ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS OF NEPAL

2011

Government of Nepal
National Planning Commission Secretariat

Central Bureau of Statistics

Thapathali, Kathmandu
Nepal

Published by

Central Bureau of Statistics

P.O. Box: 11031
Ramshah Path, Thapathali
Kathmandu,
Nepal

Phone: 4245946, 4245947, 4245948

Fax: 977-1-4227720
E-mail:environment@cbs.gov.np
Website: www.cbs.gov.np

First Edition : June, 2012, (1000 Copies)

Reprinted : January, 2013, (1000 Copies)

Printed at : Siddhakali Offset Press (P.) Ltd., Kathmandu, Nepal, Tel.: 01-4238561

Preface
Environment is a multi-disciplinary topics directly related to the nature, human being and their
activities. Concerns have been growing widely about changing environment and its impact
upon the lives of the earth. In fact, areas of most researchers and efforts of most scientists are
being concentrated towards environment in one way or the other. Accordingly, priority of the
Government of Nepal has also been focused towards environment, be that in the name of "the
Climate Change" or "Conservation" or " the quality of life of the people". Therefore, Central
Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in the context of the increasing demand for environment related
data, has been attempting to bring out special publication since decades and the present
edition "Environment Statistics of Nepal 2011" is the seventh in the series.
This is an update to the previous edition and has compiled data based on the classification of
the United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics 1995 (UNFDES,
1995) covering topics on economic issues, social and demographic issues, air and climate,
land and soil, water, other natural resources, waste, human settlements and natural disasters.
I hope that this edition will be useful to planners, policy makers and other users as well.
I would like to express my gratitude to the government and non-government agencies for
providing valuable data and supports to bring out this publication in its present form.
I would like to thank Mr. Prabodh Sagar Dhakal, Deputy Director General of the bureau for his
overall guidance to bring out this publication. Mr. Krishna Tuladhar, Director, Environment
Statistics and Satellite Accounts Section took responsibility to accomplish the whole tasks of
the compilation and bringing out this publication in time. So, I would like to thank Mr. Tuladhar
for his sincere dedication. Statistical Officers Mr. Surya Kumar Pandit, Mr. Mahesh Chand
Pradhan and Mrs.Ranju Khadka are also thankful for their sincere involvement in the
compilation of this publication. Similarly, I would like to thank Mr. Damodar Shrestha, Statistical
Assistant for his involvement in data collection.

Finally, I would like to request all users to provide invaluable suggestions and comments that
would be useful for further improvement of future publications.

June, 2012
Kathmandu, Nepal

Uttam Narayan Malla

Director General

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ARI

Acute respiratory tract infection

As

Arsenic

BHC

Boron hydrogen carbon

BOD

Biological oxygen demand

Bq

Becquerel

Ca

Calcium

CBS

Central Bureau of Statistics

Cd

Cadmium

CDD

Control of diarrhea diseases

CFC

Chlorofluorocarbons

cfu

Coliform

CFUG

Community Forest User Group

CH4

Methane

CITES

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of World Fauna and Flora

CO

Carbon monoxide

CO2

Carbon dioxide

COD

Chemical oxygen demand

COFOG

Classification of Functions of Government

COICOP

Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose

COPNI

Classification of the Purposes of Non-Profit Institutions

CPC

Central Product Classifications

dBA

Decibel A

DDT

Dichloro diethene tricloroethen

DHM

Department of Hydrology Meteorology

DO

Dissolved oxygen

DMG

Department of Mines and Geology

DWSS

Department of Water Supply and Sewage

DWIDP

Departmenty of Water Induced Disaster Prevention

EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

FISIM

Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured

ft

Cubic feet

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GEF

Global Environment Facility

GNDI

Gross National Disposable Income

GNI

Gross National Income

Ha

Hectare

HC

Hydrocarbon

HHs

Households

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

Hr

Hour

HSU

Hatridge smoke unit

ii

HVAS

High volume air sampler

ICIMOD

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

ISIC

International Standard Industrial Classifications

ITTA

International Tropical Timber Agreement

IUCN

The World Conservation Union

(International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)

K2O

Potassium oxide

kg

Kilogram

kl

Kiloliter

km

Kilometer

km

Square kilometer

KUKL

Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited

KWh

Kilowatt hour

Liter

L/d/p

Liter / day / person

lcd

Liter consumption/day

LD

Laser dust

Ldn

Level day-night

Leq

Equivalent sound presser level

LPG

Liquefied petroleum gas

LRMP

Land Resource and Mapping Project

Lt/min

Liter per minute

Meter

Million
2

Square meter

Cubic meter

Cubic meter per minute

m /yr

Cubic meter per year

MB

Multi-bacilli

mb

Mill bar

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

MDT

Multi-drug therapy

m
m

m / min

mg/l

Milligram per liter

3

mg/m

Milligrams per cubic meter

ml

Local magnitude / milliliter

mld

Million liter/day

mm

Millimeter

mrem/hr

Milli radiation equivalent to man/hour

mt.

Metric ton

mtO

Mineral trepanation oil

Nitrogen

NA

Not Available

Na

Sodium

iii

NARC

Nepal Agriculture Research Council

NAST

Nepal Academy of Science and Technology.

NDHS

Nepal Demographic and Health Survey

NLSS

Nepal Living Standards Survey

NO2

Nitrogen dioxide

NP

National Parks

NSIC

Nepal Standard Industrial Classifications

NTU

Nephelometer turbidity unit

NWSC

Nepal Water Supply Corporation

O3

Ozone

Degree Celsius

ODS

Ozone depleting substance

P2 O 5

Phosphorus pentaoxide

pb

Lead

pH

Hydrogen-in concentration

PM10

Particulate matter less than 10 microgram (0.07 g/m3)

PO3

Phosphate

ppb

Parts per billion

ppm

Parts per million

ppt

Parts per trillion

SAE

Small Area Estimation

SEEA

Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting

SO2

Sulphur dioxide

SO4

Sulphate

SOx

Oxides of Sulphur

SPM

Suspended Particulate Matter

STD

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

TCU

True color unit

TDS

Total Dissolved Solids

TOE

Tones of Oil Equivalent

TSP

Total suspended particulates

TSS

Total Suspended Solids

TYIP

Three Year Interim Plan

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

UNFDES

United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics

UV

Ultra Violet

WECS

Water and Energy Commission Secretariat

WHO

World Health Organization

WP

Watt Power

WW

Waste Water

e's

Micro- environments
3

g/m

Microgram per cubic meter

iv

Contents
Page
Preface

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ii

Chapter
I

Introduction

II

Economic Issues

11

III :

Social and Demographic Issues

29

IV :

Air and Climate

41

Land and Soil

57

VI :

Water

75

VII :

Other Natural Resources

95

VIII :

Waste

113

IX :

Human Settlements

121

Natural Disasters

137

Appendices

145

List of Environment Related Policies, Acts and Rules

147

II

Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003 (SEEA 2003)

149

III :

List of International Conventions Signed and Ratified by the Government of Nepal

150

IV :

United Nations Environment Programme

151

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Agenda 21)

153

VI :

International Standard Industrial Classifications of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Rev. 4

156

VII :

Central Product Classifications (CPC ),Ver. 2

159

VIII :

Classification of Functions of Government (COFOG)

161

IX :

Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP)

163

Classification of the Purposes of Non-Profit Institutions (COPNI)

165

XI :

Classification of the Outlay of Producers according to Purpose (COPP)

166

XII :

SEEA Asset Classification

167

XIII : Classification of Environmental Protection Activities and Expenditure (CEPA 2000)

169

XVI :

MDG Indicators

171

XV :

Glossary

174

Reference

186

List of Tables
Page No.
Table 2.1:

Summary of Macro Economic Indicators of Nepal, 2000/01-2011/12

13

Table 2.2:

Gross Value Added by Industrial Division (at current prices)

14

Table 2.3:

Gross Value Added by Industrial Division (at constant 2000/01 prices)

15

Table 2.4 :

Production of Agricultural Commodities

16

Table 2.5 :

Production of Livestock Products

17

Table 2.6 :

Quarterly Manufacturing Production Index of Nepal

18

Table 2.7 :

Production of Various Minerals and Quarrying Products

20

Table 2.8 :

Supply of Forest Products

20

Table 2.9 :

Food Consumption Pattern (NLSS Food Basket Composition)

21

Table 2.10: Installation of Solar Home System by District, Nepal

22

Table 2.11 : Primary Production and Import of Coal in Nepal, 1998/99-2008/09

23

Table 2.12: Consumption of Petroleum Products in Nepal, 2000/01-2009/10

23

Table 2.13: Energy Consumption by Sector, 2001/02-2010/011

24

Table 2.14 : Energy Consumption by Sector and Type, 2001/02-2010/11

24

Table 2.15 : Annual Production of Improved Seeds

25

Table 2.16 : Crop Species Registered in Nepal

25

Table 2.17 : Maximum Residual Limits (MRL) of Pesticides in Foodstuffs

26

Table 2.18 : Small Scale Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Rural-Urban Area

26

Table 2.19 : Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Rural-Urban Area

27

Table 2.20 : Summary of Fish Production in Nepal, 2010/011

27

Table 2.21 : Environment Protection Expenditure of Nepal

27

Table 3.1 :

Social and Demographic Indicators

31

Table 3.2 :

Population Distribution and Composition, 1971-2001

32

Table 3.3 :

Population and Household

34

Table 3.4 :

Poverty Head Count Rate

34

Table 3.5:

Poverty Gap in Rural and Urban, Nepal

34

Table 3.6 :

Status of Calorie Consumption and Malnutrition

35

Table 3.7 :

Percentage Distribution of Boys and Girls Enrolled in Different levels of Schools

35

Table 3.8:

Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) in Different Levels of Schools, 2001-2010

36

Table 3.9:

Net Enrolment Rate (NER) in Different Levels of Schools, 2001-2010.

37

Table 3.10 : Inter-Zonal Life-Time Migrants, Nepal, 1971-2001

38

Table 3.11 : Inter-Zonal Migrants for Both Sexes, Nepal, 2001

38

Table 3.12 : Statistics on Crime, Corruption, Traffic Accidents in Nepal,2001/02-2010/11

39

Table 3.13 : Number of Hard Drug Users by Sex,Nepal, 2006/07

39

Table 3.14 : Number of Environment Related NGOs and INGOs Affiliated with Social Welfare Council

40

vi

Table 4.1:

Annual Mean Temperature by Station

43

Table 4.2:

Precipitation by District and Station

44

Table 4.3 :

Annual Rainfall by Station

45

Table 4.4 :

Average Sunshine Duration by Station

46

Table 4.5 :

Average Wind Speed by Station

47

Table 4.6:

Monthly Average PM10 for 2003-2007 in Different Areas

48

Table 4.7 :

Noise Level at Different Areas

49

Table 4.8 :

Annual Background Radiation Exposure at Some Location in Nepal, 1987-1998

50

Table 4.9 :

PM10, TSP, SO2, NO2, Co and pb Measurements

50

Table 4.10 : Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) Protection Status-Montral Protocal,1987

51

Table 4.11: Types of Climate by Physiographic Zone of Nepal

52

Table 4.12: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal, 2003

52

Table 4.13 : Average Rainfall and Temperature by Altitude

53

Table 4.14

53

National Indoor Air Quality Standard, 2009

Table 4.15 : Emission of TSP and PM10

54

Table 4.16: Estimated Emission from Domestic Sectors, 1999-2000

54

Table 4.17 : Pollutants Emission from Total Energy Used

54

Table 4.18: Nepal Vehicle Mass Emissions Standard, 1999

55

Table 4.19: WHO Guideline Value on Noise Level

55

Table 4.20 : WHO Guideline Value on Air Quality

56

Table 4.21 : Ranges of Emission Reductions Required for Various Stabilization Level (Bali Declaration)

56

Table 5.1 :

Land use Pattern by Type,Nepal,1978/79-2001

59

Table 5.2 :

Population-Land Ratio and Population Density by Eco-Development Region, 2001

59

Table 5.3 :

Land Utilization

61

Table 5.4 :

Land Use Pattern by District

62

Table 5.5 :

Change in Forest Covered Area in Tarai Districts (Excluding Protected Areas)

64

Table 5.6 :

Wetland Area by Type

64

Table 5.7 :

Sediment Yield in Large Watersheds

65

Table 5.8 :

Sediment Yield in Small Watersheds

65

Table 5.9 :

Affected Land Area from Erosion

66

Table 5.10 : Estimated Soil Erosion Rate at Selected Sites in Nepal

66

Table 5.11 : Area of Land made uncultivable due to flooding /Soil Erosion by Ecological Belt
and Development Region, Nepal ,2001/02

66

Table 5.12 : Type and Color of Soil by Area of Holdings and by Development Region, Nepal, 2001/02

67

Table 5.13 : Livestock and Poultry Population in Arid and Semi-Arid Land

68

Table 5 .14: Number of Livestock by Type in Nepal, 1981/82-2001/02

69

vii

Table 5.15 : Annual Deforestation in 20 Tarai Districts of Nepal

69

Table 5.16: Irrigated Area of Land by Source and Ecological Belt

70

Table 5.17: Area under Permanent Crops

70

Table 5.18: Area under Selected Temporary Crops

71

Table 5.19: List of Banned Pesticides in Nepal

71

Table 5.20: WHO classification of registered pesticides

72

Table 5.21: Pesticides Registered in Nepal

72

Table 5.22: Chemical Fertilizer use in Nepal, 1990/00 to 2010/11

73

Table 5.23: Pesticide Imported and Formulated in Nepal, 2004-2009

74

Table 6.1 :

Supply of Drinking Water by Agency

77

Table 6.2 :

Mineral Contaminants of Drinking Water, 2003/04

77

Table 6.3 :

Ground Water Quality of (Shallow Tube ) Aquifers in the East Tarai, 2003

78

Table 6.4:

Percentage Distribution of Households using Main Sources of Drinking Water, Nepal, 2001 78

Table 6.5 :

Percentage Distribution of Households by Toilet Facility, Nepal, 2001

79

Table 6.6:

Summary of Known Arsenic Occurrence in Tarai Districts, FY 2010/11

79

Table 6.7:

River Water Runoff from Nepal

80

Table 6.8 :

Deep Aquifer Depletion in Selected Locations During Dry Season of Kathmandu Valley

80

Table 6.9:

Glaciers and Catchments Areas having Meteorological and Hydrological Stations

81

Table 6.10 : Famous Glacial Lakes in Himalaya

81

Table 6.11 : Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Major River Basins

82

Table 6.12 : Water Quality of Different Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, 2005

82

Table 6.13 : Water Quality of Major Rivers During Dry Season, 1998

83

Table 6.14: Nepal's Drinking Water Quality Standards

83

Table 6.15 : Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water

84

Table 6.16 : Generic Standard /Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into
85

Inland Surface Water

Table 6.17 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation Water

86

Table 6.18 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture

87

Table 6.19 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Livestock Watering

89

Table 6.20 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Recreation

90

Table 6.21 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Industries

91

Table 6.22 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem

91

Table 6.23 : Number of Lakes in Districts by various heights in Nepal, 2009

93

Table 6.24 : Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes in Nepal

94

Table 7.1:

Numbers of Threatened Species by Major Groups of Organisms on the Red List, 1996 -2011

97

Table 7.2:

Change in numbers of species in the threatened categories for the major taxonomic
groups on the Red list ,1996-2011

98

viii

Table 7.3:

Ecosystems and Protected Areas in Nepal

98

Table 7.4:

Number of Plant and Animal Species in Nepal

99

Table 7.5 :

Number of Wildlife Species in Nepal ,2007-2010

99

Table 7.6 :

Number of Cultivated and Wild Food Plant Species

100

Table 7.7 :

Community Forest Area in Nepal, 2010

100

Table 7.8:

Vegetation Area by Type and Household Involvement in Community Forest of Nepal, 2011 101

Table 7.9 :

Endemic Fishes of Nepal, 2011

101

Table 7.10 : Number and Status of Nepal's Fauna

102

Table 7.11 : Threatened Medicinal and Aromatic plants in Nepal

103

Table 7.12 : Threatened Species in the SAARC Member Countries (Taxonomic Group), 2011

104

Table 7.13 : Protected Floral Species in Nepal

104

Table 7.14 : Protected Faunal Species included in the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973

105

Table 7.15 : National Parks, Wildlife Reserves and Conservation Area of Nepal

106

Table 7.16 : Number of Districts and VDCs with Buffer Zone of Nepal

107

Table 7.17 : Ramsar Site of Nepal

107

Table 7.18 : World Heritage Sites of Nepal

108

Table 7.19 : Major Mountain Peak of Nepal

108

Table 7.20 : Central Zoo (Sadar Chidiya Khana) of Nepal

109

Table 7.21 : Major Botanical Garden of Nepal

109

Table 7.22 : Mineral Resources of Nepal

110

Table 8.1 :

Solid Waste Generation and Disposal Cost by Municipalities

115

Table 8.2 :

Solid Waste Generation and Disposal Cost by Districts Headquarter of VDC

116

Table 8.3 :

Daily Solid Waste Generation in Kathmandu Metropolitan City

117

Table 8.4 :

Daily Solid Waste Generation in Municipalities of Kathmandu Valley by Type of Waste

117

Table 8.5 :

Amount of Date Expired (Obsolete) Pesticides in Nepal

118

Table 8.6:

Urban Sewerage Services by Municipality, 2011

119

Table 8.7 :

Waste Generation by Type from Selected Hospitals in the Kathmandu Valley

120

Table 8.8 :

Emission Guidelines for Hospital / Medical / Infectious Waste by Incinerator

120

Table 9.1 :

Areas and Population by Ecological Belt, Development Region and Place of

Residence, Nepal, 2011

123

Table 9.2 :

Population Size, Growth Rate and Doubling Time, 1911 2011

123

Table 9.3 :

Population Growth Rates by Ecological Belt, Nepal, 1961-2011

124

Table 9.4 :

Area and Population Density by Ecological Belt & Development Region, Nepal, 1981-2011

124

Table 9.5:

Percentage distribution of Households by types of Ownership of House/housing

unit in used, Nepal, 1991-2001

125

Table 9.6:

Percentage distribution of Households by types of House, Nepal, 1991-2001

125

Table 9.7:

Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Lighting facilities, Nepal, 2001

126

ix

Table 9.8 :

Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Main Fuel Used for Cooking, Nepal, 2001

126

Table 9.9:

Distribution of House, Household and Average Household size, Nepal, 2011

127

Table 9.10 : Percentage Distribution of House having Number of Household Residing in

127

Table 9.11 : Population, Households and Population Density of District in Nepal, 2011

128

Table 9.12 : Area and Urban Population and Density by Municipality, 2011

130

Table 9.13 : Distribution of district by size of Population, Nepal, 1971-2011

131

Table 9.14 : Distribution of Urban( Municipalities) by size of Population, Nepal, 1971-2011

131

Table 9.15 : Number of Vehicles Registered, 1989/90 - 2010/11

132

Table 9.16 : Total Strategic Road Network (SRN) Length ,Influenced Population of District in Nepal, 2011

133

Table 9.17 : Number of Refugees in Nepal

134

Table 9.18 : Urban Road by Municipality, 2011

135

Table 9.19: Nepal National Building Code, 2003

136

Table 10.1: Earthquake by Epicentre and Magnitude ,2008-2011

139

Table 10.2 : Loss of Lives, Livestock and Other Effects by Type of Disaster, 1983-2010

140

Table 10.3 : Loss of Lives and Frequency by Type of Disaster, 1983 2010

141

Table 10.4 : Specific and Non-specific Disease Report, 2010

143

Table 10.5 : Infection Cases by Disease

144

Chapter I
Introduction

Introduction
Background
Environment can be defined as the physical surrounding of people of which they are a part and on which
they are dependant for their activities like physiological functioning, production and consumption. The
physical environment extends from air, water and land to natural resources like energy carriers, soil and
plants, animals and ecosystems. The availability and use of natural resources have a bearing on the
outcome and the pace of development process. For an urbanized society, a large part of environment is
human made. There is always linkage between artificial environment and natural environment.
Commonly, the term Environment is restricted to ambient environment. In that view, the indoor
environment (home, workplace) is regarded as an isolated piece of environment, to be treated on its own
terms.
Environment problems such as global warming, melting of snow in the Himalayas, decreasing productivity
in agriculture despite technology development etc. do not confine to any country or continent nor it is
limited to the developing or the developed world. Therefore, United Nations and other global institutions
have been paying attention towards environment management since decades. It has been realized that
sustainability of the development depends much upon the management of the environment and hence,
the expenditure on environmental management today is in fact, a reliable investment for the safe future.
United Nations initiated actions towards the environment by establishing United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP) in 1972 that aims to coordinate the development of environmental policy by keeping
the global environment under review and bringing emerging issues to the attention of the governments
and the international community for action.

Environment Statistics and Indicators

Environment statistics describe human activities with a view to enumerate his/her interactions with the
environment. The scope of environment statistics depends largely on the environmental problems on the
political agenda; the geographic situation of a country, its state of development, and its political system
taken together determine the bulk of this agenda. A tropical, densely populated country with much rain
and situated on the coast envisages other problems than a sparsely populated landlocked country with a
desert climate. Also, problems of sustainable agriculture and forestry, of eco-tourism, or of biodiversity
conservation or of climate change are likely to be much more important to the biodiversity-rich, resourcedependent economies of the developing world. The scope generally includes the media of the natural
environment (air/climate, water, land/soil), the biota found within these media, and human settlements. It
therefore, describe the quality and availability of natural resources, human activities and natural events
that effect the environment, the impacts of these activities and events and social responses to these
impacts.

-3-

Environment Statistics is relatively young branch and multi-disciplinary area in the field of official statistics.
The sources of environmental statistics are dispersed and variety of methods is applied in their
compilation. They generally provide a synthesis of data from various subject areas and sources to help in
the formulation and evaluation of integrated socio-economic and environmental policies.
Development activities now have been linked to the environmental management and accordingly, the
demand for environment related information has also increased day-by-day. Therefore, efforts are being
made for the development of environment statistics. The United Nations Statistical Division (UNSD)
developed United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (UNFDES) (a list of
environmental indicators) in collaboration with the Inter-governmental Working Group on the
Advancement of Environment Statistics. The fourth meeting of the Working Group (Stockholm, 6 - 10
February 1995) agreed on the List of environmental and related socioeconomic indicators given below. It
provides framework for the member countries to compile and manage environmental statistics. The
Statistical Commission, at its twenty-eighth session (New York, 27 February - 3 March 1995), approved
this list for international compilation by UNSD. The indicators that are bolded in the list were intended for
short-term compilation directly from national statistical services or from other international organizations
or specialized agencies.

Framework for Development of Environment Statistics (FDES)

Information categories
Agenda 21
Issues
(clusters)

A.
Socioeconomic
activities,
events (pressure
/driving force)

B.
Impacts and
Effects events (part
of state)

ECONOMIC
ISSUES

Real GDP per

capita growth
rate
Production and
consumption
patterns
Investment
share in GDP

EDP/EVA per
capita
Capital
accumulation
(environmentally
adjusted)

SOCIAL/DEMOGRAPHIC
ISSUES

Population
growth rate
Population
density
Urban/rural
migration rate
Calorie supply
per capita

% of urban
population
exposed to
concentrations
of SO2,
particulates,
ozone, CO and
Pb
Infant mortality
Rate
Incidence of
environmentally
related diseases

-4-

C.
Responses to
impacts events
(response)

Environmental
protection
expenditure as
% of GDP
Environmental
taxes and
subsidies as %
of government
revenue

D.
Inventories,
stocks,
background
conditions events
(part of state)
Produced
capital stock

Population
living in
absolute poverty
Adult literacy
rate
Combined
primary and
secondary
school
enrollment
ratio
Life expectancy
at birth
Females per
100 males in
secondary
school

AIR/CLIMATE

LAND/SOIL

WATER
Fresh water
resources

Marine water
resources

Emissions of
CO2, SO2 and
NOx
Consumption
of ozone
depleting
substances
Land use
change
Livestock per
km2
of arid and
semi-arid lands
Use of
fertilizers
Use of
agricultural
pesticides
Industrial,
agricultural and
municipal
discharges
directly into
freshwater
bodies
Annual
withdrawals of
ground and
surface water
Domestic
consumption
of water per
capita
Industrial,
agricultural
water use per
GDP
Industrial,
agricultural and
municipal
discharges
directly into
marine water
bodies

Ambient
concentrations
of CO, SO2, NOx
O3 and TSP in
urban areas
Air quality index
Area affected
by soil erosion
Land affected by
desertification
Area affected by
Stalinization and
water logging

Concentration of lead,
cadmium, mercury
and pesticides in
fresh water bodies
Acidification of
fresh water
bodies
BOD and COD
in fresh water
bodies

Expenditure on
air pollution
abatement
Reduction in
consumption
of substances
and emissions
Protected
area as % of
total land
area

Weather and
climate
conditions

Arable land
per capita

Waste water
treatment,
total and by
type of
treatment
(% of
population
served)
Access to
safe drinking
water (% of
population served)

Groundwater
reserves

Reforestation rate

Forest Inventory

Water quality
index by fresh
water bodies

Deviation in
stock from
maximum
sustainable yield
of marine
species
Loading of N and
P in coastal
waters

OTHER NATURAL
RESOURCES
Biological resources

Annual round
wood production
Fuel wood
consumption per
capita

Deforestation rate
Threatened, extinct
species

Catches of marine
species
Mineral (including
energy) resources

Annual energy
consumption per
capita

Protected forest
area as % of total
land area

Ecosystems
inventory
Fauna and flora
inventory
Fish stocks

Depletion of mineral
resources (% of
proven reserves)

-5-

Proven mineral
reserves

WASTE

HUMAN
SETTLEMENTS

NATURAL
DISASTERS

Extraction of other
mineral resources

Lifetime of proven
reserves

Municipal
waste disposal
Generation of
hazardous
waste
Imports and
exports of
hazardous
wastes
Rate of
growth of
urban
population
% of
population in
urban areas
Motor vehicles
in use per
1000
habitants
Frequency of
natural
disasters

Area of land
contaminated by
toxic waste

Expenditure on
waste
collection and
treatment
Waste
recycling

Area and
population in
marginal
settlements
Shelter index
% of
population
with sanitary
services

Expenditure on
low-cost
housing

Stock of
shelter and
infrastructure

Cost and
number of
injuries and
fatalities
related to
natural
disasters

Expenditure on
disaster
prevention and
mitigation

Human
settlements
vulnerable to
natural
disasters

Proven energy
reserves

The above FDES helps in the development, coordination and organization of environment statistics.
FDES is generally utilized for reviewing environment problems, identifying variables for statistical
descriptions of the quantifiable aspects of environment issues, assessing data requirements, sources and
availability and structuring databases on environmental aspects. Censuses, surveys, the use of
administrative records and monitoring networks are the methods of data collection for environmental
subject areas.
Policy makers, administrators and development workers are not only users of environment statistics.
Further the demand for data environmental aspects arises from business, industry, scientific research
institutes, the mass communication media, and the general public and international organizations.
International organizations, in particular, require comparable data to assess global environmental issues.

Environment Management in Periodic Plans

In the context of Nepal, policies and programs on environment management have been incorporated in
the periodic plans. However, priorities varied and immediate needs are reflected in the plans. Issues
relating to Environment have been addressed since the sixth five years periodic plans. Policy regarding
the environmental subjects has been reflected in national, international treaties or general conventions. It
has become essential to incorporate those policies followed and continued in the development plans and
programs realizing the problems of climate change and environmental degradation.

-6-

In early seventies, priorities were given to address soil erosion, flood and landslides and conserve forest
resources in the policies, strategies and programs of the periodic plans. In early eighties, emphasis was
given on the policy of reducing water pollution generated by industries and urban areas. At the same
time, efforts were made to manage resources through peoples participation. Remarkable achievements
were gained in community forestry but problems began to emerge in urban areas and industrial estates
particularly of pollution of solid waste, air, water and noise. On the other hand, rural areas continue to
suffer from soil erosion, flood, landslides and reduction in the sources of water. Nevertheless, various
initiatives were taken by the government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and private sector to
address these problems. The government formulated policies and enacted Acts and regulations such as
Environment Protection Act, 1996, Environment Protection Rules, 1997

and Ozone Depleting

Substances Consumption Rules, 2001 etc. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of development works
was institutionalized and standards related to the industrial effluents air quality were implemented. But,
the outcome of these efforts was not achieved satisfactorily.

