penetration and financial inclusion
rapidly, the need for the opening of more
bricks and mortar branches, besides the use
of BCs, was felt. Accordingly, banks have
been mandated in the April monetary policy
statement to allocate at least 25% of the total
number of branches to be opened during a
year to unbanked rural centres.
GUIDELINES FOR NEW BANKING

LICENCE
Entities/groups should have a past record of
sound credentials and integrity, be
financially sound with a successful track
record of 10 years.
The minimum paid-up capital for setting up
a bank has been pegged at Rs 500 crore.
The cap on the foreign investment, including
FDI/FII and NRI, has been set at 49 per
cent.
As per norms notified by RBI, on receipt of
licence, promoter has to start operations
within one year and list the company within
three years of commencement of the
business.
New banks should open at least 25 per cent
of branches in unbanked rural centres.
Those seeking to set up a bank would have
to submit applications by July 1, 2013. The
RBI will display names of applicants on its
Website.
Following the grant of licence, the promoter
group, which could be a public sector entity
as well, will be required to set up a wholly-
Page 18
owned Non-Operative Financial Holding

Company.
The NOFHC is aimed at protecting the
banking operation from extraneous factors
like other business of the Group i.e.,
commercial, industrial and financial
activities not regulated by financial sector
regulators.
Existing non-banking financial company
(NBFC) will be eligible to apply for a bank
licence.
If considered eligible, NBFCs may be
permitted to promote a new bank or convert
themselves into banks.
According to norms, the business plan has to
be realistic and viable and should address
how the bank proposes to achieve financial
inclusion.
The new entity will have to comply with the
priority sector lending targets and subtargets as applicable to the existing domestic
banks, it said.
Banks promoted by groups having 40 per
cent or more income from non-financial
business will require RBI's prior approval
for raising paid-up voting equity capital
beyond Rs 1,000 crore for every block of Rs
500 crore.
The guidelines said the NOFHC will hold
the bank as well as all the other financial
services entities of the group regulated by
RBI or other financial sector regulators.
The general principle is that no financial
services entity held by the NOFHC would
be allowed to engage in any activity that a
bank is permitted to undertake
departmentally.
Page 19
Important Committees in News:

1. PJ Nayak: to review Governance of Boards of
Banks in India. The committee was constituted
under the chairmanship of P. J. Nayak. He is a
former Chairman and CEO of Axis Bank.
2. M P Bezbaruah: to suggest suitable remedial
measures to address concerns regarding security
of people from North East.
3. B. Sambamurthy: panel favours single mobile
banking app on all SIMs. Panel recommended
that customers should not be required to visit the
bank branch for mobile number registration.
4. BCCI suggests threeman committee to SC to
probe IPL scandal. Ravi Shastri, former
Calcutta High Court Chief Justice J N Patel and
exCBI Director R K Raghavan as members of
the probe committee.
5. Vijay Kelkar Committee was appointed by the
Petroleum and Natural Gas Ministry to prepare a
road map to make India selfsufficient in oil and
natural gas by 2030.
6. Vishnu Sahay committee: look probe into the
Muzaffarnagar communal violence.
7. Urjit Patel Committee to examine the current
monetary policy framework
8. Mukul Mudgal member panel to probe IPL
spotfixing
9. Nachiket Mor committee on comprehensive
financial services for small businesses and low
income households.
10. Justice A.P. Shah committee : to head panel on
road safety
11. Anil Kaushal committee: to examine the
recommendations made by the TRAI on pricing
of Spectrum.
12. Bimal Jalan panel : to scrutinize applications
for new bank licenses.
13. Parthasarathi Shome. for Tax Administration
Reform Commission (TARC), Suggest a system
to enforce better tax compliance
14. Kirit Parikh panel : on fuel pricing has
suggested that the diesel prices should be
increased by Rs 11.50 a litre every month as
against the 4550 paise monthly hike followed

currently.
15. K U.B. Rao : the idea of setting up Bullion
Bank or Bullion Corporation of India
16. C Rangarajan Panel recommended the pricing
of natural gas by a complex methodology of
arriving at an average of International gas hub
prices.
17. Arvind Mayaram Panel: report on the alleged
irregularities at the National Spot Exchange Ltd
(NSEL)
18. Arvind Mayaram Committee for giving clear
definitions to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
and Foreign Institutional Investment (FII)
19. Suma Verma Committee to update, and revise
the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006
20. Damodran Committee: on improvement of
customer services in banks
21. Shri M. Narasimham Committee: on Banking
Sector Reforms
22. Shri Raghuram Rajan Committee: on Financial
Sector Reforms,
23. Shri B. Mahapatra Committee: to review the
existing prudential guidelines on restructuring of
advances by banks/financial institutions
24. Shri Aditya Puri Committee: Dissemination of
Credit Information
25. Shri K.U.B. Rao Committee: recommended
aligning gold import regulations
26. K M Chandrasekhar committee : for
rationalization of foreign investment norms
27. Shri Pulak Kumar Sinha Committee: to study
the feasibility of Aadhaar as an additional factor
for authentication of card present transactions
28. Mukul Mudgal Committee: looking into US
giant Walmart's lobbying activities to enter India
29. MBN Rao Committee: to prepare the blueprint
of Indias first womens bank
30. JS Mathur committee : to revise Newspaper
Advertisement Rates.
31. K. Ratna Prabha : Committee on indecent
depiction of women in media
Page 20
introduced the marginal standing facility under

which banks could borrow funds from RBI when
there is a considerable shortfall of liquidity. This
measure has been introduced by RBI to regulate
shortterm asset liability mismatches more
effectively. Under this facility, banks can
borrow up to 1% of their net demand.
About Policy Rates

1. Basis points: It is the increase in interest rates in
percentage terms. For instance, if the interest
rate increases by 50 basis points (bsp), then it
means that interest rate has been increase by
50%. One percentage point is broken down into
100 basis points. Therefore, an increase from 2%
to 3% is an increase of one percentage point or
100 basis points.
7. Liquidity Adjustment Facility: Under this

facility, banks borrow from the central bank by
pledging government securities.
2. CRR: Cash reserve Ratio (CRR) is the amount

of funds that the banks have to keep with RBI. If
RBI decides to increase the percent of this, the
available amount with the banks comes down.
RBI is using this method (increase of CRR rate),
to drain out the excessive money from the banks.
The current rate is 4%, which means for a cash
deposit of Rs. 100, the bank has to park 4 rupee
with the central bank.
3. Repo rate: Repo rate is the policy rate and is

part of RBIs Liquidity Adjustment Facility
(LAF). It is the rate at which commercial banks
borrow from the RBI by selling their securities
or financial assets to the RBI for a shortperiod
of time. It comes with an agreement that the sold
securities will be repurchased by the commercial
banks from the RBI at a future date at
predetermined price. The repo rate is used by the
central bank to increase liquidity in the system.
4. Reverse repo rate: Reverse Repo Rate is also a

part of LAF. It is the rate of interest at which the
central bank borrows funds from other banks for
a short duration. The banks deposit their short
term excess funds with the central bank and earn
interest on it. This rate is used by the central
bank to absorb liquidity from the economy.
Generally it is one percentage less than the Repo
rate.
8. Statutory Liquidity Ratio: This is the percentage

of deposits that banks must mandatorily hold in
the form of government bonds. SLR bonds are
liquid assets that can be sold at a short notice to
meet any unexpected demand from depositors.
9. Net Demand and Time Liability (NDTL)

What is net demand and time liability (NDTL)?
NDTL is sum of demand and time liabilities
(deposits) of banks with public and other
banks wherein assets with other banks is
subtracted to get net liability of other banks.
Deposits of banks are its liability and consist
of demand and time deposits of public and
other banks.
Demand and time deposits from public form
the largest part of bank deposits.
Demand deposits include all liabilities
which are payable on demand and includes
current deposits, demand liabilities portion
of savings bank deposits, demand drafts,
balances in overdue fixed deposits etc.
Time deposits are those which are payable
otherwise on demand and includes fixed
deposits, staff security deposits, time
liabilities portion of savings bank deposits etc.
5. Bank rate: The only way the bank rate is

different from the repo rate is that the bank rate
is the rate at which banks borrow money from
the central bank without any sale of securities. It
is generally for a longer period of time
6. Marginal Standing Facility: The Reserve Bank
of India in its monetary policy for 201112
Banks also invest in demand and time

deposits of other banks and certificate of
deposits. Banks also borrow from other
banks in call market etc. This represents
banks liability to other banks.
NDTL is calculated and reported every
fortnight Friday by banks.
NDTL is used by banks for computation of
CRR, SLR and now LAF.
Page 21
ABBREVIATION IN NEWS
1. DICGC : Deposit insurance and credit
guarantee corporation.
2. OLTAS : Online Tax Accounting System is
used for Direct Taxes
3. TIN: Tax Information Network
4. IMPS: Interbank Mobile Payment Service
5. BSBDA Basic Savings Bank Deposit
Account
6. FCNR(B) Foreign Currency NonResident
Bank
7. TARC Tax Administration Reform
Commission
8. ITEs: IntraGroup Transactions and
Exposures
9. LCR: Liquidity Coverage Ratio
10. NSFR: Net Stable Funding Ratio
11. REER: Real Effective Exchange Rate
12. LRMT: Liquidity risk monitoring tools
13. CBS: Core Banking Solution
14. DEAF: Depositor Education and Awareness
Fund
15. CRAR: Capital to Riskweighted Assets
Ratio
16. External Commercial Borrowings (ECB)
17. SWIFT: Society for Worldwide Interbank
Financial Telecommunication
18. FSLRC: Financial Sector Legislative
Reforms Commission
19. MIBOR: Mumbai InterBank Offer Rate
20. LIBOR: London InterBank Offer Rate
21. LAF Liquidity Adjustment Facility
22. GIRO Government Internal Revenue Order
23. EEFC Exchange Earner's Foreign
Currency
24. FRBMA: Fiscal Responsibility and Budget
Management Act
25. ALM Asset Liability Management
26. AMFI Association of Mutual Fund in India.
27. TIEA Tax Information exchange
Agreement
28. CAR Cash Adequacy Ratio
29. CCEA Cabinet Committee on Economic

Affairs
30. CECA Comprehensive Economic
Cooperation Agreement
31. CEPA Comprehensive Economic
Partnership Agreement
32. DTAA Double Taxation Avoidance
Agreement
33. ECBs External Commercial Borrowings
34. EEFC Exchange Earner's Foreign
Currency
35. EFSF European Financial Stability
Facility
36. FEMA Foreign Exchange Management Act
37. FII Foreign Institutional Investor.
38. FINO Financial Inclusion Network
Operation
39. FIPB Foreign Investment Promotion board
40. FSLRC Financial Sector Legislative
Reforms Commission
41. FTA Free trade agreement
42. GAAR General anti avoidance rule
43. GSLV GeoSynchronous Launch Vehicle
44. MSFMarginal Standing Facility
45. NBFCNon Banking Finance Companies
46. NCTC National CounterTerrorism Centre
47. NEFT National Electronic Funds Transfer
48. NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group
49. PPP Public Private Partnership &
Purchasing Power parity
50. PSLV Polar Satellite Launch vehicle
51. RTGS Real Time Gross Settlement
52. SLRStatutory Liquidity Ratio
53. TAPI TurkmenistanAfghanistanPakistan
India.
54. QFI Qualified Foreign Investors
55. VVPAT 'Voter Verifiable Paper Audit
Trail'
56. Tax Information Exchange Agreement
(TIEA)
Page 22
Some Important Idioms

A hot potato
Speak of an issue (mostly current) which
many people are talking about and which is
usually disputed
A penny for your thoughts
A way of asking what someone is thinking
Actions speak louder than words
People's intentions can be judged better by
what they do than what they say.
Add insult to injury
To further a loss with mockery or indignity;
to worsen an unfavorable situation.
An arm and a leg
Very expensive or costly. A large amount of
money.
At the drop of a hat
Meaning: without any hesitation; instantly.
Back to the drawing board
When an attempt fails and it's time to start
all over.
Ball is in your court
It is up to you to make the next decision or
step
Barking up the wrong tree
Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the
wrong person
Be glad to see the back of
Be happy when a person leaves.
Beat around the bush
Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking
directly about the issue.
Best of both worlds
Meaning: All the advantages.
Best thing since sliced bread
A good invention or innovation. A good idea
or plan.
Bite off more than you can chew
To take on a task that is way to big.
Blessing in disguise
Something good that isn't recognized at first.
Burn the midnight oil
To work late into the night, alluding to the
time before electric lighting.
Can't judge a book by its cover

Cannot judge something primarily on
appearance.
Caught between two stools
When someone finds it difficult to choose
between two alternatives.
Costs an arm and a leg
This idiom is used when something is very
expensive.
Cross that bridge when you come to it
Deal with a problem if and when it becomes
necessary, not before.
Cry over spilt milk
When you complain about a loss from the
past.
Curiosity killed the cat
Being Inquisitive can lead you into an
unpleasant situation.
Cut corners
When something is done badly to save
money.
Cut the mustard
To succeed; to come up to expectations;
adequate enough to compete or participate
Devil's Advocate
To present a counter argument
Don't count your chickens before the eggs have
hatched
This idiom is used to express "Don't make
plans for something that might not happen".
Don't give up the day job
You are not very good at something. You
could definitely not do it professionally.
Don't put all your eggs in one basket
Do not put all your resources in one
possibility.
Drastic times call for drastic measures
When you are extremely desperate you need
to take drastic actions.
Elvis has left the building
The show has come to an end. It's all over.
Every cloud has a silver lining
Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead
to better days.
Far cry from
Page 23
Very different from.

Feel a bit under the weather
Meaning: Feeling slightly ill.
Give the benefit of the doubt
Believe someone's statement, without proof.
Hear it on the grapevine
This idiom means 'to hear rumors' about
something or someone.
Hit the nail on the head
Do or say something exactly right
Hit the sack / sheets / hay
To go to bed.
In the heat of the moment
Overwhelmed by what is happening in the
moment.
It takes two to tango
Actions or communications need more than
one person
Jump on the bandwagon
Join a popular trend or activity.
Keep something at bay
Keep something away.
Kill two birds with one stone
This idiom means, to accomplish two
different things at the same time.
Last straw
The final problem in a series of problems.
Let sleeping dogs lie
Meaning - do not disturb a situation as it is since it would result in trouble or
complications.
Let the cat out of the bag
To share information that was previously
concealed
Make a long story short
Come to the point - leave out details
Method to my madness
An assertion that, despite one's approach
seeming random, there actually is structure
to it.
Miss the boat
This idiom is used to say that someone
missed his or her chance
Not a spark of decency
Meaning: No manners
Not playing with a full deck

Someone who lacks intelligence.
Off one's rocker
Crazy, demented, out of one's mind, in a
confused or befuddled state of mind, senile.
On the ball
When someone understands the situation
well.
Once in a blue moon
Meaning: Happens very rarely.
Picture paints a thousand words
A visual presentation is far more descriptive
than words.
Piece of cake
A job, task or other activity that is easy or
simple.
Put wool over other people's eyes
This means to deceive someone into
thinking well of them.
See eye to eye
This idiom is used to say that two (or more
people) agree on something.
Sit on the fence
This is used when someone does not want to
choose or make a decision.
Speak of the devil!
This expression is used when the person you
have just been talking about arrives.
Steal someone's thunder
To take the credit for something someone
else did.
Take with a grain of salt
This means not to take what someone says
too seriously.
Taste of your own medicine
Means that something happens to you, or is
done to you, that you have done to someone
else
To hear something straight from the horse's
mouth
To hear something from the authoritative
source.
Whole nine yards
Everything. All of it.
Wouldn't be caught dead
Page 24
Would never like to do something

Your guess is as good as mine
To have no idea, do not know the answer to
a question
Subject and Verb Agreement

General rule: In English, the verb must agree with its
subject in number and person. In other words, the verb
must be of the same number and person as the subject.
Note: In the correction of sentences part of many
competitive examinations the S - V concord is usually
tested.
Rule 1: Two or more singular nouns when they are

joined by and, require a Verb in the Plural
Examples:
A man and his wife has come here asking for work
A man and his wife have come here asking for work
Exceptions:
(a) When two singular nouns joined by and refer to the
same person or thing, the verb is singular.
Examples:
The great scholar and poet are dead
The great scholar and poet is dead
The District Magistrate and Collector are on leave
today.
The District Magistrate and Collector is on leave
today
Notes:
i. Article The article is used only once when the two
nouns refer to the same person or thing.
ii. If the nouns refer to different persons or things,
article The is used before each noun. In such cases, the
verb will be in the plural form.
Examples:
The Secretary and the president has been giving warm
welcome
The Secretary and the president have been giving warm
welcome
(b) If two different singular nouns express one idea,
the verb should be in the singular form.
Examples:
Slow and Steady win the race
Slow and Steady wins the race
Page 25
Rice and curry are my favourite dish

Rice and curry is my favourite dish
(c) When two singular subjects are practically
synonymous the verb should be in the singular
form. Power and position, Peace and Prosperity,
Law and order etc.
Examples:
The law and order situation in the state are under
control
The law and order situation in the state is under
control
His power and influence are on the decline
His power and influence is on the decline
Rule 2: When two or more Singular Subjects are
connected by or, nor, either ... or, neither ... nor, the
Verb is Singular:
Examples:
Either james or John are to be promoted
Either james or John is to be promoted
Neither the man nor his wife have done much work
Neither the man nor his wife has done much work
No boy or girl are allowed to play in school
No boy or girl is allowed to play in school
Exceptions:
When the subjects joined by either - or neither - nor
are of different persons, the verb will agree in person and
number with the nearest one to it. Also, the plural
subject must be placed nearest to the verb. (This is very
important)
Neither you nor he are to take up this task
Neither you nor he is to take up this task
Either the Chief Minister or the Cabinet
Ministers is responsible for this problem.
Either the Chief Minister or the Cabinet
Ministers are responsible for this problem.
Either you or I are responsible for this mistake.
Either you or I am responsible for this mistake.
Rule 3: If two singular subjects (combined by and)

are preceded by each or every, the verb should be in
the singular.
Examples:
Every boy and girl were present in the class
yesterday.
Every boy and girl was present in the class yesterday.
Rule4: If with, together with, as well as,
accompanied by etc are used to combine two subjects
the verb agrees with the subject mentioned first.
Examples:
The President of India together with his personal
secretaries are invited to this function
The President of India together with his personal
secretaries is invited to this function
The actress, along with her manager and some
friends, are invited to the function
The actress, along with her manager and some
friends, is invited to the function
Mr. Micheal, accompanied by wife and
children are arriving tonight by train
Mr. Micheal, accompanied by wife and
children is arriving tonight by train
Note: If the conjunction "and" is used instead, the
verb would then be plural.
Compare
(i) Sushma and Rajitha are our professors daughters
(ii) The study of languages and sciences is very
important for your study.
Here study is singular so singular verb "is" is used.
Rule 5: When not only ....... but also is used to
combine two subject, the verb agrees with the subject
close to it.
Examples:
Not only silver, but also gold are mined in this
country
Not only silver, but also gold is mined in this country
Rule 6: None / No. None can take either a singular
or plural verb depending on the noun which follows
Page 26
it
Structure: none + of the + non-count noun + singular
verb
Examples:
None of the counterfeit money have been found
None of the counterfeit money has been found
Structure: none + of the + plural count noun + plural
verb
Examples:
None of the students has finished the exam yet
None of the students have finished the exam yet
No can take either a singular or plural verb
depending on the noun which follows it.
Structure: No + singular noun + singular verb
No example is relevant to this case
Structure: no + plural noun + plural verb
No examples are relevant to this case
Rule 7: Many words indicating a number of people
or animals are singular. The following nouns are
usually singular. In some cases they are plural if the
sentence indicates that the individual members are
acting separately.
congress, family, group, committee, class, organisation,
team, army, club, crowd, government, jury, minority,
public
noun, it is usually plural.

The majority believe that the country can progress
The majority believes that the country can progress
The majority of the lecturers believes that the student has
not copied in the examination
The majority of the lecturers believe that the student has
not copied in the examination
Rule 9: A number of / the number
Observe the two structures:
(i) a number of + plural noun + plural verb.
(ii) the number of + plural noun + singular verb.
Examples:
A number of students is going to the class picnic
A number of students are going to the class picnic
The number of days in a week are seven
The number of days in a week is seven
The number of residents who have been residing in this
colony is quite small
A number of the applicants have already been
interviewed
Examples of collective nouns:
Rule 10: Collective nouns indicating time, money,

and measurements used as a whole are singular and
take a singular verb.
Examples:
Twenty-five rupees are not such big amount for him
Twenty-five rupees is not such big amount for him
The committee have met and accepted the proposal

The committee has met and accepted the proposal
Two miles are too much for this man to run

Two miles is too much for this man to run
The family were happy at the news

The family was happy at the news
Rule 11: When a lot of, a great deal of, plenty of,
most of, and some of refer to number, a plural verb is
used.
Examples:
A lot of people was present in the gallery some of the
students were absent
A lot of people were present in the gallery some of the
students were absent
The crowd was wild with excitement

Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation
Our team is certain to win the match
The family living next door often quarrel among
themselves
Rule 8: Majority can be singular or plural. If it is
alone it is usually singular, if it is followed by a plural
Note : If these expressions refer to an amount, the verb

is in the singular number.
A lot of work has to be completed before we go
Page 27
A great deal of work has been finished
There is not a single book out of the lot that is not

interesting.
Rule 12: When the percentage or a part of something

is mentioned with plural meaning the plural verb is
used.
Examples:
30% of Indian women is literate
30% of Indian women are literate
Rule 13: Barracks, headquarters, whereabouts
alms etc. take a singular verb, as well as the plural
verb.
Examples:
The headquarters of the UNO is / are New York
Rule 14: In sports, while referring to the players, the
name of the country is followed by plural verb.
Examples:
England has won the World Cup
England have won the World Cup.
Rule 15: When the enemy is used in the sense
armed forces of a nation with which ones country
is at war, we have to use the plural verb.
Examples:
The enemy were forced to retreat.
Rule 16: Whenever a number of adjectives qualify the
same person or thing, then these may be placed after
the noun and the verb must quality immediately
preceding subject. who, which, that are relative
pronouns. You simply substitute the noun in this place
and read the question.
It is I who has to learn a lesson.
It is I who am to learn a lesson.
It is they who has to leave this place.
It is they who have to leave this place.
One of the songs that has been broadcast is really
marvelous.
One of the songs that have been broadcast is really
marvelous.
A girl or a boy who do not strive to gain their objectives,
is bound to fail.
A girl or a boy who doesn't strive to gain his or
her objectives, is bound to fail.
There is not a single book out of the lot that are not
interesting.
Page 28
ENGLISH-100 TRICKS OF
CORRECTION OF
SENTENCES
SUBJECT - VERB AGREEMENT
1. Two or more Singular Subjects connected
by and usually take a Verb in the Plural.
For example,
Incorrect- Rahul and Shweta is here.
Correct- Rahul and Shweta are here.
2. If two Singular Nouns refer to the same
person or thing, the Verb must be Singular.
Incorrect- The Secretary and Principal are coming.
Correct- The Secretary and Principal is coming.
(Here the same person is .Secretary as well as
Principal)
3. If the Singular Subjects are preceded by
each or every, the Verb is usually Singular.
For example,
Incorrect- Every boy and girl were ready.
Correct- Every boy and girl was ready.
4. Two or more Singular Subjects connected
by or, nor, either ..... or, neither .... nor take
a Verb in the Singular.
For example,
Incorrect- Neither he nor I were there.
Correct- Neither he nor I was there.
5. When the Subjects joined by 'or/nor are of
different numbers, the Verb must be
Plural, and the Plural Subject must be
placed next to the Verb.
For example,
lncorrect- Neither the Assistant Masters nor the
Headmaster was present.
Correct- Neither the Headmaster nor the Assistant
Masters were present. '
6. When the Subjects joined by or, nor are of

different persons, the Verb agrees in person
with the one nearest to it.
For example,
Incorrect- Either he or I is mistaken.
Correct- Either he or I, am mistaken.
7. A Collective Noun takes a Singular Verb
when the collection is thought of as a whole,
a Plural Verb when the individuals of which
it is composed are thought of.
For example,
Correct- The Council has chosen the President.
Correct- The military were called out.
8. Some Nouns which are singular in form but
plural in meaning, take a Plural Verb.
For example,
Incorrect- Mathematics are a branch of study in every
school.
Correct- Mathematics is a branch of study in every

school.
9. Words joined to a Singular Subject by with,

together with, in addition to, or, as well as,
etc. are parenthetical, and therefore do not
affect the number of the Verb.
For example,
Incorrect- The Chief, with all his men, were
massacred . Correct-The chief, with all his men,
was massacred.
10. When the Subject of the Verb is a Relative
Pronoun care should be taken to see that the
Verb agrees in Number and Person with the
Antecedent of the relative.
For example,
Incorrect- I, who is your friend, . will guard you,r
interests.
Correct- I, who am your friend will guard your
interests.
USES OF PARTICIPLES AND INFINITIVES

11. Ask, advise, allow, command, force, forbid,
invite, encourage, compel, beg, order,
imagine, instruct, permit, persuade, tell,
Page 29
require, remind, teach, etc. are followed by

Object + To +V2
For example,
Incorrect- He advised to do it by me.
Correct- He advised me to do it. But if these are
used in Passive Voice, then they are followed by To
+V2.
For example,
Correct- She was permitted to go with him.
12. Know is followed by how/ where/when/why
and Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- I know to write a letter.
Correct- I know how to write a letter.
13. After let, bid, behold, watch, see, feel, make
etc. we use Bare-Infinitive and not Toinfinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- I heard him to speak on several subjects.
Correct- I heard him speak on several subjects.
14. Bare Infinitive is used after Modal
Auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall,
should, will, would, must, dare not, need
not).
For example,
Incorrect- You need not to work hard.
Correct- You need not work hard.
15. Had better, had rather,had as soon ... as ... ,
had sooner etc. are fol-lowed by Bare
Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- He had better to go now.
Correct- He had better go now.
16. Conjunction than is also followed by Bare
Infinitive.
For example,
Incorrect- He had better read than to write.
Correct- He had better read than write.
17. When but is used as a Preposition and
preceded by any form of the Verb do, then
but is followed with Bare Infinitive.
Incorrect- He did nothing but to wander.
Correct- He did nothing but wander.
18. Every Participile must have a Subject of
Reference.
For example,
Incorrect- Being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay at
home.
Correct- It being a rainy day Vijay decided to stay
at home.
19. For completed action Having + Va is used
in Active Voice, whereas Having + been +
Va or Being + Va is used in Passive Voice.
After should not be used in such a sentence.
For example,
Incorrect- After the leader having been killed, the
followers ran away.
Correct- The leader having been killed, the
followers ran away.
20. Participles like considering, judging,
referring, concerning, regarding, viewing,
broadly speaking etc. do not take any
Subject of Reference.
For example,
Correct - Considering the case, I took the decision.
Here I is not a Subject of Reference of considering.
So, there is no Subject of Reference for
'considering, still the sentence is correct.
USES OF VERBS
21. When there are two Subjects in a sentence
and they are not in the same Number, then
we must have to use separate Auxiliaries (is,
are, am, was, were, have, has) for both of
them.
For example,
Incorrect- Three- killed and one were injured.
Correct- Three were killed and one was injured.
22. A single Verb should be made to serve two
Subjects, only when the form of Verb is same
for both the subjects.
Incorrect- I am seventeen years old and my sister
fourteen.
Correct- I am seventeen years old and my sister is
fourteen.
23. Two auxiliaries can be used with one
principal Verb, only when the form of the
principal Verb is appropriate to both the
auxiliaries. '
Page 30
Incorrect- He never has, and never will take such

strong measures.
Correct- He never has taken, and never will take
such strong measures.
24. When there is only one auxiliary to two
principal Verbs it should be correctly
associated with the both.
Incorrect- Ten candidates have passed one failed.
Correct- Ten candidates have passed, one has failed.
25. A Past Tense in the main clause should be
followed by a Past Tense in the subordinate
clause.
Incorrect- He succeeded because he works hard.
Correct- He succeeded because he worked hard.
26. A Past Tense in main clause may be
followed by a Present Tense
in the subordinate clause when the subordinate
clause expresses a universal truth.
Incorrect- Our teacher said that the earth moved
round the sun.
Correct- Our teacher said that the earth moves
round the sun.
27. When the subordinate clause comes after
'lest', the auxiliary Verb 'should' must be
used, whatever be the Tense of the Verb in
the main clause.
Incorrect- We start early lest we shall miss the train.
Correct- We start early lest we should miss the
train.
28. An Adverb or Adverbial phrase should not
be placed between 'to' and verbal part of,the
infinitive. (This is called the split infinitive).
Incorrect- I hoped to immediately reply to your
letter:
Correct- I hoped to reply immediately to your letter.
29. An infinitive should be in the present tense
unless it represents' an action prior to that
of the governing Verb.
Incorrect- I should have liked to have gone-there.
Correct- I should have liked to go there.
30. Gerund if preceded by a Pr-o-noun, that
Pronoun must be in Possessive case.
Incorrect - He emphasised me going there.
Correct- He emphasised my go-ing there.
31. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is

used for an action that began in the past
time and still. going at the time of speaking~
It is used with, Adverbials of time introduced
by 'since', 'for' and 'how long~.
Incorrect- How long are you working i~ this office?
. Correct- How long have you been working in this
office?
32. A Verb when preceded by a Preposition
must be the Gerund.
Incorrect- They were punished for come late.
Correct- They were punished for, coming late.
33. The Future Indefinite Tense is not used in
the clauses of time, place and condition.
Here the Present Indefinite Tense is used.
Incorrect- I shall wait for you till you will finish
your work.
Correct- I shall wait for you, till you finish your
work.
34. The Present Perfect Tense is not used with
the Adverbs of past time like yesterday, in
1990 etc. Here Past Indefinite Tense is used.
Incorrect~ I have bought a cycle yesterday.
Correct-I bought a cycle yesterday.
The Past Perfect Tense is used to represent the
earlier of the two past actions.
Incorrect- When I reached the station, the train
already left.
Correct- When I reached the station, the train had
already left.
35. Modal Auxiliaries are not used together. But
two Auxiliaries can be connected by a
Conjunction.
For example,
Incorrect-He should must do it. Correct- He should
and must do
it.
36. When need or dare is fol-lowed by not, it
turns into modal auxiliary. In that situation
it takes Bare Infinitive 'and we cannot use
needs not or dares not.
For example,
Incorrect- He needs not do it. Correct- He need not
do it.
Page 31
USES OF ADJECTIVES
37. Adjectives of quantity show how much of a
thing is meant. Adjectives of quantity (some;
much, little, enough, all, no, any, great, half,
sufficient, whole) are used for Uncountable
Nuns only.
For example,
Incorrect-I ate a few rice. Correct- I ate some rice.
38. Numeral Adjectives are used for Countable
Noun only and they show how many persons
or things are meant or in what order a
person or thing stands,
For example,
Incorrect- I have taught you little things.
Correct- I have taught you a few things.
39. When cardinal and ordinal are used
together ordinal preceds the cardinal.
For example,
Incorrect- The four first boys will be given the
chance.
Correct- The first four boys will be given the
chance.
40. Later, latest refer to time, latter and last
refer to position.
For example,
Incorrect- I reached at 10 am. But he was latter than
I expected.
Correct- I reached at 10 am. But he was later than I
expected,
41. Farther means more distant or advanced;
further means additional.
For example,
Incorrect- He insisted on farther improvement.
Correct- He insisted on further improvement.
42. Each is used in speaking of two or more
things, every is used only in speaking of
more than two.
For example,
Incorrect- Every of the two boys will get a prize.
Correct- Each of the two boys will get a prize.
43. To express quantity or degree some is used
in affirmative sentences, any in negative or
interrogative sentences.
For example,.
Incorrect- Have you bought some mangoes?
Correct- Have you bought any mangoes?

44. In comparing two things, the Comparative
should be used, The Superlativ should not be
used.
Incorrect- Which is the best of the two?
Correct- Which is the better of the two?
45. When two qualities of the same person or
thing are compared,the Comparative in-er is
not used. 'More' is used for this purpose.
Incorrect- He is wiser than brave.
Correct- He is more wise than brave.
46. When comparison is made by means of a
comparative, the thing compared should be
excluded from the class of things with which
it is compared by using 'other' or some such
word.
Incorrect- He is cleverer than any boy in the class.
Correct- He is cleverer than any other boy in the
class.
47. When comparison is made by means of a
superlative, the thing com-pared should
include the class of things with which it is
compared.
Incorrect- He is the strongest of all other men.
Correct- He is the strongest of all men ..
48. When two persons or things are compared,
it is important that the same parts of things
should be compared.
Incorrect- The population of Bombay is greater than
Delhi.
Correct-The population of Bombay is greater than that

of Delhi.
49. Double comparatives and superlatives

should not be used.
1. Incorrect- He is the most cleverest boy in the
class.
Correct- He is the cleverest boy in the class.
2. Incorrect- He is more wiser than his brother.
Correct- He 'is wiser than his brother.
50. The comparative Adjectives superior
inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior,
posterior prefer, etc., should be followed by
'to' instead of 'than'.
Incorrect- He is senior than me.
Correct- He is senior to me.
Page 32
51. Adjectives like 'unique', ideal,

perfect, complete, universal, entire, extreme, chief,
full square and round, which do not admit different
degrees of comparison should not be compared.
Incorrect- It is the most unique thing.
Correct- It is a unique thing.
52. All the Adjectives which refer to the same
Noun should be in the same degree of
comparison.
Incorrect- He is the wisest and honest worker in the
office.
Correct- He is the wisest and most honest worker in
the office.
53. 'Elder' and 'eldest' should be used for
persons only, strictly speaking, they are used
for the members of the same family only.
'Older' and 'oldest' are used for both
persons and things.
Incorrect- He is my older brother.
Correct- He is my elder brother.
USES OF ADVERBS
54. To modify a Verb, an Adjective or another
Adverb, we use an Adverb.
Incorrect- She writes very careful.
Correct- She writes very carefully.
Carefully is an Adjective which cannot modify the
Adverb very, therefore carefully (Adverb) must be
used in place of Adjective careful.
55. Too means more than required and it is used
with Unpleasant Adjective. So, we cannot
use too glad, too happy, too pleasant, too
healthy.
For example,
Incorrect- I am too glad to meet you.
Correct- I am very glad to meet you.
56. A sentence which is based on ''Too .... To"
format, we cannot replace to with so that. If
we replace to with so that, too also must be
replaced with cannot.
For example,
Incorrect- He is too weak so that he cannot walk.
Correct- He is too weak to walk. Correct- He is so
weak that he cannot walk.
57. Much too is followed by Unpleasant

Adjective, whereas too much is followed by
Noun.
Much too + Unpleasant Adjective.
Too much + Noun.
For example,
Incorrect- His failure is too much painful for me.
Correct- His failure is much too painful for me.
Incorrect- His wife's rude behavior gives him much
too pain.
Correct- His wife's rude behavior gives him too
much pain.
58. Quite and all are not used together.
For example,
Incorrect- He is quite all right. Correct- He is quite
right. or He is all right59. A/An + Fairly + Adjective +
Noun or Rather + A + Adjective For example,
(i) a fairly good book
(ii) rather a difficult problem.
But we cannot use Pleasant Adjective with rather
and Unpleasant Adjective with fairly.
For example,
Incorrect- It was a rather good book.
Correct- It was a fairly good book.
60. Enough, when used as an Adverb, is
preceded by a positive degree Adjective or
Adverb.
For example,
Incorrect- He is greater enough to pardon you.
Correct- He is great enough to pardon you. '
61. Two negatives cancel each other. Hence two
negatives should not be used in the same
sentence unless we make an affirmation.
Incorrect-I have not got none.
Correct- I have not got any.
62. 'At present' means 'at the present time',
'presently' means 'shortly'. These should not
be confused.
1. Incorrect- Nothing more can be done presently.
Correct- Nothing more can be done at present.
2. Incorrect- He will come back at present.
Correct- He will come back presently.
63. 'Hard' means 'diligently', strenuously',
'Hardly' means 'scarcely at all'. These two
Page 33
Adverbial forms of 'hard' must not be

confused.
1. Incorrect- He tried hardly to win the race.
Correct- He tried hard to win the race.
2. Incorrect- She has eaten hard anything today.
Correct- She has eaten hardly anything today.
64. 'Much' is used before past participles and
Adjectives or Adverbs of comparative
degree. 'Very' is used before the present
participles and Adjectives and Adverbs of
positive degree.
1. Incorrect- The news is much surprising.
Correct- The news is very surprising.
2. Incorrect-I was very surprised at hearing the
news.
Correct- I was much surprised at hearing the news.
65. Hardly is an Adverb which means rarely.
Whereas hard is an Adjective which means
tough, rigid.
For example,
Incorrect- It is a hardly job.
Correct- It is a hard job.
66. Ago is always used with Past Indefinite
Tense. So, if ago is used in a sentence, that
sentence must be in the Past Indefinite
Tense.
For example,
Incorrect- He has come a month ago.
Correct- He came a month ago.
67. At present means at this moment and it is
used with Present Tense, whereas presently
and shortly are used for future' action and
generally' used with Future Indefinite Tense.
For example,
Incorrect- Presently he is in the room.
Correct- At present he is in the room.
68. Early means "just after the beginning of
anything" and soon means just after a point
of time.
For example,
Roses blossomed early this spring.
69. The sentence which starts with seldom,
never. hardly. rarely or scarcely takes an
inverse structure, Le., Verb + Subject Structure. For example,
Incorrect- Seldom I had seen such a beautiful sight.

Correct- Seldom had I seen such a beautiful sight.
70. Inversion is also used in a sentence which
starts with here/there/ away/out/up/indoor
or outdoor and Main Verb, or Aux + Main
Verb is used before the Subject.
For example,
Incorrect- Away Sita went
Correct- Away went Sita.
USES OF CONJUNCTIONS
71. Two Conjunctions should not be used in the
same sentence.
Incorrect- Although she was tired, but she still went
on working.
Correct- Although she was tired, she still went on
working.
72. 'Both' should be followed by 'and'. It should
be used in the positive sense. In the negative
sense, 'neither' ..... .'nor should be used in
place of 'both'.
incorrect- Both Ravi as well as Raja were present
there.
Correct- Both Ravi and Raja were present there.
73. 'Either ... or', 'neither .... nor:
'both and', 'not only but also'
should be followed by the same parts of speech.
Incorrect- He not only lost his ticket, but also his
luggage.
Correct- He lost not only his ticket but also his
luggage.
74. 'Neither' should be followed , by 'nor',
'either' should be followed by 'or'. Both
these should not be confused.
Incorrect- He washed neither his hands or his face.
Correct- He washed neither his hands nor his face.
75. 'No sooner' should be followed by 'than', not
by 'but' or 'then'.
Incorrect- No sooner do I finish this book then I
shall begin another.
Correct- No sooner do I finish the book, than I shall
begin another.
76. 'Hardly' and 'scarcely' should be followed
by 'when' or 'before', but not by 'than' or
'that'.
Page 34
Incorrect- Hardly did I reach the station, than the train

left it.
Correct- Hardly did I reach the station when the train

left it.
77. 'That' should not be used before a sentence

in Direct Speech and before Interrogative
Adverbs and Pronouns in the Indirect
Speech.
1. Incorrect- He said that, "I shall go there."
Correct- He said, "I shall go there".
2. Incorrect- He asked me that who I was.
Correct- He asked me who was.
USES OF PREPOSITION
78. Objective case (of Noun or Pronoun) is used
after Preposition.
For example,
Incorrect- I do not depend on he.
Correct- I do not depend on him.
79. The Prepositions used after two words must
be made clear if these two words are
connected by and or or.
For example,
Incorrect- She is conscious and engaged in her
work.
Correct- She is conscious of and engaged in her
work.
80. If a Principal Verb is used after about, after,
at, before. for, from, in, on. to, that Verb
must be in ing (V4) form.
For example,
Incorrect- You prevented me from do it.
Correct- You prevented me from doing it. .
81. On, in, at, are not used before today,
tomorrow, yesterday, the following day, the
next day etc.
For example,
Incorrect- He will go there on to-morrow.
Correct- He will go there tomorrow.
82. No Preposition is used before the word
home. At home is a phrase which bears a
different meaning.
For example,
Incorrect- Bring a T.V. set at home.
Correct- Bring a T.V. se$ home.

83. After Transitive Verbs, like discuss,
describe, reach, order, tell, demand, attack,
resemble, ridicule, etc. we directly use the
object and no Preposition is used after the
Verb.
For example:
Incorrect- The poet describes about the beauty of
naturel in this poem.
Correct- The poet describes the beauty of nature in
this poem.
84. Say/suggest/propose/speak/reply/explain/tal
k/listen/write is followed by to-Preposition if
there is a person in the form of object.
For example,
1. Incorrect- He did not reply me.
Correct- He did not reply to me. 2. Incorrect- He did
not write to a letter.
Correct- He did not write a letter.
USES OF PRONOUNS
85. When a Pronoun is used as the complement
of the Verb 'to be', it should be in the
nominative case.
Incorrect- If I were him, I would not do it.
Correct- If I were he, I would not do it.
86. When the Pronoun is used as the object of a
Verb or of a Preposition, it should be in the
objective case.
1. Incorrect- Let you and I do it.
Correct- Let you and me do it.
2. Incorrect- These presents are for you and I.
Correct- These presents are for you and me.
87. Emphatic Pronouns can not
stand alone as Subjects~
Incorrect- Himself did it.
Correct- He himself did it.
88. The Indefinite Pronoun 'one' should be used
throughout if used at all.
Incorrect- One must not boast of his own success.
Correct- One must not boast of one's own success.
89. 'Either' or 'neither' is used only in speaking
of two persons or things; 'any', 'no one' and
'none' is used in speaking of more than two.
Page 35
1. Incorrect- Anyone of these two roads leads to the

railway station.
Correct- Either of these two roads leads to the
railway station.
2. Incorrect- Neither of these three boys did his
homework.
Correct- No one of these three boys did his
homework.
90. 'Each other' is used in speaking of two
persons or things; 'one another' is used in
speaking of more than two.
Incorrect- The two brothers loved one another.
Correct- The two brothers loved each other.
91. A Noun or Pronoun governing a Gerund
should be put in the possessive case.
Incorrect- Please excuse me being late.
Correct- Please excuse my being late.
92. A Pronoun must agree with its antecedent in
person, number and gender.
Incorrect- Each of these boys has done their
homework.
Correct- Each of these boys has done his
homework.
93. When two or more Singular Nouns are
joined by 'and', the Pronoun used for them
must be in Plural.
Incorrect- Both Raju and Ravi have done his
homework.
Correct- Both Raju and Ravi have done their
homework.
94. When two or more Singular Nouns joined by
'and' refer to the same person or thing, a
Pronoun used for them must be in the
singular.
Incorrect- The collector and District Magistrate is
not negligent in their duty.
Correct- The collector and District Magistrate is not
negligent in his duty.
95. When two or more singular nouns joined by
'or' or 'nor', 'either ... or', 'neither .. nor', the
Pronoun used for them should be in the
singular.
Incorrect- Neither Ravi nor Raju has done their
homework.
Correct- Neither Ravi nor Raju has done his

homework.
96. When two or more singular Pronouns of
different persons come together, the
Pronoun of second person singular (you)
comes first, the pronoun of the first person
singular (I) comes last and the pronoun of
the third person singular (he) comes in
between.
Incorrect- I, You and he must work together ..
Correct- You, he and I must work together.
97. When two or more plural Pro-nouns of
different persons come together first person
plural (we) comes first, then second person
plural (you) and last of all third person
plural (they).
Incorrect- You, they and we must work together ..
Correct- We, you and they must work together.
98. The Relative Pronoun who is in subjective
case, whereas whom is in objective case.
Therefore, for who there must be a Finite
Verb in the sentence. Or otherwise, when
whom (Object) is used in the sentence and
there is more Finite Verb's than the number
of Subjects in the sentence, then whom
should be changed into who (Subject).
For example,
Incorrect- The doctor whom came here was Ram's
brother.
Correct- The doctor who came here was Ram's
brother.
99. With Superlative Degree Adjective, only,
none, all etc., as Relative Pronoun we use
that and not which or who.
For example,
Incorrect- All which glitters is not gold.
Correct- All that glitters is not gold.
100.
After let, if a Pronoun is used, that
Pronoun must be in the Objective Case.
For example,
Incorrect- Let he go there.
Correct- Let him go there.
Page 36
Grammar Rules
NOUNS
Kinds of Nouns:
Common Nouns They are names of

people (e.g.
man), things (e.g. books), animals (e.g.
monkey) and places (church).
Proper Nouns They are special names of
people
(e.g. George ), things (e.g. Financial Times),
animals (e.g. King Kong) and places (e.g.
Paris). A proper noun begins with a Capital
Letter.
Abstract Nouns An abstract noun is the
name of
something that we can only think of or feel
but cannot see (e.g. friendship).
Collective Nouns They are names used for
a number of people, things or animals
together and treated as one. For example: a
group of friends, a bunch of bananas, a litter
of puppies.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable
nouns are nouns which can be counted (e.g.
trees).
Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot
be
counted. (e.g. smoke).
Nouns have four genders:
A. Masculine Gender The masculine
gender is used for all males.
Example: boy, man
B. Feminine Gender The feminine
gender is used for all females.
Example: girl, woman
C. Common Gender The common
gender is used where the noun can be
both male and female.