Nepal has been facing two types of environmental challenges, problems generated by the pressure on
natural resources and air as well as water pollution, and the problems generated by climate change for
which the country is not responsible but has to face it and it could even be dangerous in future. The
Three Year Interim Plan (TYP) of Nepal (20010/11 - 2012/13) has mentioned the major problems of
environment management such as monitoring system being not effective regarding the implementation of
approved standard including as mentioned in the report on EIA, institutional capacity not strengthened as
expected, coordination mechanism not strengthened amongst the inter ministries, and environment
related policies and programs not adaptable with sectoral policies and programs.
Accordingly, TYP aims to help economic development by reducing the pressure on the environment
through the implementation of the international agreement and conventions. Based on the vision and the
objectives and strategies, TYP 2012 has mentioned the following major policies and working policies to
be adopted in the environment management.
x

To make comprehensible role of different agencies working for strengthening environment

management

To formulate and update existing as well as required laws related to environment conservation

Ministry of Environment will coordinate for the activities on climate change and environment
conservation

To ascertain the responsibility by identifying the role of concerned agencies of the concerned
agencies for implementing the national adaptation programme

To develop partnership among the donor agencies, non government organizations, community
organizations, private and other stakeholder agencies

To prioritize the basic infrastructure development compliance with environment friendly and
climate change adaptation

-7-

To promote carbon trade as per Kyoto Protocol by implementing the treaties and general treaties
as undersigned by Nepal Government

To implement the activities related with hazardous waste and other wastes management

To conduct environment awareness programs

To develop and implement special programs to reduce various kinds of environment pollutions

To prepare action plan by studying the pollutions generated in the rivers flowing in urban areas

To develop coordination and partnership among different governmental and non-governmental

organizations

To ban mixing up the unprocessed sewerage system

directly to the river and promote for

processing of sewerage system

x

To manage the reduction of increased pollutions due to the use of high technologies

To improve the socio-economic condition of the people by sustainable management of natural

resources

To institutionalize monitoring and evaluation of management, promotion and conservation of

environment resources

To implement poverty environment initiative effectively

To implement disaster risk management strategy 2009

To formulate and implement plans and programs by developing the pre information system in the
locations of, glacial lakes and glacial rivers, and rivers having risks of flashflood

To make reliable weather forecasting system by upgrading the hydrological and meteorological
systems

To allocate a fixed proportion of income generated by the natural resources to be spent for the
expenditure in the environmental research and development as well as environment conservation

To attempt to establish International Research Center for the study of climate change

Millennium Development Goals and Progress Status in Achieving the Environment

Sustainability Goals in Nepal
The Government of Nepal is fully committed to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by
2015 as committed by the United Nations member countries including Nepal by including the MDG
related plans and programs from its tenth periodic plans and subsequent plans and programs. The
efforts to mainstream MDG indicators into development plans and monitoring demonstrate its
determination to reduce poverty across the country and advance the lives of all its citizens. Trends over
the years show Nepals consistent progress towards achieving MDGs in most sectors and subsectors
despite the decade long conflict and political instability. However, achieving the target for employment,
hunger, gender balance in tertiary education, and environment sustainability by 2015 appears to be
extremely challenging.

-8-

Environmental sustainability is not being addressed adequately, and will require much more effort and
resources to achieve targets. Environment sustainability is directly related with the peoples livelihoods
and economic development. Nepal is highly vulnerable to the risks of climate change, although its
contribution to green house gas (GHG) emissions is very low and negligible role in global warming.
Community based initiatives are essential for effective conservation and sustainable use of forests and
biodiversity and for biodiversity loss. As the climate change became an international issue, environmental
protection and conservation has gained more attention in Nepal. Government of Nepal has given
importance to poverty alleviation, food security and climate change by creating the employment
opportunities through its three years periodic plans/programs. After climate change became an
international priority,

Monitoring and evaluation of the policies and programs are keys to the successful implementation of the
plan. However, proper monitoring and evaluation has been difficult due to data and information gaps.

Development of Environment Statistics in Nepal

The need of statistics on environmental aspects has been realized particularly after 1970s. Formerly,
problems of environment were not so acute as today. Policy makers, planners, development workers felt
the need of new dimension of official statistics namely environment statistics for the sustainable
development of the country.

The development of Environment Statistics is still at infancy stage in Nepal. It is a new area in the
Statistical System of Nepal. Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) first published a compendium on
Environment Statistics in 1994 which provided valuable insights into the importance and usefulness of the
subject matter. A Compendium on Environment Statistics 1998 Nepal was brought as second publication
with an attempt to analyze available data on various aspect of the environment of Nepal. However,
database on the environment was limited. Therefore, CBS continued attempts to bring out the
environment related statistics by compiling and publishing its publication Environment Statistics of Nepal,
2001 in the form of environment database of Nepal. The present issue of Environment Statistics of
Nepal, 2011 is the seventh in the series.

The present issue has been organized with data on various aspects of the Nepalese environment as
follows:
Chapter I outlines introductory remarks on environmental statistics and policy focus.

Chapter II of the book contains statistical tables related to economic issues. Macro-economic indicators
are presented in tables particularly, GDP by industrial sectors, GDP growth rates, production and
consumption patterns. Also, estimates of agricultural production and manufacturing sectors are provided.

-9-

The data presented in this chapter are based on crop cutting surveys, survey of manufacturing
establishment and the data compiled for National Accounting purposes.
Chapter III contains a social and demographic aspect which includes population data provided by
National Population Censuses of Nepal and Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys (NDHSs). Education
data was provided by Ministry of Education. Poverty data is based on Nepal Living Standards Survey
(NLSS). Data on calorie intake and malnutrition are based mainly on Small Area Estimation (SAE)
conducted by CBS.

Chapter IV presents data on air and climate based on the data obtained from the Department of
Hydrology and Meteorology. Data on temperature, rainfall, wind speed and sunshine duration are
collected from stations located in various districts of the country.
Chapter V deals mainly on land and soil data, land use, livestock in arid and semi arid land, use of
fertilizer and pesticides. Major sources of data are National Sample Censuses of Agriculture conducted
by CBS, Land Resource and Mapping Project (LRMP), Department of Forest, Department of Forest
Research and Survey, Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS). Information provided by
specific surveys and secondary sources are also included.
Chapter VI deals on water. Data on supply of drinking water provided by various agencies, quality of
water, standards set for water use for various purposes are presented in this chapter. Major sources of
data were Department of Irrigation, Department of Water Supply and Sewage (DWSS), Nepal Water
Supply and Corporation (NWSC) and Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS).
Chapter VII contains data on other natural resources, extraction of mineral resources, forestry etc.
Chapter VIII contains data on waste disposal and hazardous waste management.
Chapter IX covers human settlement and data included in the chapter are mainly urban population,
housing status, vehicles in use etc. Major sources of information are CBS and Department of Transport
Management, Department of Road.
Chapter X contains information on natural disasters provided by Department of Water Induced Disaster
Prevention
Appendices include a list of Policies Acts and Rules, Conventions related to environment management,
Agenda 21, major divisions/sections of International Classifications such has ISIC, CPC, COFOG,
COICOP, COPNI, COPP, CEPA, SEEA Asset classification and MDGs.

A Glossary has also been included to facilitate for common understanding.

- 10 -

Chapter II
Economic Issues

298

Nominal Percapita GNDI (US$)

33.24
19.20

Exports of goods and services as percentage of GDP

Imports of goods and services as percentage of GDP

Gross Fixed Capital Formation as percentage of GDP

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics.

Note : NSIC Division P & Q are included in the Division O.

R = Revised, P = Preliminary

Exchange rate (US$: NRs)

73.70

4.56

22.56

Gross National Saving as percentage of GDP

Resource Gap as percentage of GDP( +/-)

11.66
26.91

Gross Domestic Saving as percentage of GDP

88.34

260

Nominal Percapita GNI (US$)

Final Consumption Expenditure as percentage of GDP

259

Nominal Percapita GDP (US$)

Percapita incomes in US$

Annual Change in real percapita GNDI (%)

76.25

3.95

19.56

28.49

17.74

24.20

9.49

90.51

292

254

255

-2.50

-2.55
21430

21979

18657

-2.08

18675

1.30

22265

1.25

19384

1.77

19410

2001/02

Percapita GNDI at constant price (NRs.)

19146

19072

21979

19146

19072

2000/01

Annual Change in real percapita GNI (%)

Percapita GNI at constant price (NRs.)

Annual Change in real percapita GDP (%)

Percapita GDP at constant price (NRs.)

Annual Change in nominal percapita GNDI (%)

Percapita GNDI (NRs.)

Annual Change in nominal percapita GNI (%)

Percapita GNI (NRs.)

Annual Change in nominal percapita GDP (%)

Percapita GDP (NRs.)

Description

77.83

2.36

19.92

28.55

15.70

23.77

8.56

91.44

301

261

261

2.08

21876

1.63

18962

1.66

18984

5.23

23430

4.77

20309

4.78

20337

2002/03

- 13 -

73.97

2.72

20.34

29.46

16.68

27.25

11.75

88.25

339

292

293

2.76

22479

2.32

19401

2.38

19436

6.92

25051

6.46

21620

6.64

21689

2003/04

Table 2.1: Summary of Macro Economic Indicators of Nepal,2000/01-2011/12

71.05

1.96

19.94

29.48

14.58

28.41

11.56

88.44

383

329

328

2.65

23076

2.07

19802

1.20

19670

8.65

27218

8.03

23357

7.40

23292

2004/05

72.32

2.17

20.72

31.32

13.45

29.03

8.98

91.02

420

352

350

4.22

24050

1.94

20186

1.09

19884

11.49

30346

9.05

25471

8.53

25279

2005/06

70.49

-0.12

21.07

31.72

12.86

28.56

9.82

90.18

487

414

410

5.42

25354

6.85

21569

6.26

21129

13.10

34323

14.64

29200

14.34

28905

2006/07

65.02

2.90

21.88

33.26

12.78

33.22

9.83

90.17

606

496

491

8.77

27577

4.63

22567

4.64

22110

14.84

39417

10.47

32257

10.52

31946

2007/08

76.88

4.19

21.35

34.66

12.42

35.87

9.43

90.57

628

502

497

5.57

29114

3.25

23301

3.09

22793

22.44

48262

19.74

38626

19.49

38172

2008/09

74.54

-2.36

22.19

36.37

9.58

35.96

11.52

88.48

759

615

610

2.53

29850

3.73

24170

3.37

23561

17.24

56583

18.62

45817

19.12

45469

2009/10

72.27

-0.87

21.23

32.80

8.90

31.65

8.62

91.38

876

716

712

0.78

30081

1.72

24585

2.45

24138

11.86

63292

12.90

51727

13.14

51444

2010/11R

78.57

3.88

19.62

32.57

9.78

36.65

9.98

90.02

931

742

735

5.93

31864

3.29

25393

3.19

24908

15.53

73123

12.66

58274

12.21

57726

2011/12P

(Rs.in millions)

Financial intermediation

Real estate, renting and business activities

Public Administration and defence

Education

Health and social work

Other community, social and personal service

activities

441,519

28090

413,428

12026

425,454

12896

4178

17372

5288

35267

11455

31425

8459

69928

25585

7750

38409

1817

1844

153781

2000/01

R = Revised, P = Preliminary
Note : NSIC Division P & Q are included in the Division O.
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Subsidies on Products

Taxes on Products

Taxes less subsidies on products

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic prices

Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly

Measured (FISIM)

Total GVA including FISIM

Hotels and restaurants

Transport, storage and communications

Construction

Manufacturing

Electricity gas and water

Wholesale and retail trade

Mining and Quarrying

Fishing

Agriculture and forestry

Industrial Classification

NSIC

459,443

29046

430,396

13655

444,052

11808

4626

20823

7237

36525

12202

34959

7143

64778

28838

9138

37736

2149

2165

163925

2001/02

492,231

31906

460,325

13221

473,545

12436

5408

24582

8070

38251

12861

39362

7540

68695

30955

11447

38826

2310

2168

170634

2002/03

- 14 -

536,749

36050

500,699

17294

517,994

14140

5825

26313

8019

39991

13728

46283

8942

79219

33254

11974

41673

2507

2504

183621

2003/04

Table 2.2: Gross Value Added by Industrial Division (at current prices)

589,412

339

41266

40927

548,485

18094

566,579

15262

7017

31671

9548

49242

17342

51336

8895

79839

36644

12782

44885

2748

2682

196686

2004/05

654,084

42966

611,118

19212

630,330

16840

7842

34996

10967

60042

21979

61250

9398

90214

40952

13172

47840

3134

3113

208591

2005/06

727,827

51968

675,859

21505

697,364

21774

8568

40939

12227

70791

28467

69555

10043

92648

45099

14841

52172

3417

3287

223536

2006/07

815,658

60401

755,257

24185

779,442

26500

10963

48722

14352

73636

33539

76818

11503

105306

54134

15219

57185

4375

3868

243323

2007/08

988,272

652

79396

78744

909,528

29362

938,890

34089

13744

62642

18556

81625

39100

92618

13943

124121

63741

14629

65447

5084

4076

305477

2008/09

1,193,679

905

110264

109358

1,083,415

35156

1,118,571

41423

15382

61384

21695

93747

46083

95304

17347

161067

77289

15244

70924

5926

4236

391519

2009/10

1,369,430

1010

123007

121997

1,246,423

42094

1,288,517

49412

16469

62631

24819

106236

55431

102724

21866

182465

89356

15288

79489

6956

4524

470850

2010/11R

1,558,174

1149

139958

138809

1,418,216

50401

1,468,617

58102

22712

80840

31087

119991

68403

122406

26164

209095

98772

16565

90547

8166

5007

510760

2011/12P

(Rs. millions)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Industrial Classification
Agriculture and forestry
Fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity gas and water
Construction
Wholesale and retail trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport, storage and communications
Financial intermediation
Real estate, renting and business activities
Public administration and defence
Education
Health and social work
Other community, social and personal
service activities
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Non-Agriculture
Total GVA including FISIM
Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly
Measured (FISIM)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at basic
prices
Taxes less subsidies on products
13308
414,092
27957

12026
413,428
28090
442,049

160421
266979
427,400

155625
269830
425,454

441,518

11785

2001/02
158417
2005
1977
36364
8631
27225
61837
6917
34055
11892
33543
7237
21030
4487

12896

2000/01
153781
1844
1817
38409
7750
25585
69928
8459
31425
11455
35267
5288
17372
4178

R = Revised, P = Preliminary
Note : NSIC Division P & Q are included in the Division O.
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics.

NSIC
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N

- 15 -

459,488

29789

429,699

12428

165761
276366
442,127

12303

2002/03
163676
2085
2040
36380
10274
27798
63233
7056
35825
12090
32212
8070
23913
5171

(Rs. millions)

13483

13933

16643

18204

20520

22966

17180

19105

21476

23043

23725

24327

34574

34051

38388

42257

47455

52770
481,004 497,739 514,486 532,038 564,517 590,107 618,529

32350

448,654 463,165 480,435 493,651 522,260 542,652 565,759

16172

173734 179810 183015 184796 195559 201464 205517

291092 300535 316525 330331 349744 364914 384570
464,826 480,345 499,540 515,127 545,303 566,377 590,086

13955

642,553

55217

587,335

25069

214777
397628
612,405

24806

672,326

58205

614,121

25841

225357
414606
639,963

27062

2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11R 2011/12P

171394 177304 180260 181958 192514 198257 202196 211228 221494
2340
2507
2755
2838
3045
3207
3321
3549
3863
2031
2169
2348
2383
2513
2531
2585
2637
2770
37163 38136 38898 39891 39545 39132 40291
41216
41744
10693 11117 11562 13065 13204 12750 12989
12929
13884
27701 28503 30690 31453 33043 33371 35430
37126
37100
70066 65694 68099 64292 66962 70481 75237
76117
79002
7955
7525
8001
8278
8851
9056
9646
10359
11217
38509 40985 42001 44094 48226 51585 54657
57757
61707
12838 15957 19843 22103 24142 24632 25327
26163
27071
31538 34700 36900 41240 45544 46421 47818
48894
50346
8019
8551
9139
9262
9319 10012 10405
10805
11411
25138 27606 28640 30738 32716 36233 38638
39785
41762
5487
6109
6470
6888
7474
8191
8581
9035
9530

Table 2.3: Gross Value Added by Industrial Division (at constant 2000/01 prices)

110.45
6.53
10.59
74.99
6.36

108.16
4.33
8.43
81.80
4.82
11.97

3428
2103
123
4
15
1183
2175
237
447
1490
5
0.07
0.74
0.15
0.03

3202
1972
120
4
15
1091
2029
229
456
1343
4
0.05
0.68
0.139
0.02

8.78

1999/00
6985
4030
1445
1184
295
31

1998/99
6465
3710
1346
1086
291
32

14.23

124.27
6.08
13.06
84.37
6.53

3678
2212
132
4
16
1314
2383
243
487
1653
6
0.09
0.46
0.16
0.03

2000/01
7172
4216
1484
1158
283
30

16.03

132.38
6.18
15.17
87.91
7.08

3876
2248
135
4
16
1473
2463
250
474
1738
7
0.14
0.15
0.53
0.03

2001/02
7248
4165
1511
1258
283
31

22.67

201.06
5.68
21.59
140.06
10.87

4020
2343
125
3
17
1531
2585
257
519
1800
8
0.19
0.06
0.53
0.03

2002/03
7361
4133
1569
1344
283
32

28.28

219.86
5.98
23.03
150.59
11.97

4102
2305
133
3
17
1643
2679
265
511
1890
12
0.22
0.01
0.58
0.03

2003/04
7745
4456
1590
1387
283
28

- 16 -

Source : Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Agri-Business Promotion and Statistics Division).

Garlic

Agricultural
Commodities
Food grains
Paddy
Maize
Wheat
Millet (Kodo)
Barley
Buckwheat
Cash Crops
Sugarcane
Oilseeds
Tobacco
Jute
Potato
Other Crops
Pulses
Fruits
Vegetables
Tea
Coffee
Cotton
Honey
Cocoon
Mushroom
Spice Crops
Cardamom
Turmeric
Ginger
Chilies

Table 2.4 : Production of Agricultural Commodities

28.61

223.26
6.07
23.23
152.7
12.62

4276
2376
142
3
16
1739
2903
271
553
2065
13
0.25
0.01
0.6
0.03

2004/05
7767
4290
1716
1442
290
29

28.72

226.91
6.65
23.57
154.20
13.78

4597
2463
139
3
17
1975
2992
267
535
2190
13
0.30
0.06
0.65
0.03

2005/06
7656
4209
1734
1394
291
28

30.31

238.64
6.79
25.4
160.58
15.57

4698
2600
136
3
17
1943
3164
274
575
2299
15
0.46
0.05
0.65
0.03

2006/07
7329
3681
1820
1515
285
28

243.1
7.1
25
161
19
31

3457
270
631
2539
16
0.28
0.07
1
0.03

4694
2485
134
3
17
2055

2007/08
8069
4299
1879
1572
291
28

5183
2495
155
2
13
2518
3993
262
707
3004
17
0.31
0.11
1
0.03
1.1
321.23
5.23
38
211
28
39

2354
135
2
18
2424
3713
255
686
2754
16
0.27
0.06
0.85
0.02
1
276
7
32
179
24
34

4023
1855
1557
300
28

4524
1931
1344
293
23
4933

2009/10
7763

2008/09
8115

44

2932
175
2
13
2597
4212
266
725
3201
17
0.40
0.11
1.2
NA
1.3
357.21
5.21
41
240
27

4460
2067
1746
303
30
8.8
5719

2010/11
8615

(unit in '000 mt)

(000 kg)

(000 mt)

Fish Production

27

32

35

37

40

- 17 -

Source : Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Agri-Business Promotion and Statistics Division.

33

42

45

1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

1073
1097
1124
1159
1196
1232
1274
1312
329
337
343
352
362
369
380
385
744
760
781
807
834
863
895
927
185
189
194
199
204
208
215
219
120
122
125
128
131
134
139
142
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
14
15
15
16
16
15
16
16
12
13
13
14
15
16
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
46063
48080
50732
53842
55736
57557
59013
600800
44450
46453
49157
52276
54173
56003
57652
587219
1613
1627
1576
1566
1564
1553
1361
13581
616
615
614
609
601
598
590
587

* Four time production with in a year in case of broiler

No (000)

(000 mt)

Unit
(000 mt)

Products
Milk Production
Cow Milk
Buff Milk
Meat Production
Buffalo
Mutton (Sheep)
Goat
Pig
Chicken
Duck
Egg Production
Hen Egg
Duck Egg
Wool Production

Table 2.5 : Production of Livestock Products

47

2006/07
1352
293
959
227
147
3
45
16
16
0.2
614848
600966
13882
588
48

2007/08
1389
401
988
234
151
2
46
16
16
0.2
631253
617455
13798
585
48

2008/09
1445
414
1032
242
157
3
48
17
17
0.2
629940
616312
13628
584
50

2009/10
1496
429
1067
249
162
3
50
17
17
0.2
643203
629793
13410
580

52

2010/11
1557
442
1115
277
168
3
52
18
36*
0.2
704000
690628
13490
587

1.91
1.91

9.35
7.79
1.39
0.16
6.45
0.94
1.07
1.82
0.73
1.17
0.72

Manufacture of dairy products

2211 Processed Milk

Manufacture of grain mill products,

Prepared animal feeds
2316 Rice
2311 Wheat flour
2331 Animal feed

Manufacture of other food products

Biscuit
Bread
Sugar
Chocolate
Noodles
Processed tea

152

153

154

109.55
104.11
112.03
120.37

97.79

IQRT
2009/10

100.00
100.00

6.66
6.66
6.31
1.50
4.81
4.17
2.91
1.26
1.17
1.17
0.53
0.53
0.67
0.67

Manufacture of tobacco products

2501 Cigarette

Manufacture of textiles
2621 Yarn
2669 Clothes

Manufacture of other Textiles

2721 Woolen carpet
2715 Jute goods

Manufacture of wearing apparel

2825 Garment

Manufacture of tanning and dressing of leather

2912 Processed leather

Manufacture of saw milling and planning of wood

3110 Wood sawn

160

171

172

181

191

201

87.13
91.64
76.69

119.68
115.76
135.10
106.48

116.88
101.94
81.15
154.61
96.99
113.43
119.86

105.38
104.23
112.35
101.17

90.78
75.29
95.61

95.98
95.98

112.35 101.67
112.35 101.67

161.85 156.12
161.85 156.12

95.93
95.93

79.80 96.88
83.07 100.79
72.23 87.86

100.89
71.96
109.91

101.15 104.86
101.15 104.86

113.23
101.21
120.69
117.37

85.31
103.16
71.87
55.53
107.34
106.79
100.01

85.46
82.63
98.98
105.58

106.07 110.56
106.07 110.56

98.74
98.74

143.05
143.05

166.30
166.30

93.35
99.44
79.29

87.10
70.67
92.22

102.08
102.08

151.71
126.25
182.38
143.82

80.56
104.91
87.71
0.00
109.93
122.63
143.64

90.58
86.80
109.90
106.29

115.92
115.92

116.71
120.32
115.29
109.42

106.29 105.22

109.52
109.52

155.65
155.65

115.24
115.24

89.29
93.74
79.02

93.88
74.59
99.90

101.78
101.78

124.12
108.49
151.63
109.56

104.02
103.28
83.85
105.07
102.85
113.19
118.59

91.95
89.37
104.82
105.88

109.87
109.87

98.08
91.82
107.85
106.97

102.60

IIIQrt
IVQrt
Annual
2009/10 2009/10 2009/10

80.93 85.12
68.03 74.81
106.58 97.52
96.42 101.66

97.27

IIQrt
2009/10

- 18 -

100.00 125.31
100.00 125.31

100.00 161.57
100.00 161.57

100.00 102.76
100.00 102.76

100.00
100.00
100.00

100.00 96.76
100.00 80.44
100.00 101.85

99.02
99.02

100.00 111.85
100.00 90.72
100.00 168.36
100.00 70.56

6.71
2.21
2.38
2.13

Manufacture of beverages
2412 Liquor rectified
2423 Beer
2449 Soft drink

100.00 74.05
100.00 103.21
100.00 94.67
100.00
0.00
100.00 97.14
100.00 109.91
100.00 110.84

100.00 86.39
100.00 83.80
100.00 98.08
100.00 110.46

100.00 106.91
100.00 106.91

100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00

100.00

Base year
2008/09

155

2342
2341
2353
2665
2372
2391

9.62
5.72
1.32
2.57

Manufacture of Vegetable,Oils & Fats

2160 Vegetable ghee
2163 Mustard oil
2165 Soyabean oil

100.00

Weight *

151

Overall Index of Manufacturing Production

Description

CPC

ISIC

Table 2.6 : Quarterly Manufacturing Production Index of Nepal

85.68
85.68

97.75
97.75

136.64
136.64

94.52
86.83
112.29

82.07
67.52
86.60

116.44
116.44

122.83
124.50
129.28
113.88

73.62
105.32
132.17
0.00
76.78
104.06
78.67

96.99
93.30
113.16
135.82

108.18
108.18

112.89
100.98
115.44
138.09

106.75

IQrt
2010/11

80.36
80.36

128.93
70.62
123.73
207.54
96.89
111.81
74.42

93.31
93.31

63.41
52.45
88.71

54.22
37.80
59.34

52.54
52.54

48.43
48.43

103.36 103.41
103.36 103.41

143.10
143.10

80.87
47.60
157.70

86.70
64.42
93.64

121.75 123.63
121.75 123.63

96.75 134.35
146.43 120.82
85.94 183.98
57.27 92.85

86.44
105.65
128.42
26.59
128.95
109.91
69.05

101.74 91.85
105.93 89.75
71.82 103.85
156.65 89.88

139.43
139.43

48.00
48.00

98.96
98.96

93.91
93.91

98.09
78.39
143.59

60.36
54.14
62.30

138.47
138.47

189.43
140.00
212.32
215.13

76.03
96.67
128.14
0.00
99.99
116.25
74.15

105.72
100.71
133.47
108.95

104.69
104.69

89.44
57.18
115.90
147.61

100.79 106.89

105.03 71.86
87.83 40.99
80.22 84.75
156.11 133.93

103.60

58.66
58.66

100.87
100.87

116.74
116.74

92.90
78.76
125.57

70.84
55.97
75.47

125.08
125.08

135.84
132.94
152.88
119.78

107.77
94.57
128.12
117.06
100.65
110.50
74.07

99.08
97.42
105.57
122.83

108.17
108.17

94.81
71.74
99.08
143.94

105.42

49.44
49.44

97.12
97.12

92.18
92.18

144.55
130.99
175.86

68.80
58.62
71.98

114.72
114.72

120.75
115.08
135.28
110.39

82.59
93.83
127.27
0.00
103.24
145.89
86.47

108.76
106.67
117.57
133.28

103.20
103.20

99.40
68.78
111.19
161.47

49.44
49.44

97.12
97.12

79.86
79.86

133.14
114.64
175.86

67.72
54.09
71.98

115.12
115.12

169.85
155.71
238.95
107.20

115.90
76.15
127.27
126.50
106.69
164.10
55.08

109.13
106.67
119.77
136.09

94.12
94.12

94.07
59.83
111.19
161.47

102.57 107.99

IIQrt
IIIQrt
IVQrt
Annual
I Qrt
II Qrt
2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2011/12P 2011/12 P

Manufacture of casting of metals

4291 Domestic metal product
4153 almuneum products

273

0.56
0.56

Manufacture of Furniture Manufacture

3814 Furniture

361

86.63
86.63

85.15
83.15
85.72

104.42
106.10
106.52
102.84

122.64
168.49
119.18
20.56
205.53

84.65
87.74
82.91

100.29
100.29

95.48
95.48

102.99 100.93
102.99 100.93

93.56 111.37
93.56 111.37

95.32
107.38
88.51

101.90 117.55
116.64 113.56
88.67 121.13

108.50
93.83
118.59
38.28
200.15

102.97 106.13
102.97 106.13

100.70
101.10
100.55
100.69

113.49 108.78
113.49 108.78

99.76
99.76

93.11
70.32
99.65

94.78
94.78

102.08
102.08

100.25
100.25

90.96
94.68
88.86

99.06
98.66
99.43

108.92
90.22
120.14
53.38
159.85

104.08
104.08

104.54
110.09
95.68
108.00

116.25
116.25

157.91
157.91

100.30
50.28
114.67

116.80
116.80

99.98
99.98

102.84
102.84

101.91
101.91

89.04
97.48
84.28

107.78
110.96
104.93

104.48
88.13
114.69
43.64
176.65

101.71
101.71

100.89
105.28
100.06
100.24

111.30
111.30

105.56
105.56

94.97
75.69
100.51

112.61
112.61

IIIQrt
IVQrt
Annual
2009/10 2009/10 2009/10

119.42 105.43
119.42 105.43

IIQrt
2009/10

- 19 -

100.00 109.37
100.00 109.37

100.00 105.35
100.00 105.35

100.00 102.48
100.00 102.48

100.00 85.23
100.00 100.12
100.00 76.84

100.00 112.63
100.00 114.98
100.00 110.51

*Weights are based on Census Of Manufacturing Establishments( CME) 2006/2007

P=Preliminary Estimates
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics

1.74
1.74

Manufacture of electric machinary apparatus

Manufacture of wire & cable
4651 Electrical wire & cable

7.17
7.17

0.86
0.31
0.55

11.71
5.54
6.17

313

Manufacture of other fabricated metal product

281 4219 Structural metal Product

Manufacture of other fabricated metal product

4124 Iron rod & billets
4127 GI pipe

271

Manufacture of non Metallic mineral products n.e.c

Bricks
Cement
concrete
Hume pipe

100.00 77.85
100.00
0.00
100.00 100.86
100.00 62.33
100.00 141.07

3735
3744
3769
3756

7.92
1.62
5.28
0.76
0.26

269

93.66
93.66

100.00
100.00

5.74
5.74

Manufacture of plastic product

3641 plastic product

252

100.00 93.91
100.00 103.84
100.00 97.49
100.00 89.44

5.35
0.75
1.63
2.97

Manufacture of other chemical products

3511 Paint
3529 Medicine
3532 Soap

100.00 106.69
100.00 106.69

1.19
1.19

242

Manufacture of Basic Chemical

241 3441 Rosin

100.00
100.00

1.04
1.04

Manufacture of refined petroleum products

3338 Lube Oil

232

77.95
77.95

100.00 101.32
100.00 99.02
100.00 101.98

2.57
0.57
2.00

Manufacture of paper & paper products

3214 Paper excluding newsprint
3215 Cartoon box

IQRT
2009/10

100.00 108.81
100.00 108.81

Base year
2008/09

210

Weight *

0.60
0.60

Description

Manufacture of products of wood

3141 Ply wood

CPC

202

ISIC

Table 2.6 : Quarterly Manufacturing Production Index of Nepal

99.98
99.98

142.69
142.69

102.25
102.25

106.41
60.57
132.25

125.92
131.20
121.18

125.93
0.00
176.45
38.25
141.07

102.17
102.17

113.29
138.14
110.55
108.52

84.63
84.63

69.44
69.44

69.17
62.03
71.22

125.63
125.63

IQrt
2010/11

(contd..)