Example: cousin, friend, person,
child, student
D. Neuter Gender The neuter gender
is used for things which have no life
or sex.
Example: table, chair.
Singular and Plural Nouns A noun that
shows only one person (e.g. a girl), thing
(e.g. pencil), animal (e.g. tiger) or place (e.g.
market) is called a singular noun.
A noun that shows more than one person
(e.g. girls), thing (e.g. pencils), animal (e.g.
tigers) or place (e.g. markets) is called a
plural noun.
Plural nouns are formed.
By adding s. es to nouns ending
in ch, s, sh and x.
beach beaches, peach peaches
,branch branches speech speeches
,ditch ditches, watch watches, boss
bosses ,glass glasses, bus buses ,lens
lenses, chorus choruses ,pass passes
,brush brushes ,fish fishes, bush
bushes, lash lashes ,dish dishes ,wish
wishes ,box boxes ,hoax hoaxes, fax
faxes ,six sixes, fox foxes, tax taxes,
By adding es to nouns ending in
o.
buffalo buffaloes, potato potatoes,
cargo cargoes, mosquito mosquitoes,
echo echoes, tomato tomatoes,
By adding s to nouns ending in
o.
banjo banjos, patio patios, bamboo
bamboos, photo photos, radio radios,
video videos,
By replacing y with ies.
baby babies , lorry lorries, fly flies,
navy navies, hobby hobbies ,puppy
puppies,
By adding s to nouns ending in y.
boy boys , key keys, day days, toy
Page 37
toys,
donkey donkeys, turkey turkeys,
By replacing f or fe with ves.
calf calves, loaf loaves, half halves,
self selves, life lives ,wife wives
By adding s to nouns ending in f
or fe.
chief chiefs, hoof hoofs, dwarf
dwarfs , reef reef, gulf gulfs, roof
roofs
By changing vowels.
foot feet , louse lice, goose geese
,tooth teeth, mouse mice, woman
women,
Some nouns have same words for plural and

singular.
Aircraft aircraft, music music, crossroads
crossroads, series series, furniture furniture
,sheep sheep,
Exceptional plural.
child children, ox oxen, crisis crises ,passerby passers-by, mouse mice, radius radii
VERB
Verbs are words that show action. Every
sentence must have a verb. A verb is not
always one word. It may be made up of
more than one word.
Auxiliary verbs The words: am, is, are, was,

and were are verbs. They are forms of the
verb to be. They are helping verbs called
auxiliary verbs.
If the subject of a sentence is singular, the
verb must be singular. If the subject of a
sentence is plural, the verb must be plural.
The verb must agree with the subject in
number.
Examples of subjects and verbs being
singular:
The man is sleeping.

She goes to the market.
The student does his homework
every day.
The train has arrived.
Man, she, student and train are
known as subjects. The subjects are
all singular. The verbs is, goes,
does and has are all singular too.
Examples of subjects and verbs being plural:
The men are sleeping.

They go to the market.
The students do their homework every day.
The trains have arrived.
Men, they, students and trains are
known as
subjects. The subjects are all plural. The
verbs are, go, do and have are all
plural too.
Other singular and plural subjects that take on

singular
and plural verbs:
Subjects with words like each, every, any, no,
none and nobody take on the singular verbs.
Examples:
Each student is given a pen.
Every child is happy watching the show.
Nobody is allowed to walk on the grass.
Uncountable nouns always take singular verbs.
Examples:
Rice is eaten in many countries.
There is oil on the floor.
Salt is added to make the food taste better.
Subjects with words like both, all, many,
some,
several and a number of take on a plural verb.
Examples:
Page 38
Both of you have to come home early.

All of us want to be happy.
Some of my friends are female.
Two or more subjects joined by and always take
a plural verb.
Examples:
My brother and his friends like to play
football.
His father and mother are watching
television.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
The verb which needs an object to make its
meaning
clear or complete is called a transitive verb.
Example:
He feeds a cat.
The word cat is called the object of the
verb feeds.
The object can be a noun or a pronoun.
The intransitive verb does not need an object but
the meaning is clear or complete.
Example:
He ran.
The verb ran does not need an object.
She reads every day. (No object)
He eats quickly. (No object)
The Finite verb
The finite verb changes with the subject. The
subject
is the person, thing, animal or place we refer to.
When
the subject is in the first or second person or is
plural,
the verb does not change. When the subject is in the
third person or is singular, the verb changes from,
say, eat to eats. The verb eat is a finite verb.
Every sentence must have a finite verb.
Other usage of verbs to remember:
When and is used to join two nouns or

pronouns together, the verb is usually in
the plural.
Examples: Beef and mutton are meat.
He and I were classmates.
When we use two nouns for the same
person or
thing, the verb should be in the singular.
Examples: My friend and classmate is very
helpful.
Bread and butter is his only food.
When we use two nouns for the same
person, we use the article the only once
and the verb should be in the singular.
Example: The shopkeeper and owner of the
shop
is my uncle.
When we refer to two different persons, we
use the article twice and the verb must be
in the plural.
Example: The shopkeeper and the owner of
the
shop are my good friends.
When we join two nouns and treat them as
a whole, the verb is in the singular.
Example: Bread and butter is his usual
breakfast.
When a noun is a quantity or an amount, it
is treated as a whole and the verb is in the
singular.
Examples: Ten kilometers is not a long way
to
travel. Nowadays, fifty dollars is not a lot of
money.
A verb is used in different forms as

follow:
Simple Present Tense eat

Simple Past Tense ate
Present Participle is eating
Past Participle has eaten
Future Tense will eat
Page 39
THE PRESENT TENSE

The Present Simple
Used for a habitual or repeated action, that is,
for something that we do always, every day,
often, usually, etc.
Example: He plays football on Sundays.
a. Used for a general truth or a fact, that is, for
something that is true.
Example: Night follows day.
b. Used for something or an action happening
now.
Example: See how she walks.
c. Used instead of the future tense.
Example: He arrives tomorrow.
d. Used instead of the past tense, to make some
thing look more real.
Example: The tiger comes; it catches the
boy.
e. Used instead of the present perfect tense.
Example: We hear that the king is dead.
f. Used to introduce a quotation, that is, to
repeat
words spoken or written by someone else.
Example: Shakespeare says: Neither a bor
rower nor a lender be.
The Present Continuous Tense
Used to show that something is still happening, that
is, an action is still going on at the time of speaking.
It shows that the action is not yet complete.
Example: He is writing a letter.
a. Used instead of the future tense. We usually

say the time when this future action will take
place
Example: He is going to Japan next week.
b. Used to use the phrase is going which
means about to.
Example: It is going to rain.
c. Used to show an action which happens
many times. We often use always with this
expression.
Example: He is always getting into trouble.
The Present Perfect Tense
Used to show an action which has just been
completed or a past action when the time is not
mentioned. The action may be a recent one or it
may be one which happened a long time ago.
Example: I have finished reading the book.
There have been many changes in this country.

a. Used for an action that has been going
on from
the past until now, that is, something that
happened in the past but is going on still.
Example: I have lived here for ten years.
b. Used often with just, already,
recently,
never, yet and (in questions) with
ever.
Example: I have already told them about
the plan
She has never replied to my letter.
Have you ever been to London?
c. Used often to answer questions which
contain
a verb in the Present Perfect tense.
Example: Where have you been? I have
been to London to see the Queen.
What have you lost? I have lost all
my money.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Used for an action that had been going on in
the past before another action occurred in
the
past.
Example: She had been cooking when we
visited her.
Page 40
THE FUTURE TENSE

The Future Tense is used to show some
action or happening in the future. Future
Simple + Going To
a. Simple Future Tense is used to show
future
action or that something will happen
in the future.
Example: We will complete the work
tomorrow.
b. Going to is used to express a future
action that has been planned in
advance.
Example: We are going to Japan next
week.
c. Future Continuous Tense is used to
show continuous action at some
future time.
Example: I shall be seeing both of
you tomorrow.
d. Future Perfect Tense is used for an
action
which will have finished by some
future time or date which is
mentioned or before another action
has begun.
Example: I shall have finished this
job by seven oclock. I shall have
finished this job by the time you
arrive.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
This continuous tense is formed with
shall/will have been + a present particle.
Example: I shall have been married for
exactly
ten years next Saturday.
ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that tells us
something about a noun, that is, about a
person, an animal, a thing or a place.
For example:
She is a pretty girl.

A giraffe has a long neck.
The table is round.
That is an old temple.
There are various kinds of adjectives:
An adjective which tells us about the quality

of the noun.
Example: the blue sky, a big house, a
square table, a cold morning
An adjective which tells us about the quatity
of the noun.
Example: The zoo has many animals.
The pen has not much ink left.
An adjective which tells us about the
ownership of the noun.
Example: That is my dog.
Those are their bicycles.
An adjective which poses question in an
interrogative manner.
Example: Which school do you go to?
Whose car is this?
An adjective which specifies a noun.
Example: This boy is a member of the club.
That girl is my sister.
Adjectives which end in -ing,
e.g. an interesting film, an amazing player,
an annoying habit,
Adjectives which end in -ed,
e.g. the damaged goods, the escaped
prisoners, improved version,
Comparison of adjectives
We use the Positive degree to compare two
equal
nouns.
Page 41
For example: His house is as big as my

house.
We use the Comparative degree to compare
two
unequal nouns.
For example: His house is bigger than my
house.
We use the Superlative degree to compare
three or
more Nouns.
For example: His house is the biggest in the
neighbourhood
Positive
Comparative Superlative
bold
bolder
boldest
deep
deeper
deepest
near
nearer
nearest
rich
richer
richest
tall
taller
tallest
careful
more careful most careful
enjoyable
more enjoyable most
enjoyable
forgetful
more forgetful most forgetful
useful
more useful
most useful
wonderful
more wonderful most
wonderful
bad
worse
worst
good
better
best
little
less
least
ADVERBS
An adverb adds more to the meaning of a verb, an
adjective or another adverb.
I called you last night. (called=verb; last

night=adverb)
Your dress is very beautiful.
(beautiful=adjective; very=adverb)
The rain stopped quite suddenly.
(suddenly=adverb; quite=adverb)
Types of Adverbs
1. Adverb of Time This shows when an action or
something is done or happens. It answers the
question
When? It is either placed at the beginning or at
the end of a sentence.
Example: I phoned you yesterday.
I saw her walking along the river last week.
2. Adverb of Place This shows where an action or
something is done or happens. It answers the
question
Where? It is placed after the verb.
Example: I live here.
He fell down.
3. Adverb of Manner This shows how an action or
something is done. It answers the question How?
It is usually placed just after the verb.
Example: She sleeps soundly.
He drives quickly.
4. Adverb of Degree or Quantity This
answers the questions, To what degree? or
How much? It is usually placed before the
adjective and the adverb.
Example: It is too dark for us to see
anything.
Last night it rained very heavily..
5. Adverb of Frequency This answers the
question How often?
Example: He will never have finished in
time.
We always go to school by bus.
Affirmative Adverb (yes) and Adverb of

negation(No)
Example: yes, surely, certainly, indeed, by all
means, no, not at all, by no means.
Interrogative Adverb (Question)
Example: When? Where? How? Why? How
much/often?
Relative Adverb: when, where, how, why

These words are the same in form as Interrogative
Adverbs; but they are not questions.
Example: The time when he arrived.
Page 42
The scene where the accident

occurred.
He knows how to do it.
The reason why he left.
Comparison of Adverbs
Similar to the comparison of adjectives, adverbs
have three degrees of comparison the Positive, the
THE ARTICLES
Definite Article The
Indefinite Article A or An
A is used:
Comparative and the Superlative. Most adverbs

which
end in -ly form the Comparative with more and
the Superlative with most.
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
comfortably
happily
kindly
loudly
noisily
more comfortably most comfortably

more happily
most happily
more kindly
most kindly
more loudly
most loudly
more noisily
most noisily
Before a word which begins with a

consonant.
Example: a woman
Before a singular, countable noun.
Example: a banana
When we mention something for the first
time.
Example: I saw a dog.
Before a word with a long sound of u.
Example: a university, a uniform, a useful
book,
a European,
Before the word one. Example: a one-way
street, a
one-eyed man, a one-year course, a one-day
holiday, etc.
An is used:
Before a noun which begins with a vowel.

Example: an apple.
Before a word which begins with a vowel
sound or a silent h.
Example: an hour, an honest man, an heir,
an honour, an honourable man, etc
Before a singular, countable noun which
begins with a vowel or silent h.
Example: an orange
The is used:
When the same thing or person mentioned

again, that is, a particular thing or person.
Example: I bought an orange.
The orange is sweet..
When there is only one such thing.
Example: the earth, the sun, the moon.
Page 43
Before the names of famous buildings, etc.

Example: The Eiffel Tower, The Great Wall
of China.
When a singular noun is used to point out a
whole class, race, group, etc.
Example: The bear is a strong animal.
Before the special names of rivers, seas,
oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands,
certain organizations, political parties, and
countries such as the U.S.A., the U.K., the
U.S.S.R. and the U.A.E., The Nile, The Dead
Sea, The Pacific Ocean, The Himalayas, The
United Nations, The Republican Party, etc.
Before the names of holy or important
books.
Example: The Koran, The Bible.
Before an adjective when the noun is
understood.
Example: The poor need help.
Articles are not used:
TIPS ON HOW TO COMPLETE CLOZE TESTS

First, slowly read all the text without filling any of the
gaps. Read it two or three times until you have a clear
understanding of what the text is about.
Then only complete the gaps you are absolutely sure
of.
Next try and find out what the missing words in the
remaining gaps are. See which part of speech may fit in
each gap (article?, pronoun?, noun?, adverb?, adjective?,
preposition?, conjunction?, verb?) and pay special
attention to the grammar around the words in each gap.
Many of the gaps may include the following:
Before the name of a person:

Example: I am a fan of Michael Jackson.
(not A or The Michael Jackson)
Before the name of a place, town, country,
street, or road.
Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city.
(not A or The Barcelona)
Before names of materials.
Example: Gold is found in Australia.
(not A or The gold)
Before abstract nouns used in a general
sense.
Example: We love all beauty.
(not a beauty or the beauty)
preposition following a noun, adjective or verb.

(Example: good at languages)
prepositional phrase. (Example: in spite of )
adverb. ( Example: He moved to London two
years ago )
connector. (Example: First, he arrives; then he
sits down; finally, he leaves.)
conjunction. (Example: Although he is five, he
can speak five languages.
auxiliary verb . (Example: He has won 2
matches)
an article or some other kind of determiner.
(Example: I have no time)
a relative . (Example: Bob, who I met two years
ago, is my best friend)
a pronoun , either subject or object. (Example :
it is difficult to know)
is there a comparative or superlative involved?
(Example: she's taller than me)
Some sentences may seem to be complete and contain

gaps that appear to be unnecessary. If you find gaps like
this, you will probably need the following:
an adverb. (Example: He is always late)

a modal verb . (Example: They can swim very
well)
a word to change the emphasis of the sentence:
She's good enough to be queen
- The problems are too difficult

A few gaps may demand a vocabulary item consistent
with the topic of the text; or a word which is part of an
idiomatic expression (example: Good heavens!); or a
word which collocates with another one (example: do a
job); or a word which is part of a phrasal verb (example:
I was held up by traffic).
Page 44
INTERIM RAILWAY BUDGET 2014-15

Former Railway Minister Mallikarjun Kharge
presented the Interim Rail Budget 2014-15 in
Parliament on 12 Feb 2014. The budget is for the
first four months of the of the fiscal year 2014-15
that begins in April 2014.Mr Kharge's maiden rail
Rail Budget 2014 Highlights

Here are some of the key announcements for
passengers travelling on the worlds fourthlargest railway network:
Major Achievement: National Project of
Kashmir witnessed a major l&mark last
June, when 11.2 km long tunnel linking
Banihal with Qazigund in the valley
became operational. The tunnel, which is an
engineering marvel, has reduced the distance
from 35 km to 17.5 km., provides an allseason means of transport for the local
population.
The Annual Plan 2014-15 envisages
investment of Rs. 64,305 crore
Passenger fares to remain unchanged.
Leaves freight(Good Transported in Bulk)
fares unchanged.
New Surveys: 19 New Lines & 5 Doubling
Railway line from Kashmir to
Kanyakumari
Electrification of over 4,000 kilomteres in
plans
Railways completed 2,207 km of newlines
against target of 2,000 km, doubling of
2,758 km against 2,500 km
Completed electrification of 4,556 kms vs
target of 4,500 kms
Railways met from its own means the total
additional impact of Rs one lakh crore due
to implementation Of 6th Pay Commission
The Capital of Arunanchal Pradesh would
soon be on rail map in this financial year, as
Harmuti-Naharlagun newline is expected
budget comes just months away from the general

elections. Mallikarjun Kharge is the second
Railway Minister from Congress Party in the 10year UPA regime to be presenting a Railway
Budget, although interim. Earlier, under UPA-I
regime Lalu Prasad from RJD had presented voteon-account (interim budget) in 2009. No increase
in rail fare & freight has been proposed in the
Interim Rail Budget for 2014-15
to be commissioned shortly. The state of

Meghalaya is also all set to come on the
Railway map in this financial year, as
Dudhnoi Mehendipathar newline is
getting completed by March 2014.
FDI being enabled to foster creation of
world-class rail infrastructure.
Expansion of Railway Network: During the
year we completed 1,532 km of New Line,
Doubling & Gauge Conversion against a
revised target of 1,525 km.
Three new factories viz. Rail Wheel Plant
in district Chhapra(BIHAR), Rail Coach
Factory at Rae Bareli(UP) & Diesel
Component Factory at Dankuni(WB) have
become functional.
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Investment in Railways is being stepped up
by partnership with the private sector. PPP
projects related to rolling stock
manufacturing units, modernisation of
railway stations, multi-functional
complexes, logistics parks, private freight
terminal,freight train operations, liberalised
wagon investment schemes.
Safety
For Safety several measures have been &
are being taken for its further strengthening.
Some of these are:
Manning or elimination of all
unmanned level crossings. Towards
this end, a
total of 5,400 unmanned level
crossings were eliminated 2,310 by
Page 45
manning & 3,090 by closure /

merger / construction of
ROBs/RUBs during the last five
years;
Planning for induction of
indigenously developed Train
Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
over Indian Railways after
successfully completing field trials;
Provision of Vigilance Control
Device (VCD) in all electric & diesel
locomotives to monitor & judge the
alertness of driver to ensure safety of
the train;
A Comprehensive Fire & Smoke
Detection System is on trial on two
rakes of Rajdhani Express trains.
Based on the success of these trials,
this will be extended to all major
passenger trains;
Development of ''crashworthy''
coaches
Portable fire extinguishers in coaches
Induction based cooking to replace
LPG in pantry cars
Intensive checks against explosives
and inflammable materials.
Demand Management through Dynamic
Pricing
There are seasonal and occasion-specific
instances when the demand for travel by
certain trains goes up and the level of
demand satisfaction becomes low.
Passengers are prepared on such occasions
to pay more to undertake their journey.
Keeping this in view, a Premium AirConditioned Special was introduced on the
busy Delhi Mumbai sector with shorter
Advance Reservation Period in December
2013 January 2014. The fare charged
included a dynamically varying premium
over tatkal fare of the Rajdhani services.
Such dynamic pricing was widely
appreciated by the users and the media and
gave increased earnings of about 48% as

compared to Rajdhani services on the same
sector. We are considering operation of this
scheme on larger scale.
FY15 gross traffic receipts seen at Rs 1.16
lakh crore
Need budgetary resources of Rs 19,805
crore for FY15
Gauge Conversion of strategically important
510 km Rangiya -- Murkongselek line in
Assam to be completed by this fiscal.
Specially designed coaches for adverse
weather condition for rail travel in Kashmir.
Green Initiatives
Railway Energy Management
Company becomes functional.
Windmill and solar power plants to
be set up with 40% subsidy from
Ministry of New & Renewable
Energy.
200 Stations, rooftops of 26
buildings and 2,000 level crossing
gates to be covered.
Railways bagged 22 out of 112
awards given by the Government.
''Green Curtains'' along the track
close to major stations; Pilot work at
Agra and Jaipur
Coverage of Bio-toilets in 2,500
coaches and would be increased
progressively.
Information Technology
Online booking of retiring rooms at
important railway stations.
Online booking of meals on trains at
several stations.
Mobile phone ticketing to be started
in the unreserved segment.
Increasing the number of automatic
ticket vending machines.
New Trains(72)
17 Premium trains
38 Express trains
10 Passenger trains
Page 46
4 MEMU(Mainline Electric Multiple

Unit)
3 DEMU (Diesel Electric Multiple
Unit )
Financial Health
Rail infrastructure by cost sharing
arrangement with State Govts;
Karnataka, Jharkhand Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh and Haryana agreed
to several projects
Several Public Private Partnerships
(PPP) projects are in the pipeline.
Rail Land Development Authority
raised Rs 937 crore so far.
Extension and Increase in frequency
3 Extension of trains
1. Delhi Sarai Rohilla Sujangarh
Express to Jodhpur
2. Patna Saharsa Express to
Murliganj
3. Kathgodam Bhagat Ki Kothi
Ranikhet Express to Jaisalmer
3 increase in frequency
1. Bidar Yesvantpur Express 3
days to daily
2. Hubli Vijayawada Express
from 3 days to daily
3. Hubli Secunderabad Express
from 3 days to daily
Doubling
Following surveys for doubling are
proposed to be taken up in 2014-15:i. Latur Road Kurduwadi
ii. Pune Kolhapur
iii. Allahabad Pratapgarh
iv. Salem Omalur
v. Prabhani Parli
Premium Trains:
i. Howrah Pune AC Express (Bi-weekly)
via Nagpur, Manmad
ii. Kamakhya New Delhi AC Express
(Weekly) via Chhapra, Varanasi
iii. Kamakhya Chennai AC Express
(Weekly) via Malda, Howrah
iv. Mumbai Howrah AC Express (Biweekly) via Nagpur, Raipur

v. Mumbai Patna AC Express (Bi-weekly)
via Khandwa, Itarsi, Manikpur
vi. Nizamuddin Madgaon AC Express (Biweekly) via Kota, Vasai Road
vii. Sealdah Jodhpur AC Express (Biweekly) via Mughalsarai
viii. Yesvantpur - Jaipur AC Express
(Weekly) via Gulbarga, Pune, Vasai Road
ix. Ahmedabad Delhi Sarai Rohilla
Express (Tri-weekly) via Palanpur, Ajmer,
Rewari
x. Bandra Amritsar Express (Weekly) Via
Kota, New Delhi, Ambala
xi. Bandra (T) Katra Express (Weekly) via
Kota, New Delhi, Ambala
xii. Gorakhpur New Delhi Express (Biweekly) via Lucknow, Moradabad
xiii. Katra Howrah Express (Weekly)
Express via Mughalsarai, Varanasi,
Saharanpur
xiv. Mumbai Gorakhpur Express ( Biweekly) via Khandwa, Jhansi, Kanpur
xv. Patna Bangalore Express (Weekly) via
Mughalsarai, Chheoki, Manikpur, Nagpur
xvi. Yesvantpur Katra Express (Weekly)
via Gulbarga, Kacheguda, Nagpur, New
Delhi
xvii. Thiruvananthpuram Bangalore
(Yesvantpur) Express (Bi- weekly) via
Erode, Tirupattur
Express Trains :
i.
Ahmedabad Katra Express (Weekly)
via Palanpur, Jaipur, Rewari, Hisar,
Bathinda, Amritsar
ii.
Ahmedabad Lucknow Jn Express
(Weekly) via Palanpur, Jaipur,Bandikui,
Mathura, Kasganj
iii.
iii. Ahmedabad Allahabad Express
(Weekly) via Jalgaon, Khandwa, Itarsi,
Satna, Manikpur
iv.
Amritsar Gorakhpur Express (Weekly)
via Saharanpur, Moradabad,Sitapur
Cantt.
Page 47
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
xviii.
xix.
xx.
xxi.
xxii.
xxiii.
xxiv.
xxv.
xxvi.
Aurangabad Renigunta Express

(Weekly) via Parbhani, Bidar,Vikarabad
Bangalore Chennai Express (Daily) via
Bangarpet, Jolarpettai
Bandra (T) Lucknow Jn Express
(Weekly) via Kota, Mathura, Kasganj
Bareilly Bhopal Express (Weekly) via
Chandausi, Aligarh, Tundla, Agra
Bhavnagar Bandra Express (Weekly)
via Ahmedabad
Bhavnagar- Delhi Sarai Rohilla Link
Express (Weekly)
Gandhidham Puri Express (Weekly)
Gorakhpur Pune Express (Weekly) via
Lucknow, Kanpur, Bina,Manmad
Guntur-Kacheguda Double Decker
Express (Bi-weekly);
Howrah Yeswantpur AC Express
(Weekly)via Bhubaneswar,
Gudur,Katpadi
Hubli Mumbai Express (weekly) via
Bijapur, Sholapur
Hyderabad Gulbarga Intercity (Daily)
Jaipur Chandigarh Intercity (Daily) via
Jhajjar;
Kacheguda Tirupati Double Decker
Express (Bi Weekly);
Kota Jammu Tawi Express (Weekly)
via New Delhi, Ambala
Kanpur Bandra (T) Express (Weekly)
via Kasganj, Mathura, Kota
Lucknow Kathgodam Express (Triweekly)
Manduadih Jabalpur Express (Weekly)
via Allahabad, Manikpur, Satna
Malda Town Anand Vihar Express
(Weekly) via Amethi & Rae Bareli;
Mannargudi Jodhpur Express
(Weekly) via, Jaipur
Mumbai Chennai Express (Weekly)
via Pune, Gulbarga, Wadi
Mumbai Gorakhpur Express (Weekly)
via Gonda, Balrampur, Barhani (after
gauge conversion);
xxvii. Mumbai Karmali AC Express

(Weekly) via Roha
xxviii. Nanded Aurangabad Express (Weekly)
via Purna, Parbhani
xxix. Nagpur Rewa Express (Weekly) via
Satna
xxx. Nagercoil Kacheguda Express
(Weekly) via Karur, Namakkal, Salem
xxxi. Pune Lucknow Express (Weekly) via
Khandwa, Bhopal, Bina, Jhansi, Kanpur
xxxii. Ramnagar Chandigarh Express
(Weekly) via Moradabad, Saharanpur
xxxiii. Ranchi New Jalpaiguri Express
(Weekly) via Jhajha, Katihar
xxxiv. Secunderabad Visakhapatnam AC
Express (Weekly) via Kazipeth,
Vijaywada
xxxv. Santragachi Anandvihar Express
(Weekly)
xxxvi. Srigangnagar Jammu Tawi Express
(Weekly) via Abohar, Bathinda, Dhuri
xxxvii. Thiruvananathapuram-Nizamuddin
Express (Bi-weekly) one day via
Kottayam and one day via Allepey
xxxviii. Varanasi Mysore Express (Biweekly) via Wadi, Daund
xxxix. Balurghat Howrah Express (Biweekly)
Passenger trains :
i.
Bina Katni Passenger (Daily)
ii.
Dekargaon Naharlagun
Passenger (Daily)after
completion of new line
iii.
Gunupur - Visakhapatnam
Passenger (Daily)
iv.
Hubli - Belgaum Fast Passenger
(Daily)
v.
Jaipur Phulera Passenger
(Daily)
vi.
Mannargudi Mayiladuthurai
Passenger (Daily)
vii.
Punalur Kanniyakumari
Passenger (Daily) via Kollam,
Thiruvananthapuram
Page 48
Sambalpur Bhawanipatna
Passenger (Daily)
ix.
Tatanagar Chakulia Passenger
(Daily)
x.
Tiruchendur Tirunelveli
Passenger (Daily)
MEMU Trains :
i.
Anand Dakor (Daily 2
services)
ii.
Anuppur-Ambikapur (6 days a
week)
iii.
Delhi Rohtak Passenger (Daily
2 services)
iv.
Santragachi Jhargram (5 days a
week)
DEMU Trains :
Morbi Maliya Miyana
Ratlam Fatehabad Chandrawati Ganj
(Daily) after gauge conversion
Rewari Rohtak (Daily)
viii.
i.
ii.
iii.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
Belgaum Hubli via Kitturu

Pune Ahmednagar via Kegdaon Kasti
Bellary Lingasugur via Siruguppa,
Sindhanur
xviii. Ghatanandur Shrigonda Road / Daund
via Kaij, Manjarsumbha, Patoda and
Jamkhed
xix. Birari Mahatoni Marwara
Mandanpur Dhamoni - Sagar
xv.
xvi.
xvii.
New Lines
Tiptur Dudda
Nimach Singoli - Kota
Dahod Modasa
Karad Kadegaon Lenare Kharsundi
Attapadi Diganchi Mahud Pandharpur
Etah Aligarh
Karnal Yamuna Nagar via Asandih
Extension of Tindivanam Nagari new
line up to Puducherry
Challekere Hiriyur Huliyur
Chikkanayakanahalli KB Cross
Turuvekere - Channarayanpatna
Betul Chandur Bazar - Amravati
Chakia Kesariya (Kaithwalia)
Miraj Kavathemahankal Jath Bijapur
Pune Baramati via Saswad, Jejuri,
Moregaon
Etawah Auraiya Bhognipur
Ghatampur Jahanabad Bakewar
Bindki Road
Haldaur Dhampur
Page 49
Narendra Damodardas Modi

15th Chief Minister of India,
63, will be sworn-in as the India's 15 Prime
Minister on Monday 26th May 2014 by President
Pranab Mukherjee at a grand, open air ceremony in
the forecourt of the majestic Rashtrapati Bhawan.
VISITORS
Nawab Sharif Prime Minister Pakistan Prime

Minister Srilanka Mahinda Rajapaksa, Afghanistan
President Hamid Karzai, Bhutan Prime Minister
Tshering Tobgay, Nepal Prime Minister Sushil
Koirala and Maldivian President Abdulla Yameen
Abdul Gayoom will be among the foreign
dignitaries attending the ceremony.
Bangladesh will be represented by Speaker Shirin
Chaudhury as Premier Sheikh Hasina would be
traveling to Japan at the time of the swearing-in
ceremony. This is the first time that the heads of
states of SAARC nations have been invited to
attend the swearing-in ceremony of the Indian
Prime Minister.
Cabinet Ministers: The Cabinet is the highest

decision making body in India.
Cabinet Ministers are the Senior most and
experienced paramiliterian of the ruling
Government who have been given important
portfolios.
The following is the list of council of ministers in
Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Cabinet:
Rajnath Singh: Home Minster
Sushma Swaraj: External Affairs &
Overseas Indian Affairs
Arun Jaitley: Finance Corporate Affairs &
Defence
M. Venkaiah Naidu: Urban Development
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation &
Parliamentary Affairs
Nitin Jairam Gadkari: Road Transport and
Highways Shipping
D.V. Sadananda Gowda: Railways
Uma Bharati: Water Resources, River
Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
Dr. Najma A. Heptulla: Minority Affairs
Nitin Gadkari ( Interim): Rural

Development, Panchayati Raj & Drinking
Water and Sanitation
Ramvilas Paswan: Consumer Affairs, Food
and Public Distribution
Kalraj Mishra: Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises
Maneka Gandhi: Women and Child
Development
Ananthkumar: Chemicals and Fertilizers
Ravi Shankar Prasad: Communications and
Information Technology & Law and Justice
Ashok Gajapathi Raju: Civil Aviation
Anant Geete: Heavy Industries and Public
Enterprises
Harsimrat Kaur Badal: Food Processing
Industries
Narendra Singh Tomar: Mines & Steel
Labour and Employment
Jual Oram: Tribal Affairs
Radha Mohan Singh: Agriculture
Thaawar Chand Gehlot: Social Justice and
Empowerment
Page 50
Smriti Zubin Irani: Human Resource

Development
Dr. Harsh Vardhan: Health and Family
Welfare
Minister of States
Minister of States: They are the junior of the cabinet
Ministers . They are the sub-ordinates of the
Cabinet Ministers.
Minister of States (Independent Charge): They are
also sub-ordinates but they have power to take
decision.
General V.K. Singh: Development of North
Eastern Region (Independent Charge) &
External Affairs Overseas Indian Affairs
Inderjit Singh Rao: Planning (Independent
Charge), Statistics and Programme
Implementation (Independent Charge) &
Defence
Santosh Kumar Gangwar: Textiles
(Independent Charge), Parliamentary Affairs
Water Resources, River Development and
Ganga Rejuvenation
Shripad Yesso Naik: Culture (Independent
Charge) & Tourism (Independent Charge)
Dharmendra Pradhan: Petroleum and
Natural Gas (Independent Charge)
Sarbananda Sonowal: Skill Development,
Entrepreneurship, Youth Affairs and Sports
(Independent Charge)
Prakash Javadekar: Information and
Broadcasting (Independent Charge),
Environment, Forest and Climate Change
(Independent Charge) & Parliamentary
Affairs
Piyush Goyal: Power (Independent Charge),
Coal (Independent Charge) & New and
Renewable Energy (Independent Charge)
Dr. Jitendra Singh: Science and
Technology (Independent Charge), Earth
Sciences (Independent Charge), Prime
Minister Office Personnel, Public
Grievances & Pensions Department of
Atomic Energy Department of Space
Nirmala Sitharaman: Commerce and

Industry (Independent Charge), Finance
Corporate Affairs
G.M. Siddeshwara: Civil Aviation
Manoj Sinha: Railways
Nihalchand: Chemicals and Fertilizers
Upendra Kushwaha: Rural Development,
Panchayati Raj & Drinking Water and
Sanitation
Radhakrishnan P: Heavy Industries and
Public Enterprises
Kiren Rijiju: Home Affairs
Krishan Pal: Road Transport and Highways
Shipping
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Balyan: Agriculture &
Food Processing Industries
Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava: Tribal
Affairs
Raosaheb Dadarao Danve: Consumer
Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
Vishnu Deo Sai: Mines, Steel & Labour and
Employment
Sudarshan Bhagat: Social Justice and
Empowerment
Page 51
MOUsDeal between India &

Other Countries
1. India has committed 8.5 billion rupees to Bhutan
for Small Development Project for the countrys the
11th Five Year Plan.
2. Iran and Japan signed a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) for bilateral cooperation on
environmental issues in Tokyo.
3. India, Azerbaijan: to explore opportunities in
energy sector
4. India and Canada have signed three MoUs for
cooperation in health sector, audiovisual co
production and skill development.
5. India, Poland agree to form Joint Working
Group for cooperation in films sector.
6. India and Fiji have signed a Double Taxation
Avoidance Agreement, DTAA for the avoidance of
double taxation and for the prevention of fiscal
evasion with respect to taxes on income.
7. India and Saudi Arabia have decided to enhance
their bilateral trade and economic cooperation over
next 5 years.
8. India and Bhutan have signed an agreement on
development of hydropower projects.
9. India and Germany could sign an agreement for
1 billion for Greenfield projects
10. India and Pakistan signed MoU on electricity
trade: India has expressed its intent to export
electricity to the tune of 500 MW to Pakistan
immediately if infrastructure for transmission of
power is made available.
11. India and Maldives ink several pacts and have
agreed to jointly patrol and conduct surveillance to
strengthen maritime
security in the Indian Ocean Region.
12. India has signed a Rs 4,000crore deal with the
US for procuring six more C130J Super Hercules
Special Operations aircraft for the Indian Air Force.
13. Election Commission signs MoU with Yemen.
India has offered its expertise to Yemen in election
management and electoral
roll preparations.
14. India and Macedonia have signed a new double

taxation avoidance agreement (DTAA) that
provides for among other things exchange of
banking information for tax administration
purposes.
As per the new agreement, dividend, interest and
royalty will be taxed in the source country and the
rate of taxation will not exceed 10 percent
Page 52
NEW APPOINTMENT 2013-2014

NATIONAL
Ranjit Kumar was appointed as the
SOLICITOR GENERAL OF INDIA He
succeeds Mohan Parasaran who resigns
recently.
Mukul Rohtagi appoimted as Attorney
General of India after succeeding Ghoolam
E Vassaji.
Dilip Trivedi appointed Director General of
the CRPF He succeeded Pranay Sahay who
retired on 31 July 2013. CRPF is Indias
largest paramilitary force.
Arvind Ranjan was appointed the full time
chief of the Central Industrial Security
Force (CISF) He will take his charge from
incumbent Director General Rajiv.
J.N.Chaudhary was appointed as new head
of NSG (National Security Guard) He will
take his charge from incumbent Arvind
Ranjan.
Aruna Bahuguna first woman to be
appointed chief of National Police
Academy She will replace the incumbent
IPS Subhas Goswami who was appointed as
the Director General of the Indo-Tibetan
Border Police (ITBP) in November 2013.
Subhas Goswami Appointed as the Director
General of ITBP He will succeed Ajay
Chadha,
Devendra Kumar Pathak has been
appointed as the Special DG, Border
Security Force (BSF). He Succeed
Subhash Joshi
Nishi Vasudeva Selected As the First
Woman to Head the Oil Company, HPCL
: She will replace Subir Roy Choudhury,
who will retire on 28 February 2014.
Poonam Khetrapal Singh Elected Regional
Director for WHO South-East Asia Region
She succeeds Samlee Plianbangchang from
Thailand and has served at the post for 10
years.
Shri S.K. Sharma was appointed as

Chairman and Managing Director of
Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Mr.
Sharma took charge as CMD after Mr. Anil
Kumar retired on 31 December 2013.
P. Sudhakar Appointed as the CMD of
Electronics Corporation of India Limited
Justice Ajit Prakash Shah appointed as
Chairman of Law Commission of India
Justice Ajit Prakash Shah appointed as
Chairman of Law Commission of India
Usha Ananthasubramanian appointed as
CMD of Bharatiya Mahila Bank
Parvinder Sohi Behuria appointed new
Secretary General of NHRC She is the
successor of Ashok Sahu.
Union Government Appointed G B
Pradhan as the Chairperson of the Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC)
Rajendra Kashyap was appointed as the
Financial Commissioner (Railways)
Arundhati Bhattacharya Took Charge as
the First Woman Chairperson of SBI She
succeeded Pratip Chaudhuri who retired on
30 September 2013.
S.Varadarajan took over as the CMD of
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
S.Varadarajan has succeeded R.K. Singh.
Ranjan Mathai Appointed as India's High
Commissioner to United Kingdom He will
succeed noted economist and veteran
diplomat Dr Jaimini Bhagwati
Ravindra Kumar, Editor of The Statesman
was elected as President of The Indian
Newspaper Society Ravindra Kumar
succeeded K N Tilak Kumar of Deccan
Herald and Prajavani.
R. Chandrashekhar was appointed as
President of National Association of
Software and Service Companies
(NASSCOM) R. Chandrasekhar succeeded
Som Mittal
Lt Gen Dalbir Singh Suhag designated as
the Vice Chief of Army Staff He will take
over from Lieutenant General SK Singh as
Page 53
the Vice Chief of Army Staff retires on 31

December 2013.
Harsh Kumar Bhanwala appointed
Chairman of National Bank for
Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD) for a period of five years.
Bhanwala succeeds Prakash Bakshi, who
retired as NABARD Chairman in September
2013.
Puneet Kumar appointed as the new
secretary general of AEPCApparel Export
Promotion Council ] He succeeded
Amarendra Sahoo
Usha Sangwan appointed first woman
managing director of LIC The other MD of
LIC S B Mainak, Sushobhan Sarkar,
Sangwan and V K Sharma.
Sidharth Birla, Chairman of Xpro India
Limited took the charge as the President of
Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce and Industry (FICCI). Sidharth
Birla succeeded the HSBC India Country
Head Naina Lal Kidwai.
Ashok Lavasa, appointed the New Civil
Aviation Secretary He will take charge
from incumbent K.N.Srivastava.
P. Pradeep Kumar appointed as MD
Corporate Banking of State Bank of India
Justice Mukul Mudgal appointed as Chief
of Broadcast Content Complaints Council
(BCCC). Justice Mudgal will replace Justice
A P Shah, former Chief Justice of Delhi
High Court who has been appointed as head
of the Law Commission of India.
Jatinder Bir Singh appointed CMD of
Punjab and Sind Bank He will succeed
D.P.singh
R.K.Tiwari was appointed as the new
chairman of Central Board of Direct Taxes
(CBDT)He will succeed Chairperson Sudha
Sharma who is scheduled to retire on 28
February 2014.
N Ramachandran was elected President of
Indian Olympic Association (IOA). He
Succeeded Abhay Singh Chautala
Justice Ashok Kumar Mathur appointed to

head 7th Central Pay Commission
Arun Gupta appointed as CMD of
Shipping Corporation of India The post
was vacant for over a year after the
retirement of S Hajara
Rajiv Takru appointed as the new Revenue
Secretary He will succeed Sumit Bose, who
will retire on 31 March 2014.
Economic Affairs Secretary Arvind
Mayaram has been designated as new
Finance Secretary. He Succeeded Sumit
Bose who retired on 31 March 2014
The Finance Ministry currently has five
secretaries including Arvind Mayaram.
The other secretaries are:
R P Watal (Expenditure)
Shaktikanta Das (Revenue)
Ravi Mathur(Disinvestment)
G S Sandhu (Financial Services)
Justice Rajendra Mal Lodha as Next Chief
Justice of India. He will be the 41st Chief
Justice of India. He will succeed Justice P.
Sathasivam.
R Gandhi was appointed as the Deputy
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India He
has been appointed as the successor of
Anand Sinha, who retired from the office on
20 January 2014. Till the time of retirement,
Sinha was looking after the new bank
licence process.
Sunil Gavaskar appointed as Interim
President of BCCI Sunil Gavaskar replaced
the present BCCI chief N Srinivasan.
Soma Mondal appointed first Women
director of National Aluminium Company
Ltd (NALCO).
Justice (Retd.) BN Srikrishna on 11 March
2014 was appointed as the Chairman of
Financial Planning Standards Board India
(FPSB). He will succeed Dhirendra Swarup,
the former chairman of Pension Fund
Regulatory and Development Authority
(PFRDA).
Page 54
Sheila Dikshit appointed as the new