83.70
74.02
86.47

138.02
171.42
137.49
47.38
205.53

83.43
83.43

112.68
150.51
114.27
102.25

107.70 105.07
107.70 105.07

135.70 119.54
135.70 119.54

114.57 112.97
114.57 112.97

103.80 121.67
64.34 103.24
126.03 132.05

112.70 108.26
98.21 104.13
125.71 111.98

132.95
51.78
170.82
19.88
200.15

101.12
101.12

98.74
123.24
114.25
84.04

100.82 124.64
100.82 124.64

145.43 112.28
145.43 112.28

78.48
55.63
85.04

129.21 107.84
129.21 107.84

104.71
104.71

155.29
155.29

112.97
112.97

130.18
109.42
141.88

99.24
108.31
91.09

137.62
86.71
161.87
56.65
199.09

89.71
89.71

117.89
187.82
114.29
102.21

115.93
115.93

119.13
119.13

77.84
84.17
76.02

102.51
102.51

104.37
104.37

138.31
138.31

110.69
110.69

115.51
84.39
133.05

111.53
110.46
112.49

133.63
77.48
161.66
40.54
186.46

94.10
94.10

110.65
149.93
113.34
99.26

106.51
106.51

111.57
111.57

77.30
68.96
79.69

116.30
116.30

106.72
106.72

155.29
155.29

119.87
119.87

124.82
93.38
142.55

110.81
119.60
102.91

103.59
0.00
138.78
76.10
114.87

81.80
81.80

115.60
195.86
114.30
96.05

68.40
68.40

80.29
80.29

81.51
73.75
83.74

116.99
116.99

106.72
106.72

155.29
155.29

123.61
123.61

135.91
93.38
159.88

111.69
119.60
104.58

103.52
63.96
115.81
98.60
114.87

92.79
92.79

110.24
157.62
114.30
96.05

89.51
89.51

80.29
80.29

83.60
72.90
86.68

116.99
116.99

IIQrt
IIIQrt
IVQrt
Annual
I Qrt
II Qrt
2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2010/11 2011/12P 2011/12 P

Table 2.7 : Production of Various Minerals and Quarrying Products

Minerals

Unit

1999/00

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2304

NA

NA

13736

12181

14785

13117

14208

14135

8950

2. Limestone
(Chemical grade)

mt

19360

15587

24354

13025

388109

263701

402130

822.42

701950

582999

3. Magnesite

mt

1640

1. Clay

4. Kynite
i. I. Q.

mt

9.36

3.79

10.35

26.82

20.7

16.39

14.85

10.39

ii. G. Q.

kg.

1004

420

1115

2880

2300

1810

1610

650

5. Quartz crystal
i. I. Q.

mt

94

123

172

177

121.5

109.2

94.9

90.05

77.8

NA

ii. G. Q.

kg

2830

430

1720

1765

1215

NA

NA

905

930

NA

6. Salt

mt

1.53

3.5

2.45

NA

2.45

NA

NA

7. Talc

mt

5852

3923

2621

6905

3435

5832

6648

NA

NA

NA

8. Tourmaline (I.Q.)

mt

NA

NA

6.6

4.9

3.5

11848

10459

9259

11963

16374

13845

14819

NA

58

30

98

60

NA

9.05

13

NA

9. Coal

mt

17530

10. Lignite

mt

52

11.Mica

mt

12. Limestone
(Cement grade)

mt

6589

9612

244586

237810

356218

269379

388109

263701

402130

13. Marble
i. Aggregates

39400

41211

42320

40936

40368

48157

44954

NA

NA

8062

ii. Chips

mt

654.82

6065

537

395

481

436

384

945

441

1047

iii. Crazy

Sq. m.

1530

1333

2279

681

728

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

iv. Slab

Sq. m

79700

54834

46156

46197

56014

2358

2811

NA= Not Available

Note: 1) contractors (lease holders)
2) The above production data have been compiled on the basis of mining licence renewal period
3) The mining licence renewal period is the last date of fiscal year since 1981.
Sources: Department of Mines and Geology

Table 2.8 : Supply of Forest Products

Year
Forest Production

Unit

Herbal

kg

Timber

ft

Fuel wood

Chatta

Lauth Salla

kg
3

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

NA

NA

4575579

4575579

3380857

NA

2171522

890189

973043

926310

924843

1271515

NA

1225713

1160.32

829.87

NA

NA

1713

NA

1351.97

NA

NA

7535

7535

13353

NA

5000

5112785

500106

16210

16210

587661

32057

258445

Khair

ft

Argeli

kg

NA

NA

13999

13999

20128

26656

6760

Khoto

kg

NA

5803

4091748

4091748

8009249

3276906

3105607

Lokta

kg

NA

NA

109953

109953

70000

64616

13233

Other forest products

kg

NA

NA

NA

NA

41199470

NA

30331799

Source : Department of Forests (Community Forest Division)

- 20 -

Table 2.9 : Food Consumption Pattern (NLSS Food Basket Composition)

(per capita/g/d)
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

Food Items
Fine rice
Coarse rice
Beaten rice, flattened rice
Maize
Maize flour
Wheat flour
Millet
Black Gram (Mas)
Lentil (Musuro)
Rahar
Red Gram
Horse Gram (Chana)
Beans
Eggs
Milk
Baby milk/ power milk
Curd/ whey
Ghee
Vegetable oil
Mustard oil
Potatoes
Colocassia
Onions
Cauliflower/ cabbage
Tomatoes
Pointed gourd
Bitter gourd
Bananas
Citrus fruit
Mangoes
Apples
Pineapple
Papaya
Fish
Mutton
Buffalo meat
Chicken
Salt
Sugar
Gur (sakhar)
Sweets (mithai)

1995/96
26.15
217.3
3.47
58.55
40.07
91.77
35.57
1.9
8.17
1.02
0.72

Tea

2003/04

2010/11
26.4
219.35
3.50
59.1
40.45
92.64
35.91
1.92
8.25
1.03
0.73

0.49
30.7
0.01
1.21
1.17
0.22
7.35
28.88

0.49
31.06
0.01
1.22
1.19
0.22
7.42
29.15

5.84
4.06
2.41

5.90
4.10
2.43

3.70
0.85
4.99
0.37
0.10
1.70
1.72
1.64
1.79
1.08
13.31
3.55
0.77
1.91

3.74
0.85
5.04
0.38
0.10
1.71
1.73
1.66
1.81
1.09
13.44
3.58
0.78
1.93

0.25

0.26

Note : Food consumption of the NLSS-II poverty basket is obtained by adjusting the NLSS-I basket for the change in the
demographic composition of an average Nepali household.
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics.

- 21 -

39.41
288.64
9.16
31.61
48.13
82.25
17.97
3.47
8.63
1.48
2.53
2.34
2.27
63.43
0.09
34.37
1.49
0.73
12.77
64.07
14.32
16.19
10.73
4.08
4.52
4.21
10.39
7.69
5.12
2.26
0.33
3.29
5.39
3.45
4.71
6.15
13.18
10.22
0.9
0.55

Table 2.10: Installation of Solar Home System by District, Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavrepalanchowk
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Rasuwa
Nuwakot
Dhading
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Grand Total

No. of Systems
700
810
217
0
54
4
393
171
1088
941
321
705
1277
3045
43
91
26
35
298
2393
1810
300
207
189
44
0
0
139
328
1253
879
142
150
173
708
694
226
754
494
202
79
153
542
660
384
1481
718
478
7
8
1410
629
3738
2683
1720
1017
367
346
994
3153
1664
247
1225
421
327
265
374
1579
1354
455
877
131
150
1024
1631
53595

2008/09
System Capacity (Wp)
21284
31183
9094
0
1936
100
10801
5675
27224
27349
7499
18677
33747
64408
1119
1790
653
1024
7234
63690
43803
5012
3610
5495
982
0
0
2947
7732
31886
16491
3407
3709
5527
24286
16860
6642
21087
13946
3864
1580
4800
13632
15795
9203
36454
18289
15388
184
180
31316
13894
78480
54885
36432
22229
8484
7461
22095
62280
34503
4918
24192
8611
6589
5059
7196
34497
27491
9166
21148
3519
2806
20643
34258
1249430

No. of Systems
355
476
98
0
67
1
76
82
645
830
156
616
850
1948
17
65
36
216
170
2138
1433
67
153
206
32
0
0
23
244
780
891
62
241
102
322
298
289
1044
182
87
2
27
363
415
376
773
536
383
6
13
654
382
3149
2309
1307
451
491
87
1036
1478
906
55
322
178
282
32
254
983
703
374
512
103
169
601
722
35732

Note: Subsidy for Government only

Source : Alternative Energy Promotion Centre

- 22 -

2009/10
System Capacity (Wp)
10770
17232
4175
0
2039
40
2090
3011
15329
22533
3276
14513
20548
42869
391
1281
587
5920
5220
53740
33632
1134
3064
6204
927
0
0
499
5412
18784
19945
1453
5512
3475
9655
6487
6659
29271
4860
1982
40
699
9770
9235
8673
19163
13259
11954
120
320
15913
8079
65274
48317
26266
10407
12540
1868
22207
29819
18887
1177
6422
3628
5654
670
5501
21216
14412
7812
11490
2673
3943
12763
14805
829495

No. of Systems
613
846
147
25
106
2
91
93
713
822
517
1162
1132
2065
94
64
84
63
332
3485
1848
165
172
352
115
0
0
22
91
1290
1423
105
173
137
377
600
269
1251
145
76
0
22
323
156
204
953
701
669
2
44
733
383
3681
3272
3070
1302
559
99
1655
2952
2147
32
725
814
643
104
479
1835
1433
813
1154
87
420
956
1121
54610

2010/11
System Capacity (Wp)
16705
32511
6393
1065
3270
40
2372
3388
16526
23057
12352
26630
24645
46499
2346
1441
1891
2230
9182
89419
44890
2852
3172
10278
2560
0
0
392
2291
31637
28793
2916
4136
4461
11309
12697
6231
32964
3558
1665
0
704
8298
3493
4624
22439
16343
18570
63
976
16653
8228
74439
66407
60680
25324
12587
1939
36336
59663
44284
651
14486
16354
12876
2101
9708
38139
29169
16632
25000
2220
8816
19716
22830
1229512

Table 2.11 : Primary Production and Import of Coal in Nepal,1998/99-2008/09

(Unit in 000 tons)
Year
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08

Primary Production
10.95
17.53
16.59
9.61
11.85
10.46
9.29
11.96
19.58
14.02

Import
104.22
400.62
279.84
248.39
215.91
279.84
247.88
400.62
239.48
314.12

Total
115.17
418.15
296.43
258.00
227.76
290.30
257.17
412.58
259.06
328.14

Change in %

14.82

293.76

308.58

-5.96

2008/09

263.07
-29.11
-12.96
-11.72
27.46
-11.41
60.43
-37.21
26.67

Source: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (Energy Sector Synopsis Report,2010)

Table 2.12 : Consumption of Petroleum Products in Nepal, 2000/01-2009/10

Year
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09

Petrol (kl)
59245
63271
67457
67586
75989
80989
101911
101624
128372

2009/10

187640

High Speed
Diesel(kl)

Kerosene Oil
(kl)

Llight Diesel
Oil (kl)

Furnace
Oil (kl)

Aircraft
Turbine
Oil (kl)

L.P. Gas
(mt)

326060
286233
299973
299730
315368
294329
306687
303212
489219

316381
386593
348683
310826
239328
226637
197849
152168
77799

3418
2413
610
577
100
290
180
308
380

20999
18255
14502
12653
2639
3695
4557
2940
2188

63130
47453
52839
64041
66825
64335
63777
68534
74306

40102
48757
56079
66142
77594
81005
93562
96837
115813

655127

49494

226

1414

101314

159286

Sourec : Nepal Oil Corporation, 2009

- 23 -

8149.11

Total

8292.78

2002/03
7512.13
280.83
298.04
122.66
67.76
11.36
8489.49

2003/04
7654.50
321.80
308.11
124.73
67.84
12.51
8615.49

2004/05
7778.20
299.41
325.99
125.17
72.37
14.35

Fuel type
2001/02
2002/03
Fuel wood
6315.03
6451.17
312.67
Agri. residue
305.61
Traditional
Animal dung
466.92
476.73
Total
7087.56
7240.57
Coal
152.06
134.24
Electricity
118.86
127.48
LPG
56.33
64.79
Kerosene
328.89
296.59
Gasoline
49.72
53.00
Commercial
High speed Diesel
254.72
266.95
Light diesel oil
2.21
0.56
Fuel oil
13.56
12.99
Air turbine fuel
40.27
44.48
Other Petroleum
12.25
13.80
Total
1028.87
1014.88
Biogas
31.68
35.82
Micro-hydro
0.98
1.11
Renewable
Solar
0.02
0.04
Total
32.68
36.97
Grand Total
8149.11
8292.42
* Statistics of the year 2010/11 only covers the first eight months.
Source: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat

category

2003/04
6590.26
319.91
486.74
7396.91
171.09
140.17
76.41
264.43
53.40
266.74
0.54
9.89
54.35
15.55
1052.57
38.72
1.24
0.05
40.01
8489.49

8840.22

- 24 -

8940.27

2006/07
8103.48
300.11
377.93
72.15
70.64
15.96

Year
2005/06
6861.77
328.63
507.40
7697.80
243.16
163.53
93.58
192.81
63.64
261.93
0.27
0.03
54.60
19.74
1093.29
47.56
1.53
0.07
49.16
8840.25

Year
2005/06
7921.48
395.10
351.51
89.72
67.77
14.64

2004/05
6732.71
327.62
496.96
7557.29
151.55
156.57
89.64
203.15
59.44
279.45
0.08
-0.65
56.71
17.52
1013.46
43.35
1.34
0.06
44.75
8615.50

Table 2.14 : Energy Consumption by Sector and Type, 2001/02-2010/11

* Statistics of the year 2010/11 only covers the first 8 months figure.
Source: Water and Energy Commission Secretariat.

2001/02
7381.58
294.15
282.12
115.46
65.14
10.66

Sector
Residential
Industrial
Transport
Commercial
Agriculture
Others

Table 2.13 : Energy Consumption by Sector, 2001/02-2010/011

2006/07
6999.37
337.17
518.05
7854.59
144.49
179.68
108.09
168.32
80.08
272.93
0.16
1.24
54.12
22.24
1031.35
52.13
2.12
0.07
54.32
8940.26

2008/09
7300.67
344.54
540.04
8185.25
181.87
182.29
133.80
59.63
97.57
415.12
0.35
0.00
58.50
9.61
1138.74
60.84
3.19
0.13
64.16
9388.15

9388.15

2008/09
8364.02
312.23
538.58
70.53
85.54
17.25

2007/08
7149.43
336.91
528.93
8015.27
193.40
190.06
111.87
132.05
79.24
269.38
0.28
0.64
58.50
2.92
1038.34
55.94
2.64
0.10
58.68
9112.29

9112.30

2007/08
8239.74
328.21
352.79
114.63
59.14
17.79

6571.46

20010/11*
5806.63
256.94
384.67
51.24
58.47
13.51

2009/10
7458.48
354.57
551.38
8364.43
292.89
219.89
163.09
47.46
127.51
545.08
0.22
0.00
70.12
10.25
1476.51
66.04
3.89
0.15
70.08
9911.02

2010/11*
5067.58
238.85
373.67
5680.10
157.74
147.73
105.76
19.69
75.76
284.39
0.00
0.00
43.97
7.68
842.72
46.08
2.44
0.10
48.62
6571.44

(000 TOE)

9911.03

2009/10
8568.36
437.56
700.09
77.46
108.16
19.40

('000 TOE)

Table 2.15 : Annual Production of Improved Seeds

(mt.)
Seeds
Paddy

2000/01
231

2001/02
104

Wheat
Maize
Vegetable
Lentil

1656
7
2
15

2601
52
36
27

1680
20
2.3
17

1665.8
19.86
1.48
12.6

1205
2.11
1.19
12.16

2859
10.69
2.77
21.9

11

1.2

5.25

1.59

0.9

0.5

1.93

7.52

4.33

Jute
Mustard
Sesbania
Others

2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06

353
503.7
546 643.68

2006/07 200708
661.17 896.64
2882.9
2450.7
0
5.81
7.19
8.38
14.77
26
4.96

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11

931.15
959
1209
2989.79
0.25
5.05
5.63

3555
0.05
6.7
6.2

2981
0.84
2.2
12.89

1.48

2.75

1.12
1.5
0.5

0
3
1.8

0.82

1.55

Source : National Seed Company Ltd.

Table 2.16 : Crop Species Registered in Nepal

Number of Species Registered
2002+

2003+

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Cereal crops
Paddy

48

48

49

49

55

44

44

44

48

Maize
Wheat

17
28

15
28

17
29

17
29

19
30

12
17

14
17

16
19

16
20

Barley
Millet

6
3

6
3

6
3

6
3

6
3

6
3

6
3

6
3

6
3

Crops Species

1997*

Total
Leguminous

92

102

100

104

104

113

82

84

88

93

Leguminous and Pulse

17

25

25

28

27

31

22

22

33

33

Vegetables

22

44

44

46

46

44

44

44

46

46

Oil Crops

10

12

12

16

16

16

15

15

15

15

Soybean
Total
Others
Grass crops
Total

6
55

81

81

90

7
96

7
98

7
88

7
88

7
101

7
101
2
2

Industrial/Cash Crops
Jute

Ginger

Sugarcane

Tobacco

Cotton/Fiber Crops

Total

153

190

188

203

209

220

179

93

97

205

Grand Total

*Nepal Gazette vol.47, No. 11 (1997).+Updated Registration List of the Pesticide.

Source: Nepal Agriculture Research Council ,1997 and National Seed Board.

- 25 -

Table 2.17 : Maximum Residual Limits (MRL) of Pesticides in Foodstuffs

Max. Residual Limit
(MRL)
0.01 mg/kg
0.02 mg/kg
0.05 mg/kg

Pesticides
Aldrin, Dieldrin
Chlordane
Diazinon

Malathion
Fenithion
Phenthoate
Carbendazim
Oxydemeton methyl

37.05
0.01
4.00
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.50
0.02

Paraquat dichloride
Chlorphyrifos
Chlorfenvinphos

0.025 mg/kg
0.05 mg/kg
0.025 mg/kg

Hydrogen Cyanide

Carbaryl

mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg

Max. Residual Limit

(MRL)
Absent
1 mg/kg
0.02mg/kg

Pesticides
DDT
Dichlorvos
Fenitrothion
Hydrogen Phosphide
Inorganic Bromide
Lindane
Phosphamidon
Carbofuran
Dithiocarbamates
Phorate
Trichlorfon

.02 mg/kg
25 mg/kg
.01 mg/kg
.05 mg/kg
.10 mg/kg
.20 mg/kg
.05 mg/kg
.05mg/ kg

Decmethrin/ Deltamethrin
Monocrothphos
Prethrins

.50mg/kg
.025 mg/kg
Absent

1.5mg/kg

Source : Nepal Gazette 5 Feb 2001

Table 2.18 : Small Scale Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Rural-Urban Area
No. of Establishments
Region
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid western
Far western
Rural-urban
Rural
Urban
Nepal

1991/92

1999/00

Changed Number
2009/10

(1999/00-1991/92)

(2009/10-1999/00)

-2938
-6714
-374
-175
-1144
6076
-17421
-11345

11635
21414
6047
5057
2265

11639
21170
5448
2852
2562

8701
14456
5074
2677
1418

11488
34930

13926
29745

20002
12324

4
-244
-599
-2205
297
0
2438
-5185

46418

43671

32326

-2747

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Surveys of Small Manufacturing Establishments).

- 26 -

Table 2.19 : Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Rural-Urban Area

No. of Establishments
Region
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid western
Far western
Rural-urban
Rural
Urban

1991/92

Nepal

1996/97

2001/02

2007/08

749
2747
439
17
159

704
2019
519
182
133

825
1496
583
153
156

819
1618
612
190
207

1478
2633

1594
1963

1615
1598

1871
1575

4111

3557

3213

3446

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Censuses of Manufacturing Establishments).

Table 2.20 : Summary of Fish Production in Nepal, 2010/011

S.N.
Particulars
Fish Production from Aquaculture Practices
1
Pond Fish Culture
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
2
Other area (ghols)
3
Paddycum fish culture
4
Cage fish culture
5
Enclosure fish culture
6
Trout Fish Culture in Raceway
7
Fish Production in Public Sector
Fish Production from Capture Fisheries
8
Rivers
9
Lakes
10
Reservoirs
11
Marginal/ Swamps / Ghols etc.
12
Irrigated Paddy Fields
Total Fish Production
Source : Directorate of Fisheries Development

No. of Pond

Area

82
1525
24429
26036

(ha.)

Production

Yield
(kg./ha.)

(kg.)

4
190
7083
7277
2200
100
60000
100
7000

5000
337000
26599000
26941000
3300000
45000
360000
140000
140000
24000

1250
1774
3755
3702
1500
450
6
1400
20

395000
5000
1500
11100
398000

7110000
850000
385000
5990000
7165000
52450000

18
170
257
540
18

Table 2.21 : Environment Protection Expenditure of Nepal

(Rs. million)
Economic Accounts and Environmental Transaction
Sectors
Corporation ( Financial Non-financial Corporation)
Government
Household
NPISH
Total Expenditure
GDP at Current Price
Environment Expenditure as percent of GDP (at Current
Price)

2006/07
321.68
4631.31
311.69
3111.99
8376.66
727827

2007/08
339.56
7075.67
314.89
3111.99
10842.11
815658

Years
2008/09
370.03
8803.58
318.13
3435.36
12927.09
988272

1.15

1.33

1.31

R = Revised,
Sources :Central Bureau of Statistics (Environment Statistics and Satellite Account Section,Preliminary Report)

- 27 -

2009/10 2010/11R
388.06
405.17
8765.89 10047.01
321.40
341.43
3602.80
3761.57
13078.15 14555.18
1193679
1369430
1.10

1.06

Chapter III
Social and Demographic Issues

2.62

23.5
34
12

1980/81

21.4
18.1

439

57.5
57.8
57.2

486

58.3

108.8

111.7

54.3
55
53.5
2.08
850
18.9
18.4
19.4

66.8

69.4

97.5

5.6
34.1
10.3

1999/00

34.5
10.7
4.58

21.6

40.0

1998/99

41.2
13.3
5.1

39.8
56.2
23.5

1990/91

0.471
39.6
0.452

39.3

545

60.8
60.8
61
2.25

105.4

65.3

33.6
9.62

52.9
46.1
39.4
53.1
65.6
12.5

54.1
65.5
42.8
49.2
62.7
34.9

2000/01

21.9
19.5

415
20.1
19.7
20.5
511

59.7

91.2

33.1
9.6
4.1
2.1
4.4
64.4

2001/02

519

62.2
61.76
62.5

31.28
9.22
3.7

14.4
38.7

2002/03

Department of Health ,Nepal Demographic and Health Survey

- 31 -

83.7

50.6
63.5
38.9
48
64.5
33.8

2003/04

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal in Figures, Nepal living standards survey,2003/04 and 2010/11, Nepal labour force survey, 2008)

Parameter
Socio-economic Indicators
Literacy Rate (6+ )
Male
Female
Adult literacy Rate (15+ )
Male
Female
Labor force participation rate (LFPR)
Male participation (%)
Female participation (%)
Households with assess to improved sources of
drinking piped water (%)
Households with toilet facility (%)
Households with access to electricity (%)
Households with radio facility (%)
Households using firewood for cooking (%)
Households with telephone (%)
Cellular subscribers per 100 population
Demographic Indicators
Crude birth rate ( per 1000 popn)
Crude death rate ( per 1000 popn)
Total fertility rate ( per women)
Urban
Rural
Infant mortality rate ( per 1000 live births)
Urban
Rural
Child mortality rate ( per 1000 live births)
Urban
Rural
Life expectancy at birth (yrs)
Male
Female
Annual population growth rate
Maternal mortality ratio (per 1000 live births)
Median age of population
Male
Female
Acceptors of contraception ( '000 couples)
Currently use contraception % (any methods 1549)
Mean age at marriage
Male
Female
Abortion
Urban
Rural
Other Indicators
HDI (Human development index)
HPI (Human poverty index)
GDI (Gender related index)
GEM (Gender Empowerment Measurement)

Table 3.1 : Social and Demographic Indicators

0.513

536

62.8
62.3
63.1

30.62
8.96
3.6

2004/05

0.534
0.52
0.351

0.452
0.351

281

63.7
63.3
64.1

61

48

29.2
8.5

7.56

2006/07

0.527

48

63
62.9
63.7

30
8.7
3.5

2.9

48.9
68.6

2005/06

64.1
63.6
64.5

27.7
8.3

83.4
87.5
80.1

2007/08

0.545
0.486

0.423

2008/09

0.428

239

61

48

2009/10

0.558

0.458

7.5
14.7
6.7

49.7

1.4

2.6
1.6
2.8
46
38
55
54
45
64
68.8

24.3

83.7
12.5

83.0
56
69.9

60.9
72.2
51.4
56.5
71.6
44.5

2010/11

Table 3.2 : Population Distribution and Composition, 1971-2001

(population in %)
Population Distribution
Nepal (Number of Population)
Ecological belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Residence
Rural
Urban
Development
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far western
Total
Population composition
A . Biological composition
By age
0-14
15-59
60-+
Total
By sex
Male
Female
Sex ratio
By race (cast/ethnic group)
Chhetri
Bramhin
Magar
Tharu
Tamang
Newar
Muslim
Others
Total
B. Cultural composition
By literacy 6+
Male
Female
Total

- 32 -

1971
11554983

1981
15022839

1991
18491097

2001
23151423

9.9
52.5
37.6

8.7
47.7
43.6

7.8
45.5
46.7

7.29
44.28
48.43

96
4

93
7

91
9

86
14

24
33
21
13
9
100

24
33
21
13
9
100

24
34
20
13
9
100

23
35
20
13
9
100

40
54
6
100

41
53
6
100

42
52
6
100

39
54
7
100

50.34
49.66
101.4

51.22
48.78
105

49.87
50.13
99.5

49.95
50.05
99.8

16.05
13.8
7.24
6.71
5.51
5.63
4.12
40.94
100

15.3
12.74
7.14
6.75
5.64
5.48
4.24
42.71
100

34
12

54
25

65.5
42.8

23.3

39.6

54.1

Table 3.13 : Population Distribution and Composition, 1971-2001

(contd...)
(population in %)
Population Distribution
By religion
Hindu
Baudha
Islam
Others
By language
Nepali
Maithali
Bhojpuri
Tharu
Tamang
Newar
Others
C. Economic composition
By employment status
Employer
Employee
Self employed
Unpaid family worker
Total
By occupation
Agriculture
Non- agriculture
Not stated
Occupational classifications
Manager / Administrator / Legislator
Professional
Technician
Clerks
Service worker
Agriculture / livestock / forestry / fisheries
Craft production worker
Plant production worker

1971

1981

1991

2001

90
5
3
2.5

86
8
4
2.1

81
11
4
4

58
11.1
7.6
3.6
3.5
3
13.2

50
11.8
7.5
5.4
4.9
3.5
16.9

48.6
12.3
7.5
5.8
5.2
3.6
17

3.81
24.63
62.73
8.83
100

Elementary

91.4
6.3
2.3

81.1
18.6
0.3

65
35
0

0.1
0.9

0.3
1.8

0.7
1.5
92.2

1.1
9.2
81.2

0.6
2.5
1.7
2.03
7.9
65.7
9.3
1.4
8.8

Source: Central Bureau of Statistiques (National Population Censuses 1971,1981,1991 and 2001).

- 33 -

Table 3.3 : Population and Household

S.N.
1
2
3
4

Description
Population ('000)
Average annual population growth rate
Number of households
Average household size

1961
9412
1.64
1738975

1971
11556
2.05
2084062

1981
15023
2.62
2585154

1991
18491
2.08
3328198

2001
23151
2.25
4253220

2011P
26621
1.40
5659984

5.3

5.5

5.8

5.6

5.44

4.70

P= Preliminary
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Monograph of Nepal, Vol. I, 2003; Population Census,2011 Preliminery Report)

Table 3.4 : Poverty Head Count Rate

S.N.
1

Poverty Head count Rate

Region
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid Western
Far Western
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Residence
Urban
Rural
Nepal

Distribution of the Poor

1995/96

2003/04

2010/11

1995/96

2003/04

2010/11

38.9
32.5
38.6
59.9
63.9

29.3
27.1
27.1
44.8
41

21.44
21.69
22.25
31.68
45.61

21
26.9
18.7
18.5
14.8

23.4
32.2
16.7
17.7
9.9

19.8
30.8
16.9
16.4
16.0

57
40.7
40.3

32.6
34.5
27.6

42.27
24.32
23.44

10.7
41.9
47.4

7.5
47.1
45.4

11.8
42.8
45.4

21.6
43.3

9.6
34.6

15.46
27.43

3.6
96.4

4.7
95.3

11.7
88.3

41.8

30.8

25.16

100

100

100

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal Living Standard Surveys,1995/96 and 2003/04, 2010/11)

Table 3.5 : Poverty Gap in Rural and Urban, Nepal

Year

Poverty Gap
Index

Squared
Poverty Gap
Index

Urban

1995/96
2003-04
2010/11
1995/96-2003/04 Change (%)
2003/04-2010/11Change (%)
1995-96

6.54
2.18
3.19
-66.67
46.33
2.65

Rural
12.14
8.5
5.96
-29.98
-29.88
4.83

Nepal
11.75
7.55
5.43
-35.74
-28.08
4.67

2003-04

0.71

3.05

2.7

2010/11

1.01

2.00

1.81

1995/96-2003/04 Change (%)

-73.21

-36.85

-42.18

2003/04-2010/11Change (%)

42.25

-34.43

-32.96

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal Living Standard Surveys,1995/96 , 2003/04 and 2010/011).

- 34 -

Table 3.6 : Status of Calorie Consumption and Malnutrition

(proportion)
Calorie Intake
Shortfall (k0)
Region

Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Residence
Urban
Rural
Nepal

Nutrition Status
Stunting ( So)<5 age %
Underweight (Uo) <5
age %
Wasting (Wo) <5 age %

Stunting ( So)<5 age

Underweight (Uo) <5 age

Wasting (Wo) <5 age

Small
Area
Estimatio
n CBS

Nepal
Demograph
ic and
Health
Survey
2006

Small
Area
Estimatio
n CBS

Nepal
Demograph
ic and
Health
Survey
2006

Small
Area
Estimatio
n CBS

Nepal
Demograph
ic and
Health
Survey
2006

Small
Area
Estimatio
n CBS

0.364
0.362
0.267
0.418
0.377

0.376
0.399
0.372
0.443
0.499

0.439
0.519
0.498
0.515
0.530

0.476
0.5
0.501
0.539
0.540

0.408
0.516
0.436
0.473
0.543

0.434
0.447
0.434
0.49
0.489

0.079
0.124
0.068
0.073
0.114

0.091
0.108
0.089
0.088
0.088

0.400
0.371
0.330

0.452
0.418
0.374

0.586
0.523
0.465

0.614
0.524
0.473

0.473
0.433
0.504

0.451
0.414
0.484

0.062
0.051
0.134

0.053
0.059
0.133

0.426
0.339

0.416
0.395

0.363
0.506

0.368
0.522

0.331
0.483

0.335
0.467

0.085
0.096

0.078
0.98

0.352

0.398

0.497

0.473

0.452

0.095

0.096

DHS
2001^
57

DHS
2006^
49

41

0.504
NLSSIII
2010/11*
41.5

43

39

29

31.1

11

13

11

13.7

NLSS-II
2003/04

DHS
2011^

Source : * Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal Living Standard Surveys, 2003/04).^ Demographic Health Services

Table 3.7 : Percentage Distribution of Boys and Girls Enrolled in Different levels of Schools
Years

Girls /Boys

Pre -primary

Primary (1-5)

Girls
44.5
44.8
Boys
55.5
55.2
Girls
44.7
45.4
2002
Boys
55.3
54.6
Girls
44.2
45.4
2003
Boys
55.8
54.6
Girls
46.0
46.3
2004
Boys
54.0
53.7
Girls
46.2
47.4
2005
Boys
53.8
52.6
Girls
47.8
48.3
2006
Boys
52.2
51.7
Girls
46.0
48.9
2007
Boys
54.0
51.1
Girls
49.4
49.5
2008
Boys
50.6
50.5
Girls
47.6
50.1
2009
Boys
52.4
49.9
Girls
48.0
50.4
2010
Boys
52.0
49.6
Source : Department of Education (School Level Educational Statistics at a Glance).
2001

- 35 -

Lower
Secondary
(6-8)

Secondary
(9-10)

42.2
57.8
42.9
57.1
43.6
56.4
45.2
54.8
45.7
54.3
46.6
53.4
47.1
52.9
48.2
51.8
49.0
51.0
49.9
50.1

41.4
58.6
42.9
57.1
43.8
56.2
44.6
55.4
45.8
54.3
46.1
53.9
46.0
54.0
47.2
52.8
48.1
51.9
48.8
51.2

(In Percent)
Higher
Secondary
(11-12)

51.3
48.7
48.8
51.2

Table 3.8 : Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) in Different Levels of Schools, 2001-2010
Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)
Year

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Boys /
Girls

Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total

Pre Primary

12.8
11.7
13.8
19.8
17.6
22.0
20.1
NA
NA
39.4
37.3
41.4
69.9
66.6
73.1
41.4
40.9
41.9
60.2
56.8
63.4
49.7
48.6
50.7

Lower
Secondary
(6-8)

Primary
(1-5)
124.7
114.7
134.1
118.4
109.4
127.1
126.7
117.1
136.0
130.7
124.2
137.0
145.4
141.8
148.8
138.8
138.4
139.2
138.5
139.6
137.6
142.8
145.6
140.2
141.4
146.1
137.1
139.5

63.2
54.0
72.2
57.5
51.2
63.4
60.0
54.3
65.2
80.3
73.9
86.4
76.0
68.2
84.0
71.5
65.4
77.9
78.8
75.9
81.6
80.1
81.1
79.0
88.7
89.3
88.2
94.5

Secondary
(9-10)
43.8
36.0
51.8
44.8
38.7
50.7
46.4
41.3
51.5
50.4
45.2
55.4
59.3
45.5
53.0
56.7
53.1
60.2
55.9
52.4
59.3
59.5
61.6
57.3
65.7
64.5
66.8
66.3

Higher Secondary
(11-12)

23.6
24.6
22.6
26.0

Girls

144.8

97.0

66.5

26.9

Boys

134.5

92.1

66.1

25.2

Source : Department of Education (School Level Educational Statistics at a Glance).

- 36 -

Table 3.9 : Net Enrolment Rate (NER) in Different Levels of Schools, 2001-2010.
(In percentage)
Net Enrolment Ratio ( NER)
Year

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Boy / Girl

Primary

Lower Secondary

Secondary

Higher Secondary

(1-5)

(6-8)

(9-10)

(11-12)

Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total
Girls
Boys
Total

81.1
75.1
86.9
82.3
76.8
88.7
83.5
77.5
89.4
84.2
78.0
90.1
86.8
83.4
90.1
87.4
85.5
89.3
89.1
87.4
90.7
91.9
90.4
93.2
93.7
92.6
94.7
94.5

39.4
33.7
45.0
40.4
35.8
44.7
42.9
38.7
46.8
43.9
40.2
47.6
46.5
43.1
49.8
52.3
47.8
57.1
52.9
49.6
56.1
57.3
56.6
58.0
63.2
61.9
64.3
69.3

25.5
20.9
30.2
27.5
23.9
31.0
29.5
26.3
32.7
32.0
28.8
35.2
32.4
29.2
35.5
34.7
32.4
37.0
35.3
32.8
37.7
36.4
35.0
37.8
40.8
40.1
41.4
46.5

6.6
6.8
6.8
7.8

Girls

93.6

68.5

45.9

7.9

95.3

70.0

47.0

7.6

Boys

Source: Department of Education (School Level Educational Statistics at a Glance).

- 37 -

Table 3.10 : Inter-Zonal Life-Time Migrants, Nepal, 1971-2001

Year

1971

1981

1991

Place of Birth

Place of Enumeration
Mountain
9258
440
9698
2.2
33,423
2,196
35,619
3.8
32,003
4,671
36,674
3.0
-

Hill
15667
9699
25366
5.7
134,254
561,211
169,923
18.3
76,503
97,465
173,968
14.2
125597

Tarai
33990
376074
410064
92.1
162,832
561,211
724,043
77.9
121,826
895,888
1,017,714
82.9
169825

Total
49657
385332
10139
445128
100.0
297,086
594,634
37,865
929,585
100.0
198,329
927,891
102,136
1,228,356
100.0
295422

33895

1157035

1190930

Tarai

6424

234574

Total

40319

360171

1326860

2.3

20.9

76.8

100.0

Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration
Mountain
Hill

2001

% In-migration

% OutMigration

Net-Migration

11.1
86.6
2.3
100.0

-39959
-359966
399925

32
64
4.1
100.0

-261,467
-424,711
686,178

16.1
75.5
8.3
100.0

-161,655
-753,923
915,578

17.1

-255103

68.9

-830759

240998

14

1085862

1727350

100.0

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics(Population Monograph of Nepal ,2003 vol II)

Table 3.11 : Inter-Zonal Migrants for Both Sexes, Nepal, 2001

Origin
Nepal
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration
Male
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration
Female
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Total
% In-migration

Destination
Mountain

Hill

Tarai

Total

% OutMigration

33,895
6,424
40,319

125,597
234,574
360,171

169,825
1,157,035
1,326,860

295,422
1,190,930
240,998
1,727,350

17.1
68.9
14
100

-255,103
-830,759
1,085,862

2.3

20.9

76.8

100

10,822
3,521
14,343

57,170
121,164
178,334

84,783
567,513
652,296

141,953
578,335
124,685
844,973

16.8
68.4
14.8
100

-127,610
-400,001
527,611

1.7

21.1

77.2

100

23,061
2,896
25,957

68,428
113,415
181,843

85,040
589,528
674,568

153,468
612,589
116,311
882,368

17.4
69.4
13.2
100

-127,511
-430,746
558,257

2.9

20.6

76.4

100

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics(Population Monograph of Nepal ,2003 vol II)

- 38 -

Net-Migration

Table 3.12 : Statistics on Crime, Corruption, Traffic Accidents in Nepal,2001/02-2010/11

Year
Cases
Crime (Case Number)*
Corruption (Case Number)+
Traffic Accident*

2001/02

29867
2522

2002/03

2003/04

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

36763
3966

26586
3732

9320
4759

11,329
4324

10413
3564

11672
2732

4030

5532

3868

4545

916

1483

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

4149

16753
4295

19575
NA

5519

7438

8503

Source : * Police Headquarter

+ Commission for Investigation Abuse Authority.

Table 3. 13 : Number of Hard Drug Users by Sex,Nepal, 2006/07

Area/ district
Kathmandu Valley
Kaski
Jhapa
Sunsari
Rupandehi
Chitwan
Morang
Parsa
Makwanpur
Other rest areas
Total

Total
17458
5112
3523
3186
2588
2071
1316
1301
481
9274
46309

Number of hard drug users

Male
15580
4794
3378
2854
2454
1880
1267
1212
462
9074
42954

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Survey on Hard Drug Users in Nepal, 2006 )

- 39 -

Female
1878
318
145
332
133
191
50
89
19
200
3356

Table 3.14 : Number of Environment Related NGOs and INGOs Affiliated with Social Welfare Council
S.N.

District

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavre
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu

NGOs
2003/04 2004/05 2007/08 2008/09
3
8
5
14
16
15
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
1
14
7
8
6
3
19
3
10
10
7
35
7
391
4
1
9
12
2
6
6
37
9
10
7

Lalitpur

3
9
5
16
18
15
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
14
9
9
7
4
20
3
11
12
9
38
7
429
5
1
10
13
6
9
8
41
10
11
7
0

4
4
6
16
17
18
2
3
1
2
3
3
2
4
14
11
12
9
6
11
4
10
9
14
61
8
481
5
1
11
15
10
10
8
41
11
13
7
0

S.N.

District

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Total

4
4
6
17
17
19
3
3
1

2
3
3
2
4
16
11
14
9
9
11
4
10
9
14
66
9
503
6
2
11
18
11
13
8
41
11
13
7
INGOs
3
2

Kathmandu
Total

Source: Social Welfare Council

- 40 -

NGOs
2003/04 2004/05 2007/08 2008/09
6
29
0
0
2
7
4
6
8
10
2
6
2
2
1
0
8
16
15
18
21
3
1
3
1
7
2
2
2
3
4
5
15
12
3
2
1
926

6
35
0
1
2
8
4
6
9
12
3
7
2
2
1
0
8
18
18
18
23
3
1
4
1
8
2
2
2
5
5
5
16
16
3
2
3
1035

6
40
0
1
3
8
4
6
11
13
18
8
5
2
2
1
9
21
19
28
13
6
1
4
1
8
7
2
3
7
8
6
21
23
5
5
4
1196

6
41
0
1
4
9
4
6
12
16
18
8
5
2
2
2
9
24
20
20
13
6
1
4
1
9
8
2
3
7
8
6
28
27
5
5
4
1260

Chapter IV
Air and Climate

Table 4.1 : Annual Mean Temperature by Station

S.N.
1

District / Stations Name

Latitude

Banke, Nepalganj

28 06'

84 59'

84 59'

85 13'

84 25'

80 35'

81 43'

82 30'

Bara, Simara Airport

27 10'

Bhaktapur, Nagarkot

27 42'

Bhojpur,Bhojpur*

27 11'

Chitawan, Rampur

27 37'

Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura

29 18'

Dailekh,Dailekh

28 51'

Dang ,Ghorahi

28 03'

Dolakha, Jiri

27 38'

9.7 17.9

28 00'

2058 19.9 15.2 16.5 15.7 13.8

Jumla,Jumla

29 17'

21

Kailali, Dhangadi

28 41'

22.5

1530 17.7 17.5 17.1 17.6 17.6 18.1 17.4

NA

18.0

18.5

1300 19.5 18.7 15.7

NA

20.4

NA

25 25.2 24.6 24.8 25.2 25.3 25.0 25.0 25.5

25.4

0
0

28 13'

12

0
0
0
0

85 22'

84 22'

85 03'

Kathmandu ,Kathmandu Airport

27 42'

26

Lamjung, Khudibazar

28 17'

27

Makawanpur, Hetauda

27 25'

84 13'

30

Nawalparasi, Dumkauli

27 41'

27 52'

1003 22.5 22.2

22.7

NA

18 16.6 17.5 17.4 17.4

18 17.3 17.5

18.1

18.1

1343

NA 18.8 14.1 20.5 20.1

19.9

244 25.9 25.5 24.8 24.7 24.5 26.1 25.6 26.1 21.8

20.4

109 24.6 24.9 24.5 24.8 25.2 25.3 25.0 24.9 25.3

25.2

87 20'

37

Samkhuwasabha, Chainpur

27 17'

18 17.9 18.6 19.2

444 24.5 24.3 23.7 24.1 23.5

720 21.9 21.9 21.7

868

21

823

NA 23.2

87 17'
81 37'

83 53'

26 49'

Surkhet, Birendranagar

28 36'

40

Syangja,Syangja

28 06'
0

28 10'
0

27 21'

22 23.8 25.7 25.2 23.7 25.7 25.1

1329 19.2 18.5 19.3 18.1 17.9

Sunsari,Dharan

39

91 21.8 24.8

38

NA 21.5 22.5 22.1 22.0

21 21.0 20.2 20.4

26 33'

NA

86 45'

Saptari Rajbiraj

23.8

1720

36

22.4

83 26'

27 31'

2680 11.3 11.4

24

25.1

85 10'

27 11'

Rupandehi,Bhairahawa Airport

20.3

23 23.2 23.7 24.6 21.4 21.0 21.8

154 24.5 24.5 24.2 24.4 24.8 24.9 24.6 24.7 25.1

Rautahat, Gaur

35

19 19.2 19.2 19.4 19.8 19.5 19.5 20.0

NA 23.2

34

22.0

83 33'

Palpa, Tansen

22.1

10

33

1336 19.4

22 21.4 21.3

25.2

86 30'

27 19'

24.6
17.1

827 21.6 21.5 21.5 21.6 21.4

NA

NA 11.5 10.8 11.6 11.2 10.6 10.5

85 10'

27 55'

Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga

24.4

1740 16.9 16.7 16.5 16.2 16.2 20.7 16.4 16.4 17.1

72 24.9 24.8 24.3 24.5 25.2 25.2 24.9 24.9 25.2

Nuwakot,Nuwakot

32

176 23.8 24.1 21.1 23.8 24.2 24.3 24.8

24.5

31

15 15.1 24.0 24.0 24.4

474 23.3 22.3 22.5 22.3 23.1 23.7 23.3 23.4

87 16'

26 29'

15 14.7

84 14'

28 33'

Morong,Biratnagar Airport

15 15.3

823

Manang, Chame

29

170

28

24.9
13.7

25

25 24.5 24.6 24.8

2300 13.3 12.9 13.1 13.4 12.9 13.9 13.5 13.3 13.7

83 48'

Kaski, Pokhara Airport

25

24

24 24.5

11.8

84 00'

28 18'

143 24.5 24.3

2744 11.9 11.8 11.6 12.1 11.8 12.3 11.9 11.5

80 13'

29 02'

Kaski, Lumle

90

NA 16.8 20.2 23.5

Kanchanpur, Mahendera Nagar

23

NA

1097 13.2 21.2 20.8 17.1 20.2 22.7 22.0 22.9 21.9

22

NA

80 41'

20

NA

NA

28 47'

NA 14.4

20.9

14

23.0

82 14'

Mustang,Jomsom

5.3 14.3

20.6

617 23.8 23.5 23.5 23.8 22.6 22.9 22.5 22.3 22.8

19

NA

83 43'

26 35'

21.5

87 54'

Jhapa, Kankai

21 20.3 20.4 21.3

2003 14.6 14.1 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.9

18

NA

26 43'

22.7

1210 19.9 19.8 19.8 19.7 19.9 20.4 20.1

85 58'

Dhanusha,Janakpur Airport

634 20.8 21.5 21.5 21.9 22.4 22.5 21.9 22.0

1097 20.6 20.5 20.7 21.0 20.1

17

87 54'

26 55'

83 15'

28 04'

Ilam,Ilam Tea State

20.1

Gulmi,Tamghas

16

17.5

15

256 24.6 24.7 24.4 24.5 24.7 24.9 24.5 24.3

25
15.1

1402 16.1 18.8 18.8 19.2 18.9 17.9 19.1 20.2 20.2

84 37'

Gorkha,Gorkha

8.6 14.6 14.5 14.6

1848 16.7 16.3 16.6 16.8 16.5 17.4 17.0 16.8 17.4

14

9.2

80 57'

29 15'

8.8

82 55'

28 56'

Doti, Dipayal

24 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.4 24.9

9.9

24.8

Dolpa, Dunai

13

9.4

24.8

24.8

12

Taplejung, Taplejung

1595

86 14'

11

130 24.2 24.2 23.8

26 59'

165 25.1 25.5 22.6 25.1 25.5 25.6 24.2 24.3 24.6
9.5

87 21'

29 51'

Dhankuta,Dhankuta

Mean Temperature ( C)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2163

80 34'

Darchula,Darchula

Elevation
(masl)

42

10

Tanahaun, Khairenitar

81 40'

41

Longitude

84 00'
0

87 40'

25.1
NA

25 24.3 24.6 25.3

25.2

22 22.4 21.8 21.9 22.3

22.9

19 20.9 21.1 20.7 21.5 21.1 20.7 21.6

21.6

22

23 23.2 23.7 24.6 23.7 23.3 23.8

23.8

1732 16.1 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.9 17.2 16.9 16.9 17.4

17.6

NA= Not Available; masl = meter above sea level

* Station has been closed since 2004
Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

- 43 -

Table 4.2 : Precipitation by District and Station

(precipitation in mm)
1971-2000
S.N.
1

District / Station Name

Banke, Nepalganj

Latitude
0

28 06'
0

Elevation
(masl)

Annual

Monsoon

165

1350.8

1137.8

Longitude
81 40'

Winter
60.7

Pre
Monsoon

Post
Monsoon

93.1

59.2

Bara, Simara Airport

27 10'

84 59'

130

1806.2

1488.7

41.4

193.4

82.6

Chatara,Sunsari

26 49

8710

183

2137.9

1694.9

40.1

243.5

159.4

Chitawan, Rampur

27 37'

84 25'

80 35'

82 30'

87 21'

85 58'

80 57'

84 37'

83 15'

Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura

29 18'

Dang , Ghorahi

28 03'

Dhankuta,Dhankuta

26 59'

Dhanusha, Janakpur

26 43'

9
10
11

Doti, Dipayal

29 15'

Gorkha,Gorkha

28 00'

Gulmi,Tamghas

28 04'

256

1995.8

1634.5

48.1

221.1

92.1

1848

1383.7

1003.8

131.4

200.7

47.9

634

1600.8

1341.9

57.7

127.2

74

931

1008.7

722.5

38.7

182.6

64.8

90

1395.6

1137.4

34.7

150.4

73.1

617

1145.2

802.4

122.8

172.4

47.6

1097

1779.6

1352.3

57.6

305.4

64.3

1530

1954.3

1585.2

85.1

216.3

67.7

1300

1713

1370.5

37.1

227.2

78.3

143

2903.6

2391.2

39.2

312

161.2

2744

257.7

135.4

24.3

58.8

39.1

2300

843.6

544.3

88.1

162.1

49.1

87 54'

87 54'

83 43'

82 14'

12

Ilam, Ilam Tea State

26 55'

13

Jhapa, Kankai (Gaida)

26 35'

14

Mustang, Jomsom

28 47'

15

Jumla,Jumla

29 17'

16

Kailali, Dhangadi

28 41'

80 41'

170

1792.5

1561.7

68.5

109.9

52.4

8348

1740

5360.4

4541.4

100.5

481.8

236.7

84 00'

85 22'

17

Kaski, Lumle

28 18

18

Kaski, Pokhara

28 13'

19

Kathmandu ,Kathmand Airport

27 42'

827

3951.5

3126.6

79.1

550.4

195.4

1336

1439.7

1125.6

46.3

203.3

64.5

84 22'

85 03'

84 14'

87 16'

Lamjung, Khudibazar

28 17'

21

Makawanpur, Hetauda

27 25'

22

Manang, Chame

28 33'

Morang, Biratnagar

20

23

26 29'
0

823

3364.5

2750

95.6

395.8

123

474

2331.3

1917.1

52.4

258.4

103.3

2680

935.3

575.7

102.7

183.6

73.2

72

1881.1

1522.5

31.4

227.6

99.6

24

Nawalparasi, Dumkauli

27 41'

84 13'

154

2289.4

1907.8

51.5

240.9

89.2

25

Bara,Nijgadh

27 11

8510

244

2033

1673

40.1

216.8

103

85 10'
0

26

Nuwakot,Nuwakot

27 55'

1003

1978

1639.1

51

208.9

78.9

27

Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga

27 19'

86 30'

1720

1755.2

1401.6

38.1

233.4

82.1

28

Palpa , Tansen

27 52

8332

1067

1520.7

1274.1

71

130.4

45.3

29

Parbat, Kushma

28 13

8342

891

2498

2044.4

68.7

269.1

99.1

30

Dailekh,Dailekh

28 51'

81 43'

1402

1838.5

1504.1

96.6

182.4

55.4

86 14'

2003

2266

1815.4

52.1

307.9

90.6

31

Dolakha, Jiri

27 38'
0

32

Rupandehi, Bhairahawa

27 31'

83 26'

109

1673.1

1444.6

44.8

105.7

78

33

Sankhuwasava, Chainpur

27 17

8720

1329

1435

982.3

36.6

334.3

81.8

34

Saptari, Rajbiraj

26 33'

86 45'

91

1493.1

1231.4

35.1

157.1

69.5

8558

1463

2827.2

2232.2

50.7

368.8

175.6

81 37'

35

sindhuli,Sindhuligadhi

27 17

36

Surkhet, Birendranagar

28 36'

720

1603.1

1312.6

96.2

139.2

55.1

37

Syangja, Syngja

28 06'

83 53'

868

2888.8

2281.1

73.4

418.8

115.5

38

Tanahu, Khairanitar

28 02

8406

500

2328.8

1707.3

67.1

464

90.4

1732

2010.9

1401.7

56

447.5

105.7

39

Taplejung,Taplejung

27 21'

87 40'

Note : 30 years in normal.

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

- 44 -

Lamjung, Khudibazar
Makawanpur, Hetauda
Manang, Chame
Morang,Biratnagar Airport
Nawalparasi, Dumkauli
Nuwakot,Nuwakot
Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga
Palpa , Tansen
Nijghad, Bara
Rupandehi,Bhairahawa
Samkhuwasabha, Chinpur
Saptari Rajbiraj
Sindhuli, Sindhilighadi
Sunsari, Dharan
Surkhet, Birendranagar
Syangja,Syangja
Tanahaun, Khairenitar
Taplejung,Taplejung

Kathmandu,Kathmandu, Airport

Banke, Nepalganj
Bara, Simara Airport
Bhaktapur, Nagarkot
Bhojpur,Bhojpurr*
Chitawan, Rampur
Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura
Dailekh,Dailekh
Dang , Ghorahi
Darchula,Darchula
Dhankuta,Dhankuta
Ramechhap, Jiri
Dolpa, Dunai
Doti, Dipayal
Gorkha,Gorkha
Gulmi,Tamghas
Ilam,ilam Tea State
Dhanusha,Janakpur Airport
Jhapa, Kankai
Mustang,Jomsom
Jumla,Jumla
Kailali, Dhangadi
Kanchanpur, Mahendranagar
Kaski, Lumle
Kaski, Pokhara Airport

Station
81 40'
840 59'
840 59'
850 13'
840 25'
800 35'
810 43'
820 30'
800 34'
870 21'
860 14'
820 55'
800 57'
840 37'
830 15'
870 54'
850 58'
870 54'
830 43'
820 14'
800 41'
800 22'
840 00'
830 48'
850 22'
840 22'
850 03'
840 14'
870 16'
840 13'
850 10'
860 30'
830 33'
850 10'
830 26'
870 20'
860 45'
880 58'
870 17'
810 37'
830 53'
840 00'
870 40'

28 06'
270 10'
270 42'
270 11'
270 37'
290 18'
280 51'
280 03'
290 51'
260 59'
270 38'
280 56'
290 15'
280 00'
280 04'
260 55'
260 43'
260 35'
280 47'
290 17'
280 41'
290 03'
280 18'
280 13'
270 42'
280 17'
270 25'
280 33'
260 29'
270 41'
270 55'
270 19'
270 52'
270 11'
270 31'
270 17'
260 33'
270 17'
260 49'
280 36'
280 06'
280 10'
270 21'

Longitude

Latitude

* Station has been closed since 2004

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43

S. N.

Table 4.3 : Annual Rainfall by Station

Elevation
(masl)
165
130
2163
1595
256
1848
1402
634
1097
1210
2003
2058
617
1097
1530
1300
90
143
2744
2300
170
176
1740
827
1336
823
474
2680
72
154
1003
1720
1343
244
109
1329
91
1463
444
720
868
823
1732
1394
1339
2322
1569
1962
1663
1896
1658
2551
1074
2526
NA
1119
NA
1661
2108
1307
1638
432
829
2132
2135
6561
4855
1674
3486
2282
1320
1667
2659
1695
1713
1704
2051
1700
165
1130
2471
210
1514
3471
2689
2159

1995
NA
1744
2134
NA
2141
1375
1808
1476
2398
979
NA
369
1210
NA
1912
1918
1657
2333
NA
774
1984
1626
5335
3529
1528
NA
2496
732
1673
1877
1897
1994
1797
1437
1200
1528
2317
1922
1710
2806
2398
2094

1997

- 45 -

1480
1552
2353
1041
1784
1255
3098
1914
2220
904
2235
641
1039
1936
2256
1682
1361
2836
377
833
1732
1643
5561
3957
1600
4436
2124
1221
1943
2277
1765
1803
1634
NA
1979
1523
1777
2598
2065
1431
2999
208
2161

1996
1912
2797
1924
1172
2645
1811
NA
1640
2884
1214
NA
363
1371
728
2813
2055
2055
3761
201
834
2385
2446
6217
4879
1771
3564
2919
751
2677
2583
2232
1926
1876
2410
1507
1706
2919
2139
1754
2896
2896
2101

1998
1467
2046
2144
1528
2542
791
1597
1932
2455
1161
NA
417
868
NA
1981
2078
1841
3038
255
676
1757
NA
5953
4687
1681
3436
3111
593
2036
2616
2343
2027
1810
2064
1658
1663
3248
1941
1708
3659
2645
1984

1999
1485
2123
1875
931.7
2050
1138
1290
1916
2888
795.5
2625
216
1292
NA
2189
1545
1584
2583
189
887
2132
2343
6238
4785
1407
3545
2535
540
2292
2612
2513
1470
2215
1504
1128
1997
2706
2263
1900
3122
2439
1874

2000
1279
2297
1850
1304
2340
1322
NA
1633
2273
959
NA
174
998
1872
1974
1331
1775
2440
240
728
1485
1407
5936
4512
1621
3140
2680
530
2279
2979
2484
2192
2130
2016
1733
1827
2787
2616
1722
3260
2275
1912

2001
967
1949
2321
1178
2644
1293
1327
1364
2183
1090
NA
NA
1025
1743
1399
1542
1591
2311
308
842
1626
2006
5730
4484
1871
3304
3323
909
1923
2591
2111
2001
2524
1269
1683
2024
2919
2214
1538
3861
3058
2173

2002
NA
2150
2260
1086
2694
1391
1999
1700
2864
1086
2839
273
1261
1729
2314
2001
2008
2748
319
843
2309
NA
6310
4362
1740
3849
2998
NA
2108
3280
2216
1716
1799
2326
1953
1745
1763
2617
2325
1849
3328
2056
2505

2003
929
1965
1807
2042
1194
1281
1318
2616
951
2613
203
1034
1613
1234
NA
2199
2451
230
685
1418
NA
6096
4129
1583
3849
3103
974
2144
2611
2007
1619
1509
2929
1524
1392
2185
NA
2326
1425
3114
2113
1746

1184
1864
1797
1732
1102
1792
1557
2281
1156
2015
94
987
1277
1570
NA
1307
1832
309
670
1742
1680
4923
2967
1236
2838
2411
1174
1596
2213
1589
1902
1294
NA
1768
1332
NA
NA
2027
1810
2249
2089
1795

1242
1861
1669
1997
941
1784
1266
2386
859
1980
266
907
1114
1457
1119
1292
1697
302
748
1448
1056
4162
3024
1391
2852
2114
947
1300
2117
1255
1696
1130
NA
1214
1521
NA
NA
1751
1485
2675
2202
2147

2567
2897
2000
2743
1669
1697
1878
3256
964
NA
175
1035
1763
2239
NA
2563
2495
312
832
2602
NA
6056
4272
1346
3372
2588
1683
2117
3264
1550
2180
1571
NA
2066
2395
NA
1711
2167
1864
3498
2151
2055

1781
1643
1512
1786
1479
1986
1363
2336
NA
2863
292
1096
NA
1773
NA
1211
2860
NA
967
2677
NA
5902
3263
1220
3690
2134
1017
1700
1966
NA
NA
1536
NA
1669
1249
1212
1279
2280
1508
NA
2122
1766

1585
1312
1503
1909
1746
1686
1551
2533
933
2010
200
1359
1476
1794
1243
1320
2568
322
696
2286
2843
4873
3256
1205
2642
2125
482
1690
1924
882
1594
1344
1108
1504
1348
951
1543
1887
1726
2979
2979
1409

2009

1503
1580
1715
2400
1527
1163
1569
2963
870
2556
458
954
1900
1490
NA
964
3027
286
795
2070
1949
5700
3967
1479
3281
2676
1235
1870
2668
NA
1574
1734
1146
1904
1669
1141
NA
2711
1975
2904
1877
2233

2010

(rain fall in mm)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.