Governor of Kerala She will succeed Nikhil
Kumar
Dinesh Sarraf appointed as next Chairman
and Managing Director (CMD) of Oil and
Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Dinesh
Sarraf will replace Sudhir Vasudeva due to
retirement.
Robin K Dhowan took over as chief of the
Indian Navy He Succeeded D K Joshi .
Ila Patnaik appointed as Principal
Economic Advisor, She Succeeded Dipak
Dasgupta, a former Lead Economist for
India and South Asia at the World Bank.
HR Mohan has taken over as the President
of Computer Society of India
Harish Rawat was appointed as the 8th
Chief Minister of Uttarakhand. He
succeeded Vijay Bahuguna.
STATE
R. Banumathi Appointed Chief Justice of
the Jharkhand High Court
Laxmikanta Mahapatra appointed Chief
Justice of Manipur High Court
Justice Prafulla Chandra Pant Appointed
New Chief Justice of the Meghalaya High
Court Suceeded Justice T.Nandakumar
Singh
Justice G Rohini appointed as the first
women Chief Justice of Delhi High Court
she will become the first women Chief
Justice of the Delhi High Court. She will
succeed Acting Chief Justice Badar Durrez
Ahmed.
INTERNATIONAL
Jean-Claude Juncker has been nominated
as the next president of the European
Commission.
Imomali Rakhmon Reelected as the
President of Tajikistan
P.S. Raghvan was appointed as the next

Ambassador of India to Russia He will
succeed Ajai Malhotra, who will retire on 30
November 2013.
Janet Yellen Nominated as Head of US
Federal Reserve Board Janet Yellen
replaced Ben Bernanke as Chair of the
Federal Reserve Board.
Ruchira Kamboj appointed the Permanent
Representative of India to UNESCO She
will succeed VS Oberoi.
Subrahmanyam Jaishankar became the
ambassador of US He is the successor of
Nirupama Rao and his position in Beijing
will be taken by Ashok k. kantha.
Ahmet Uzumcu re-appointed as OPCW
Director General The Nobel Committee in
recognition of 16 years of achievement of
the OPCW has awarded it the 2013 Nobel
Peace Prize.
Abdul Basit appointed high commissioner
of Pakistan to India He will replace Salman
Bashir.
Marco Lambertini appointed DirectorGeneral of The global conservation
organisation, WWF (World Wide Fund for
Nature) He will succeed James P Leape,
who was appointed as the DG of WWF
International in 2005.
Satya Nadella appointed as CEO of
Microsoft Satya Nadella will succeed Steve
Ballmer as the third CEO of the Microsoft
firm.Bill Gates is the founder and first CEO
of Microsoft. Nadella is thefirst Indian to
head the Microsoft in its 38-year history
M Teresa kho was appointed as Asian
Development Bank (ADB)s new Country
Director for India Teresa Kho replaced Hun
Kim who was appointed as Deputy Director
General of ADBs South Department in
Manila.
Sirajuddin Qureshi elected as the President
of Indian Islamic Cultural Centre (IICC).
Rajeev Suri appointed as President and
CEO of Nokia Corporation He replaces
Page 55
both Stephen Elop and Risto Siilasmaa who

were serving as interim President and
Interim CEO of Nokia respectively.
Viktor Orban re-elected as Prime Minister
of Hungary
Marie-Lousie Coleiro Preca sworn-in as
President of Malta Coleiro replaced George
Abela
President Francois Hollande on 31 March
2014 appointed Interior Minister Manuel
Carlos Valls as next prime minister of
France. Valls replaced PM Jean-Marc
Ayrault whose administration lost the
confidence of the French in the recently
concluded Municipal elections.
Jens Stoltenberg appointed as Secretary
General of North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation (NATO) He will replace the
incumbent Secretary General Anders Fogh
Rasmussen, the former Prime Minister of
Denmark.
Technology firm Avaya on 6 March 2014
appointed Priyadarshi Mohapatra as
Managing Director for its India and
SAARC operations.
Ibrahim Mahlab sworn in as Prime
Minister of Egypt Ibrahim Mahlab will
replace Hazem el-Beblawi government.
Matteo Renzi on 22 February 2014 swornin as Italys Prime Minister replacing
Enrico Letta, who resigned from the office
Abdelaziz Bouteflika won fourth time as
the President of Algeria
Air Chief Marshal (Retd.) N A K Browne
has been appointed Indias next
Ambassador to Norway
Suresh Kumar Reddy appointed as the
First ambassador to ASEAN, Presently, he
is working as the Ambassador of India to
Iraq.
Neeraj Sahai, Indian-American has
appointed as president of Standard &
Poor's Ratings Services, the world's largest
ratings firm.
Shah Rukh Khan was appointed as the

goodwill ambassador for South Korea.
Aditi Khanna became first women
President of Indian Journalist's
Association List of past Presidents of Indian
Journalists Association (IJA)
K S Shelvankar
Sundar Kabaddi
Tarapada Basu
Page 56
AWARDS & HONOUR 2013-2014

NATIONAL
Famous agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan
has been selected for the Indira Gandhi Award
for National Integration for the year 2012.
Reserve Bank of India Governor Raghuram
Rajan was awarded with the Deutsche Bank
Prize for Financial Economics 2013
Zubin Mehta, will be honored with the Tagore
Award for Cultural Harmony 2013 in
recognition of his outstanding contribution to
cultural harmony.
Legendary actress Waheeda Rehman will be
conferred with the first Centanary Award for
the Indian Film Personality at the 44th
International Film Festival of India (IFFI) to
be held in Goa.
Lord Swraj Paul was conferred with the
International Indian of the Decade award. He
was presented this award for his outstanding
achievements in the fields of industry, education
and philanthropy.
The President of India, Mr. Pranab Mukherjee
awarded Stree Shakti Puraskar to six illustrious
women on International Womens Day for their
distinguished services for the upliftment of
women.
Awardees are Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang Award: Dr.
Vartika Nanda (Delhi) for creating
awareness on womens issues through
media.
Rani Lakshmibai Award: Ms. Manasi
Pradhan (Odisha) for her work in the
field of womens empowerment.
Rani Rudramma Devi Award: Dr. M
Venkaiah (Andhra Pradesh) for her
contribution in the field of womens
health.
Mata Jijabai Award: Ms. Bina Sheth
Lashkari (Maharashtra) honored for
her achievement in the field of
education and training
Kannagi Award: T Radha K Prashanti
(Andhra Pradesh) for her achievement
in the field of providing support to
orphans, visually impaired,

handicapped and destitute women.
Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Award: Dr
Seema Sakhare (Maharashtra) for her
contribution in the field of womens
rights, gender issues, legal counseling
and institutional support to women and
girls.
The noted Gandhian and environmentalist, Mr.
Chandi Prasad Bhatt selected for the Gandhi
Peace Prize for 2013.
Physicist Prof. Rajesh Gopakumar to be
honoured with 23rd G D Birla award for
scientific research for 2013.
The Union Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting announced that the Veteran poet
and film lyricist Gulzar (real name: Sampooran
Singh Kalra) has been chosen for the
Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2013.
presented gallantry awards to defense personnel
for their distinguished services at Rashtrapati
Bhavan in New Delhi.
Kirti Chakra awards:
Wing Commander Darryl Castelino:
Awarded posthumously for his role in
operation Rahat in Uttarakhand where
his chopper crashed with 20 personnel
on board after he had helped in rescuing
lives of more than 80 people.
Major Mahesh Kumar (Punjab
Regiment): Awarded for his gallant acts
in counter-insurgency operations in
Jammu and Kashmir where he killed 4
terrorists in three separate incidents.
Captian Abhilash Tomy: Awarded for
completing world voyage on his sail
ship non-stop and without any external
support in 151 days.
presented the International Gandhi Award for
the year 2013 to Dr. Vijaykumar Vinayak
Dongre and Prof. Guocheng Zhang for making
outstanding contributions in the field of leprosy
to eradicate the disease through treatment,
training and research at Rashtrapati Bhawan,
New Delhi.
The famous Hindi writer, Mr. Vishwanath
Tripathi honored by the prestigious Vyas
Samman 2013. He has been chosen for his
Page 57
memoir Vyomkesh Darvesh that is a biography

of the noted Hindi scholar Acharya Hazari
Prasad Dwivedi.
Ms Arunima Sinha bagged with Amazing
Indian Award by the Vice President of India,
Mr. Hamid Ansari, for scaling Mount Everest
despite being physically challenged.
President Pranab Mukherjee conferred the
countrys highest civilian honor Bharat Ratna on
eminent scientist Prof C.N.R. Rao and cricket
maestro Sachin Tendulkar at Rashtrapati
Bhavan in New Delhi.
Wipro Chairman Azim Premji,won the
Economic Times LifetimeAchievement Award
2013 for his role in creating Indias third-largest
soft-ware exporter and also for the impressive
scale of his philanthropy.
Mammen Mathew, the Chief Editor and
Managing Director of Malayala Manorma has
been chosen for prestigious journalism award
The Lokmanya Tilak National Award 2013.
Renowned music director and concert conductor
Zubin Mehta won the special jury award of
Times Now NRI Awards 2014. The award
ceremony was held in Mumbai.
Vijay Seshadri won the prestigious 2014
Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for his
collection of poems entitled 3 Sections published
in 2013.
Environmental activist Ramesh Agrawal, won
the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize
for the year 2014. The prize is commonly called
as the Green Nobel. The prize honours the
heroic grassroot environmentalists around the
world for their achievements.
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) recieved the
Most Efficient Navratna Award for the year
2013.The award was collected by the Chairman
of HAL, Dr. R K Tyagi.
STATE
Former Miss Universe Sushmita Sen conferred
with the Mother Teresa Memorial
International Award by NGO. The Harmony
Foundation for her efforts towards achieving
social justice in Mumbai.
Legendary singer Lata Mangeshkar was
presented the first national Yash Chopra
Memorial Award.
Malayalam poetess Sugathakumari has been

conferred with the prestigious Saraswati
Samman 2012 for Manalezhuthu (the Writings
on the Sand), a collection of poems in
Malayalam.
Scientist Vinod Prakash Sharma has been
honored with the Gujar Mal Modi Award for
Innovative Science and Technology 2013 for
his achievements in malaria research, control
and prevention, including other vector borne
diseases.
Leading mathematician and founder of Super30
classes Mr. Anand Kumar bestowed with the
prestigious 2014 Ramanujan Mathematics
Award
President of India presented the Sunil
Gangopadhyay Memorial Award of 2012 and
2013 to two eminent Bengali poets, namely
Nirendranath Chakraborty and Sankha Ghosh,
respectively.
Andhra Pradesh bagged the Oil and Gas
Conservation Award for the best performance
among the big States. The award is given by the
Petroleum Conservation Research Association.
Eminent historian Bipan Chandra was awarded
Itihas Ratna award2013 from Asiatic Society
Bihar.
Taiwanese poet Yushi was awarded the
Thiruvalluvar award on 15 January 2014 by the
Tamil Nadu government in Chennai. The award
was given to him in recognition of his
contribution to the Tamil language.
Anjolie Ela Menon, a contemporary artist was
awarded with Dayawati Modi Award for Art and
Culture and Education by Dayawati Foundation
Engineering Excellence Award 2013 was
conferred on the Security Printing and Minting
Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL), a
Public Sector Unit under the Ministry of
Finance, and Government of India.
INTERNATIONAL
Eleanor Catton, the 28-year old author from
New Zealand has won the Man Booker prize
2013 for her novel, The Luminaries. . Eleanor
Catton was given a trophy, and Emmanuel
Roman along with 50000 Pound.
Nobel Prize 2013 Announced:
Alice Munro won the Nobel Prize for
literature for the contribution towards
Page 58
the master of the contemporary short

story. She was the first Canadian woman
to take the Nobel Prize since its launch
in 1901
Nobel Prize for Economics awarded
jointly to Eugene F. Fama, Lars Peter
Hansen and Robert J. Shiller for their
empirical analysis of asset prices ie; for
their work on creating a deeper
knowledge of how market prices move.
Peter Higgs, United Kingdom and
Francois Englert, Belgium jointly
awarded Nobel Prize for Physics for the
theoretical discovery of a mechanism
that contributes to our understanding of
the origin of mass of subatomic
particles.
The Organisation for the Prohibition
of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) won the
Nobel Peace Prize for the year 2013 for
its extensive efforts to eliminate
chemical weapons.
James Rothman and Randy Schekman
of US as well as German-born Thomas
Suedhof won the 2013 Nobel Prize for
Medicine and Physiology. They were
awarded for their groundbreaking work
on how the cell organises its transport
system.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be
shared by Michael Levitt, a British and
US citizen, US-Austrian Martin
Karplus and US-Israeli Arieh Warshel
for the development of multi scale
models for complex chemical systems.
Pakistani teen activist Malala Yousafzai, who
survived bullet-injury inflicted by the Taliban
for championing girls education has won the
European Unions (EU) Sakharov Human
Rights Prize 2013.
Karan Thapar, well-known television journalist,
has been honored with the International Press
Institute (IPI) India Award for Excellence in
Journalism.
Indian social activist Anna Hazare has been
honored with the inaugural Allard Prize for
International Integrity conferred by the
University of British Columbias Faculty of Law
at a function held in Vancouver, Canada.
The Allard Prize is one of the worlds largest

awards recognizing efforts to fight corruption
and to promote human rights.
Anjali Gopalan was awarded with French
highest civilian award Chevalier de la Legion
dHonneur. She was awarded for her work on
transgenders and HIV positive patients.
Aung Suu Kyi received the Sakharov Prize for
Freedom of Thought at Strasbourg,France.
The Government of Israel selected New York
City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg as the first
ever recipient of the 1 million Dollar Genesis
Prize- an award popularly dubbed the Jewish
Nobel Prize. The Genesis Prize is awarded to
individuals who have achieved international
recognition in their professional field, the worlds
of science and the arts.
Indonesias Corruption Eradication
Commission has been conferred with the
Ramon Magsaysay Award for its successful
campaign against corruption in Indonesia.
Parimarjan Negi put up a brilliant performance
to regain the Politiken Cup chess Title in
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bollywood actor Aamir Khan has been chosen
for a U.S. award for his television show
Satyamev Jayate along with renowned
American director Kathryn Bigelow and the
International Center on Nonviolent Conflict
(ICNC).
Indian author Mr. Pankaj Mishra won the
prestigious Donald Windham Campbell
Literature prize 2014.
An Indian-born scientist, Dr. M Madan Babu
won the Protein Science Young Investigator
Award for 2014 at Cambridge, UK. He got the
award for his effort in the field of biological
system and to understand intrinsically disordered
proteins and gene regulation clearly.
Malala Yousafzai, Kainat Riaz and Shazia
Ramzan were chosen for the GG2 Hammer
Award, for their bravery at the GG2 (Garavi
Gujarat 2) Leadership Awards 2013 a London.
Indian Journalist Mr. Shubhranshu Choudhary
won the Google Digital Activism Award 2014 in
Barbican Centre in London for his work in using
mobile phones to bring local news to remote
Indian regions in their native language i.e.
known by CGNet Swara (Voice of
Chhattisgarh).
Page 59
The Japanese architecture, Mr. Shigeru Ban

won the Pritzker Architecture Prize 2014 for his
unique approach in using materials viz. paper
tubes, bamboo and shipping containers.
UK-born physicist Stuart Parkin won the
Millennium technology prize 2014. Parkin won
this prize for his breakthrough in magnetic disk
drive storage capacity.
Mahatma Gandhis grand daughter, Ms. Ela
Gandhi honored with the Prestigious South
African Award, Amadelakupha by the South
African Government.
Professor Dr. Tej Vir Singh won the 2013
UNWTO Ulysses Prize for Excellence in the
Creation and Dissemination of Knowledge in
Madrid, Spain.
Pakistani teen activist Malala Yousafzai, who
survived bullet-injury inflicted by the Taliban
for championing girls education has won the
UN Human Rights Prize 2013.
Cyrus Mistry won the DSC prize 2014 for South
Asian literature for his book Chronicles of a
Corpse Bearer.
Rajiv Gandhi InternationalAirport (RGIA),
Hyderabad awarded the Sword of Honour for
safety management in London.
Rahul Jindal, a doctor of Indian origin was
selected for the prestigious Outstanding
American by Choice award. He was awarded
for his contribution to US health sector.
The 18th International Children's Film Festival
concluded in Hyderabad. A Dutch Film named
Kauwboy, directed by Boudewijn Koole won the
Golden Elephant Award for best film in the
'International Live Action' category.
US honoured Laxmi, an acid attack victim with
the prestigious International Women of
Courage Award.
Myanmar will be presented the award of
Worlds Best Tourist Destination for 2014 by
the European Union Council on Tourism and
Trade.
Tomas Halik, the Czech priest won the
Templeton Prize for 2014 for religious and
spiritual progress.
Indian-origin Gopal Rao won UK Twitter Prize
Turkish investigative journalist Ahmet Sik won
2014 UNESCO Guillermo Cano World Press
Freedom Prize.
NR Narayana Murthy, the founder and

executive Chairman of Infosys was honoured
with the 2014 Canada India Foundation
Chachalani Global Indian Award in Toronto,
An Indian- American Cardiologist, Dr. Sumit
Chugh along with one more researcher has been
chosen for the Prestigious Simon Dack Award
for Outstanding Scholarship. This award will be
given to him in recognition of his contributions
to the organisations peer-reviewed medical
journals.
86th Annual Academy Oscar

Awards 2014
The 86th Annual Academy Oscar
Awards 2014, presented by the
Academy of Motion Picture Arts
and Sciences (AMPAS), honored
the actors, technical
achievements, and films of 2013
and took place on 2 March 2014,
at the Dolby Theatre in
Hollywood, Los Angeles.
List of Winners at 86th annual
Academy Awards :Best Picture :- 12 Years a
Slave.
Best Actor :- Matthew
McConaughey, Dallas Buyers
Club.
Best Actress :- Cate Blanchett,
Blue Jasmine.
Best Supporting Actor :- Jared
Leto, Dallas Buyers Club.
Best Supporting Actress :- Lupita
Nyongo, 12 Years a Slave.
Best Directing :- Alfonso
Cuaron, Gravity.
Best Foreign Language Film :The Great Beauty, Italy.
Best Adapted Screenplay :- John
Ridley, 12 Years a Slave.
Best Original Screenplay :- Spike
Jonze, Her.
Best Animated Feature Film :Frozen.
Production Design :- The Great
Gatsby.
Best Cinematography :Gravity.
Best Sound Mixing :- Gravity.
Best Sound Editing :- Gravity.
Best Original Score :- Gravity,
Steven Price.
Best Original Song :- Let It Go
from Frozen.
Padma Vibhushan Awards:

These are awarded for
exceptional and distinguished
service. This year both the
awardees were from
Maharashtra:
Dr. Raghunath A. Mashelkar for
Science and Engineering
Shri B.K.S. Iyengar for Yoga
Padma Bhushan Awards:
distinguished service of high
order:
Shri Kamala Haasan, ArtCinema, Tamil Nadu
Ms. Anita Desai, Literature and
Education, Delhi
Shri Ruskin Bond, Literature
and Education, Uttarakhand
Shri Pullela Gopichand, Sports
Badminton, Andhra Pradesh
Shri Leander Paes, Sports
Tennis, Maharashtra
Late Justice Jagdish Sharan
Verma, Public Affairs, Uttar Pra
#
Late Dr. Anumolu
Ramakrishna, Science and Eng,
And Prah #
Prof. Anisuzzaman, Literature
and Education, Bangladesh*
Prof. Lloyd I. Rudolph and
Prof. Susanne H. Rudolph,
Literature and Education,
USA*$
2014 Padma Shri Awards:
distinguished service in any
field:
Ms. Geeta Mahalik, Art
Odishi Dance, Delhi
Shri Sudarsan Pattnaik, Art
Sand Artist, Orissa
Page 60
Best Costume :- The Great

Gatsby.
Best Makeup and Hairstyling :Dallas Buyers Club.
Best Animated Short Film :- Mr.
Hublot.
Best Documentary Feature :- 20
Feet from Stardom.
Best Documentary (short subject)
:- The Lady in Number 6:
Music Saved My Life.
Best Film Editing :- Gravity.
Best Live Action Short Film :Helium.
Best Visual Effects :- Gravity.
Padma Awards 2014
Shri Paresh Rawal, Art

Cinema and Theatre,
Maharashtra
Ms. Vidya Balan, Art-Cinema,
Maharashtra
Late Dr. Narendra Achyut
Dabholkar, Social Work,
Maharst#
Shri Ashok Kumar Mago, Trade
and Industry, USA*
Dr. Siddharth Mukherjee,
Medicine-Oncology, USA*
Dr. Vamsi Mootha, Medicine
Biomedical Research, USA*
Dr. Sengaku Mayeda, Literature
and Education, Japan*
President Pranab Mukherjee

announced the names of
Recipients of this years Padma
awards. He approved conferment
of 127 Padma Awards including
one duo case (counted as one).
Padma Awards, the countrys
highest civilian awards, are
conferred in three Categories viz.
Padma Vibhushan, Padma
Bhushan and Padma Shri. The list
comprises two Padma Vibhushan,
24 Padma Bhushan and 101
Padma Shri Awardees.
Note: * indicates awardees in

the category of Foreigners /
NRIs/ PIOs.
# indicates awardees in the
posthumous category.
$ indicates one duo case.
(treated as one award )
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013-2014