85 20

80 41'

27 21'
2740

870 40'

28 41'

810 37'

280 36'

15 Lalitpur,Khumaltar

83 26'

27 31'

14 Kailali,Dhangadhi

13 Taplejung,Taplejung

10 Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga
Rupandehi, Bhairahawa
11
Airport
12 Surkhet, Birendranagar
0

26 29'
86 30'

870 16'

850 22'

270 42'

8 Kathmandu Kathmandu Airport

27 19'

830 48'

280 13'

9 Morang, Biratnagar Airport

82 14'

29 17'

7 Kaski, Pokhara Airport

800 57'

290 15'

6 Jumla,Jumla

87 21'

26 59'

5 Doti, Dipayal

800 35'

4 Dhankuta,Dhankuta

84 59'

27 10'
290 18'

3 Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura

2 Bara, Simara Airport

81 40'

28 06'

District / Station Name Latitude Longitude

1 Banke, Nepalganj

S.N.

Table 4.4 : Average Sunshine Duration by Station

1350

170

1732

720

109

1720

72

1336

827

2300

617

1210

1848

130

165

Elevation
(masl)

NA

7.60

5.04

NA

NA

NA

NA

5.04

6.92

7.09

6.51

6.81

7.39

7.43

6.93

1998

NA

6.90

5.82

NA

NA

6.11

6.97

6.17

6.3

7.07

6.29

6.71

7.13

7.26

NA

2000

- 46 -

NA

7.10

6.17

7.25

7.38

6.27

7.23

NA

6.83

7.34

NA

NA

NA

7.50

NA

1999

NA

7.00

6.15

7.34

7.00

6.30

7.05

5.96

6.51

NA

6.60

6.92

7.39

7.36

NA

2001

6.50

7.60

NA

NA

NA

NA

6.8

6.00

6.30

6.70

6.70

6.80

7.60

7.40

NA

2002

5.80

6.50

NA

NA

NA

6.00

6.70

NA

6.60

6.90

6.80

6.90

7.50

7.10

NA

2003

6.20

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

5.60

6.40

NA

NA

NA

8.00

7.10

NA

2004

Year

6.60

7.00

NA

NA

7.30

5.80

7.40

6.00

6.50

7.20

6.70

6.80

7.20

7.80

NA

2005

6.60

7.10

6.10

NA

7.10

6.10

6.80

6.10

6.60

NA

6.70

6.70

NA

7.20

7.40

2006

5.70

6.60

NA

6.90

6.90

5.40

6.40

5.50

6.30

NA

NA

6.40

7.30

6.90

7.30

2007

6.30

6.30

6.00

6.80

NA

6.20

6.50

6.00

6.40

6.70

6.80

6.70

6.70

7.60

6.90

2008

6.50

7.50

6.80

7.40

7.60

6.60

6.50

6.40

NA

7.60

7.30

6.90

7.70

7.30

7.70

2009

6.60

6.80

6.30

7.20

7.40

6.00

6.10

6.35

6.40

7.40

7.70

6.70

7.30

7.30

7.30

2010

(hr/day)

Station Name
Arghakhanchi (Khanchikot)
Bardia (Chishapani)
Rupandehi,Bhairahawa Agriculture
Bhojpur,Bhojpur*
Dadeldhura,Dadeldhura
Dhankuta,Pakhribas
Dhankuta, Dhankuta
Dolakha (Jiri)
Doti, Dipayal
Gorkha,Gorkha
Ilam , Ilam Tea State
Jhapa, Kankai Gaida
Mustang,Jomsom
Jumla,Jumla
Kailai, Dhangadhi
Kanchanpur,Mahendranagar
Kaski ,Lumle
Kathmandu ,Kathmandu Airport
Lalitpur ,Khumaltar
Kaski, Malepatan
Morang, Biratnagar Airport
Bhaktpur, Nagarkot
Banke, Nepalganj
Banke,Khajura
Banke, Sikta
Okhaldhunga,Okhaldhunga
Parsa, Parwanipur
Kaski, Pokhara Airport
Siraha, Lahan
Sunsari ,Tarahara
Surkhet ,Birendranagar
Surkhet ,Pusmacamp
Tanahu, Khairenitar
Taplejung, Taplejung

NA= Not Available

* Station has been closed since 2004
Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.

S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
1996 1997 1998
7.3
6.8
5.7
NA
7.6
7.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.0
3.5
3.5
3.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.7
3.8
1.7
2.1
NA
1.6
1.5
1.4
2.0
NA
1.6
2.9
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
NA
NA
NA
5.5
NA
6.3
2.7
2.7
2.4
1.3
1.3
2.2
NA
1.3
1.3
1.4
NA
1.1
2.1
2.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.8
1.3
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.6
2.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.6
5.0
3.8
2.1
2.2
NA
1.0
1.2
1.1
NA
NA
NA
3.1
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
NA
NA
0.8
0.8
NA
3.7
NA
1.8

Table 4.5 : Average Wind Speed by Station

1999
NA
NA
2.8
1.1
3.3
NA
3.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.5
NA
NA
NA
2.1
1.4
1.0
2.9
1.3
1.2
NA
2.6
NA
NA
3.8
2.0
2.6
NA
NA
2.2
1.9
NA
1.8

2001
NA
NA
NA
0.7
2.2
NA
4.1
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.2
NA
NA
NA
1.9
1.3
0.8
3.1
0.7
1.1
NA
2.4
NA
NA
2.8
NA
2.4
NA
NA
2.1
NA
NA
3.1

- 47 -

2000
NA
NA
2.8
0.7
3.1
NA
4.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.4
NA
NA
NA
1.9
1.4
1.0
3.1
1.0
1.5
6.2
NA
NA
NA
3.6
2.3
2.7
NA
NA
2.1
1.8
NA
2.5

2002
NA
NA
2.7
0.8
1.8
1.1
4.1
NA
1.1
NA
NA
1.2
NA
5.8
NA
1.9
1.1
1.0
2.8
0.7
2.2
NA
2.6
1.6
1.3
4.1
2.1
2.1
3.1
3.9
2.0
2.1
NA
3.0

Year
2003
6.7
NA
2.5
1.2
1.8
0.8
3.8
2.5
0.9
NA
NA
1.0
15.6
5.2
NA
NA
1.1
0.9
3.1
0.5
2.8
5
2.5
1.7
1.6
3.4
2.0
2.4
3.5
4.5
1.7
1.9
NA
NA
2004
5.6
NA
2.8
2.3
1.3
3.9
2.9
0.8
NA
NA
NA
16.1
6.0
NA
1.8
1.1
0.8
3.1
0.3
2.0
4.4
2.6
1.9
1.6
2.3
2.2
2.3
3.3
4.0
1.5
1.7
NA
2.6

2005
6.6
7.2
2.7
3.4
1.2
3.9
3.2
1.4
NA
1.2
NA
NA
5.4
NA
2.4
1.3
0.8
3.0
0.3
1.8
4.3
2.8
2.2
1.9
2.7
2.5
2.3
3.9
4.5
1.6
1.6
NA
2.5

2006
2007 2008
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.7
NA
NA
2.9
2.6
2.6
1.3
N.A
0.9
3.5
3.2
3.3
3.1
N.A
3.0
2
1.9
1.5
NA
NA
NA
1.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.6
5.3
4.6
NA
1.7
1.7
2.1
NA
NA
1.3
1.4
1.2
NA
0.7
0.9
3.0
3.0
3.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
NA
5.9
6.5
3.7
2.9
2.7
2.0
1.9
1.5
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.5
0.6
0.8
4.3
4.3
3.8
1.7
0.7
1.3
NA
1.9
2.1
NA
N.A
1.9
7.0
6.4
6.2
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.6
N.A
NA
NA
N.A
NA
1.5
1.8

2009
NA
NA
NA
2.8
N.A
3.1
N.A
1.6
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.8
1.6
NA
0.8
0.6
3.0
0.2
5.0
0.9
1.6
1.8
0.6
2.0
-0.4
2.3
1.1
N.A
1.0
N.A
N.A
1.7

( km/hr )
2010
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.9
3.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.4
NA
NA
0.7
0.6
3.0
0.28
2.8
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.3
0.5
NA
NA
6.3
NA
NA
NA
1.7

271
264
174
NA
238
184
118
118
151
137
224
315

2004

285
246
287
241
230
185
113
117
117
147
218
265

204

Annual
Average

2006

228

336
0
358
249
233
225
125
115
123
202
270
267

2007
227

339
255
309
282
167
255
147
110
110
158
205
381

2004
190

245
235
280
230
211
161
136
139
123
137
179
198

2005
200

257
265
238
285
215
211
177
113
145
116
168
210
156

277
0
245
207
126
116
88
95
84
106
169
198

2006
174

248
188
179
192
187
225
128
96
94
137
167
241

2007

2004
137

214
201
224
161
153
67
61
54
67
91
148
197

2005
124

210
164
147
192
120
108
52
56
69
78
122
175

2006
116

221
0
178
136
98
105
51
41
59
84
134
171

2007
116

201
140
132
137
120
144
81
53
50
75
102
151
54

57
70
108
91
79
48
29
16
24
30
48
46

2004
43

54
NA
50
102
54
52
15
19
21
27
36
42
43

70
0
73
73
43
49
17
15
17
24
39
47
44

82
66
55
67
51
42
22
17
19
26
30
42
112

184
194
219
154
137
80
36
28
42
57
100
114

2004

- 48 -

Source: Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (NAAQS Monitoring Result in Kathmandu Valley (2003-2004), www. most.gov.np).

Legend : Good= <60, Moderate= 61-120, Unhealthy= 121-350, Very unhealthy = 351-425 and Hazardous= >425

National Ambient Air Quality Standards: 20 microgram per cubic meter.

Parameter: particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometer (PM10).

199

2005

Year/ Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

2005

Machhegau
2006

Thamel

99

140
134
124
192
109
n/a
30
32
47
51
96
135
91

171
0
211
151
82
73
26
26
37
49
81
97
76

133
113
107
114
77
61
43
28
28
48
64
98

78

109
117
151
122
99
49
29
22
35
44
77
76

Kirtipur

Urban Background Stations

Bhaktapur
2005

Patan
2006

Putalisadak
2007

Valley Background
Station
2004

Residential Station

67

101
82
83
121
70
52
20
29
35
40
65
110

2005

Roadside Stations
2007

56

113
0
102
65
59
53
20
20
18
27
63
78

62

123
92
79
86
66
62
31
20
24
34
43
79

( micro-gm/m3)

2006

Table 4.6 : Monthly Average PM10 for 2003-2007 in Different Areas

2007

Table 4.7 : Noise Level at Different Areas

(dBA)
Day Hour
Traffic Area
High Traffic Area
Kalanki, Kathmandu
Shahidgate, Kathmandu
Putalisadak, Kathmandu
Maitighar, Kathmandu
TU Gate, Kirtipur, Kathmandu
Lagankhel, Lalitpur
Satdobato, Lalitput
Kupandol, Lalitpur
Suryabinayak, Bhaktapur
Thimi Bus Stop, Bhaktapur
Ramananda Chowk, Janakpur

Nepal Observed

WHO
Guideline
70

Night Hour
Indian
Guideline

74
67
75
71
58
70
70
77
71
65
68

Nepal
Observed

Indian
Guideline

70
69
69
70
58
70
71
75
81
53
62
64

Commercial Cum Residence Area

55

Asan Chowk , Kathmandu

Naya Bazar, Kirtipu, Kathmandu
Manbhawan, Lalitpur
Bhanu Chowk, Janakpur
Commercial Cum Tourist Area
Thamel Chowk, Kathmandu
Darbar Squar, Bhaktapur
Mangal Bazar, Lalitpur
Janaki Mandir, Janakpur
Old Residence Area
Lagan, Kathmandu
Panga, Kirtipur, Kathmandu
Bhatkepati, Kirtipur, Kathmandu
Pimbhal, Lalitpur
Katunje, Bhaktapur
Bhairab Mandir, Bhaktapur
Maharaj Sagar, Janakpur
New Residence Area
Samakhushi, Kathmandu
Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur
Sanitar, Bhaktapur
Sainbu, Lalitpur
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
Industrial Area
Balaju Yantra Shala, BID
Chirag Foam Ind. Pvt. Ltd., BID
Balaju Industrial Gate, BID
Supreme Textile,PID
Himal Tents Pvt. Ltd., PID

74
64
71
70

67
62
67
67

78
63
74
61
61

70
54
68
58
56

Patan Industrial Gate, PID

70

70

65
75
59
69
73

55
61
50
59
70
45

68
60
52
57
52
67
58

67
57
60
51
65
51
61
55

55
62
60
45
53

45
60
62
53
42
54

70

75

70

Source: Nepal Health Research Council and World Health Organization, Assessment of Noise Pollution and Development of Criteria for its
Prevention and Control, June 2003.

- 49 -

Table 4.8 : Annual Background Radiation Exposure at Some Location in Nepal, 1987-1998
(mrem/hr)
No. of
Selected
Points

Location

Kathmandu

39

Dakshinkali

10

Kakani

Faction in % of the
tolerance level

Measured Equivalent Dose Rate 1987-1998

146

xmax

x 1988

x 1987

x max

180

228

36

46

163

206

262

41

52

165

262

350

52

70

Thankot

160

195

228

39

46

Phulchoki

163

203

228

40

46

Sankhu

153

193

228

38

46

Dharan

104

163

201

32

40

Dhankuta

148

181

228

36

46

Biratnagar

145

178

201

35

40

Source: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, 1999, (Third National Conference on Science & Technology, Proceedings Vol-1.)

Table 4.9 : PM10, TSP, SO2, NO2, Co and pb Measurements

(Average Time 8 hrs.)
Parameters
Major city (Site)
Pokhara
Birganj

Janakpur

TSP

SO2

NO2

Co

pb

(g/m3)

(g/m3)

(g/m3)

(g/m3)

(g/m3)

10:0018:00

90.2

118.5

74

9.1

NA

0.11

30/11/2000

10:0018:00

482.9

567.8

63

23

378

0.27

4/12/2000

08:0016:00

961.4

1024.3

68.7

24.5

1145.48

0.24

7/11/2000

11:0019:00

1820.9

2019.5

39.8

20.7

859.11

0.53

196.3

260.3

39.86

14.8

NA

0.04

Date

827

26/11/2000

91

Biratnagar

PM10
(g/m3)

Altitude
(masl)

125
90

Time

Narayanghat

256

10/12/2000

08:0016:00

Butawal

205

19/12/2000

07:0015:00

1076.6

1150.2

140.5

21.38

229.09

0.09

Bhairahawa

110

22/12/2000

07:0015:00

864.8

926.41

104.6

23.28

1145.48

0.13

Nepalganj

144

26/12/2000

07:0015:00

2104.8

2222.5

68.66

17.78

1445.48

0.23

Mahendranagar

176

29/12/2000

08:0016:00

355.05

378.54

85.01

17.14

NA

0.04

Note : Data were collected using high volume air sampler.

Source: Nepal Health Research Council and Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services (P) Ltd., (Transport Sector Air Pollution
Survey, at Nine Major Urban Cities of Nepal, the World Conservation Union, Sept, 2001).

- 50 -

Table 4.10 : Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) Protection Status-Montreal Protocal, 1987
A) Montrial Protocal : Controlled Substance-1
Chemical Composition of Ozone
Depleting Substance

Name of Ozone
Depleting
Substance

Trichlofluoromethane CFCl3

( CFC -11)

1.0

2
A
1
Dichlorodifluoromethane CF2Cl2
B) Montrial Protocal : Controlled Substance-2

( CFC -12)

1.0

1
C
1
Chlorodifluoromethane CHF2Cl
C) Montrial Protocal : Controlled Substance-3

( HCFC -2402)

No

Annex

Group

Bromochlorodifluoromethane
(CF2BrCl)

II

II

II

Bromotrifluoromethane (CF3Br)
Dibromotetrafluoromethane
(C2F4Br2)

II

III

6
E
I
D) Phase Out rate of CFC-11 and CFC-12
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

OzoneDepleting
Potencial

0.055

Halon-1211

3.0

Halon-1301

10.0
6.0

Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)

Halon-1213
Carbon
Tetrachloride

1,1,1-trichloroethane(C2H2Cl3)

Methyl Chloroform

0.1

Bromomethane (CF3Br)

Methyl Bromide

0.6

CFC-11 and CFC-12

( MT)

29.058
26
23
20
17.0
14
11
8
5
2
0

Source : Nepal Gazette 2057/6/9 . Aditional 36

- 51 -

1.1

Table 4.11: Types of Climate by Physiographic Zone of Nepal

Physiographic Zone
High Himalaya
High Mountain
Mid-Hills

Surface area
(%)
23
20
30

Lowlands Terai and

Siwalik Hills

27

Elevation (m)
above 5000
4000-5000
3000-4000
2000-3000
1000-2000
500-1000
below 500

Mean of
temperate (0C)
< 10

Type of Climate
Tundra-type and Arctic
Alpine
Sub-alpine
Cool temperate monsoon
Warm temperate monsoon
Hot monsoon and Subtropical

10-15
15-20

Hot monsoon and Tropical

> 20

Source: Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (Land Resource Mapping Project, 1986, Dobremez, 1975 and
Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book , 2001).

Table 4.12 : National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal, 2003

Parameters

Units

Averaging
Time

WHO Guidedline

Annual

Concentration
in Ambient Air,
maximum
-

g/m
TSP (Total
SuspendedParticulates)
PM10

Sulphur Dioxide

g/m

24-hours*
Annual
24-hours*
Annual

120-230

24-hours**

125

70

g/m3

Annual
Nitrogen Dioxide

g/m

Lead

Benzene

70
40

24-hours**

Carbon Monoxide

230
120
50

g/m3

150

8 hours**

80

10,000

15 minute
Annual

100000

100,000
0.5

24-hours
Annual

0.5-1.0*

20****

g/m3

g/m3

24-hours

Test Method
High Volumne
Sampling 24
hour sampling
(one weak
sample on 2
road side
station
Low Volume
Sampling
Diffusive
sampling
based on
weekly
average
Diffusive
sampling
based on
weekly
average
To be
determined
before 2005
Indicative
sampler
Atomic
absorption
spectrometry
analysis of PM
10 samples
Diffusive
sampling
based on
weekly
average

Note: 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per calendar year the standard may be exceeded but not on
two consecutive days.
** 24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate
test methodologies. This will be done before 2005.
*** If representativeness can be proven, yearly averages can be calculated from PM10 samples from selected weekdays from each month of
the year.
**** To be re-evaluated by 2005.

- 52 -

Table 4.13 : Average Rainfall and Temperature by Altitude

Temperature Zone: Altitude (in masl)

Average Annual
Rainfall (mm)
Less than 500
500-1000

1000-2000

2000-3000

Less than 1000

1000-1500

Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
Nepalganj Banke
Dhangadi, Kailali

Salyan
Nuwakot
Dhankuta

Bhairahawa, Rupandehi
Janakpur, Dhanusha
Dipayal, Doti
Simara, Bara
Biratnagar, Morang
Butawal, Rupandehi
Khairenitar, Tanahu
Hetauda, Makawanpur
Syangja, Syangja

Patan, Baitadi
Gorkha
Ilam
Silgadhi, Doti
Dailekh

1500-2000

2000-3000
Jomsom, Mustang
Jumla
Chailsa

Okhaldhunga
Pakhribas
Daman, Makawanpur
Tamghas
Bhojpur
Dadeldhura

Chatara

Musikot
Kakani, Nuwakot

Kannyam

Jiri, Dolakha

Taplethok
Lete

Greater than 3000

Pokhara, Kaski

Panchsaya Khola
Lumle, Kaski

Khudibazar, Lamjung
Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,1994.

Table 4.14 National Indoor Air Quality Standard, 2009

Pollutant

Maximum Concentration
Level

Average Time
3

24- hour

200 g/m3

1- hour

24- hour

100 g/m3

1- hour

3)

8- hour

35 ppm ( 40 mg/m3)

1- hour

1000 ppm ( 1800 mg/m3

8- hour

120 g/m

Particulate matter (PM10 )

60 g/m

Particulate matter (PM2.5 )

9 ppm ( 10 mg/m

Carbon monoxide (CO )

Carbon dioxide (CO 2)

- 53 -

Table 4.15 : Emission of TSP and PM10

TSP (tons/yr)
Sources
Mobile sources
Vehicle exhausts
Road dust re-suspension
Stationary sources
Industrial/commercial fuel
Domestic fuel combustion
Brick kilns
Himal cement
Stone crushers
Industrial boilers
Fugitive emissions
Refuse burning
Agricultural sector

1993

Cremation

2001

PM10 (tons/yr)
2005

1993

2001

570
1,530

1971
7008

NA
12,239

570
400

3,259
1,822

582
2328
5,180
6,000
NA
NA

NA
NA
6,676
3,612
NA
28

NA
630
1,850
0
1,720
28

292
1,166
1,295
800
NA
NA

NA
NA
1,688
455
372
15

385
NA

687
NA

172
NA

190
2,337

339
NA

NA

NA

158

NA

79

Source: Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology 2005.

Table 4.16 : Estimated Emission from Domestic Sectors, 1999-2000

Energy Used
Fuel Wood
Agriculture Residue
Animal Dung / waste
LPG
Kerosene
TSP = 0.12 g/m

Energy Used
('000 ton)
5912
265
448
20
195

Pollutants (tones/ year)

TSP
227385
9138
17920
2

CO
606359
68534
98600
421

HCs
106113
6853
13440
4

NOX
10611
640
1254
92

SOX
9095
5483
10752
0

632

6861

36

450

767

Source: Ministry of Population and Environment, 2001.

Table 4.17 : Pollutants Emission from Total Energy Used

Energy Used
Fuel Wood
Agriculture Residue
Animal Waste
Coal
Petroleum

Energy Used
('000 ton)
6023
272
448
205
709

Pollutants (tones/year)
TSP
247097
9379
17920
12724

CO
772200
47475
89600
15905

HCs
115830
4748
13440
3534

NOX
108113
475
1254
2616

SOX
92664
3798
10752
6362

164

16300

109

2180

2180

Source: Ministry of Population and Environment, 2001.

- 54 -

Table 4.18 : Nepal Vehicle Mass Emissions Standard, 1999

Fuel

Wheelers Type
Two wheelers
Three wheelers
6 Seats/GVW<2.5 ton

Vehicles Fueled
with LPG or NG

RM <1250
Commercial Vehicle with
GVW/d3.5 ton

1250< RM <1700
RM >1700

Two wheelers
Three wheelers
Vehicles Fueled
with unleaded
petrol or with
unleaded patrol
and LPG or NG

Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval
Conformity of production
Type of approval

CO
2.0
2.4
4.0
4.8
2.72
3.16
2.72
3.16
5.17
6.0
6.9
8.0
2.0

HC+No
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.4
0.97
1.13
0.97
1.13
1.4
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.0

Conformity of production

2.4

2.4

Type of approval

4.0

2.0

Conformity of production

4.8

2.4

2.72

0.97

Type of approval

6 Seats/GVW<2.5 ton
RM <1250
Commercial Vehicle with
GVW/d3.5 ton

grams per
kilometer

Reference Mass
(kg)

1250< RM <1700
RM >1700

Conformity of production

3.16

1.13

Type of approval

2.72

0.97

Conformity of production

3.16

1.13

Type of approval

5.17

1.4

Conformity of production

6.0

1.6

Type of approval

6.9

1.7

Conformity of production

8.0

2.0

GVW= Gross vehicle weight; LPG=Liquefied Petroleum

Gas; NG= Natural Gas
Source: Ministry of Population and Environment (Nepal Gazette, 23 Oct.2000).

Table 4.19 : WHO Guideline Value on Noise Level

(Sound level In dBA)
Description
Threshold of hearing
Very peace sound
Medium sound
Very high sound

Level of Hearing
0-10
20-30
70-80
90-100

Uncomfortable sound

120-130 (Threshold of Feeling)

Source: World Health Organization cited in Batu Krishna Uprety, Environment Protection & Sustainable Development, 2001.

- 55 -

Table 4.20 : WHO Guideline Value on Air Quality

Compound
Ozone (1)
Nitrogen dioxide (1)
Sulfur dioxide (1)

Carbon monoxide (2)

Lead (3)

Guideline Value
120 micrograms/m3 (0.06 ppm)
200 micrograms/cubic metre (0.11 ppm)
40 to 50 micrograms/cubic metre (0.021 to 0.026 ppm)
500 micrograms/cubic metre(0.175 ppm)
125 micrograms/cubic metre (0044 ppm)
50 micrograms per cubic metre (0.017 ppm)
100 milligrams/cubic metre (90 ppm)b
60 mg/cubic metre (50ppm)
30 mg/cubic metre (25 ppm)
10 mg/cubic metre (10 ppm)
0.5 to 1.0 micrograms/cubic

Averaging Time
8 hours
1 hour
1 hour
10 min
24 hours
1 hour
15 min
30 min
1 hour
8 hours
1 hour

(1) No guideline values were set for particulate matter because there is no evident threshold for effects on morbidity and mortality.
(2) The guideline is to prevent carboxyhemoglobin levels in the blood from exceeding 2,5%. The values above are mathematical estimates of
some of the CO concentrations and averaging times at which this goal should be achieved.
(3) The guideline for lead was established by WHO in 1987.
Source: World Health Organization (Ambient Air Quality Guideline).

Table 4.21 : Ranges of Emission Reductions Required for Various Stabilization Level (Bali Declaration)
(The ranges of the difference between emission in 1990 and emission allowances in 2030/2050 for various
GHG concentration levels Annex I and Non-Annex I countries as a group a)
SCENARIO
CATEGORY (lowest
level of GHG assesses
by IPCC 2007)

A- 450

B-550

C-650

UNIT

ppmv CO2 -eq (b)

ppmv CO2 -eq (b)

ppmv CO2 -eq (b)

REGION
Annex I

Non- Annex I
Annex I

2020
-25% to -40%
Substantial deviation
from baseline in Latin
America, Middle East,
East Asia and Centrallyplanned Asia
-10% to -30%

Non- Annex I

Deviation from baseline

in Latin america, Middle
East, East Asia.

Substantial deviation
from base line in aii
regions
-40% to -90%
Deviation from
baseline in most
regions, specially
Latin america, Middle
East.

Annex I

-0% to -25%

-30% to -80%

Baseline

Deviation from
baseline in most
regions, specially
Latin america, Middle
East.

Non- Annex I

2050
-80% to -95%

a- The aggregate range is based on multiple approaches to apportion emission between regions ( concentration and convergence,
multistage. Triptych and intensity targets among others). Each approach makes different assumptions about the pathway,
specific national efforts and other variables. Additional extreme cases- in which Annex. I undertakes all reductions, or non-Annex I
undertakes all reductions- are not included.
The range presented here do not imply political feasibility, nor do not result reflect cost variances.
b- Only the studies aiming at stabilization at 450 ppmv CO2, -eq assume a (temporary ) overshoot of about 50 ppmv CO2, -eq
( see Den Elzen and Mainshausen, 2006)
Annex I and II = Industrialized countries and that pay for cost in developing countries . (The Bali Road Map page 205). Non-Annex - I except
Annex I and II.
Source : IPCC Working Group III (WG III ) Chapter 13 Box 13.7.

- 56 -

Chapter V
Land and Soil

Table 5.1 : Land use Pattern by Type,Nepal,1978/79-2001

(Area in ha.)
1978/79*
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1985/86*

2001**

Types of Land
Cultivated land
Non Cultivated land
Forest
Shrub land
Grass land
Other land
Water /Lake

Area
2969400
986900
5612400
694000
1755900
2729800
NA

Percent
20.1
6.7
38.1
4.7
11.9
18.5

Area
3052000
998000
5518000
706000
1745000
2729000
NA

Percent
20.7
6.8
37.4
4.8
11.8
18.5

Area
3090780
1030390
4268200
1560110
1766160
2619800
382660

Percent
21.0
7.0
29.0
10.6
12.0
17.8
2.6

Total

14748400

100.0

14748000

100.0

14718100

100.0

Source : *Water and Energy Commission Secretariat( Energy Sector Synopsis Report 2010 )
**Department of Forest Research and Survey,2001

Table 5.2 :Population-Land Ratio and Population Density by Eco-Development Region, 2001

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavrepalanchowk
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading

Geographic
Area (sq.km.)
3646
1241
1703
1606
1855
1257
891
679
3480
1507
3312
1074
1591
2063
1363
1188
1180
1002
1259
2491
1546
2191
2542
1396
385
119
395
1121
1544
1926

Agricultural
Land (ha.)
22386
25501
45053
102391
111128
76793
23421
18454
23884
31838
19097
28716
31481
30372
74250
80851
73411
65498
82207
28485
27535
25962
33418
40973
9420
5568
12794
29437
5165
34112

- 59 -

Population
2001
134698
202056
282806
688109
843220
625633
166479
113111
159203
203018
107686
156702
231385
287689
570282
572399
671364
553481
635701
279821
212408
204229
305857
385672
337785
225461
1081845
288478
44731
338658

PopulationLand Ratio
(p/ha.)
6.02
7.92
6.28
6.72
7.59
8.15
7.11
6.13
6.67
6.38
5.64
5.46
7.35
9.47
7.68
7.08
9.15
8.45
7.73
9.82
7.71
7.87
9.15
9.41
35.86
40.49
84.56
9.80
8.66
9.93

Population
Density
(p/sq .km.)
37
163
166
428
455
498
187
167
46
135
33
146
145
139
418
482
569
552
505
112
137
93
120
276
877
1895
2739
257
29
176

Table 5.2 :Population-Land Ratio and Population Density by Eco-Development Region, 2001

S.N.
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

District
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Nepal

Geographic
Area (sq.km.)
2426
1126
1190
1353
2218
3610
1692
1546
1164
2017
2246
3573
2297
494
1784
1149
1373
2162
1360
1738
1193
1309
1879
2877
1462
2955
2337
2025
2451
1502
2230
7889
2531
1741
3535
5655
2188
3422
1680
2025
3235
1610
1538
1519
2322

Agricultural
Land (ha.)
32358
64186
52261
50565
38671
30815
17875
27501
28353
21031
1030
1136
12105
13115
30773
38815
29706
55905
73446
68336
32325
22438
26533
16652
27563
60908
44517
46085
25400
21923
15397
2499
7913
15012
6325
6060
8561
12598
17321
16745
64446
44212
11401
20566
16684

Population
2001
392604
545132
559135
497219
472048
288134
177149
315237
317320
380527
9587
14981
114447
157826
268937
296654
268558
562870
708419
481976
208391
212484
210004
188438
213500
462380
385840
382649
288527
225201
134868
29545
89427
105580
43937
40595
108781
167026
231285
207066
616697
377899
126162
234418
121996

PopulationLand Ratio
(p/ha.)
12.13
8.49
10.70
9.83
12.21
9.35
9.91
11.46
11.19
18.09
9.30
13.19
9.45
12.03
8.74
7.64
9.04
10.07
9.65
7.05
6.45
9.47
7.91
11.32
7.75
7.59
8.67
8.30
11.36
10.27
8.76
11.82
11.30
7.03
6.95
6.70
12.71
13.26
13.35
12.37
9.57
8.55
11.07
11.40
7.31

147181

2497663

23151423

9.27

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001: National Report and Agriculture Census 2001/02)

- 60 -

(contd...)
Population
Density (p/sq
.km.)
162
484
470
367
213
80
105
204
273
189
4
4
50
319
151
258
196
260
521
277
175
162
112
65
146
156
165
189
118
150
60
4
35
61
12
7
50
49
138
102
191
235
82
154
53
157

Table 5.3 : Land Utilization

(area in 000 ha.)

S.N.
1
2

3
4

Land Use
Total Area of holding (2+4)
Agriculture land(a+d+e+3)
a) Arable land (b+c)
b) Land under temporary crops
c) Other arable land
d) Land under permanent crops
e) Land under permanent
pastures
Ponds
Non-agriculture land (f+g)
f) Wood land and forest
g) Other land

1961/62
1685
1626
1592
1551
41
12
22

1971/72
1654
1592
1567
1537
30
15
10

1981/82
2464
2359
2288
2250
37
29
43

1991/92
2597
2393
2324
2285
40
29
37

2001/02
2654
2498
2357
2326
31
118
20

NA
59
14
45

NA
62
5
57

NA
105
15
90

4
205
109
96

4
156
37
119

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Census of Agriculture, Nepal 2001/02)

- 61 -

Table 5.4 : Land Use Pattern by District

(area in ha.)

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41

District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavre
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
Syangja
Kaski
Manang

Total
Forest
Area
112256
53182
72214
13239
43814
21304
26324
20033
159872
61448
86002
32363
61039
109404
30286
20202
25773
24086
21786
136302
48477
78111
92955
46448
14620
583
12680
42916
47494
79205
137220
29076
37974
73131
132746
101158
87552
71949
51214
89087
11760

Shrub
56362
14369
31649
1863
6040
1508
14598
12489
48476
22207
49628
15592
22571
15766
82
679
1832
1602
918
25708
33076
41194
36017
29511
8250
611
5219
23526
15667
31945
22578
563
1394
922
6230
52885
22328
18881
16685
24881
20304

Agricultural
land/ grass
70946
54078
64595
141795
126955
91799
47350
34917
71335
66525
67424
58858
74328
70005
94397
94268
83617
70897
100624
71842
67900
54778
67105
67492
15553
5440
22677
48412
9443
66322
75529
78805
78480
63342
77280
62886
30999
60850
45515
28361
279

- 62 -

Water
bodies
405
181
236
778
1374
6262
549
129
975
552
571
352
931
1150
3154
818
1300
1224
488
1268
620
401
162
434
125
1
69
405
54
745
817
715
298
181
2465
497
607
1004
707
1803
378

Barren
land
37757
326
2873
6517
4996
6861
982
494
23723
1284
59670
729
2020
6587
8169
4201
5158
4836
2834
8442
6149
16031
17404
750
999
316
2375
2405
8983
4464
5696
3332
1997
2513
3696
23616
9116
1410
1293
10417
29828

Snow
60115
29
0
0
0
0
0
0
40825
0
50037
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3906
22913
32560
0
0
0
0
1352
25138
6382
0
0
0
0
0
119141
15162
49
74
47308
165154

Others
27496
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19509
0
0
0
544
0
0
0
0
0
0
2985
2679
0
0
0
0
0
44308
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total
365337
122165
171567
164192
183179
127734
89803
68062
345206
152016
332841
107894
160889
202912
136632
120168
117680
102645
126650
243562
160128
216413
248882
144635
39547
6951
43020
119016
151087
189063
241840
112491
120143
140089
222417
360183
165764
154143
115488
201857
227703

Table 5.4 : Land Use Pattern by District

(contd...)
(area in ha.)

S.N.
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

District
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dilekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Total

Total
Forest
Area
16723
67898
26189
91505
51649
72607
89635
19897
60500
69961
93042
150095
174725
143786
170124
104269
99364
157687
88699
151306
60603
110531
87165
87312
41051
72507
92391
99144
141848
169708
84420
105937
72020
58177

Shrub
23587
51574
7756
39702
26853
23736
15210
3989
2232
19414
3919
486
2130
2610
8233
9461
5300
33269
20705
1088
3910
1118
3846
9387
21954
23982
39713
16967
17277
14761
2207
11280
27751
31218

Agricultural
land/ grass
285
16744
15371
21453
36524
44332
104672
99894
104141
24292
24587
16458
12961
36419
106934
71475
85809
48653
36341
24126
77
19819
15560
20729
12584
31414
43697
45102
44839
129769
71938
31359
46368
32902

Water
bodies
272
330
141
391
364
538
3260
1807
2632
302
526
67
130
526
1727
1923
2548
1899
167
489
764
338
0
1360
677
264
440
422
311
2330
1361
212
370
591

Barren
land
78241
23035
735
24612
3033
70
9260
9063
3951
865
8547
19027
77148
7337
10343
6296
4756
7556
8812
43401
474881
98595
48264
139358
112174
32110
38826
6219
2049
4715
5680
1306
1229
30750

Snow
229295
70444
7
1738
80
42
25
0
0
0
0
0
23253
0
0
0
0
0
353
4095
249817
18566
9588
69568
421759
63897
139599
154
10
0
0
0
0
81568

Others
10856
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total
359259
230025
50199
179401
118503
141325
222062
134650
173456
114834
130621
186133
290347
190678
297361
193424
197777
249064
155077
224505
790052
248967
164423
327714
610199
224174
354666
168008
206334
321283
165606
150094
147738
235206

5599760

1283231

4061631

64664

1683493

1974003

108377

14775159

Source: Department of Forest (Information System Development Project for the Management of Tropical Forest;
Activity Report of Wide Area and Tropical Forest Resource Survey, March, 2001).

- 63 -

Table 5.5 : Change in Forest Covered Area in Tarai Districts (Excluding Protected Areas)
(area in ha)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

District
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Total

1990/91
21274
45718
21659
21054
19021
28876
23587
30037
29472
49632
18904
61677
91026
27305
64579
191200
113074
35491
210413
54546

2000/01
21000
45184
21365
21110
18278
28323
24181
30528
29559
49157
18644
63586
93171
26524
62211
194262
110820
33719
205939
51933

Change
-274
-534
-294
56
-743
-553
594
491
87
-475
-260
1909
2145
-781
-2368
3062
-2254
-1772
-4474
-2613

1158545

1149494

-9051

% Change
-1.29
-1.17
-1.36
0.27
-3.91
-1.92
2.52
1.63
0.3
-0.96
-1.38
3.1
2.36
-2.86
-3.67
1.6
-1.99
-4.99
-2.13
-4.79
-0.78

Source : Department of Forest, 2005, ( Forest Covered Change Analysis of the Tarai Districts 1990/91-2000/01)

Table 5.6 : Wetland Area by Type

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Wetland Types
River
Lakes
Reservoirs
Village Pounds
Paddy Fields
Marshland

Estimated Area (ha. )

Total
Source : Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2003.

- 64 -

% of Total
395000
5000
1380
5183
325000
10000

53.27
0.67
0.19
0.70
43.83
1.35

741563

100

Table 5.7 : Sediment Yield in Large Watersheds

Watersheds
Tamor

Sunkoshi

Bagmati
Trisuli
Karnali
Nagmati
Ganges
Saptakosi

Arun

Watersheds Area (sq. km)

5770
5700
5900
5770
18985
19000
19000
585
4100
4110
42890
1388
1076000
59280
62000
6100
59280
34525

Sediment Delivery (ton/ha/yr)

38.0 (1)
70.0 (6)
80.0 (4)
38.0 (5)
21.0 (1)
65.0 (3)
45.0 (4)
45.0 (6)
18.0 (6)
18.5 (3)
21.0 (9)
46.0 (3)
13.5 (8)
15.0 (1)
27.7 (8)
31.0 (7)
15.0 (5)
7.6 (1)

36000

16.0 (7)

36533

(4)

34525

7.6 (5)

Reference : Impat-1979; Sherchan-1991; Schaffner-1987; Upadhaya-et.al. 1991; Ries- 1994; Maskey and Joshy- 1991;
Karver-1995; Erl 1988; HPC-1989.
Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat/ CIDA.(Himalayan Sediment, Issue and Guidelines, 2003).

Table 5.8 : Sediment Yield in Small Watersheds

Watersheds
Lahore River
Bamti Khola
Chhukarpo Khola (up)
Chhukarpo Khola (down)
Surma Khola
Harpan Khola ( Phewa Tal )
Kukhuri khola
Anderi Khola
Jhinkhu
Sunsdarizal
Godavari
Bishnumati
Mahabharat 1 Check dams
Kulekhani ( re - 1993)

Watersheds Area (sq. km)

63
8
23.5
369
570
12000
75
540
11141
1553
1231
614
19

Sediment Delivery (ton/Ha/yr)

6.8 (1)
13.3 (2)
29.8 (2)
3.7 (2)
2.1 (2)
8.9 (9)
17.0 (11)
15.0 (11)
11.0 (11)
12.9 (3)
3.3 (3)
10.7 (3)
29.0 (4)

12500

20.45 (10)

Reference : Impat-1979; Sherchan-1991; Schaffner-1987; Upadhaya-et.al. 1991; Laban-1978; Mulder- 1978; Carson- 1985.
Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat/CIDA (Himalayan Sediment, Issue and Guidelines 2003).

- 65 -

Table 5.9 : Affected Land Area from Erosion

S.N.
1
2
3
4

Degradation Type
Water erosion
Wind erosion
Chemical deterioration

Affected Area (million ha.)

6.7
0.6
0.3

Affected Area as % of Total

Land Area of Nepal
45.4
4
1.7

0.2

1.3

Physical deterioration

Sources: Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, 2008.

Table 5.10 : Estimated Soil Erosion Rate at Selected Sites in Nepal

Area
Siwalik Range

Location and
Characteristics
Eastern Nepal, South aspect,
sand stone foot hills

land Use
Different land use ranging from
forest to grazing

Far Western Nepal, South

aspect sand stone foot hills of
Surkhet

Erosion Rate (ton /sq. km/yr.)

780 - 3680

a. Degraded land
b. Degraded forest,gullied land

2000
4000

c. Severely degraded heavily

grazed forest, gullied land
Mahabharat Lekh

Central Nepal, steep slope on

Metamorphic and
Sedimentary Rocks

Middle Mountain

Northern foot hills of

Katmandu Valley

20000

a. Degraded forest and

agriculture land

3150 - 14000

b. Gullied land
a. Degraded forest & shrub land

6300 - 42000
2700 - 4500

b. Over grazed shrub land

4300

c. Severely gullied land

South of Katmandu Valley
Phewa Watershed

12500 - 57000

75 percent dense forest

a. Protected pasture

800
920

b. Overgrazed grass land

2200 - 34700

c. Gullied overgrazed grass land

2900

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (A Compendium on Envrronment Statistics 1998 Nepal)

Table 5.11 : Area of Land made uncultivabe due to flooding /Soil Erosion by Ecological Belt
and Development Region,Nepal,2001/02
Geographical Area
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-Western

Far -Western

Land made uncultivable due to flooding /soil erosion

Total Area of Holding

Affected Area

% of affected area to total area

2654037.2

30845.3

1.2

218706.6
1038614.5
1396716.1

1495.0
6220.3
23130.0

0.7
0.6
1.7

795521.4
750212.9
512152.2
370701.9

9976.3
11213.1
6881.2
1595.3

1.3
1.5
1.3
0.4

225448.8

1179.4

0.5

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Census of Agriculture, Nepal 2001/02).

- 66 -

35.6
40.5
9.3
12.2
2.4

825307
939299
215460
283687
56485

2320239

Total

738704

263073
330750
57059
74556
13266

41692
738704

198604
273424
53289
171696

Area of
holding
(ha)

100.0

35.6
44.8
7.7
10.1
1.8

5.6
100.0

26.9
37.0
7.2
23.2

Percent
to total

Eastern
Development Region

173058
214421
55618
70311
18029
531437

143885
204719
36094
119527
27212
531437

Area of
holding
(ha)

- 67 -

32.6
40.3
10.5
13.2
3.4
100.0

27.1
38.5
6.8
22.5
5.1
100.0

Percent
to total

Central Development
Region

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Census of Agriculture, Nepal, 2001/02)

100.0

6.3
100.0

25.4
38.1
7.2
22.9

Percen
t to
total

145777
2320239

589455
884697
167822
532488

Area of
holding
(ha)

Nepal

Clay Loam
Total
Soil Color
Black
1
Brown
2
Yellow
3
Red
4
Other
5

Soil Type
Sand
1
Loam
2
Silt
3
Clay
4

S.N.

Type and
Color of
Soil

34.3
36.1
11.2
16.5
1.9
100.0

476678

9.3
100.0

18.0
36.5
5.9
30.2

Percent
to total

163488
171923
53487
78762
9019

44381
476678

85893
174045
28316
144043

Area of
holding
(ha)

Western
Development Region

Table 5.12 : Type and Color of Soil by Area of Holdings and by Development Region,Nepal,2001/02

362727

147848
134623
35728
39307
5221

23467
362727

92983
140687
35415
70175

100.0

40.8
37.1
9.8
10.8
1.4

6.5
100.0

25.6
38.8
9.8
19.3

Mid -Western
Development
Region
Area of
Percent
holding
to total
(ha)

77841
87583
13568
20751
10951
210693

68091
91822
14708
27047
9025
210693

Area of
holding(ha)

36.9
41.6
6.4
9.8
5.2
100.0

32.3
43.6
7.0
12.8
4.3
100.0

Percent
to total

Far-Western
Development Region

(Area of holding in ha.)

Cattle

Buffaloes

7226050

123

4995650

85

Population p/land* Population p/land*

6837913
116 3278255
56
7008420
119 3302200
56
7024775
119 3362435
57
7048660
120 3419150
58
7030698
119 3470600
59
7023166
119 3525952
60
6982660
119 3624020
62
6978690
119 3700864
63
6953584
118 3840013
65
6966436
118 3952654
67
6994463
119 4081463
69
7002916
119 4204886
71
7044279
120 4366813
74
7090714
120 4496507
76
7175198
122 4680486
80
7199260
122 4836984
82

Sheep

805070

14

Population p/land*
918885
16
859000
15
869582
15
869142
15
855159
15
851913
14
850170
14
840141
14
828286
14
824187
14
816727
14
812085
14
813621
14
809480
14
802993
14
801371
14

Goats

9186440

156

Population p/land*
5649056
96
5783140
98
5921956
101
6080060
103
6204616
105
6325144
107
6478380
110
6606858
112
6791861
115
6979875
119
7153527
122
7421624
126
7847624
133
8135880
138
8473082
144
8844172
150

- 68 -

* Arid land /semi arid land= Cultivated land, Non cultivated land and Grass land/Pasture estimated area 58873.3 sq. km.
NA : Not Available
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.

2010/11

Year
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10

Table 5.13 : Livestock and Poultry Population in Arid and Semi-Arid Land
Pigs

Fowls

Ducks

1093610

19

39530540

671

378050

10

Population p/land* Population p/land* Population p/land*

636024
11
14063581
239
403705
10
670340
11
14521100
247
416100
11
723613
12
15576525
265
415758
11
765718
13
16664730
283
416943
11
825132
14
17796826
302
421423
11
877681
15
18619636
316
425160
11
912530
15
19790060
336
411410
11
934461
16
21370420
363
408584
11
932192
16
22260700
378
408311
11
935076
16
23023979
391
405217
10
947711
16
22790224
387
391855
10
960827
16
23221439
394
392895
10
989429
17
23924630
406
394798
10
1013359
17
24665820
419
390748
10
1044498
18
24481286
416
383123
10
1064858
18
25760373
438
379753
10

Table 5 .14 : Number of Livestock by Type in Nepal,1981/82-2001/02

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Livestock type
Cattle
Chaunri
Buffaloes
Goats
Sheep
Pigs
Horses
Mules and asses
Rabbits
Other animals
Chickens
Ducks
Pigeons
Other poultry
Total

Number of Livestock (in 'ooo)

Percentage change

1981/82
6501.6
55.5
2379.7
3643.7
677.1
433.6
0
27.5
0
36.8
7368.6
142.3
830.7
20.4

1991/92
7359.3
58.6
3116.3
5515.5
602.8
495.8
14.3
5.3
0
7.3
12333.1
280.3
1419.9
9.2

2001/02
7215.2
95.4
3477.7
6932.9
471.2
632.6
20.1
6
10.1
5.9
17631.3
393.1
1845.2
57.3

1991/1981
13.2
5.6
31.0
51.4
-11.0
14.3
0.0
-80.7
0.0
-80.2
67.4
97.0
70.9
-54.9

2001/1991
-2.0
62.8
11.6
25.7
-21.8
27.6
40.6
13.2
0.0
-19.2
43.0
40.2
30.0
522.8

22117.5

31217.7

38794

41.1

24.3

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Monograph Agriculture Census Nepal,2001/02)

Table 5.15 : Annual Deforestation in 20 Tarai Districts of Nepal

(unit in 000 ha.)
Year
1990/91
2000/01
Total change
Annual change

Forest and Shrub

1398.912
1390.091
-8.821
-0.8821

Annual Deforestation Rate

-0.06

Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (Energy Sector Synopsis Report, 2010)

- 69 -

Table 5.16 : Irrigated Land by Source and Ecological Belt

(area Irrigated in '000 ha)
Ecological Belt (2001/02)

Ecological Belt (1991/92)

Source of Irrigation
Tube well/bore
Canal (permanent)
Canal (Seasonal)
Pond/tank
Others
Area Irrigated
Total Area of holding

Mountain
0.1
13.7
24.5
0.5
3
41.8
176.8

Hill
0.9
84.1
144
1.8
14.8
245.5
1046.2

Tarai
98.8
148
268.2
23.2
56.9
595.1
1374.3

Nepal
99.8
245.8
436.7
25.4
74.7
882.4
2597.4

Mountain
0.3
20.8
39.2
0.6
1.1
62.1
218.7

Hill

Tarai
212.2
207.6
309.7
20.4
78.4
801.3
1396.6

2.4
118.3
172.3
2.8
9
204.9
801.3

Nepal
214.9
346.7
521.2
23.8
88.5
1068.3
2416.6

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Censuses of Agriculture, 1991/92 and 2001/02)

Table 5.17 : Area under Permanent Crops

Compact area ('000 in ha.)
Permanent Crop

% Increase
1991-2001

1981/82

1991/92

2001/02

Citrus fruit
Orange
Lemon
Lime
Sweet Oranges

1.70
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.10

3.40
2.40
0.40
0.20

4.68
3.20
0.62
0.29
0.23

37.6
33.3
55.8
46.0

Other Citrus fruit

Other fruits
Mangoes
Bananas
Guavas
Jackfruit
Pineapples
Lychees
Pears
Apples
Plums
Papayas
Pomegranate
Other fruit
Tea
Other Permanent Crops
Thatch
Fodder Tree
Bamboo

0.20
27.50
5.20
4.00
1.10
1.80
0.40
0.10
0.20
NA
NA
0.70
NA
14.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

0.34
28.04
18.48
3.14
0.48
0.68
0.23
0.78
0.35
1.38
0.45
0.30
0.09
1.70
6.20

-15.3
24.6
21.5
49.5
21.0
12.7
14.5
159.7
246.0
130.0
347.0
201.0
-13.0
-37.2
77.1
8.4

0.40
22.50
15.20
2.10
0.40
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.10
0.60
0.10
0.10
0.10
2.70
3.50
74.90
66.40
2.50
6.00

NA= Not Available

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Censuses of Agriculture, Nepal, 2001/02).

- 70 -

81.20
67.60
7.30
6.30

1.8
192.0
5.0

Table 5.18 : Area under Selected Temporary Crops

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Selected Crops

Crop Area ( '000 ha)

1981/82

Paddy
Wheat
Maize
Millet
Barley
Buckwheat
Other Cereals
Legumes
Tubers
Cash Crops
Oilseeds
Spices
Vegetables

1991/92
1394
389
523
154
28
11
NA
335
86
86
224
58
17

2001/02
3252
633
769
302
46
16
5
340
79
63
260
29
40

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (National Sample Censuses of Agriculture, Nepal)

Table 5.19 : List of Banned Pesticides in Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Name of Pesticide*
Chlordane
DDT
Dieldrin
Endrin
Aldrin
Heptachlor

S.N.
8
9
10
11
12
13

Toxafen

14

* Persistent of Organic Pollutant(POP's) Pesticides

Source: Pesticide Registration and Management Section,(A Handbook of Pesticide Statistics,2010)

- 71 -

Name of Pesticides*
Mirex
BHC
Lindane
Phosphamidon
Orano mercury fungicides
Methyl parathion
Monocrotophos

3423
794
769
251
39
21
5
379
93
61
214
41
60

Table 5.20 : WHO classification of registered pesticides

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Hazard level

Pesticides
(Technical)

WHO group
IA
IB
II
III
NH
NC

Extremely hazardous
Highly hazardous
Moderately hazardous
Slightly hazardous
Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use
Not calculated

0
2
39
19
45
2

Total

107

Source: Pesticide Registration and Management Section,(A Handbook of Pesticide Statistics,2010)

Table 5.21 : Pesticides Registered in Nepal

Number of Trade Name
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Pesticide
Insecticides
Herbicides (Weedicides)
Fungicides
Acaricides
Rodenticides
Bio- Pesticides
Bactericides
Others
Total

1997*
46
9
17
1

2002+
207
22
71
2
8

2003+
213
23
71
2
8

2004+
213
23
71
2
8

2009
210
24
62

9
13

78

312

319

319

326

*Nepal Gazette vol.47, No. 11 (1997).+Updated Registration List of the Pesticide.

Source :Pesticide Registration and management Section(A Handbook of Pesticide Statistics,2010)

- 72 -

2010
391
63
170
7
16
4
651

Table 5.22 : Chemical Fertilizer Use in Nepal,1990/00 to 2010/11

Government Sector
Year
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09

Urea
43508
29528
17697
34449
7428
10043
1960
14985
43508
29528
17697
34449
7428
10043
1960
14985
2500
5935

DAP
26154
15633
20645
33331
11377
19436
10857
7437
26154
15633
20645
33331
11377
19436
10857
7437
1990

Potash
308
58
1016
2966
1688
2332
478
NA
308
58
1016
2966
1688
2332
478

2009/10

5049

2523

236

2010/11

85190

22001

2821

Complex

2747
2156
1198

Private Sector
76727
101145
101140
103636
118265
90895
78258
65679
76727
101145
101140
103636
118265
90895
78258
65679
47107
5677

2521

Total Fertilizer
146697
146364
140498
174382
138758
122706
91553
88101
146697
146364
140498
174382
138758
122706
91553
90848
53753
12810

10329

0.33

110012

3.56

Note : The Cultivated land (3090780 ha) based on Department of Forest Research and Survey, 2001.
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and Agriculture Inputs Company Ltd.

- 73 -

Nutrient mt / Cultivated
Land ha*100
4.75
4.74
4.55
5.64
4.49
3.97
2.96
2.85
4.75
4.74
4.55
5.64
4.49
3.97
2.96
2.94
1.74
0.41

3380

4026

4480

19588

82832.9

Mixed
1.6 Insecticides

1.7 Others

Herbicides

Fungicides

Rodenticides

Bio-Pesticides

Acaricides

Bactericides

Others

Agricultural
Pesticides

28125

355042

4897

422

3152

148817

11000

37517

180

13727

450

134880

186754

Solid
(kg.)

1406.25

152675.8

3244.24

12

864.12

4.29

1135

97036

6386.4

10026.96

1235

16.8

3146.75

183.24

26912

2473

Solid
(kg.)

18633

460

3040

4048

73290

15850

11034

76310

2550

90270

66000

104816 295485

418

210

11240

1260

3259

420

39083

20

40060

8846

92948 180164

Total
Active
Ingredints Liquid
(kg.)
(Ltr.)
43993.75

2005
Formulations

19654

200

6626

2780

70200

99460

1290

3850

2260

4970 103848

11470

190

4155

2875

22269

36

32654

23470

85649

Solid
(kg.)

2007

Solid
(kg.)

31560

25

1430

238.65

57.58

1808

74368.45

5701.7

8605.66

11046

3625.25

2.15

4592.66

321.05

7308

6574.05

43210.6 22986.26

200

20063

7545

94749 17709.05

250

5612

70503

3810

750

2458.06

57.12

43600 37297.75

5900 326004.6 237372.2

12523

12870

2290.35 10592.55

4.31

2640.43 21851.95

115.4

24682.6 15904.95

8214.5

2008

45.9

5511

129.8

86874.45

20195.15

13780

13529.9

22581.8

205.6

16415.49

32582.59

99095.38

20.49

4293.81

38617.2

324018

11956

54435

1276

19941

7654

95745

179051

Solid
(kg.)

Formulations
Total
Active
Ingredin Liquid
ts (kg.) (Ltr.)

46553.25 94234.45 165767.6 60282.42

Total
Active
Ingredints Liquid
(kg.)
(Ltr.)

Formulations

2009

Solid
(kg.)

6.64

2080.4

30.08

31086.9

203392

11124.3

13506.6

6736.68

7228.88

1100.34

65838.2

11403.9

19600

31363

10765

220

2099

5575

37452

250

5134

3085

176790

5111

2865 119463.5

13760

40634

650

42884

31485

105814.6 132278 181191.5

Total
Active
Ingredints Liquid
(kg.)
(Ltr.)

Formulations

25

38

82.08

2468

129567

15683.1

13431.6

7284.3

5255.65

1344.15

23280.3

11019.8

61615.8

Total
Active
Ingredints
(kg.)

3377.33

25568

2556.8

27030

2703

28110

2811

32000

1600

127893.1 103379 209418 128727.63 189022.5 546490.2 344791.6 211851.68 557956.5 353534.92 177624 371561.5 209478.98

2469

13.8

77.33

30.4

1457

47702

11030

3407.47

1147

4.2

31050

1007.9

25401

3096

65113.57

Total
Active
Ingredints Liquid
(kg.)
(Ltr.)

Formulations

2006

Quantity of Pesticides Imported

- 74 -

Grand Total
82832.9 383167 154082.05 104816 361485 131270.43 103379 234986 131284.43 189022.5 573520.2 347494.6 211851.68 586066.5 356345.92 177624 403561.5 211078.98
Source: Pesticide Registration and Management Section,(A Handbook of Pesticide
Statistics,2010)

400

1516

7.2

1015

1680

33439.7

Synthetic
1.4 Pyrethroids

Botanical
1.5 products

25

1.3 Carbamates

3354

55826.7

Liquid
(Ltr.)

Organo1.2 phospates

Pesticides usedin
Public Health

2004

Formulations

9922

Insecticides

Kinds of
Pesticide

1.1 Organochlorine

S.N.

Table 5.23 : Pesticide Imported and Formulated in Nepal,2004-2009

Chapter VI
Water

Table 6.1 : Supply of Drinking Water by Agency

Water Supply
Year

DWSS

Unit
Total

1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10

Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d
Th. L/d

2010/11

Th. L/d

Urban Area
Only

46948
54471
54067
34650
31815
20011
28271
25164
2876
5552
8550
5580
7200
22500
19545
15615
16605

NWSC

1736
4608
3880

KUKL

16000
3300
5500
5500
300
7000
3000
1480
7000
5000
3000
4000
18100
3000
7500
125000
129440

1000
8000
28600
21120
1040

101900*

147600

Total
64684
62379
63447
40150
32115
27011
31271
26644
9876
10552
11550
9580
26300
33500
55645
161735
147085
147600

* Water supply in dry season, + KUKL

Source: Department of Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS), Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC) and
Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Ltd .(KUKL ).