NATIONAL
Indias ANTRIX (ISROs commercial arm)
successfully launched 5 foreign satellites from four
countries on board PSLV-C23 rocket which placed
them in orbit.
The rocket was launched from Satish Dhawan Space
Centre in Sriharikota and was also witnessed by PM
Narendra Modi.
ISROs Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C23
placed all five satellites into their respective orbits.
The rocket carried with it primary payload of 714 kg
French Earth Observation Satellite SPOT-7, 14 kg
AISAT of Germany, NLS7.1 (CAN-X4) and NLS7.2
(CAN-X5) of Canada each weighing 15 kg and the 7 kg
VELOX-1 of Singapore.
SPOT 7: French satellite, it will be part of the existing
Earth observation satellite. It has been built by European
space technology company Airbus Defence and Space.
AISAT: German nano-satellite, to focus on the global
sea-traffic monitoring system with special emphasis on
high traffic zones using AIS signals.
NLS 7.1 and NLS 7.2: Canadian satellite, they will
perform Two-spacecraft precision formation flying using
differential GPS with centimetre-level relative position
and sub-metre level accurate position control system.
VELOX-1: Singaporean satellite, it is a technology
demonstrator for in-house design of image sensor,
MEMS-based attitude determination and control system
and inter-satellite RF link.
Indian Navy Inducted Offshore Patrol Vessel INS
Sumedha Sumedha is the 3rd ship of the indigenous
Naval Offshore Patrol Vessel (NOPV) Project to be
inducted into the Indian Navy. The ship has been
designed & built by Goa Shipyard Ltd.
India successfully test-fired the indigenously developed
Pinaka from a base at Chandipur, off the Odisha coast.
Pinaka is a multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL). Pinaka
is an area weapon system with a range of 40 km.
India Successfully Test Fires Nuclear Capable AgniIII Missile India test-fired its nuclear-capable Agni-III
surface-to-surface missile ballistic missile with a strike
range of more than 3,000 km as part of a user trial by the
Army from Wheeler Island off Odisha coast.
India Successfully Test Fired Akash Missile A
medium-range surface-to-air missile tested from a
defence base in Odisha, for the third time. The
Page 61
indigenously-developed missile, with a 27-km range and

an effective ceiling of 15 km, was test-fired from the
Integrated Test Range of Chandipur in the coastal
district of Balasore.
India Successfully Tested Nuclear Capable Prithvi-II
Missile Prithvi-II surface-to-surface missile tested from
a military base in Odisha. The indigenously-developed
ballistic missile with a maximum range of 350 km.
Prithvi is Indias first indigenously-built ballistic
missile.
BrahMos Missile Successfully Test Fired In Salvo
Mode The 290km-range supersonic cruise missile was
successfully fired from a naval warship INS Trikand in
salvo mode in the Arabian Sea.For the first time, the
cruise missile was fired in salvo mode off the Russianbuilt warship off the coast of Karnataka with an interval
of three seconds off the coast of Goa.
GSLV-D5 Rocket Carrying Communication Satellite
GSAT-14 Successfully Launched Indian Space
Research Organisation(ISRO) successfully launched its
heavy-duty rocket Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle-Development 5 (GSLV-D5) having indigeneous
cryogenic engine that placed a 1,982 kg GSAT-14
communication satellite into the orbit. The 49.13-metre
tall rocket GSLV-D5 lifted off from Satish Dhawan
Space Centre at Sriharikota , Andhra Pradesh .
Indian Navy Inducts Advanced Jet Trainer Hawk
132 Indian Navy inducted the fourth generation
advanced jet trainer aircraft Hawk 132, which has led
to a jump in the operational versatility. Hawk 132 was
inducted into the Navy at a ceremony held at the Naval
Air Station INS Dega at Visakhapatnam,Andhra
Pradesh.
Biosimilar Trastuzumab got Approval of DCGI Indian
Biotech Company Biocon announced that it had received
market authorisation from the Drug Controller General
of India (DCGI) for its Breast cancer Drug- biosimilar
Trastuzumab. The biosimilar trastuzumab will be
marketed in India under the brand name of CANMAb by
the company.
India conducts successful test of first indigenous airto-air Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Astra missile It is
tested from a Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jet, marking an
important achievement in the development of complex
BVR weapons. Astra will initially provide a 44-km
range with high single-shot kill probability, while its
Mark-II version will be able to hit hostile aircraft over
100 km away.
Astra v/s Brahmos Cruise Missile: India is also likely to
initiate testing the 290-km supersonic BrahMos cruise
missile from the heavy-duty Sukhoi-30MKIs by the end

of 2014. So, while Astra is being developed to smash
enemy aircrafts, BrahMos will give incisive land-strike
capability against hostile targets.
Interceptor Missile test fired successfully by DRDO
Indias premier defence equipment manufacturer
Defense Research and Development Organization
(DRDO) successfully test-fired a new Prithvi Defence
Vehicle (PDV) interceptor missile capable of
neutralizing any incoming long-range missile at higher
altitude. Earlier DRDO had successfully tested six
interceptor missiles developed by it, both in the endoatmosphere (within 30 km altitude above the sea level)
and exo-atmosphere stage (above 30 km altitude above
the sea level).
Mobile makers should install SoS button for women
safety: Finance Minister The Centre approved several
proposals for improving womens safety under the
Nirbhaya Fund. Finance Minister announced that mobile
handset makers will have to introduce an SoS alert
button to ensure that women in distress can be reached
by the police in the minimum possible time. It must be
noted that SOS is not an abbreviation and there it does
not stand for anything. Although some phrases like
save our ship, save our souls and send out succour
were popularly associated with SOS, these may be
regarded as mnemonics.
India rolls out its First indigenous LCA Tejas Tejas,
Indias first indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA),
which is all set to replace the MiG-21 series, developed
by the DRDO with HAL as its principal partner.
ISRO successfully launched Mars mission from the
Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. The
satellite is scheduled to reach the Mars orbit in
September 2014 and is designed to circle the Red Planet
in an elliptical orbit of 366 km X 80000 km.
Supercomputer PARAM Yuva- II ranked 1 in India
Supercomputer PARAM Yuva- II was rated 1st in India,
9th in the Asia Pacific Region and 44th in the world
among the most power efficient computer systems as per
the Green500 List. It was announced at the Super
computer Conference (SC 2013) in US. PARAM YuvaII was developed by the C-DAC.
STATE
The first trial run of the Indias fastest train on the
New Delhi-Agra route was performed successfully by
the Indian Railways. The train covered a distance of 200
kms in 100 minutes against the slated time of 90
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minutes. Although the average speed of the train during

the entire journey was 125-130 km/h, its speed reached a
maximum speed of 160 kmph.
Assam and Nagaland became first States to get Plastic
Photo Identity Card Nagaland and Assam will be the
first two states to be issued plastic Electors Photo
Identity Card (EPIC) for the upcoming Lok Sabha
elections.
Net Metering: An innovation to slash electricity bills
Over two years of its launch in Andhra Pradesh, Net
Metering system may soon be taken up by other states
of India.
What is Net Metering? Net Metering is an ecofriendly idea that encourages the power consumers to
adopt the generation of solar power to manage their
demand and supply of electricity. In this process, the
consumers not only generate power for their own needs
but also get paid for the excess power generated by their
solar Photovoltaic systems (PV systems).
Portal Railsaver to Improve Energy Efficiency in
Indian Railways It is a web based Electrical Energy
Management System called RAILSAVER. A web
based Portal developed by Centre of Railway
Informatics System (CRIS).
Sandesh Pathak- A Software application to aid
farmers C-DAC Mumbai, IIT-Madras, IIIT Hyderabad,
IIT Kharagpur, and C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram have
jointly developed the Sandesh Pathak software
application. The application uses TTS (Text-To-Speech)
software to help out farmers by reading out loud SMS
messages and benefiting those who may have difficulty
in reading. Thus, when a farmer receives an SMS
message either containing agriculture-related advice or
some other thing, the Sandesh Pathak application will
read aloud the content.
Know your candidate tool launched by Google for Lok
Sabha Elections 2014 As part of the ongoing Lok Sabha
Elections 2014 in India, Internet giant Google has come
up with its tool Know Your Candidate which will
assist Citizens of India to get a very basic snapshot
information about their Candidates, incumbent MPs as
well as other candidates contesting from all over India.
Polling at your fingertips- SMS based service
launched in Meghalaya In order to help voters to locate
their respective polling stations, the Election
Commission launched an SMS based service Polling at
your fingertips in Shillong, Meghalaya.
Indias first electric bus launched in Bangalore As an
initiative of the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport
Corporation, Indias first electric zero-emission bus
launched in Bangalore by the Karnataka Transport

Minister R Ramalinga Reddy.
Indias first post office savings bank ATM inaugurated
in Chennai The Union Finance Minister P.
Chidambaram inaugurated the Indias first post office
savings bank ATM at the Head Post Office in
Thyagaraya Nagar, Chennai.
Indias Largest Solar Power Plant launched in
Madhya Pradesh Welspun Solar MP project, the largest
Solar Power Plant of India launched at Bhagwanpur in
Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh..
Patna Worlds Longest Free Wi-Fi Zone in India
The Chief Minister of Bihar, Mr. Nitish Kumar unveiled
the worlds longest free Wi-Fi zone at the e-Bihar
summit in Patna. The free Wi-Fi zone stretched nearly
20 km . This new free Wi-Fi zone beats the current
worlds longest zone of 3.5 km in China.
Purushottam Express will get first Braille signage
coach in India Purushottam Express will become the
first train in India to be attached with a Brailleembedded AC coach for visually challenged passengers
by the end of February 2014. Purushottam Express is a
super-fast train running between Delhi and Puri.
Nuclear power project will be establish in Kovvada in
Andhra Pradesh with a capacity of 10,000 MW.
INTERNATIONAL
Astronomers Discovered Hypergiant Star 1300 Times
The Size of Our Sun A hypergaint star which is 1300
times wider than the sun has discovered. This is the
biggest yellow star ever spotted. It is named as HR 5171.
This star is 12,000 light years away. This star can be
about one million times brighter than the Sun.
Australian Astronomers Discovered Oldest Known Star
In Universe A team of scientists at the Australian
National University has discovered the oldest known star
in the Universe. The star known as SMSS J031300.36670839.3, is in the Milky Way galaxy and some 6000
light years from the Earth.
Indian-origin Boy Shubham Banerjee Invents Braille
Printer Using Lego Set A 12-year-old boy of Indian
Origin Shubham Banerjee has designed a low-cost
Braille printer using toy construction Lego pieces.
Banerjee developed the Braille printer called Braigo,
which is short for Braille with Lego. It was created from
the Lego Mindstorms EV3 set.
Astronomers Discovered Two New Exoplanets A team
of Astronomers from Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics (CfA), have discovered two new extrasolar
planets circling a dim, red dwarf star about 200 light-
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years away from our planet. One of the planets, dubbed

KOI-314c, weighs the same as Earth, but around 60
percent larger in diameter.The second planet, named
KOI-314b, is about the same size as KOI-314c but
significantly denser, weighing about 4 times as much as
Earth.The team discovered the planet using data from
NASAs Kepler spacecraft.
Worlds Fastest Organic Transistor Developed
Scientists claim to have developed the worlds fastest
thin-film organic transistor that could operate more than
five times faster than previous examples of this
technology.
SpaceX Rocket Successfully Launches Its First
Commercial Satellite An unmanned Falcon 9 rocket
developed by Space Exploration Technologies, blasted
off to put its first commercial satellite known as SES
8 into orbit. Previously SES satellites were launched
primarily aboard Russian Proton and European Ariane
rockets, which cost far more than the approximately $55
million the company paid for its ride on SpaceXs
Falcon booster.
Greece Tests Russian-Made S-300 Missile System for
First Time. Greece is the only NATO member that has
an S-300 in service.
Iran Sent Second Monkey into Space For Second Time
Iran has successfully launched its second monkey named
Fargam into the space and back, the countrys latest
step toward sending humans into orbit. The monkey was
flown on Irans liquid-fueled Pajohesh (research)
rocket for a 15-minute mission that took him
approximately 72 miles into space. The first rocket
carrying a monkey named Pishgam (pioneer) in the
space was launched by Iran on 28 January 2013.
First Human Artificial Heart Implanted In France The
first human artificial heart implantation performed in
Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris was successful. The
artificial heart weighs as little as less than a kilogram
(900grams), almost three times heavier than an average
healthy human heart.
Pakistan Successfully Test-Fires Short Range Hatf
IX Missile
Pakistan successfully test fired Hatf IX (Nasr) missile, a
short range surface to surface missile that has a range of
60-kilometres. The missile has the capability to carry
nuclear weapons.
Worlds First Green Helicopter Tested in Germany
Helicopter which is noiseless and emission-free has been
successfully tested in Germany. The helicopter, named
Volocopter, developed by the German company e-volo,
two seat prototype made it earlier voage in kalsruhe,
Germany. The volocopter uses eighteen electrically

driven rotos propel instead of one combustion engine
which is environmentally friendly and emission-free.
KINECT Developed by Microsoft US software company
Microsoft recently developed a new cost effective sign
language translator that converts signs into spoken and
written language - and vice versa. In collaboration with
researchers in China, Microsoft created the Kinect Sign
Language Trans lator,
In Mars Findings Mangalyaan & Maven will
Complement Each Other ISRO and NASA will
coordinate functions of their Mars OrbitersMangalyaan and MAVEN once both get into orbit of
the Mars planet in September 2014. This was announced
by ISRO scientists. NASAs Mars-bound spacecraft, the
Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutionN (MAVEN)
is the second mission for NASAs.
Existence of 117th element Ununseptium (Uus)
confirmed The existence of element 117- Ununseptium
(Uus) has been confirmed by the scientists at the GSI
accelerator laboratory in Germany, including those from
India, who have created atoms of the element. The atoms
were similar to the heaviest atoms ever observed, 40%
heavier than an atom of lead. Ununseptium(Uus)
Chemical Symbol: Uus
Atomic number: 117
Chemical series: Period 7 element, Haloge
SOLAR-JET: An EU project makes solar
kerosene from sunlight A research project named
SOLAR-JET funded by the European Union (EU) has
produced the worlds first solar jet fuel from water
and carbon dioxide (CO2). Scientists for the first time
successfully showed the entire production chain for
renewable kerosene, using concentrated light as a hightemperature energy source.
Southern California tiny Mite is Worlds Fastest Land
Animal (Relative to Size) Mite (Paratarsotomus
macropalpis) was recently recorded running at up to 322
body lengths per second. This makes it the worlds
fastest land animal. Previously, this record was held by
the Australian tiger beetle, which was recorded running
at 171 body lengths per second. By comparison, a
cheetah running at 60 miles per hour reaches only about
16 body lengths per second. The mites speed in terms
of body length per seconds is equivalent to a person
running roughly 1300 miles per hour.
Putnisite A new mineral discovered with a unique
composition The discovery of Putnisite so special and
different from the worlds known 4,000 minerals is its
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very strange combination of Strontium(Sr),

Calcium(Ca), Chromium(Cr), Sulphur(S),
Carbon(C), Oxygen(O) and Hydrogen(H) elements,
forming a kind of panoptic and distinctive formula
SrCa4Cr83+(CO3)8SO4(OH)1625H2O.
Bluefin-21 Robotic submarine deployed to solve
mystery of lost Malaysian plane MH370 Bluefin-21
robotic submarine (Underwater Autonomous Vehicle)
will explore for wreckage of the Flight MH370 in an
area defined by 4 ping signals from the flights Black
Box heard a few days ago.
Charkilo: First-ever miniature planet with rings
discovered Astronomers from Niels Bohr Institute have
discovered a miniature planet Charkilo with two rings
of ice and pebbles between Saturn and Uranus in the
Kuiper Belt . Diameter: 250 km.
HSP90- New molecule discovered to kill malaria
parasite without harming human red blood cells The
researchers from the University of Geneva discovered a
new molecule HSP90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) that
could be effective for the treatment of malaria. HSP90
has the potential to kill malaria parasite without harming
human red blood cells.
HR 5171 A- the largest ever yellow hypergiant star
discovered The astronomers of Oliver Chesneau of the
Cote dAzur Observatory (Nice, France) discovered the
largest Yellow star HR 5171 A in our Milky way
Galaxy. Also known as V766 Centauri, HD 119796 and
HIP 67261.
Akron: Indian-American owned firm developing
zero pressure tyre for US army An Indian-American
owned engineering firm, Akron (Ohio-based American
Engineering Group (AEG)) has received a $1 million
Phase-II project grant from the US Department of
Defense to develop tyres that will continue running even
after being shredded by roadside bombs or gunfire.
Venom GT- worlds fastest car recorded 435 km/hr
(270 Miles/hr) The US car manufacturer Hennessey
developed the worlds fastest car Venom GT with a
top speed of an incredible 435 km/hr. The firm set a new
record for the fastest car in the world during a test run at
the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida.Venom GT beat
the previous best record of 431km/hr set by Bugatti
Veyron Super Sport.
Indian- American Scientist Sangeeta Bhatia developed
cheap paper diagnostic for cancer The Indian-American
scientist, Ms. Sangeeta Bhatia developed a cheap, paper
test that could improve cancer diagnosis rates and help
people to get treated earlier.
Email Miles- Tracks how far our email has traveled

Email miles is a new GPS based system that tells us how
far our email has travelled. This new technology uses
Global Positioning System (GPS) and internet tracking
to calculate the number of miles an email has travelled
before reaching an inbox. Inventor: Jonah BruckerCohen.
The coldest place on Earth is in East Antarctica NASA
satellites discovered a desolate and remote ice plateau in
East Antarctica, the coldest place on earth. The remote
region plunged as low as minus 94.7oC (minus
135.8oF). This beat the previous record of -89.2 degrees
Celsius measured at the Russian Vostok Research
Station in East Antarctica on July 21, 1983.
Kirobo: Worlds first robot astronaut Kirobo, the
worlds first robot astronaut talks about Christmas in its
first chat with the Japanese commander of the
International Space Station.
Michiaki Takahasi: Developer of chickenpox vaccine
passed away Michiaki Takahashi (85), a Japanese
virologist, who developed a vaccine for the chicken pox
virus passed away.
Mr. Mikhail Kalashnikov: Designer of AK-47 (
Avtomat Kalashnikova 1947) passed away The
Russian gun designer whose AK-47 rifle became the
weapon of choice for many national armies and
guerrillas around the world, passed away.
Any Time Milk (ATM): Amul launches its first Milk
ATM Indias dairy major Amul has launched Indias
first milk ATM which will sell milk through Any Time
Milk vending machines. The 247 ATM has been
installed at Anand in Gujarat.
Chinese scientists invented Water-jet printer China
have invented a printer that uses water to print, instead
of ink. After about 22 hours, the paper fades back to a
plain sheet of white paper, allowing it to be re-used. The
water-jet technology is capable of reprinting
numerous times, spares people their money and saves
trees. As per the statistics, many papers (40% of office
Prints) are throwing into the dustbin after the single
reading.
Oldest known human DNA decoded The scientists on 4
December 2013 decoded the oldest DNA from ever
found 400000 year old thigh bone of human family.
First multi-coloured 3D Printer launched Worlds first
3D-printer Objet500 Connex3 was launched. The printer
was manufactured by the USA based company Stratasys,
the owner of the MarkBot range of printers. Object500
Connex3 is the worlds first 3D printer that can produce
multi-colour, multimaterial objects at the same time.
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Tech major Microsoft launched Guardian, a new

safety application (app), that enables friends and family
of Windows Phone users to track them in real time.
NASA is planning to grow plants and vegetables
such as turnip and basil on the Moon, by 2015, to
understand whether humans can live and work on the
Earths natural satellite
SPORTS 2013-14
NATIONAL
Novak Djokovic (Serbia) beat Roger Federer
(Switzerland) in the final of 2014 mens Wimbledon
championship in a challenging contest. It was the first
time since 2007 that Federer and Djokovic had met for a
Grand Slam title. Djokovic, who had 6 major titles
before this match had last won Wimbledon in 2011.
Djokovic was beaten in 2013 by Andy Murray. Roger
Federers last title at Wimbledon was in 2012.
Czech tennis star Petra Kvitova clinched her second
Wimbledon title as she defeated Canadas Eugenie
Bouchard in a very short match.
Indian Mens Hockey Team Qualified For Hockey
World Cup 2014 Indian mens team has qualified for the
Rabobank Hockey World cup 2014 to be held at The
Hague, Netherlands.
India To Host Mens Hockey World Cup In 2018 The
finals will be played from 1 to 16 December 2018.Also,
England will host the Womens World Cup of hockey
2018. India last hosted the World Cup in New Delhi in
2010 , while the 2014 edition of Hockey World Cup
would be played in The Hague, Netherlands.
Sunil Chhetri Named 2013 AIFF Player of the Year
Indian football captain Sunil Chhetri was named the
2013 AIFF Player of the Year. The announcement was
made by All India Football Federation (AIFF) at the
annual general meeting held at the Football House in the
Capital.Chhetri.
India Won Mens Kabaddi World Cup 2013 India
defeated Pakistan 48-39 in the Kabaddi World Cup in
the final played at Guru Nanak Dev Stadium in
Ludhiana, Punjab. With this win, India retained the title
for fourth consecutive time.
India Won Womens Kabaddi World Cup 2013 India
won the womens Kabaddi World Cup championship for
the third time in a row, defeating New Zealand 49-21 in
the summit clash in Jalandhar, Punjab.
Chitra Won Bronze at IBSF World Snooker
Championships Indias Chitra Magimairajan had to
settle for a bronze at the International Billiards &
Snooker Federation (IBSF) World Snooker
Championship held at Daugvapils, Latvia. She lost to
Wendy Jans of Belgium in the semifinals.In the final,
Wendy Jans successfully defended her title by defeating
Chunxia Shi of China.The next edition of the IBSF
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World Snooker Championship will be held at Bangalore

in November 2014.
India To Host Under-17 FIFA World Cup In 2017
India have won the right to host the 2017 Under-17
FIFA World Cup in 2017 by the FIFA executive
committee in its meeting at Salvador de Bahia in Brazil.
By virtue of being the host country, India will take part
in the 24-nation tournament for the first time in its
history.
Pankaj Advani Won National Snooker Title World
champion Pankaj Advani (PSPB) won his sixth Mens
National Snooker title after defeated Kamal Chawla of
Railways in the 81st national snooker championship, in
Lucknow.
Zaheer 4th Indian bowler to claim 300 wickets in Test
cricket Zaheer Khan became the fourth Indian bowler to
claim 300 wickets in Test Cricket. Jacques Kallis was
his 300th Wicket. With the 300 wickets, Zaheer joined
the club of bowlers of India, who has taken 300 wickets
namely Kapil Dev (434 wickets), Anil Kumble (619
wickets) and Harbhajan Singh (413 Wickets).
Mens Junior Hockey World Cup 2013 Germany lifted
the Mens Junior Hockey World Cup for a record sixth
time. In the title clash at New Delhi, defending
champions Germany defeated France, 5-2 to retain the
title.
Macau Open Badminton Singles title Indian shuttler PV
Sindhu won the Womens Singles trophy at the Macau
Open Grand Prix Gold Badminton Tournament. In the
title clash, Sindhu, defeated seventh seed Li Michelle of
Canada
34th National Archery Championship Deepika Kumari
won her sixth consecutive title at the 34th National
Archery Championships at JRD Tata Stadium of PSPB,
Jamshedpur on 25 December 2013.
Asia-Pacific Junior Golf Team Titles India won the
boys and girls team titles in the Asia-Pacific junior golf
championship at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club (RCGC).
It was Indias first ever victory in the Asia Pacific Junior
Golf Championship.
Indonesia Open Golf Tournament 2013 Indian Golfer
Gaganjeet Bhullar finishes by72 holes won the 2013
edition of the Indonesia open at Jakarta Malaysias
Nicholas Fung (66) finished tied 2nd alongside
Thailands Chapchai Nirat (66).
Fastest Batsman to Score 5000 Runs in ODIs Indian
Cricketer Virat Kohli became the fastest batsman to
score 5000 runs in one-day internationals when he
scored 86 against the West Indies in the first ODI in
Kochi on 21 November 2013.
FIDE World Chess Championship 2013 Magnus