Table 6.2 : Mineral Contaminants of Drinking Water, 2003/04

Parameters
pH(metre)
Total dissolved solid (mg/l)
Hardness (mg/l)
Alkalinity (mg/l)
Ammonia (mg/l)
Chloride (mg/l)
Iron (mg/l)
Sulphate (mg/l)
Calcium (mg/l)
Magnesium (mg/l)
Zinc (mg/l)
Lead (mg/l)
Cadmium (mg/l)
Chromium (mg/l)
Pesticide Residue (mg/l)

Mineral water
Drinking water
Max
Min
Mean
Max
Min
Mean
8.3
5.5
6.9
8.1
6.2
7.2
346
4
175
630
5
317
182
0.1
91.05
175
0.1
88
140
1
70.5
136
1
68
ND
ND
ND
ND
92
0.2
46.1
78
0.5
39
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.3
Trace
ND
Trace
ND
67
ND
56
0.1
28
84
ND
84
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
DDT,BHC, Parathion, Methyl parathion and Malathion are not detected

Micro-organism Total Mesospheric Count/ml

Coliform/100ml

5-44 x 10

ND : Not defined.
Source : Department of Food Technology and Quality Control -2003/04.

- 77 -

7->2400 in 8 samples

Table 6.3 : Ground Water Quality of (Shallow Tube ) Aquifers in the East Tarai, 2003

Site (District)
Panchgachhi (Jhapa)
Baijanathpur ( Morang )
Bayarban ( Morang )
Takuwa ( Morang )
Shreepur Jabdi (Sunsari)
Bandipur (Sunsari)
Naktiraipur (Saptari)

Chloride
(mg/l)

Ammonia
(mg/l)

Nitrate
(mg/l)

Iron
(mg/l)

Manganese
(mg/l)

Coliform
(cfu/100
ml)

15.4
16.6
17.6
21
37.2
195.6
45.6

0.7
0.5
0.5
1
0.9
0.7
1.2

0.2
0.2
2.4
1
0.2
3.5
0.3

6
4.5
6
10.4
8
0.4
12

0.8
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
1.3

1.1
15.9
0.5
45.9
25.5
1
16

250

1.24

10

0.5

nil

WHO Guideline

Source: Environment and Public Health Organization 1999 and United Nations Environment Program, 2000.

Table 6.4 : Percentage Distribution of Households using Main Sources of Drinking Water, Nepal, 2001

Area
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid Western
Far Western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural

Main Source of Drinking Water (%)

Total
Households

Tap/Pipe

Well

Tubewell

Spout
Water

Rivers/
Stream

Others

Not
Stated

4,174,457

52.9

9.0

28.4

6.4

1.5

0.9

0.9

285,217
1,950,345
1,938,895

72.2
72.2
30.8

6.2
12.0
6.5

0.0
2.4
58.6

17.1
10.1
1.1

3.4
2.0
0.6

0.4
0.5
1.4

0.6
0.7
1.1

1,001,121
1,465,753
863,045
479,009
365,529

35.3
57.8
68.8
51.4
46.4

9.3
8.5
8.9
11.4
7.8

48.4
28.1
13.9
17.3
23.1

4.6
3.3
5.4
14.1
15.8

1.0
0.6
1.1
4.0
3.6

0.7
0.7
1.1
0.7
2.1

0.7
1.0
0.7
1.1
1.3

664507

65.4

5.9

23.1

3.3

0.5

0.9

0.9

3509950

50.6

9.6

29.4

7.0

1.7

0.9

0.9

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001, National Report and Selected Urban Tables).

- 78 -

Table 6.5 : Percentage Distribution of Households by Toilet Facility, Nepal, 2001

Type of Toilet Facilities (%)
S.N.
1
2

Area

Total Households

Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Terai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid Western
Far Western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural

4,174,457

Modern with
Flush
22.7

285,214
1,951,192
1,938,051

Ordinary

No Toilet

Not Stated

23.4

52.5

1.4

7.9
26.9
20.6

32.5
28.9
16.6

58.6
43.0
61.1

1.1
1.2
1.6

1,000,441
1,465,753
863,045
479,817
365,401

15.6
30.0
26.7
15.9
12.39

30.1
20.9
27.7
15.5
15.67

53.3
47.6
44.4
67.0
69.97

1.0
1.5
1.2
1.6
1.98

664,507

52.4

24.7

21.6

1.3

3,509,950

17.1

23.2

58.3

1.4

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001 : National Report and Selected Urban Tables).

Table 6.6 : Summary of Known Arsenic Occurrence in Tarai Districts, 2010/11

Tube wells by arsenic concentration levels
S.N.

District

0-10ppb
Number

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Banke
Bara
Bardiya
Chitwan
Dang
Dhanusa
Jhapa
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Kapilbastu
Mahottari
Morang
Nawalparasi
Parsa
Rautahat
Rupandehi
Saptari
Sarlahi
Siraha
Sunsari
Total

11-50ppb
%

Number

>50ppb
%

Number

Total
%

Number

23796
34444
38243
57232
26040
54388
113077
74357
47633
36031
33546
109653
24136
26550
39351
69950
53070
42905
38608
63903

97.01
89.26
89.15
99.74
99.26
96.21
99.34
88.30
88.90
90.76
98.91
98.12
76.20
92.13
80.74
96.21
94.65
85.02
84.66
95.86

568
2689
2484
104
153
1724
699
7009
4365
2508
341
1950
3836
1598
8305
2283
2445
6952
5823
2343

2.32
6.97
5.79
0.18
0.58
3.05
0.61
8.32
8.15
6.32
1.01
1.74
12.11
5.54
17.04
3.14
4.36
13.78
12.77
3.51

166
1456
2170
46
41
419
53
2839
1580
1160
29
155
3704
671
1084
470
557
609
1172
418

0.68
3.77
5.06
0.08
0.16
0.74
0.05
3.37
2.95
2.92
0.09
0.14
11.69
2.33
2.22
0.65
0.99
1.21
2.57
0.63

24530
38589
42897
57382
26234
56531
113829
84205
53578
39699
33916
111758
31676
28819
48740
72703
56072
50466
45603
66664

2.26
3.56
3.96
5.29
2.42
5.22
10.50
7.77
4.94
3.66
3.13
10.31
2.92
2.66
4.50
6.71
5.17
4.66
4.21
6.15

1006913

92.90

58179

5.37

18799

1.73

1083891

100.00

Source: Department of Water Supply and Sewerage.

- 79 -

Table 6.7: River Water Runoff from Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

River

Drainage Area (sq.km)

Length (km)

Mahakali
Karnali
Babai
West Rapti
Narayani
Bagmati
Sapta Koshi
Kankai
Other River

Total

223
507
190
257
332
163
513
108
Total

Nepal

Estimated Runoff (m3/sec)

From all Basins

From Nepal

15260
44000
3400
6500
34960
3700
60400
1330
24921

5410
41890
3400
6500
28090
3700
31940
1330
24921

698
1441
103
224
1753
178
1658
68
1001

247
1371
103
224
1409
178
878
68
1001

194471

147181

7124

5479

Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (Water Resources of Nepal in the context of Climate Change,2011)

Table 6.8 : Deep Aquifer Depletion in Selected Locations During Dry Season of Kathmandu Valley
Water Level (m)
Location
Bansbari
Baluwatar
Pharping

1976
SWL
48.08
F.W.
F.W.

1999
PWL

SWL

Decline (m)

67.6
21

80.63
22.41

PWL
136.14
30

25

13

44

SWL=Static water level, PWL= Pumping water level,, F.W.= Flowing well.
Source : Centre for Environment and Management (2000), Metcalf and Eddy (2000).

- 80 -

SWL
32.55
22.41

PWL
68.54
9

13

19

Table 6.9 : Glaciers and Catchments Areas having Meteorological and Hydrological Stations

Name of Glacier

Catchments
Areas
(sq. km)

River
Basin

Major
Glacier

240

Barun

135

Makalu,
Tashigaon
Khumbu
a) Dingboche
b) Pangboche
Langtang,
Kyangjing
Annapurna
Machhapuchhre
Humla (closed)

(Latitude and Longitude in degree and minute)

Meteorological Station
Hydrological Station
Latitude Longitude Altitude

Latitude Longitude Altitude

North

East

(masl)

North

East

Barun

270 37'

87 0 16'

2100

270 44'

870 11'

2000

Imja
Imja

Imja
Imja

270 53'

860 49'

4355

270 53'

860 56'

4355

340

Langtang

Langtang

280 13'

850 37'

3920

280 13'

850 33'

3800

148

Modi

Annapurna
Glacier

280 32'

830 57'

3470

280 31'

830 57'

3670

553

Humla

Panommukhi
(Daldung
Khola)

Kanjirowa
725

Sano
Bheri

(masl)

30 16'

81 14'

4220

30 0 11'

810 32'

3811

300 11'

810 32'

3500

0
29 07'

820 36'

2735

290 07'

820 36'

2600

Source: International Centre for Intrigated Mountain Development, Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outbrust Flood
Nepal 2001.Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (Year Book, 1997, Supplement No. VII, 2000.)

Table 6.10 : Famous Glacial Lakes in Himalaya

Description
Latitude
Longitude
Altitude (m)
Depth (m)
Average
Maximum
Length (km)
Width (km)
Area (sq. km)

Lower Barun

Imja

Tsho Rolpa

Thulagi

Dig Thso

Tam
Pokhari

27 48' N
87 07' E
4570

27 59' N
86 56' E
5000

27 50' N
86 28' E
4580

28 30' N
84 30' E
4146

27 52' N
86 35' E
4365

27 44' N
86 15' E
4432

50
118
1.25
0.6
0.78

47
99
1.3
0.5
0.6

55.1
131
3.2
0.5
1.39

41.8
81
2
0.45
0.76

20

45

1.21
0.44
0.5

1.15
0.5
0.47

Average water (106xm3)

28

28

76.6

31.8

10

21.25

Approximate age (year)

35

45

45

45

50

45

Source: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (Himalayan Wetlands- Risks, Challenges and Opportunities
edited by Bishnu B.Bhandari (2007) and Gea Jae Joo based on Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes
and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (Nepal) Pradip K. Mool, Samjwal R. Bajracharya and Sharad Joshi - 2000).

- 81 -

Table 6.11 : Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Major River Basins

Glaciers
Basins

Number

Koshi
Gandaki
Karnali
Mahakali
Total

Glacial Lakes
Area (sq. km)

779
1,025
1,361
87
3,252

Number

1,410
2,030
1,740
143
5,323

Area (sq. km)

1,062
338
907
16
2,323

25.0
12.5
37.7
0.4
75.6

Source: International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (Himalayan Wetlands- Risks, Challenges and
Opportunities edited by Bishnu B.Bhandari (2007) and Gea Jae Joo based on Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes
and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (Nepal) Pradip K. Mool, Samjwal R. Bajracharya and Sharad Joshi - 2000).

Table 6.12 : Water Quality of Different Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, 2005
Parameters
pH
Temp
Iron
Chlorine (mg/l)
Chloride (mg/l)
N-NH4 (mg/l)
PO4 - P (mg/l)
Coliform bacteria
Coliform bacteria
E. coli

Water sources

Unit
metre
0
C
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Source points
Consumption point
cfu/100 ml

WHO GV

PW
6.5-8.2

PUTW
6.5-7.5

Well
7.5

SS
7.5

13-18
ND-0.2
ND
10--30
ND-0.2
0.1
+/+

12--15
0.2
ND
22-45
0.2
0.1
+

15-18
0.2
ND
26-27
0.2
0.1
+

15-18
0.3
ND
23-45
0.2
0.1
+

25.0
0.3-3.0
0.2
250
0.04-0.4
0.4-5.5
-

10-130

3--20

48-200

58

Note: PTW = private tap water, PUTW = public tap water, SS = stone spout, WHO GV = World Health Organization guideline value.
Source: Pradhan et al. 2005.

- 82 -

6.5-8.5

Table 6.13 : Water Quality of Major Rivers During Dry Season, 1998
Development Region
Eastern

Location / River
Mechi
Kankai
Arun
East Rapti at Sauraha
Seti at Ramghat
Bheri at Chatagaon
Karnali at Chisapani
Mahakali at Pancheswor

Central
Western
Mid- Western
Far -Western

pH

TDS (mg/l)

DO (mg/l)

B0D (mg/l)

8.3
7.7
6.5
7.8
8.2
7.8
8.9
8.8

30
60
200
213
222
208
264
110

8.9
8.7
9.1
8.7
9.3
9.3
10.5
5

1.8
2
2.1
2.5
2
1.1
1.5
2

100

>5.0

WHO Guideline

6.5-8.5

Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology,1998 (Central Bureau of Statistics :A Compendium on Environment Statistics, Nepal, 1998.)

Table 6.14 : Nepal's Drinking Water Quality Standards

Group

Physical

Chemical

Micro Germs

Parameter

Unit
NTU

Maximum Concentration
Limits

Turbidity
pH
Color
Taste & Odor
Total Dissolved Solids
Electrical Conductivity
Iron
Manganese
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Cyanide
Fluoride
Lead
Ammonia
Chloride
Sulphate
Nitrate
Copper
Total Hardness
Calcium
Zinc
Mercury
Aluminum
Residual Chlorine
E-Coli

mg/l
c/cm
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100ml

5 (10)**
6.5-8.5*
5 (15)**
Would not be objectionable
1000
1500
0.3 (3)**
0.2
0.05
0.003
0.05
0.07
0.5-1.5*
0.01
1.5
250
250
50
1
500
200
3
0.001
0.2
0.1-0.2*
0

Total Coli form

MPN/100ml

95 % in sample

TCU

Note : * These standards indicate the maximum and minimum limits.

** Figures in parenthesis are upper range of the standards recommended.
Source : Nepal Gazette (26 June 2006).

- 83 -

Table 6.15 : Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water
S.N.
1

Characteristics
Total Suspended solids, mg/l, Max

2
3
4

Particle size of total suspended particles

pH value
Temperature, 0C , Max

5
6
7
8

Total Chromium, mg/l, Max

9
10
11
12
13

Land Surface Water

30-200
Shall pass 850-micron
sieve
5.5-9.0
Shall not exceed 40
degree C in any section
of the stream within 15
meters downstream
from the effluent outlet.

Sulphates (SO4), mg/l, Max

Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l, Max
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 5
days at 20 degree C, mg/l, Max
Oils and grease, mg/l, max
Phenolic compounds, mg/l, max
Cynides (as CN), mg/l, max
Sulphides (as S), mg/l, max
Radioactive materials
a. Alpha emitters, c/ml, max

14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

b. Beta emitters, c/ml, max

Insecticides
Total residual chlorine, mg/l
Fluorides (as F), mg/l, max
Arsenic (as AS), mg/l, max
Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max
Hexavalent chromium (as Cr, ) mg/l max
Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max
Lead (as pb), mg/l, max
Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, max
Selenium (as Se), mg/l, max
Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max
TDS, mg/l, max
Chloride (CI), Mg/l, max

Silver, mg/l, max

Source:: Nepal Gazette , 30 April 2001 and 23 June 2003

- 84 -

5.5-9.0
45

500
2100

50
10
1
0.2
2

400
50
10
2
2

Inland Surface Water

50
Shall pass 850-micron
sieve
5.5-9.0
Shall not exceed 40
degree C in any section
of the stream within 15
meters downstream from
the effluent outlet.

50
10
1
0.2
2

10-7

10-7

-8

10-8
absent
1
2
0.2
2
0.1
3
0.1
3
0.05
5

10
absent
1
2
0.2
2
0.1
3
0.1
3
0.05
5

Soleplate (SO4), mg/l, max

Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, max
Mineral oils, mg/l, max
Inhibition of nitrification test at 2000 ml/l
Sodium, % max
Ammonical nitrogen, mg/l, max
Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/l, max

Public Sewerage
600

absent
10
1
2
3
0.1
3
0.05
5

0.01

0.01
10
<50%

0.01

50
250

50
1000

50
250

0.1

0.1

0.1

Particle Size of TSS

pH value

Temperature C

Cyanides (as CN), mg/l, max

Sulphides (as S), mg/l, max

Radioactive materials;

Total residual Chlorine, mg/l

Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, max

Chlorides (as CI), mg/l, max

Sodium, % max
Chemical oxygen demand
mg/l, Max
Total chromium ( as Cr )
mg/l, max
Bull's Trench Kiln, Forced
Draught (Fixed Chimney )
Bull's Trench Kiln, Natural
Draught (Fixed Chimney )

Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK)

10

11

12

13

14

15

20

Temperature C

0.1

250

60

600

100

Absent

2100

5.5-9.0

100

Tanning
Industry

Source: Nepal Gazette ,30 April 2001 and 23 June 2003

22
23

21

19

18

17

16

Hexavalent chromium
(as Cr) mg/l, Max
Phenolic compounds
(as C6 h5 OH), mg/l

Oils and grease, mg/l, max

TDS, mg/l, max

Color and Odor

BOD for 5 days at 200 degree
C, mg/l, max

TSS mg/l

Characteristics

S.N.

40

250

10
5 (as C6 h5
OH)

100

40

5.5-9

100

Wool
Processing
Industry

61

5.5-10

101

60

5.5-9

100

Fermentat
Industry

- 85 -

250

10

100

5.5-9.0

Vegetable
Ghee & Oil
Industry

100

5.5-9

100

Paper &
Pulp
Industry

250

10

100

5.5-8.5

150

Dairy
Industry

250

100

5.5-9

100

Sugar
Industry

Environmental Standard and Norms

250

100

6.0-9.0

100

Cotton and
Textile
Industry

250

10

100

5.5-9.0

200

Soap
Industry

Table 6.16 : Generic Standard /Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water
Brick kiln Industry

400mg/Nm

700mg/Nm

600mg/Nm

15 Meter

30 Meter

17 Meter

Suspended Heights of
Chimney
Particulate
(Max.
Matter (Max.
Limit)
Limit)

Table 6.17 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation Water

S.N.

Parameter name

Target
Water
Quality
Range

Remarks

Microbiological constituents:
< 1 count
/100 ml

1 1000 count / 100 ml could be used for plants for

which edible parts are not wetted.

6.5 8.5
< 50 mg/l

Adverse effect on plants outside this range

Above the limit problem with sedimentation and
irrigation system

Electrical Conductivity
3
Chemical Constituents:

< 40 mS/m

Upto 540 mS/m depending upon sensitivity of crops.

1
2
3
4

< 5 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 0.5 mg/l
< 0.01
mg/l
< 100 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 0.05
mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 2.0 mg/l
< 5.0 mg/l
(non-toxic)
< 0.2 mg/l
< 2.5 mg/l
< 0.02
mg/l
< 0.01
mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 5 mg/l

Upto 20 mg/l max. acceptable conc.

> 2 mg/l creates severe problem
0.1 0.5 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
Upto 15 mg/l depending upon species.

Coliforms(faecal)

Physical Constituents:
1
2

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

pH
Suspended Solids

Aluminium
Arsenic
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nitrogen (inorganic)

0.01 0.05 mg/l max. acceptable conc.

Upto 700 mg/l depending upon species
Upto 1.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
Upto 5.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
Upto 5.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
Upto 15 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
> 1.5 mg/l creates problem in drip irrigation system
Upto 2.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
For citrus < 0.75 mg/l
Upto 10 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
Upto 0.05 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
Upto 2.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc.
Higher concentration may affect sensitive plants and
may contaminate ground water

< 0.02
mg/l
< 2.0

Upto 0.05 mg/l max. acceptable conc.

Upto 10 depending upon sensitivity of crops.

< 70 mg/l
< 40 mS/m

Upto 460 depending upon sensitivity of crops

Upto 540 mS/m depending upon sensitivity of crops

23

Uranium
Vanadium

< 0.01
mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l

Upto 0.1 mg/l max. acceptable conc.

Upto 1.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc.

24

Zinc

< 1.0 mg/l

Upto 5 mg/l max. acceptable conc.

18
19
20
21
22

Selenium
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
Sodium
Total Dissolved Solids (as EC)

Source: Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Neapl Gazette (Number 10, 16 June 2008))

- 86 -

Table 6.18 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture

S.N.
1

Constituents
Algae

Target Water Quality Range

No criteria

Alkalinity

20 100 mg/l as CaCO3

Aluminium

Ammonia (for cold water fish)

0 25 g/L

Ammonia (for warm water fish)

0 30 g/L

Arsenic

0 0.05 mg/l

Bacteria (E. Coli)

< 10 counts of E.coli /g of fish flesh

BOD5

< 15 mg/l
Hardness: 0 60
mg/l
Hardness: 60
120 mg/l

< 30g/L (pH >6.5),

< 10 g/L (pH < 6.5)

Remarks
High alkalinity reduces natural food
production in ponds below optimal
production
Highly toxic to trouts (1.5 g/l is fatal to
brown trout)

< 0.2 mg/l

< 0.8 mg/l

Cadmium toxicity depends upon

hardness of water

Cadmium

10

Carbon dioxide

11

Chloride

12

Chlorine

13
14

Chromium (VI)
COD

< 10 g HOCl/L for warm water fish

< 20 g/L
< 40 mg/l

15

Colour

< 100 Pt-Co unit

16

Copper

< 5 g/L

0.006 and 0.03 g/L are upper limits for

hard and soft water

17

Cyanides

< 20 g/L as HCN

LC50 starts from 100 g/L upwards

18

Dissolved oxygen

5 8 for intermediate water species,

19

Fluoride

< 20 g/l

20

Iron

< 10 g/l

21
22

Lead
Magnesium

< 10 g/l
< 15 mg/l

23

Manganese

< 100 g/l

24

Mercury

< 1 g/l

25

Nickel

< 100 g/l

26

Nitrate-N

< 300 mg/l

1000 mg/l is below the 96-hour LC50

values for most fish

27

Nitrite-N

0 0.05 mg/l for cold water fish

> 7 mg/l is LC50 for many fish species

Hardness: 120
< 1.3 mg/l
180mg/l
Hardness: >180
< 1.8 mg/l
mg/l
< 12 mg/l, upto 75 mg/l for warm water
fish
Value not recommended (fish can
survive at < 600 mg/l Chloride but the
production is not optimum)
< 2 g HOCl /L for cold water fish

6 9 mg/l for cold water species

5 8 for warm water species.
0.2 - 1.75 general lethal threshold for
fish
30 g/L max. conc. limit for brook trout
Above 500 g/L increasing risk of lethal
effect
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
occurs

0.06 - .25 mg/l for warm water fish

- 87 -

Table 6.18 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture

(contd...)
S.N.
28

29

Constituents
Nuisance plants

Target Water Quality Range

Remarks

Less than 10 % of the fish pond

should be covered by aquatic
plants.

30

Oils and Greese

Petrochemicals)
PCBs

(including

31

pH

No quantitative guidelines,
should not be detected in fish
6.5 9.0

32

Phenols

< 1 mg/l

33
34

Phosphorus
Selenium (VI)

< 0.6 mg/l as orthophosphate

< 0.3 mg/l

35

Sulphide as H2S

< 0.001 mg/l

36

Temperature

4 18 for cold water fish

< 300 g/L

Outside this range the health of fish is adversely

affected
> 7.5 mg/l 24 hr. LC50 starts for most fish
> 12.5 mg/l 96 hr. LC50 starts for most fish

> 0.002 mg/l long term health hazard for fish

Mortality increases with increasing TGP

16 32 for intermediate species

37
38

Total Dissolved Gases as Total

Gas Pressure (TGP)
Total Dissolved Solids

39
40

Total Hardness as CaCO3

Total Suspended Matter.

41

Zinc, depends upon water

hardness: mg/l dissolved Zn

24 30 for warm water fish

< 100 % for cold water fish
< 105 % for warm water fish
< 2000 mg/l
20 100 mg/l ,

In > 175 mg/l osmoregulation of fish is affected.

< 20000 mg/l for turbid water

species,
< 25 NTU for clear water species
Hardness:

Coldwater

Warm
water

10 mg/l

0.03

0.3

50 mg/l

0.2

0.7

100 mg/l

0.3

500 mg/l

0.5

Pesticides: No guideline values provided.

Source : Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Projcet (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, 16 June 2008).

- 88 -

Warm water fish are more tolerant

Table 6.19 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Livestock Watering

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

Constituent

28
29

Algae
Aluminium
Arsenic
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Copper
Electrical Conductivity
Fluoride
pH
Iron
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nitrate/Nitrite
Nitrite N
Selenium
Sodium
Sulphate
Total Dissolved Solids
Dairy Cattle
Sheep
Horse
Pigs
Poultry
Vanadium
Zinc

Faecal coliform count

Proposed concentration
No visible blue-green scum
< 5 mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
< 0.01 mg/l
< 1000 mg/l
< 1 mg/l
< 1 mg/l
< 0.5 mg/l
< 1.5 dS/m
< 2 mg/l
6.5 8.5
Not Toxic
< 0.1 mg/l
< 500 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
< 10 g/L
< 0.01 mg/l
< 1 mg/l
< 100 mg/l as nitrate
< 10 mg/l
< 0.05 mg/l
< 2000 mg/l
< 1000 mg/l
< 7100 mg/l
<12800 mg/l
< 6400 mg/l
< 4300 mg/l
< 2800 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l (FAO)
< 24 mg/l (FAO)

Pathogens
< 200 count /100ml
< 1000 counts for < 20 % of the
samples

Pesticides: Guidelines applicable for human beings.

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Guidelines for human beings apply.
Source : Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, 16 June 2008).

- 89 -

Table 6.20 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Recreation

S.N.
Biological Parameters:
1

Parameter Name:
Algae, macrophytes,
phytoplankton scum, etc.

Full contact

Partial contact

Non contact

Should not be present in excessive amount

Indicator Organism
Total coliform Bacteria
Faecal coliform

<130 count/100 ml

Escherichia coli

<130 count/100 ml

Entero cocci
Faecal Streptococci

<30 count/100 ml

Coliphage
Schistosoma/ Bilharzia

< 20 count/100 ml
No snails capable of
acting as the
intermediate host of the
bilharzia parasite

<1000
count/100ml
No target value

No target value

0 230 count/100
ml
No target value
No snails capable
of acting as the
intermediate host
of the bilharzia
parasite

No target value

No target value

No target value
No target value

Nuisance plants
Swimmer should not be
entangled

Boats should not

be entangled.

Chemical Irritant
The criteria are qualitative and no specific irritant and quantitative measures are given
Chemical Parameters:
pH
6.5 8.5
6.5 8.5
Physical Parameters:

No target value

Clarity

> 1.6 (Sechchi disc

depth Metres)

No target value

No target value

2
3

Colour
Floating Matter and refuse

100 Pt-Co units

No target value

No Target value
No target value

Odour

100 Pt-Co units

Free of floating or
submerged debris
No objectionable or
unpleasant odour

No objectionable or
unpleasant odour

5
6

Residual Chlorine
Surface films

0.1 mg/l
Should not be noticeable

No objectionable
or unpleasant
odour
No target value
Should not be
noticeable

Turbidity

0.5 NTU

Source : Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, 16 June 2008).

- 90 -

No target value
Should not be
noticeable

Table 6.21 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Industries

Recommended value
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Parameter Name:
Alkalinity
COD
Chloride
Iron
Manganese
pH
Silica
Sulphate
Suspended solids
Total dissolved solids
Total Hardness

Category 1
<50 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
< 20 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
< 0.05 mg/l
7.0 - 8.0
< 5 mg/l
< 30 mg/l
< 3 mg/l
TDS: < 100 mg/l
EC: < 15 mS/m
< 50 mg/l as CaCO3

Category 2
< 120 mg/l
< 15 mg/l
< 40 mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
< 0.1 mg/l
6.5 - 8.0
0 - 10 mg/l
< 80 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
TDS: < 200
EC: < 30
< 100 mg/l as
CaCO3

Category 3
< 300 mg/l
< 30 mg/l
< 100 mg/l
< 0.3 mg/l
< 0.2 mg/l
6.5 - 8.0
< 20 mg/l
< 200 mg/l
< 5 mg/l
TDS: < 450
EC: < 70
< 250 mg/l as CaCO3

Category 4
< 1200 mg/l
< 75 mg/l
< 500 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
< 10 mg/l
10-May
< 150 mg/l
< 500 mg/l
< 25 mg/l
TDS: < 1600
EC: < 250
< 1000 mg/l as
CaCO3

Source : Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, 16 Juene 2008).

Table 6.22 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

10
11

Parameter name
Aluminium (mg/l)
Ammonia (g/L)
Arsenic (g/L)
Atrazine (g/L)
Cadmium
Soft water

(60 mg/l
CaCO3)
Medium water
(60 119
mg/l)
Hard water
120 180
mg/l
Very Hard
> 180 mg/l
Chlorine (Residual) g/L
Chromium (VI) g/L
Chromium (III) g/L
Copper g/L
Soft water
(60 mg/l
CaCO3)
Medium water
(60 119
mg/l)
Hard water
120 180
mg/l
Very Hard
> 180 mg/l
Cyanide g/L
Dissolved Oxygen (% saturation)

Target Water Quality

Range
At pH <6.5: 5
At pH >6.5:10
<7
< 10
< 10

Chronic Effect Value

10
20
< 15
< 20
< 19

Acute Effect Value

100
150
< 100
< 130
< 100

< 0.15

0.3

< 0.25

0.5

< 0.35

0.7

10

< 0.40
< 0.2
7
< 12

0.8
0.35
10
24

13
5
200
340

< 0.3

0.53

1.6

< 0.8

1.5

4.6

< 1.2

2.4

7.5

< 1.40
1
80 120

2.8
4
> 60

12
110
> 40

- 91 -

Table 6.22 : Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem
(contd...)
S.N.
12

Parameter name
Endosulphan (g/L)

13

Fluoride (g/L)

14

Iron

15

Lead g/L
Soft
(60 mg/l CaCO3)
water

16

Chronic Effect Value

0.02

Acute Effect
Value
0.2

< 750

1500

2540

The iron concentration should not be allowed to vary by more than 10 % of the
background dissolved iron concentration for a particular site or case, at a specific
time.
< 0.2

0.5

Medium
water

(60 119 mg/l)

< 0.5

Hard
water

120 180 mg/l

< 1.0

13

< 1.2

2.4

16

< 180

370

1300

< 0.04

0.08

1.7

Very
> 180 mg/l
Hard
Manganese (g/L)

17

Mercury (g/L)

18

Nitrogen (inorganic)

19

pH
All aquatic ecosystems

20
21

Target Water Quality

Range
< 0.01

Phenols (g/l)
Phosphorus (inorganic)
All surface waters

Inorganic nitrogen concentrations should not be changed by more than 15 % from

that of the water body under local unimpacted conditions at any time of the year;
The trophic status of the water body should not increase above its present level,
though a decrease in trophic status is permissible (see Effects);
The amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in inorganic nitrogen concentrations
should not be changed.
pH values should not be allowed to vary from the range of the background pH
values for a specific site and time of day, by > 0.5 of a pH unit, orby > 5 %, and
should be assessed by whichever estimate is more conservative.
<30
60
500
Inorganic phosphorus concentrations should not be changed by > 15 % from that
of the water body under local, unimpacted conditions at any time of the year;
The trophic status of the water body should not increase above its present level,
though a decrease in trophic status is permissible (see Effects);
The amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in inorganic phosphorus
concentrations should not be changed.