Carlsen of Norway won the FIDE World Chess
Championship 2013 at Chennai on 22 November 2013.
Magnus Carlsen defeated the previous world champion
Viswanathan Anand of India.
Cricketer Shikhar Dhawan: Canara Banks Brand
ambassador The public sector lender, Canara Bank
announced cricketer Shikhar Dhawan as its brand
ambassador. Cricketer Rahul Dravid has been Bank of
Barodas brand ambassador since 2005.
Sourav Kothari won the National Billiard
Championship title Mr. Sourav Kothari won the
National Billiard Championships held in Lucknow by
beating Alok Kumar.
Rahul Dravid is brand ambassador for National
Tobacco Control Campaign The Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare named former Indian cricket team
captain Rahul Dravid as the brand ambassador for its
National Tobacco Control Campaign.
Virat Kohli appointed as brand ambassador of BSF
The Border Security Force has appointed Indian
cricketer Virat Kohli as its brand ambassador.
Delhi Waveriders Won Hockey India League Title
Delhi Waveriders defeated Jaypee Punjab Warriors in
the penalty shoot-out to emerge as the champions in the
second edition of Hero Hockey India League (HIL) at
the packed Astroturf Hockey Stadium at Ranchi on 23
February
Vijay Amritraj Honoured with Davis Cup Commitment
Award Vijay Amritraj, a former Indian tennis player was
on 1 February presented the Davis Cup Commitment
Award .The award was instituted by the International
Tennis Federation (ITF).
Mizoram Won Santosh Trophy 2014 Mizoram won
the 68th edition of National Football Championship of
Santosh Trophy after defeated Railways 3-0 in the final
in Siliguri, West Bengal. This is the maiden Santosh
Trophy for Mizoram also this was the first appearance
for them in the final match
High altitude cricket stadium inaugurated in Kerala
South Indias first high altitude cricket stadium was
inaugurated at Krishnagiri in Waynad district of Kerala.
This is the second cricket ground in India after
Dharamsala stadium to be located as such height. The
stadium spreads over 4.4 hectares area and is situated at
about 2800 feet above the sea level.
Karnataka won the Vijay Hazare Trophy 2013-14
Karnataka won the Vijay Hazare Cricket Trophy 201314 by defeating Railways by four wickets at the Eden
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Gardens in Kolkata. For the first time, Karnataka won

the Vijay Hazare trophy.
Unbreakable: The autobiography of Mary Kom
unveiled Mary Kom, the legendary boxer from North
East wrote her autobiography titled Unbreakable. The
book was inaugurated by Bollywood Megastar Amitabh
Bachchan at Mumbai.
Saina Nehwal won Syed Modi India Open-2014 Indian
ace shuttler Saina Nehwal clinched the Syed Modi
International India Grand Prix Gold badminton title by
defeating her compatriot P.V. Sindhu in the womens
singles competition.
INTERNATIONAL
Star Indian badminton player Saina Nehwal defeated
Spains Carolina Marin to win the $750,000 Star
Australian Super Series title.
Sebastian Vettel Won United States Grand Prix 2013
Red Bull Formula One driver Sebastian Vettel of
Germany won United States Grand Prix. Frances
Romain Grosjean in Lotus was second with Red Bulls
Mark Webber took the third place
Sebastian Vettel Won Abu Dhabi F1 Grand Prix 2013
Red Bull Formula One driver Sebastian Vettel of
Germany won the Abu Dhabi Formula 1 Grand Prix at
the Yas Marina circuit, Abu Dhabi.Vettels team-mate
Aussie Mark Webber finished with second position.
Heena Sidhu Won Pistol Gold In World Cup Shooting
Shooter Heena Sidhu created history by becoming the
first pistol exponent from India to win a gold medal at
the ISSF World Cup finals in Munich, Germany .In the
Womens 10-metre Air Pistol event final, She defeated
World Champion Zorana Arunovic of Serbia to bag her
first Gold.
Yuki Bhambri Won Traralgon Challenger Title Indian
Yuki Bhambri won the ATP mens singles title of
Traralgon event in Australia.He defeated Bradely Klahn
of America in the final.
Novak Djokovic Won Paris Masters Title Novak
Djokovic of Serbia won the Paris Masters Tennis Title at
Paris, France. He defeated David Ferrer of Spain in the
final.
Cheteshwar Pujara is ICCs Emerging Cricketer of
theYear The Indian cricketer and a Rising Test batsman,
Cheteshwar Pujara has bagged the Emerging Cricketer
of the Year award.The annual International Cricket
Council (ICC ) awards were announced in Dubai . In
total, there were eleven individual awards.
The full list of winners is :-
* ICC Cricketer of the Year (Sir Garfield Sobers

Trophy) Michael Clarke (Australia)
* ICC Test Cricketer of the Year Michael Clarke
(Australia)
* ICC Womens ODI Cricketer of the Year Suzie
Bates (New Zealand)
* ICC ODI Cricketer of the Year Kumar Sangakkara
(Sri Lanka)
* ICC Emerging Cricketer of the Year Cheteshwar
Pujara (India)
* ICC Associate and Affiliate Cricketer of the Year
Kevin OBrien (Ireland)
* ICC Twenty20 International Performance of the
Year Umar Gul (Pakistan)
* ICC T20I Womens Cricketer of the Year Sarah
Taylor (England)
* ICC Spirit of Cricket Award Mahela Jayawardena
(Sri Lanka)
* ICC Umpire of the Year (winning the David
Shepherd Trophy) Richard Kettleborough
* LG Peoples Choice Award MS Dhoni
Netherlands Won Hockey World League 2014 The
Netherlands on 18 January won the first ever Hockey
World League final after defeating New Zealand by 7-2
in New Delhi. Belgium retained his fifth place , while
India secured sixth place.
Ana Ivanovic Won Auckland Open Tennis Title Ana
Ivanovic of Serbia won the Auckland Open Tennis Title.
She defeated Venus Williams (U.S) in the final at
Auckland, New Zealand.
Rafael Nadal Won Qatar ExxonMobil Open Title
Rafael Nadal of Spain won the Qatar ExxonMobil Open
title on 4 January. He defeated Frances Gael Monfils in
the Mens Singles final at Doha.
Joshna Chinappa Won Winnipeg Open Title Indias
Squash player Joshna Chinappa won the Winnipeg
Winter Club Open trophy on 3 February. She defeated
Heba El Torky of Egypt in the final.
Nico Rosberg Won Australian Grand Prix Mercedes
driver Nico Rosberg of Germany won the Australian
Grand Prix on 16 March at Melbourne in
Australia.Kevin Magnussen of Denmark (McLaren) was
declared second
Mexican Open Tennis Tournament Winners 2014
Womens Singles :- Dominika Cibulkova of
Slovakia won by defeating American Christina
McHale in the final .
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Mens Singles :- Bulgarias Grigor Dimitrov

won after defeating South African Kevin
Anderson in the final.
Brisbane International Tennis Tournament Winners

2014
Womens Singles :- Serena Williams of the
U.S.after defeating Victoria Azarenka of
Belarus in final.
Mens Singles :- Australias Lleyton Hewitt
won by defeating Roger Federer of Switzerland
in the Final.
South Africa Captain Graeme Smith Announced
Retirement South African captain Graeme Smith has
announced on 4 March that he will retire from
international cricket . Smith is the longest serving
captain for South Africa in international cricket.
IMET Squash Open 2013 Indian squash player
Mahesh Mangaonkar has won the IMET Open 2013 in
the Slovakian capital Bratislava on. Mahesh, the 19year-old World No.98 from Mumbai downed defending
champion Greg Lobban, of Scotland.
Rifle/Pistol World Cup Finals Heena Sidhu became a
part of the history by becoming the third Indian pistol
shooter to win Gold at the World Cup Final on 10
November 2013 in Munich. In the Womens 10- metre
Air Pistol event at the ISSF World Cup final, the 24year-old shooter defeated World Champion Zorana
Arunovic of Serbia to bag her first Gold.
Golf World Cup 2013 Jason Day, Australian Golfer won
the Golf world cup at The Royal Melbourne Golf Club
in Melbourne Australia team (Jason Day and Adam
Scott) won the team Championships by beating the
American team of Matt Kuchar & Kevin Streelman.
Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships Indian
weightlifter, Deepak Lathore won Gold and two Silver
medals in the Boys 50 Kg category of the
Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships on 25
November at Penang, Malaysia.
World Athletes of 2013 The Jamaican sprinters, Usain
Bolt and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce were crowned the
male and female World Athletes of the Year, 2013.
Fastest Century in ODI by Corey Anderson New
Zealands Corey Anderson has made world record by his
name by blasted the fastest century in One Day
International. Fastest Hundreds in One Day
Internationals Corey Anderson 36 balls Shahid
Afridi 37 balls Mark Boucher 44 balls Brian Lara 45

balls
Kathy Cross is first woman in ICC Umpires Panel
Kathy Cross of New Zealand became the first woman to
be appointed in an International Cricket Council (ICC)
umpires panel.
Australian Open title
Mens Single Stanislas Wawrinka won by
defeating Rafael Nadal in Melbourne.
Womens Single Li Na of China won the
womens singles title by defeating Dominika
Cibulkova at Melbourne Park.
Mixed Doubles French-Canadian pair of
Kristina Mladenovic and Daniel Nestor won
the Mixed doubles title of the tournament after
defeating Indias Sania Mirza and her Romanian
partner Horia Tecau.
Mens Doubles: ukasz Kubot (Poland) and
Robert Lindstedt (Sweden) took the mens
doubles title with a victory over Eric
Butorac(USA) and Raven Klaseen (South
Africa).
Womens Doubles: Sara Errani and Roberta
Vinci were the defending chanmpions and
successfully defended their title, by defeating
Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina in the
final.
Third Nations Cup International Boxing Tournament
Nikhat Zareen won gold medal at the third Nations Cup
International Boxing Tournament held in Novi Sad,
Serbia. Zareen defeated Paltceva Ekaterina of Russia in
the 51 kg weight category.
Sri Lanka beat India to win its maiden Cricket World
Cup T20 title Sri Lanka lifted their maiden World
Twenty20 title by beating India in the finals held at
Mirpur , Bangladesh.
Australia beat England to win their 3rd successive
Womens Cricket T20 World Cup (2014) title Australia
lifted their 3rd World Twenty20 title by beating England
in the finals held at Dhaka , Bangladesh. England
medium-pacer Anya Shrubsole was named as the
Womens Player of the Tournament.
Novak Djokovic clinched 2014 Miami Masters title by
defeating Rafel Nadal in the finals Novak Djokovic
clinched his 4th Miami Masters title by defeating World
No:1 Rafael Nadal in the mens singles final.
Hockey to become 60-minute game from Sept. 1, 2014
To make hockey exciting and viewer-friendly, the
International Hockey Federation (FIH) introduced major
Page 69
changes in the structure of the sport viz. reduced the 70minute game to 60 minutes, comprising four 15-minute
quarters instead of two 35-minute halves. After the first
and third quarters there will be a two-minute break while
the existing 10-minute half-time will remain unchanged.
South Africa won ICC Under-19 World Cup 2014 For
the first time, South Africa won the ICC Under-19
Cricket World Cup by defeating two-time former
champions Pakistan by six wickets at the Dubai
International Cricket Stadium.
Man of the match Mr. Corbin Borsch (South Africa)
Player of the tournament South African captain Mr.
Aiden Markram.
Sochi 2014: Russia topped medal table as Winter
Olympics came to an end The 2014 Winter Olympics,
officially known as the XXII Olympic Winter Games,
held in Sochi, Russia.
Top five Countries who topped the list:
Rank Country
Gold Silver Bronze
1 Russia (RUS)*
13 11 9
2 Norway (NOR)
11 5 10
3 Canada (CAN)
10 10 5
4 United States (USA) 9 7 12
5 Netherlands (NED) 8 7 9
India wins its first Sultan of Johor Cup title India
vanquished Malaysia to clinch Under-21 Sultan of Johor
Cup hockey.
Brazuca : The new FIFA World Cup ball unveiled
Sports goods manufacturer Adidas unveiled the new ball
for 2014 World Cup called the Brazuca, in honor of

Brazil at a ceremony in Rio de Janeiro
Cristiano Ronaldo wins FIFA Ballon dOr Award
2013Real Madrid forward footballer, Cristiano Ronaldo
won the 2013 FIFA worlds best player award at FIFA
Awards Ceremony in Switzerland.
2014 FIFA World Cup

Host country Brazil
Dates 12 June 13 July
Teams 32 (from 5 confederations)
Venue(s) 12 (in 12 host cities)
The 2018 FIFA World Cup will be the 21st
FIFA World Cup, an international men's football
tournament, that is scheduled to take place in
2018 in Russia.
Logo The official logo of the competition is entitled
"Inspiration", and was created by Brazilian agency
Africa. The design is based around a photograph of three
victorious hands together raising the World Cup trophy
and its yellow and green colouring is meant to represent
Brazil warmly welcoming the world to their country.
The official slogan is "All in One Rhythm" (Portuguese:
"Juntos num s ritmo").
Mascot "Fuleco" is a portmanteau of the words
"Futebol" ("Football") and "Ecologia" ("Ecology") (in
addition, nicknames ending with -eco are popular in
Brazil).
Match ball The official ball of the 2014 World Cup will
be the Adidas Brazuca.
Page 70
SPEED UP YOUR MATHEMATICS CALCULATIONS

A Specialised Method By Er. Deepak Kumar
First rule of the mathematics:
The easier the method you use to solve a problem, the faster you will solve it with less chance of making a
mistakes.
Why mathematics is important?????
People equate mathematical ability with general intelligence.
If you are good at maths, you are generally regarded as highly intelligent.
High achieving maths students are treated differently by their teachers and colleagues.
Mental calculations improves concentration, develops memory, and enhances the ability to retain several
ideas at once
Mathematical knowledge boosts your confidence and self-esteem.
These methods will give you confidence in your mental faculties, intelligence and problem-solving
abilities.
1. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS UP TO 10:

We will begin by learning how to multiply numbers up to 10x10
E.g. 1 7X8=????
Go to the first number 7. How many more do you need to make 10? The answer is 3.
Go to the next number 8. How many more do you need to make 10? The answer is 2
Then subtract diagonally. Take either one of the number. ( 7-2 =5 8-3= 5)
7 x 8 =5(3 x 2)( put 5 on the left side and next to tat 5 put the multiplication of 3 and 2) and we
get 7 x 8 =56.
2. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS GREATER THAN 10. (MULTIPLYING WITH A REFERENCE

NUMBER)
Using 100 as a reference number
(96-100= -4, 97-100=-3,), (97-4= 93 (diagonally sub))

93x100=9300 (multiply with 100), (-4x-3=+12)
=> 9300+12=9312
Steps involved:
Just take an example of multiplying 96 X 97
Take 100 as a reference number.
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Just subtract 96-100 = -4 and 97-100 = -3

Then subtract diagonally and take either of the number, we will get 93 and it was multiplied by
100.
You will get 9300 and -4 X-3 gives you +12. Add this 12 with 9300 we will get 9312.
3. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS ABOVE 100:
(106-100= +6, 104-100=-4,), (106+4=110 (diagonally add))

110x100=11000 (multiply with 100), (6x4=24)
=>11000+24=11024
Take 100 as reference number, 106-100 = +6, 104-100 = 4.

This time just add diagonally. We will get 110 and it was multiplied by 100 we get 11000.
Then multiply +6 and +4 we get 24 and it was added to 11024.
4. COMBINATIONAL METHOD
Suppose on subtracting the given numbers with the reference number

we getting higher number, we need to do the same procedure for the number (which we will get on
subtracting the main number from the reference number.
5. MULTIPLYING NUMBERS ABOVE AND BELOW THE REFERENCE NUMBERS:
The same principle is to be followed.

Here 98 is lower than 100 and 135 is more than 100.
Just subtract the multiplying number with the reference number. We will get -2 and +35.
Then just follow the previous technique we will get 13300,
Then multiply -2 and +35 we get -70.
Then just add 13300-70 we will get 13230.
6. MULTIPLICATION BY FACTORS:
Its easy to multiply by 20, as 20 are 2 times 10. And it is simple to multiply by 10 and by 2.
This is called multiplication by factors, as 10 and 2 are factors of 20.
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(23+11=31+3=34, )
(34 x 20=> 34x 10=340, 340x 2= 680)-> multiplication by factors
Just do the same procedure.
(23+11=31+3=34, )
(34 x 20=> 34x 10=340, 440x 2= 680)-> multiplication by factors
3*11 gives 33 and 680+33 gives you 713 tats the answer.
7. MULTIPLYING BELOW 20
(19-4=16-1=15,)
(15X2X10=30x10=300 )-> multiplication by factors
Here the only difference we need to take 20 as reference number.
And follow the same procedure.
8. MULTIPLYING USING DOUBLE REFERENCE NUMBER:

8 X 37=????
In this problem we have two reference nos. , for 8, the reference no is 10 and for 37, the
reference no is 40.
Its shows the reference no of 8 is four times the reference number of the 37.
Just subtract the no from its reference no. (8 - 10= -2, 37- 40= -3)
Then multiply the first difference (2) by 4 ( the multiplies of the reference no 10) , -> -2 x 4 = -8,
Then -8+37 = 29 , and multiply by the main reference no 10., 29x10 = 290.
Then -2 x -3 = 6, 290+6 = 296.
The answer is 296.
9. EASY MULTIPLICATION BY 9
The reference no for 9 is 10, and for 486 is 490,

And the second reference no is 49 times the first reference no.
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Just the subtract the respective no from their reference no.

We will get 9-10 = -1, 486-490= -4
Multiply the difference of first reference no (10) by the multiple of the second reference no.
=> -1 x 49 = -49.
Subtract -49 from 486, => 486-50+1 = 437 and multiply by the first reference no. we will get 4370.
10. ADDITION
The basic rule for mental addition:
To add 9, add 10 and subtract 1: to add 8, add 10 and subtract 2; to add 7 add 10 and subtract 3, and so
on.
If you wanted to add 47, you would add 50 and subtract 3,
To add 196, add 200 and subtract 4.
To add 38 to a number, add 40 and subtract 2,
TWO DIGIT MENTAL ADDITIONS:
If the units digit is high, round off to the next ten and then subtract the difference. If the units digit is
low,
add the tens then the units.
With two digit mental addition you add the tens digit of each number first, then the units. If the
digit is high, round off the number upwards and then subtract the difference. If you are adding47,
add 50, and then subtract 3.
To add 35, 67, and 43 together you would begin with 34, add 70 to get 105, subtract 3 to get 102,
add 10 to get 142 then the 3 to get your answer of 145.
ADDING THREE DIGIT NUMBERS:
355+752+694 =?
355+700 = 1055
1055+50+2 = 1107
1107+700-6 = 1807-6 = 1801
OR
You may prefer to add from left to right; adding the hundreds first, then the tens and then the units.
ADDITING LARGER NUMBERS:
8461
We begin with the thousands column.8+5 = 13, since we are dealing with thousands, our answer is 13
thousand.
Observe that the numbers in the hundreds column conveniently add to 10, so that gives us another
thousand. Then answer is 14000.
Then add 61 to 14000, we getting 14061.
Add 80 to and subtract 2. To add 80 add 100 and subtract 20, (14061+100-20-2) = 14161-20- 2=141412=14139 is the answer.
Page 74
An easy rule is: when adding a column of numbers add pairs of digits to make tens first, then add the
other digits.
11. SUBTRACTION:
To subtract mentally, try and round off the number you are subtracting and then correct the answer.
To subtract 9, take 10 and add 1: to subtract 8, take 10 and add 2; to subtract 7, take 10 and add 3,
1. Eg: 56-9 =
-1
(To take 9 from 56 in your head, the easiest and fastest method is to subtract 10, (46) and add1 we get 47.)
2. 54-38 = 16
+2
44-40, plus 2 makes 16
3. 436-87 =
+13
Take 100 to get 336. Add 13 and we will get 349 easy.
SUBTRACTING ONE NUMBER BELOW A HUNDREDS VALUE FROM ANOTHER WHICH
IS JUST ABOVE THE SAME HUNDREDS NUMBERS.
THREE DIGIT SUBTRACTIONS:
1. 461 -275 =
25
161+25 = 160+20+5+1 = 186
2. 834 - 286 =
14
534+14 = 530+10+4+4 = 540+8 = 548
SUBTRACTION METHOD ONE:
1. 7254-3897 =
Page 75
12. SQUARING THE NUMBERS:

1. Squaring the numbers ending with 5.
352 =
Page 76
Separate the 5 from the digits in front. in this case there is only a 3 in front of the 5.
Add 1 to 3 get 4 (3+1= 4)
Multiply these numbers together: 3 x 4 = 12
Write the square of 5 (25) after 12. We will get 1225.
135 2 = ??
Take 13, add 1 to it we will get 14.
Then 13 x 14 = 182
Add the square of 5 next to it. We will get 18225.
13. SQUARING THE NUMBERS NEAR TO 50:
462 =
Forty six squared means 46 x 46. Rounding upwards, 50 x 50 = 2500.
Take 50 and 2500 as our reference points.
50 462
-4
46 = 50-4, so 4 is a minus number.
So we take 4 from the 25 hundreds.
(25-4) x 100= 2100
To get the rest of the answer, we square the number in the minus. ( 4 2= 16)
Add 2100 and 16 we will get 2116 is the answer.
562 =
Fifty six squared means 56 x 56. Rounding upwards, 50 x 50 = 2500.
Take 50 and 2500 as our reference points.
50 562
+6
56 = 50+4, so 6 is a positive number.
So we add 6 to 25 hundreds.
(25+6) x 100= 3100
To get the rest of the answer, we square the number in the minus. ( 62= 36)
Add 3100 and 36 we will get 3136 is the answer.
14. SQUARING NUMBERS NEAR TO 500:
This is similar to our strategy for squaring numbers near 50.
Five hundred times 500 is 250000, we take 500 and 250000 as our reference number.
5062 =
500 5062
+6
2
500 = 250000
Five hundred and six is greater than 500,
Square of 500 is 250000
The number 6 is added to the thousands
(250+6) x1000 = 256000
Square 6 is 36.
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256000+36 =256036 is the answer.
15. Square the number ends with 1:

31 =
First, subtract 1 from the number. The number now ends in zero and should be easy to
square. (302 = 3 x 3 x 10 x 10) = 900
Add 30 and its next number 31 (30+31). We will get 61)
Add (900 + 61) = 961.
3512=?
3502 = 122500
350 +351 = 701
122500 +701 = 123201
2
16. WE CAN ALSO USE THE METHOD FOR SQUARING NUMBERS ENDING IN 1 FOR
THOSE ENDING IN 6.
2
86 =
852 =7225
85+86 = 171
7225+171 = 7396
Squaring numbers ending with 9
292 =
Add 1 to the number. The number now ends in zero and is easy to square.
302 = 900
Now add 30 with given number29 (30+29 =59)
Then sub (900 - 59 = 841)
3492 =
3502 = 122500
350+349 = 699
Sub (122500 - 699 = 121801)
BASIC MATHEMATICAL FORMULA
10.
Page 78
COMPUTER AWARENESS
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model:
Definition: The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. The upper layers
of the OSI model represent software that implements network services like encryption and connection
management. The lower layers of the OSI model implement more primitive, hardware-oriented functions like
routing, addressing, and flow control.
The OSI model was introduced in 1984. Although it was designed to be an abstract model, the OSI
model remains a practical framework for today's key network technologies like Ethernet and protocols
like IP.
The OSI model should be used as a guide for how data is transmitted over the network. It is an abstract
representation of the data pathway and should be treated as such.
The OSI model was specifically made for connecting open systems. These systems are designed to be
open for communication with almost any other system. The model was made to break down each
functional layer so that overall design complexity could be lessened. The model was constructed with
seven layers for the flow of information. These are:
1. Application Layer
2. Presentation layer
3. Session layer
4. Transport layer
5. Network layer
6. Data link layer
7. Physical layer
Layer Responsible for interacting with OS while sending mails
APPLICATION LAYER: This is the layer responsible to communicate with operating systems whenever user
choses to send e-mails, files or documents.
Functions:
File accessing
Directory Services
Inter-process communication
Network Management
Directory Services
Mailing System (EMAIL)
Protocols Used: FTP, HTTP, SMTP, DNS, NFS, TELNET
File Transfer System (FTP): Used for transferring files over network
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Allows the servers and browsers to interact each other
Page 79
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): Used for transferring emails between servers
Domain Name System (DNS): Translates the domain and host names to IP Address
TELNET: Terminal emulation program which connects PS to the server on the network
Network File System (NFS): A system designed by SUN Microsystems for accessing files on different
computers
Layer responsible for converting the data understandable by other layers
PRESENTATION LAYER: Presentation layer is responsible for converting the data provided by application
layer, which is understandable by remaining Layers. We can say this is the Translator of the network.
Presentation Layer is also called as Syntax Layer
Functions:
Code Translation (ASCII to human readable)
Data Conversion
Data Compression
Data Encryption
Protocols Used: ASCII, EBCDIC, MIDI, MPEG, JPEG
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): Represents the English Alphabets as Numbers
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC): An 8-bit code by IBM for representing the
English Alphabets as Numbers
Musical Instrument Device Interface (MIDI): A computer instrument which controls note events, timing events,
pitch bends and pedal information.
Layer responsible for Authentication Process
SESSION LAYER: Session is nothing but allowing the connections between the applications
Functions:
Establishing, managing, terminating the connections between applications is the responsibility of session
layer
It performs some of the actions like Logon, Name Reorganization for security over the network
Protocols Used: SQL and RPC
Layer Responsible for Data Transmission
TRANSPORT LAYER: It is responsible for transferring the data between the devices. It ensures that whether
the message is delivered without any error or duplication.
Functions:
Message Acknowledgement: Delivers a message whether message is sent or not
Message Segmentation: Divides the message into segments while sending
Error Recovery: It checks whether the message is transferred completely without any errors
Flow Control
Protocols Used: TCP and UDP
Layer Responsible for sending data to right place
NETWORK LAYER: It is responsible for sending the data in right path to right destination using routing,
virtual circuits and switching technologies.
Functions:
Routing and forwarding
Addressing
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Internetworking
Error Handling
Congestion Control
Packet Sequencing
Protocols Used: IP, ICMP, ARP and PING
Layer Responsible for sending packets in the form of bits

DATA LINK LAYER:
In this layer, Data is sent in the form of Frames
Data link layer sends the coded and decoded data into bits over Medium Access Control (MAC) layer and
Logical Link Layer (LLC) layer.
Functions:
Synchronization
Flow Control
Error Recovery
Protocols Used: IEEE 802.2, 802.3, 802.5
PHYSICAL LAYER: This is the lowest layer in OSI which is responsible for transmitting and receiving the
raw data for higher layers. Some of the physical characteristics are Connections, timing and voltage levels
Protocols Used: IEEE 802.2 and 802.5
Repeaters, bridges, and routers are devices used to link individual LANs together to form larger internetworks.
each one operates within a specific layer of the OSI model.
Repeaters operate at the Physical Layer of the OSI model. They simply listen to all network traffic on
one port and send it back out through one or more ports, extending smaller networks into a larger, single
network. A repeater simply receives frames, regenerates them, and passes them along. It performs no
processing of the frames or the data they contain.Relation to OSI Layer Functions
Page 81
Because repeaters operate at the Physical Layer, they do not need any addressing data from the frame.
Repeaters do not even look at the frames they are forwarding, passing along even damaged frames. This
can be especially problematic if one segment malfunctions and begins a broadcast storm. All those
erroneous broadcasts are forwarded faithfully by the repeater!
Bridges operate at the Data Link Layer. They use the Data Link Layer and its physical addressing to
join several networks into a single network efficiently.
Bridges join two or more network segments together, forming a larger individual network. They
function similarly to a repeater, except a bridge looks to see whether data it receives is destined for the
same segment or another connected segment. If the data is destined for a computer on the same segment,
the bridge does not pass it along. If that data is going to a computer on another segment, the bridge sends
it along.
for PCs is the IBM token-ring network.
Computers on a network are sometimes
called nodes or workstations. Computers
and devices that allocate resources for a
Computer Networks
A group of two or more computer systems linked
network are called servers or file servers.
together. There are many [types] of computer
Internetworking
networks:
The art and science of connecting individual localarea networks (LANs) to create wide-area
Peer To Peer (workgroups)
The computers are connected by a network,
networks (WANs) , and connecting WANs to form
however, there is NOT a Server present.
even larger WANs. Internetworking can be
extremely complex because it generally involves
Client/Server
connecting networks that use different protocols.
The computers are connected by a network, and
Internetworking
there is a Server present.
is accomplished with routers, bridges, and
gateways.
Other Classifications:
Routing
Local-area networks (LANs): The
In internetworking, the process of moving a packet
computers are geographically close together
of data from source to destination. Routing is
(that is, in the same building).
usually
Metropolitan-area networks (MANs): The
performed by a dedicated device called a router.
computers are farther apart and are
Routing is a key feature of the Internet because it
connected (that is, in the same city).
enables messages to pass from one computer to
Wide-area networks (WANs): The
another and eventually reach the target machine.
computers are farther apart and are
Each intermediary computer performs routing by
connected (that is, NOT in the same city).
passing along the message to the next computer.
Part of this process involves analyzing a routing
In addition to these types, the following
table to determine the best path.
[characteristics] are also used to categorize
Routing is often confused with bridging, which
different types of networks:
performs a similar function. The principal
Topology : The geometric arrangement of a
difference between the two is that bridging occurs at
computer system. Common topologies
a lower level and is therefore more of a hardware
include a bus, star, and ring. Hybrids of
function whereas routing occurs at a higher level
these are, star bus & star ring.
where the software component is more important.
Protocol : The protocol defines a common
And because routing occurs at a higher level, it can
set of rules and signals that computers on the
perform more complex analysis to determine the
network use to communicate.
optimal path for the
Architecture : Networks can be broadly
packet.
classified as using either a peer-to-peer or
Local-Area Network -LAN
client/server architecture. One of the most
A computer network that spans a relatively small
popular architecture for LANs is called
area. Most LANs are confined to a single building
Ethernet. Another popular LAN architecture
Page 82
or group of buildings. However, one LAN can be

connected to other LANs over any distance via
telephone lines and radio waves. A system of LANs
connected in this way is called a wide-area network
(WAN).
Most LANs connect workstations and personal
computers. Each node (individual computer) in a
LAN has its own CPU with which it executes
programs, but it is also able to access data and
devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that
many users can share expensive devices, such as
laser printers, as well as data. Users can also use the
LAN to communicate with each other, by sending
e-mail or engaging in chat sessions.
There are many different types of LANs, Ethernet
being the most common for PCs. Most Apple
Macintosh networks are based on Apple's
AppleTalk network system, which is built into
Macintosh computers.
The following characteristics differentiate one LAN
from another:
Topology : The geometric arrangement of
devices on the network. For example,
devices can be arranged in a ring or in a
straight line.
Protocols : The rules and encoding
specifications for sending data. The
protocols also determine whether the
network uses a peer-to-peer or client/server
architecture.
Media : Devices can be connected by
twisted-pair wire, coaxial cables, or fiber
optic cables. Some networks do without
connecting media altogether,
communicating instead via radio waves.
LANs are capable of transmitting data at
very fast rates, much faster than data can be
transmitted over a telephone line; but the
distances are limited, and there is also a
limit on the number of computers that can be
attached to a single LAN.
Metropolitan Area Network - MAN
Short for Metropolitan Area Network, a data
network designed for a town or city. In terms of
geographic breadth, MANs are larger than localarea networks (LANs), but smaller than wide-area
networks (WANs). MANs are usually characterized
by very high-speed connections using fiber optical
cable or other digital media.
Wide-Area Network - WAN

A computer network that spans a relatively large
geographical area. Typically, a WAN consists of
two or more local-area networks (LANs).
Computers connected to a wide-area network are
often connected through public networks, such as
the telephone system. They can also be connected
through leased lines or satellites. The largest WAN
in existence is the Internet.
Topology
The shape of a local-area network (LAN) or other
communications system. There are three principal
topologies used in LANs.
Bus topology: All devices are connected to
a central cable, called the bus or backbone.
Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and
easy to install for small networks. Ethernet
systems use a bus topology.
Ring topology : All devices are connected
to one another in the shape of a closed loop,
so that each device is connected directly to
two other devices, one on either side of it.
Ring topologies are relatively expensive and
difficult to install, but they offer high
bandwidth and can span large distances.
Star topology: All devices are connected to
a central hub. Star networks are relatively
easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks
can occur because all data must pass through
the hub. These topologies can also be mixed.
For example, a bus-star network consists of
a high-bandwidth bus, called the backbone,
which connects a collection of slowerbandwidth star segments.
advantages and disadvantages; for example, some
are simpler than others, some are more reliable, and
some are faster.
From a user's point of view, the only interesting
aspect about protocols is that your computer or
device must support the right ones if you want to
communicate with other computers. The protocol
can be implemented either in hardware or in
software.
Page 83
MARKETING AWARENESS
Market
It is a physical place or an environment where
sellers and buyers meet together to exchange goods
and services.
Marketing
It is the sum total of all activities that are related to
the free flow of goods from the producer to the
customer.
Getting the right goods & services, to the right
people, at the right place, at the right time and at the
right price.
Marketing Management
It is the art and science of choosing target markets
and getting, keeping and growing customers
through creating, delivering and communicating
superior customer value.
Market Research
It is a process of collection and analyzing
information regarding customer needs and buying
habits, the nature of competition in the market,
prevailing prices, distribution network,
effectiveness of advertising media etc for arriving at
a decision.
Relationship Marketing
It is basically building mutually satisfying long term
relationships with key parties like customers,
suppliers, distributors and other marketing partners
in order to earn and retain their business.
Direct Marketing
It consists of a manufacturer selling directly to the
final customer. It is also called zero level channel.
The major examples are door-to-door sales,
telemarketing, Internet selling etc.
Packaging
It involves putting the goods in attractive packets
according to the convenience of consumers. Well
designed packages can build brand equity and drive
sales. The package is the buyer's first encounter
with the product and is capable of turning the buyer
on or off.
Personal Selling
It is a part of promotional activity. It involves
communicating directly with the target audience
through paid personnel of the company or its agents
for making sales.
SWOT Analysis
S- Strengths, W- Weakness, O- Opportunities, TThreats
PEST Analysis
P- Political Factors, E- Economic Factors,
S- Socio-cultural Factors T- Technological Factors
Marketing Mix (4P's)
Product, Price, Place, Promotion
Viral Marketing
Marketing by the word of mouth having a high pass
route from person to person is called viral
marketing. It can create a splash in the market place
to showcase a
brand and its noteworthy features.
Product Policy
It is concerned with defining the type, volume and
timing of the products a company offer for sale.
Rights of consumers
Right to safety, Right to be informed, Right to
choose, Right to be heard Right to seek redressal,
Right to consumer education
Page 84
Cross Selling
An exposure to various other unutilized services of
the bank to a customer is called cross selling. It also
includes identifying customer needs, matching the
products to customer needs, convincing the
customers of product benefits & responding to
questions and objections of customers
SME's
It stands for Small & Medium Enterprises
Market Expansion
It is growth in sales through existing and new
products by adopting competitive strategies. It
includes expanding the total market, defending
market share, expanding market share etc.
Product Diversification
It refers to manufacturing or distributing more than
one product by the producer or dealer.
Marketing Plan
It is a written document that summarizes what the
marketer has learned about the market place and
indicates how the firm plans to reach its marketing
objectives. It is the one of the most important
outputs of the marketing process.
Green Marketing
It is a new environment friendly marketing
technique.
Product Elimination
It is a process of removing product from the product
line (it is a group of products that are closely related
to each other).
Drip Marketing
The method of sending promotional items to clients
is called drip marketing.
Selling
It is confined to persuasion of consumers to buy
firm's goods and services. It involves the transfer of
ownership of goods to create possession utility.
Bench Marketing
A comparison of the business processes with
competitors and improving prevailing ones is called
bench marketing.
Qualities of a good seller
Devotion to the work, Submissive, Sympathy,
Active mind set, Communication skill, Creativity,
Motivation
Prospect
A 'likely' interested customer of the bank is termed
as a prospect.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
It allows the company to discover whom its
customers are, how they behave and what they need
or want. It also enables the company to respond
appropriately, coherently and quickly to different
customer opportunities.
Call
In marketing, calling on the prospective customer is
known as a call.
Sales Forecasting
It is the expected level of company's sales based on
a chosen marketing plan an assumed marketing
environment. It involves sales planning, sales
pricing, distribution channels, consumer tastes etc.
Motivation
It refers to inspiring one self and others to perform
better.
Branding
The essence of a product, its quality and
competitiveness displayed in the form of letters,
symbols and colours is known as branding.
Sales Forecasting
The method of estimating volume of sales that a
company can expect to attain within a planned
period is called sales forecasting.
Page 85
Advertising
Any paid form of non-personal presentation and
promotion of ideas, goods or services by an
identified sponsor.
Segmentation
The process of dividing a market into a number of
sub markets is known as market segmentation. '
Demarketing
Marketing aimed at limiting market growth; for
example, some governments practice demarketing
to conserve natural resources, and organizations use
a demarketing approach when there is so much
demand that that are unable to serve the needs of all
potential customers adequately
Positioning
The development of marketing mix to influence a
customer's perception of a brand is called
positioning.
Consumer Behaviour
A consumer's buying behaviour is influenced by
cultural, social, personal and psychological factors.
Promotion
When a marketer persuades a person or group of
prospective buyers, the communication is termed as
promotion.
Product Life Cycle (PLC)
It is the life period of product in the market. The
different stages includes Introduction, Growth,
Maturity, Decline
Bancassurance
Bancassurance simply means selling of insurance
products by banks. In this arrangement, insurance
companies and banks undergo a tie-up, thereby
allowing banks to sell the insurance products to its
customers.
Consumer Goods
Goods meant for personal consumption by the
households or ultimate consumers are called
consumer goods. It includes items like groceries,
cloths etc.
Industrial Goods
Goods meant for consumption as use as inputs in
production of other products or
provision of some service are termed as industrial
goods.
Page 86
Highlights of Rail Budget 2014

Union minister Sadananda Gowda is presenting his first
Rail Budget in the Lok Sabha. Here are the highlights :
Indian railways to become the largest freight

carrier in the world.
Social obligation of Railways in 2013-14 was
Rs 20,000 crore.
Gross traffic receipts in 2013-14 was Rs
12,35,558 crore; operating ratio was 94 per
cent.
Focus in past has been on sanctioning projects
rather than completing them, Railway minister
says.
Indian Railways spent Rs 41,000 crore on
laying of 3,700 km of new lines in last 10 years.
Fare revision will bring in Rs.8,000 crore;

need another Rs.9,000 crore for golden
quadrilateral project.
Railways also proposes to set up Food
Courts at major stations.
Need to explore alternative sources of
resource mobilisation and not depend on
fare hike alone, Railway minister says.
Spend 94 paisa of every rupee earned,
leaving a surplus of only 6 paisa.
With 12,500 trains, railways move 23
million passengers every day; equivalent to
moving Australia's population.
Separate housekeeping wing at 50 major
stations.
CCTV to monitor cleanliness activities.
Mechanized laundry will be introduced.
Dedicated freight corridor on Eastern and
Western corridors.
5400 unmanned level crossing removed.
Tourist trains to be introduced to link all
major places of tourist interests across the
country.
4,000 women constables to be recruited to
ensure safety of women. 17,000 RPF
constables to provide safety to passengers.
Setting up of Railway University for
technical and non-technical study.
Ultrasonic system to detect problem in

track.
Proposal to start Bullet trains on Mumbai
Ahmedabad route. Speed of important trains
will be also raised.
Diamond Quadrilateral project of high
speed trains to connect all major metros.
E-ticketing system to be improved. Future
e-ticketing to support 7200 tickets per
minute & to allow 120,000 simultaneous
users
Wifi in A1 and A category stations and in
select trains. Internet-based platform and
unreserved tickets.
GIS mapping and digitization of Railway
Land. Extension of logistics support to
various e-Commerce Companies.
Bulk of future projects will be financed
through PPP mode.
Facilitate transport of milk through rail.
Special milk transportation trains in
association with Amul and National Dairy
Association Board.
One ticket to reach from Delhi to Srinagar.
Udhampur to Banihal by bus and Banihal to
Srinagar by train.
Mumbai local to get 860 new, state-of-the
art coaches. 64 new EMUs to be introduced.
Train connectivity to Char Dham.
Paperless office of Indian railways in 5
years. Digital reservation charts at stations.
Ready-to-eat meals to be introduced in
phased manners.
27 Express trains to be introduced.
5 Jansadharan , 5 Premium AC trains to be
introduced.
Source Times of India
Page 87
Title of e-magazine : INCRIDIBLE BANKING

Periodicity of Publication: Quarterly
Publishers Name: Mr. Rahul Rituraj
Editors Name: Er. Deepak Kumar
Research Team: Team I Work For Humanity
Graphics Designed: MATRIX Printing Press
A Special thanks to all my Associates of My Team TEAM I WORK FOR HUMANITY for their contribution
from starting to End.
If any mistake then please inform us on Facebook Bankers ka Adda Group
Or Email Us deepakofficio@gmail.com
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INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

Mr. Rahul Rituraj

Er. Deepak Kumar

Mr. Aniket Anand

BSC (IT) in 2011

Got GOLD MEDAL in all

Won 1st prize in DEBATE

MY STUDENT kuhu krishna

This e-Magazine will help you and give

Graduation Details- B.Com

(Ch. I WORK FOR HUMANITY )

Deepak Kumar Das

"Make yourself like a raft boat , keep

Contribution : Banking And

PAIN IS TEMPRORARY BUT PRIDE IS FOREVER

What is impact of reducing CRR?

What is impact of Hiking CRR?

2. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

Difference between CRR and SLR

Controls the liquidity in the economy

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

5. Some Special Accounts

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

6. Priority Sector Lending

Foreign banks operating in India

Total Priority Sector

Total agricultural advances

Export credit does not form part of

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

{note : NBC denotes net bank credit}

4. What constitutes Direct Finance for Agricultural Purposes ?

5. What constitutes Indirect Finance to Agriculture ?

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

8. What are Small Scale Service & Business Enterprises (SSSBEs) ?

State Financial Corporations (SFCs)/State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs)

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

NAME OF THE BANK

Bank of Maharashtra, Pune India

Central Bank of India

Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Indian Overseas Bank

Oriental Bank of Commerce

Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Punjab National Bank

New Delhi, India

Punjab & Sind Bank

Rajendra Place New Delhi, India

Manipal, Karnataka, India

Union Bank of India

United Bank of India

Kolkata, West Bengal, India

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

Some Important term related to Banking

9. What is National Income?

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

The way in which a company is governed and how

overnments.The Act applies to all States and Union

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

replaced the Agricultural Credit Department (ACD)

INCRIDBLE BANKING SUCCESS SERIES

32. What is Asset Management Companies?