22
23

Selenium (g/l)
Temperature
(All aquatic ecosystems)

<2
5
30
Water temperature should not be allowed to vary from the background average
daily water temperature considered to be normal for that specific site and time of
o
day, by > 2 C, or by > 10 %, whichever estimate is the more conservative.

24

Total Dissolved Solids

(All inland waters)

x TDS concentrations should not be changed by > 15 % from the normal cycles of
the water body under un impacted conditions at any time of the year; 
x The amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in TDS concentrations should not
be changed.

25
26

Total Suspended Solids

(All inland waters)
Zinc (g/l)

Any increase in TSS concentrations must be limited to < 10 % of the background

TSS concentrations at a specific site and time.
<2
3.6
36

Source : Department of Irrigation, Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, 16 June 2008).

- 92 -

Table 6.23 : Number of Lakes in Districts by various heights in Nepal, 2009

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhalandhunga
Khotang
Udaypur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusha
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchwok
Kabhrepalanchok
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Makawanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitwan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahun
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilvastu

Total Lake
380
17
30
136
184
69
4
4
159
7
339
0
10
14
46
140
230
186
74
9
25
42
75
1
3
2
1
3
38
5
2
85
93
71
40
36
23
2
4
29
66
78
33
5
60
11
12
163
289
351

<100m
0
0
0
58
123
41
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
35
67
193
173
47
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
68
75
63
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
131
190

100-499 m
0
0
14
78
60
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
11
73
37
13
27
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
18
8
40
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163
158
161

- 93 -

500- 1999m
0
2
14
0
1
0
4
2
3
5
1
0
4
6
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
3
12
1
3
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
5
5
1
1
22
0
0
5
5
15
7
12
0
0
0

2000-2999m
2
8
1
0
0
0
0
2
4
1
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
4
0
3
0
0
2
14
0
37
4
0
0
0
0

3000-4999
297
7
1
0
0
0
0
0
109
1
113
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
23
58
0
0
0
0
2
34
5
0
0
0
0
0
26
14
0
0
7
26
5
13
0
8
0
0
0
0
0

> 5000m
81
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43
0
224
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
40
71
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Table 6.23 : Number of Lakes and Districts by various heights in Nepal,2009

S.N.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

District
Argakhachi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardia
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadheldhura
Baitadi
Darchula
Total

Total Lake
3
19
16
70
5
38
243
82
22
7
16
210
99
1
125
381
57
25
13
19
114
85
2
1
19
5358

<100m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1270

100-499 m
0
0
0
0
0
8
243
82
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
113
79
0
0
0
1442

500- 1999m
3
13
11
13
5
30
0
0
21
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
9
1
4
2
1
1
271

2000-2999m
0
6
1
14
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
3
0
5
2
7
4
0
0
0
0
0
148

(contd...)
3000-4999
0
0
4
31
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
47
97
1
93
147
45
19
3
6
0
0
0
0
16
1296

> 5000m
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
163
1
0
29
234
7
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
931

Source : National Lake Conservation Development Committee(National Lake Strategic plan,2010 March)

Table 6.24 : Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes in Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Glacier Lake
Lower Barun
Lumding Tsho
Dig Tsho
Imja Tsho
Tam Pokhari
Dudh Pokhari
Unnamed 1
Unnamed 2
Hungu
East Hungu 1
East Hungu 2
Unnamed 3
West Chamjang
Tsho Rolpa
Unnamed 4
Nagma Pokhari
Unnamed 5
Unnamed 6
Unnamed 7
Thulagi

Location /District
Sankhuwasabha

Solukhumbu

Dolakha
Taplejung
Gorkha
Mustang

NA : Not Available
Source : Ministry of Environment,(NAPA to Climate Change, 2010 September)

- 94 -

Altitude (m.)
4550
4846
4364
5023
4431
4760
5266
5056
5181
5379
5483
5205
4983
4556
4876
4907
3590
5419
5452
3825

Area (sq.m.)
NA
104943
143249
48811
138846
274296
133752
112398
198905
78760
211877
349396
6446
231693
179820
18971
81520
149544
1015173
223385

Chapter VII
Other Natural Resources

Major Group of
Species

Reptiles

Amphibians

Fishes

Arachnids

Velvet Worms

Horseshoe Crabs

Others

10

11

12

13

Gymnosperms

Flowiering Plants

Green Algae

16

17

18

Brown Algae
Sub total

21

22

5,499

1,728,408

3,127
51,623

31,496

17,000

6,144
307,674

4,242

268,000

1052

12,000

16,236

68,658
1,305,250

165

102,248

2,175

47,000

85,000

1,000,000

32,100
63,861

6,771

9,439

10,052

Source :IUCN Red List version 2011.2

Total

Lichens

Mushrooms

20

Red Algae
Sub total
Fungi and Protists

Ferns and Allies

15

19

Mosses

14

Sub total

Corals

Plants

Molluscs

Crustaceans

Insects

Invertebrates

Birds

Sub total

Mammals

Vertebrates

S.N.

Estimated
Number of
described
species

61,914

15
18

58
14,496

13

12,994

1020

310

101

52
12,621

11

33

856

2399

5,422

3844

9,554
34,779

6,338

3336

10,052

5,499

Number of
species
evaluated
by 2011

10,533

-----

---

---

--5,328

---

5,186

142

---

---

9
1,891

11

407

920

537

734
3,314

124

253

1,107

1,096

1996/98

11,046

-----

---

---

--5,611

---

5,390

141

---

80

9
1,928

11

408

938

555

752
3,507

146

296

1,183

1,130

2000

11,167

-----

---

---

--5,714

---

5,492

142

---

80

9
1,932

11

409

939

557

742
3,521

157

293

1,192

1,137

2002

- 97 -

12,259

--2

---

--6,774

---

6,279

304

111

80

9
1,959

11

409

967

553

750
3,524

157

293

1,194

1,130

2003

15,503

--2

---

--8,321

---

7,796

305

140

80

9
1,992

11

429

974

559

800
5,188

1,770

304

1,213

1,101

2004

16,117

--3

--8,390

---

7,865

306

139

80

24
2,102

11

459

975

623

1171
5,622

1,811

341

1,206

1,093

2006

16,308

6
9

9
8,448

7,899

321

139

80

24
2,109

11

460

978

623

1201
5,742

1,808

422

1,217

1,094

2007

Number of threatened species

Table 7.1 : Numbers of Threatened Species by Major Groups of Organisms on the Red List, 1996- 2011

16,928

6
9

9
8,457

7,904

323

139

82

24
2,496

18

235

606

978

626

1275
5,966

1,905

423

1,222

1,141

2008

17,291

6
9

9
8,500

7,948

322

139

82

24
2,639

18

235

606

1036

711

1414
6,143

1,895

469

1,223

1,142

2009

18,351

6
9

9
8,724

8,116

371

148

80

24
2,904

19

235

596

1288

733

1851
6,714

1,898

594

1,240

1,131

2010

19,570

6
9

9
9,156

8,527

377

163

80

24
3,297

19

235

596

1673

741

2028
7,108

1,917

772

1,253

1,138

2011

4%

0.50%
0.03%

0.003%

0.01%

0.9%
5%

0.3%

5%

97%

3%

1%

0.06%
1%

100%

7%

0.03%

39%

5%

6%

0.4%

30%
1%

94%

35%

100%

100%

Species
evaluted in
2011,as %
of species
described

Table 7.2: Change in numbers of species in the threatened categories for the major taxonomic groups on
the Red list ,1996-2011

Group
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Insects
Molluscs
Plants

1996/98
169
168
41
18
157
44
257
909

2000
180
182
56
25
156
45
222
1014

Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Insects
Molluscs
Plants

315
235
59
31
134
116
212
1197

340
321
74
38
144
118
237
1266

Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Insects
Molluscs

612
704
153
75
443
377
451

610
680
161
83
452
392
479

3222

3331

Plants

Critically Endangered (CR)

2002
2003
2004
2006
181
184
162
162
182
182
179
181
55
57
64
73
30
30
413
442
157
162
171
253
46
46
47
68
222
250
265
265
1046
1276
1490
1541
Endangered (EN)
339
337
352
348
326
331
345
351
79
78
79
101
37
37
729
738
143
144
160
237
118
118
120
129
236
243
221
222
1291
1634
2239
2258
Vulnerable (VU)
617
609
587
583
684
681
688
674
159
158
161
167
90
90
628
631
442
444
470
681
393
389
392
426
481
474
488
488
3377

3864

4592

4591

2007
163
189
79
441
254
69
268
1569

2008
188
190
86
475
289
70
268
1575

2009
188
192
93
484
306
89
291
1577

2010
188
190
106
486
376
89
373
1619

2011
194
189
137
498
414
91
487
1731

349
356
139
737
254
129
224
2278

448
361
134
755
269
132
224
2280

449
362
150
754
298
151
245
2316

450
372
200
758
400
166
328
2397

447
382
284
764
477
169
417
2564

582
672
204
630
693
425
486

505
671
203
675
717
424
486

505
669
226
657
810
471
500

493
678
288
654
1075
478
587

497
682
351
655
1137
481
769

4600

4602

4607

4708

4861

Source: IUCN Red List version 2011.2

Table 7.3 : Ecosystems and Protected Areas in Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5

Physiographic Zone

Total Ecosystems

Number of Protected Area

10
13
52
38
5

10
5
33
30
2

118

80

Tarai (Plain)
Siwalik Hill
Middle Hill
Highland
Others
Total

Source: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2002 (Nepal Biodiversity Strategy).

- 98 -

Table 7.4: Number of Plant and Animal Species in Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Group

No. of known species

in the World

Flowering Plants
Pteridophytes
Lichens
Bryophytes
Fungi
Algae
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fishes
Butterflies
Moths
Spiders

No. of known species in

Nepal

Percentage of share in
Nepal

231638
10369
> 17000
>14000
> 70000
> 40000
4675
9799
4780
7870
10000
17500
160000

6391
534*
771*
1150*
2025*
807*
185
874
118
78
187
651
785

2.76
5.15
4.54
8.21
2.89
2.02
3.96
8.9
2.47
0.99
1.87
3.72
0.49

39490

175

0.44

Source : Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book, 2007).
* Kunwar et al. 2010,Floral Biodiversity of Nepal: An update, Journal of Natural History Museum 25:295-311

Table 7.5 : Number of Wildlife Species in Nepal, 2007- 2010

S.N.

Species

Year

Area/place

Number

Arna

2010

Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve

215

Blackbuck

2010

Krishnasar Conservation Area

218

Blue sheep

2007

Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

852

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Blue sheep
Gaur
Gaur
Gharial
Gharial
Gharial
Gharial
Gharial
Jharal
Rhino
Rhino

2009
2007
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2009
2008
2008

Kanchenjungha Conservation Area

Chitwan National Park
Parsa Wildlife Reserve
Babai River
Karnali River
Koshi River
Narayani River
Rapti River
Langtang National Park
Bardia National Park
Chitwan National Park

1686
296
37
10
6
0
41
24
284
22
408

15

Rhino

2008

Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve

16

Swamp deer

2010

Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve

1736

17
18
19
20

Snow leopard
Tiger
Tiger
Tiger

2008
2009
2010
2009

Dolphu/Shey Phoksundo National Park

Bardia National Park
Chitwan National Park
Parsa Wildlife Reserve

21

Tiger

2009

Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve

Source : Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation (Annual Report,2010)

- 99 -

medium sign density

18
125
4
8

Table 7.6 : Number of Cultivated and Wild Food Plant Species

Food Plant Species
Groups
Dicots
Families
Genera
Species*
Sub-species
Monocot
Families
Genera
Species*
Sub-species
Pteridophyte
Families
Genera
Species
Thallophytic
Families
Genera
Species
Gymnosperms
Families
Genera
Species

Total

Cultivated

Wild +

Cultivated
Plants (%)

Wild Food Plant

(%)

120
180
395
25

50
120
175
25

70
60
190
0

42
67
44
100

58
33
48
0

17
50
83
10

10
35
50
7

7
15
20
3

59
70
60
70

41
30
24
30

3
7
11

3
7
11

100
100
100

30
57
108

30
57
108

100
100
100

2
2

2
2

100
100

100

* Imported food plants are excluded, +National Seed Committee.

Source: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002).

Table 7.7 : Community Forest Area in Nepal,2010

(unit in 000 ha.)
Physiographic Region
Area
Nepal
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western

Total
1229.6

Mountain
228.3

Hill
831.7

Tarai
169.6

332.9
262.4
184.2
266.5

56.8
56.1
6.7
44.7

240.5
181.9
165.3
139.7

35.6
24.4
12.2
82.1

Far-western

183.6

64.0

104.3

15.3

Source : Water and Energy Commission Secretariat( Energy Sector Synopsis Report 2010 )

- 100 -

Table 7.8 : Vegetation Area by Type and Household Involvement in Community Forest of Nepal, 2011
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Vegetation type
Forest
Shrub
Forest / Shrub
Not Specified
Forest / Plantation
Plantation
Shrub / Plantation
Forest /Grass
Forest /Shrub / Plantation
Forest / Shrub / Grass
Shrub / Grass
Forest / Shrub / Plantation / Grass
Shrub / Plantation / Grass
Grass
Plantation / Grass

16

Forest / Plantation / Grass

CF Area (ha)
1,134,018.795
129,583.870
121,441.799
77,233.776
69,378.805
31,235.245
30,922.059
20,410.265
11,308.470
6,868.270
5,347.450
5,294.570
4,098.960
3,132.992
2,750.545

% CF Area
68.49
7.83
7.33
4.66
4.19
1.89
1.87
1.23
0.68
0.41
0.32
0.32
0.25
0.19
0.17

No. of HHs*
1,316,485
202,500
121,923
92,422
131,734
159,259
75,895
14,712
16,881
7,129
8,767
5,555
5,260
12,543
8,066

% HHs
60.31
9.28
5.59
4.23
6.04
7.30
3.48
0.67
0.77
0.33
0.40
0.25
0.24
0.57
0.37

2,633.310

0.16

3,579

0.16

* Note : Households involve in one or more Community Forest ; CF = Community Forest

Source : Department of Forest (Communtiy Forest Division)

Table 7.9 : Endemic Fishes of Nepal, 2011

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Scientific Name
Cyprinus carpio
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Aristichthys nobilis
Ctenopharyngodon iddllus
Labeo rohita
Cirrhinus mrigala
Catla catla
Oreochromis niloticus
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Schizothorax spp
Tor spp

Local Name
Common carp
Sliver carp
Bighead carp
Grass carp
Rohu
Naini (Mrigal)
Bhakue (Catla)
Tilapia
Rainbow trout
Asala
Sahar

Neolissochellus spp

Katle

Source : Directorate of Fisheries Development

- 101 -

Table 7.10 : Number and Status of Nepal's Fauna

Legend and Summary

CITES (Total )
Appendix-I
Appendix-II
appendix III
IUCN = IUCN Red List Category
(Total)
Extinct (EX)
Extinct in the World (EW)
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Near Threatened (NT)
Least Concern (LC)
Data Deficient (DD)
Not Evaluated (NE)
NRDB (Nepal Red Data Book)
Status (Total )
Extinct Nepal (EXN)
Critically Endangered (C)
Endangered (E)
Vulnerable (V)
Susceptible (S)
Introduced (I)

Mammal
Number
%
66
100.0
28
42.4
14
21.2
24
36.4

Bird
Number
%
128
100.0
16
12.5
95
74.2
17
13.3

Herpeto
Number
%
24
100.0
8
33.3
13
54.2
3
12.5

Fish
Number

185

100.0

874

100.0

64

100.0

1
11
21
21
130
1

0.5
5.9
11.4
11.4
70.3
0.5

3
6
26
26
813

0.3
0.7
3.0
3.0
93.0

1
3
7
4
39
10

1.6
4.7
10.9
6.3
60.9
15.6

59
4
5
11
16
23

100.0
6.8
8.5
18.6
27.1
39.0

313
7
6
53
112
101

100.0
2.2
1.9
16.9
35.8
32.3
0.0

35

100.0

35

100.0

1
6
28

2.9
17.1
80.0

1
10
23
1

2.9
28.6
65.7
2.9

34

10.9

Under Recorded (BPP) (UR)

Source: Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (Biodiversity Profile Nepal,1996 and Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book, 2007).

- 102 -

Table 7.11 : Threatened Medicinal and Aromatic plants in Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

Plant Species
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Wild
Aconitum balangrense Lauener
Aconitum bisma (Buch.-Ham.) Rapaics
Aconitum ferox Wall.ex Seringe
Aconitum gammiei Stapf
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.
Aconitum laciniatum (Bruhl) Stapf
Aconitum spicatum (Bruhl)Stapf
Allium hypsistum Stearn
Allium przerwalskianum Regel
Alstonia neruufolia D.Don
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.
Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart.ex.Schott
Arnebia benthamii (Wall.ex G.Don) I.M Johnston
Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze
Corydalis megacalyx Loudlow
Crateva unilocularis Buch.-Ham.
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don)Soo
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.
Delphinium himalayai Munz
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.
Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K.Schum.
Ephedra intermedia Schrenk and Meyer
Ephemerantha macraei (Lindl.) P.F. Hunt and Summerh.
Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don
Gloriosa superba Linn.
Heracleum lallii C. Norman
Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss.
Lilium nepalense D.Don
Maharanga bicolor (Wall.ex G.Don )A.DC.
Maharanga emodi (Wall. )A.DC.
Meconopsis dhwojii G.Taylor ex Hay
Michelia champaca Linn.
Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia (Pennell) Hong
Operculina turpethum (L.)S.Manso
Oroxylum indicum(L.)Kurz
Otochilus porrectus Lindl.
Paeonia emodi Wall.
Panax psedo-ginseng Wall.
Paris polyphylla Smith
Piper longum Linn.
Pistacia chinensis Bunge subsp. integerrima(J.L.Stewart) Rech.f.
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
Pongamia pinnata (L.)Pierre
Pterocapus marsupium Roxb.
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.)Benth.ex Kurz
Rheum australe D.Don
Rheum moorcroftianum Royle
Rheum nobile Hook.f. and Thoms.
Rubia manjith Roxb.ex Fleming
Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.ex Fleming ) Karstrn
Swertia multicaulis D.Don
Taxus baccata Linn.
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.
Valeriana jatamansi Jones

Nepali Name
Khayar
Bikh
Bikh
Seto bikh
Bikh
Atis
Bikh
Bikh
Jimbu
Jimbu
Chhatiwan
Sarpako makai
Mahaarangi
Sataawari
Paakhandbed
Palas
Siplikaan
Kalo Musali
Paanchaunle
Satisaal
Atis
Bhyaakur
Rudrakshya
Somlataa
Jiwanti
Kaakoli

Dhupjadi
Khiraule
Mahaarangi
Mahaarangi
Chaamp
Jataamansi
Kutaki
Nisoth
Tatelo
Chandra
Mangan
Satuwaa
Pipalaa
Kaakarsingi
Laghupatra
Karengi
Bijayasaal
Sarpagandhaa
Padamchal
Padamchaal
Amalbetas
Majitho
Bhaale chiraaito
Chiraaito
Sarmaaguru
Lauth Salla
Gurjo
Sugandhawaal

Threat Category
CAMP
IUCN
T
EN
DD
DD
T
T
V
R
T
V
T
V
V
EN
R
V
R
LC
V
V
T
V
EN
EN
EN
R
V
EN
V
V
EN
T
V
EN
V
V
EN
EN
NT
DD
DD
DD
K
NT
CR
EN
V
V
V
EN
EN
EN
V
V
V
V
V
R
V
V
DD
K
CR
CR
EN
V
V
NT
V
R
V
EN
V
V
DD
EN
V
V

Note: CR = Critically endangered, DD= Data deficient, EN= Endangered, K= Insufficiently Known, NT= Nearly threatened,
V= Vulnerable, R= Rare and T= Threatened.
Source: Department of Plant Resources,Plants of Nepal : Fact Sheet,2006

- 103 -

Table 7.12 : Threatened Species in the SAARC Member Countries (Taxonomic Group), 2011

Species
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fishes
Molluscs
Other
Invertibrates
Plants
Total

Afghanistan
11
14
1
1
5
0

Bangladesh
34
30
21
1
18
0

Bhutan
27
18
2
1
3
0

India
94
78
30
71
212
6

Maldives
2
0
3
0
18
0

Nepal
31
31
8
3
7
1

Pakistan
23
27
10
0
34
0

Sri
Lanka
29
15
11
55
44
0

1
3

2
16

1
9

116
312

39
0

2
9

15
4

120
285

36

122

61

919

62

92

113

559

Source : IUCN Red List version 2011.2

Table 7.13 : Protected Floral Species in Nepal

S.N.
Scientific Name
English Name
I. Banned for collection, transportation and trade
Dactylorhiza
1
hatagirca
Orchid
Neopicrorhiza
2
scrophulariifolia
Gention
Root Bark of Juglans
3
regia
Walnut
II. Banned for export outside the country without processing
1
Abies spectabilis
Cinnamomum
2
glaucescens
3
Lichens
Lichen
Nardostachys
4
grandiflora
Spikenard
5
Rauvolfia serpentina
Rauwolf
6
Taxus baccata subsp
Himalayan yew
7
Valeriana jatamansi
Valerian
III. Banned for felling, transportation and export
1
Acacia Catecha
Cutch tree
2
Bombax ceiba
Red Cotton tree
3
4
5
6

Dalbergia latifolia
Juglans regia
Michelia champaca
Pterocarpus
marsupium

Shorea robusta

Local Name

Potential Use

Panchaunle

Tonic

Kutki*

Medicine

Okharko bokra

Medicine

Talispatra

Medicine

Sugandakokila
Jhyaau
Jatamansi
Sarpagandha
Lauth salla
Sugandhawal

Medicine
Medicine
Medicine
Medicine

khayar
Simal

Medicine
Medicine

Rose Wood
Walnut
Golden Champa

Satisaal
Okhar
chaamp

Timber
Timber
medicine , timber

Indian Kino tree

Bijayasal

Timber

Common sal

Saal

Timber

Note: * Recently the ban has been lifted for products legally harvested from sustainably managed forests.
Source: Department of Plant Resources,2006

- 104 -

Table 7.14 : Protected Faunal Species included in the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act,1973

S.N.

Scientific Name

Local Name

English Name
IUCN

Mammals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Status
CITES
Appendix

Sus salvanius
Ailurus cervicapra
Antilope cervicapra
Bos gaurus
Bos mutus
Bubalus arnee
Canis lupus
Caprotgus hispidus
Cervus duvauceli
Elephas maximus
Felis lynx
Hyanena hyaena
Macaca assamensis
Manis crassicaudata
Manis pentadactyla

Sano bandel
Habrey
Krishnasar
Gauri gai
Yak nak
Arna
Bwanso
Hispid Kharayo
Barasinghe
Hatti
Banbiralo
Hundar
Asamese rato bander
Salak
Salak

Pigmy hog
Red panda
Black buck
Gaur bison
Wild yak
Wild water buffalo
Gray wolf
Hispid hare
Swamp deer
Asiatic elephant
Lynx
Striped hyena
Asamese monkey
Indian pangolin
Chinese pangolin

Ex

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Birds
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Moschus chrysogaster
Ovis ammon
Panthera tigris
Panthera uncia
Pontholops hodgsoni
Neofelis nebulosa
Platanista gangetica
Prionailurus bengolensis
Prionodon pardicolor
Rhinoceros unicarnis
Tetrocerus quadricornis
Ursus arctos

Kasturi mriga
Nayan
Bagh
Hiunchituwa
Chiru
Dwanshe chituwa
Souns
Chari bagh
Silu
Gainda
Chauk
Himali rato bhalu

Himalayan forest, musk deer

Great Tibetan sheep
Bengal tiger
Snow leopard
Tibetan antelope
Clouded leopard
Geanetic dolphin
Leopard cat
Spotted ling sang
One horned rhinoceros
Four-horned antelope
Brown bear

E
I
E
E

Buceros bicornis
Catreus wallichii
Ciconia ciconia
Ciconia nigra
Grus grus
Eupodotisbengalensis
Lophophorus impejanus
Sypheotides indica

Thulo dhanes
Cheer
Seto stork (saras )
Kalo stork
Saras
Khar major
Danfe
Sano khar major

Great- pied hornbill

Cheer pheasant
White stork
Black stork
Souse crane
Bengal florican
Impedance pheasant
Lesser florican

9
Reptiles
1
2

Tragopan satyra

Munal

Crimson-horned pheasant

Gavialis gangeticus
Python molurus

Ghadial gohi
Azingar

Gharial
Asiatic rock python

E
V

I
I

Varanus flavescens

Sun gohori

Golden monitor lizard

V
V
E
E
V
E
E
E
E
E

I
I
III Nep
I
I
III Nep
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
II

V
V

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
III Nep
I
I
I
II
II
I
I
III
III Nep

Note: Common name pangolin refers for two main species, as suggested by Bio-diversity Profile Project, 1995.
I = Indeterminate, E = endangered, V = vulnerable, Ex= extinct
Source: Ministry of Population and Environment ( State of the Environment, Nepal, 2001) and Department of National park and wildlife
conservation, 2001/02

- 105 -

Table 7.15 : National Parks, Wildlife Reserves and Conservation Area of Nepal
S.N.

Protected Area

Year of
Area
Physiographic
Declaration ( sq. km)
Zone

Conservation Focus

National Parks
1
2
3
4

Chitwan National Park

Langtang National Park
Rara National Park
Sagarmatha National Park

1973
1976
1976
1976

932
1710
106
1148

She-Phoksundo National Park

Khaptad National Park

1984

3555 High Mountain

Middle
225 Mountain
968 Tarai
1500 High Mountain

6
7
8

1984
Bardia National Park
1976 , 1984
Makalu Barun National Park
1991
Shivapuri Nagarjun National
9 Park
2002
159
Banke
National
Park
10
2010
550
Total
10853
Wildlife Reserves
1976
305
1 Shuklaphanta Wildfife Reserve
Koshi
Tappu
Wildlife
Reserve
1976
175
2
1984
499
3 Parsa Wildlife Reserve
Total
979
Hunting Reserve
Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve
1987
1325
1
Total
1325
Conservation Area
Annapurna Conservation Area
1992
7629
1
Kanchanjunga Conservation
1997
2035
2 Area
1998
1663
3 Manasalu Conservation Area
krishnasar
Conservation
Area
2009
16.95
4
Gaurisankar Conservation
2010
2179
5 Area
2010
1903
6 Api Nampa Conservation Area
Total
15425.95
Grand Total

Tarai / Siwalik
High Mountain
High Mountain
High Mountain

Rhino , elephant, tiger , bison etc

Musk, deer, and red panda
Musk, deer, red panda and high altitude lake
Musk, deer, red panda, beer and snow
leopard
Wild goat, blue sheep, musk deer, lake
Wild goat, blue sheep, spiritual site
Rhino, elephant, tiger, etc
High altitude, endangered plants

Mid hills
Tarai

Conservation of capital city

Tiger, elephant etc

Tarai
Tarai
Tarai / Siwalik

Swamp, deer, rhino, tiger etc

Wild buffalo and migratory birds
Tiger, deer, antelopes, bison etc

Middle
Mountain

Blue sheep

Middle
Mountain
Middle
Mountain
High Mountain
Tarai
High Mountain
High Mountain

28582.95

Source : Department of National Parks and Wildfile Conservation, Annual Report,2010

- 106 -

endemic plants and mountain

endemic plants and mountain
endemic plants and mountain
blackbuck
Musk, deer, and red panda etc.
Musk, deer, and red panda etc.

Table 7.16 : Number of Districts and VDCs with Buffer Zone of Nepal
S.N.
1

Buffer zones
Chitwan National Park

Bardia National Park

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Langtang National Park

Shey Phoksundo National Park
Makalu Barun National Park
Sagarmatha National Park
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve
Parsa Wildlife Reserve
Rara National Park
Khaptad National Park
Banke National Park
Total

Declared Year
1996
1996
2010
1998
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
2005
2006
2006
2010

Area (sq. km)

750
507
180
420
1349
830
275
173
243.5
298.17
198
216
343
5782.67

District
4
2
1
3
2
2
1
3
1
3
2
4
4
32

VDCs
37
17
4
34
11
12
3
16
12
11
9
21
14
201

Source : Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation (Annual Report,2010)

Table 7.17 : Ramsar Site of Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Name of Ramsar Site

Koshi Tappu
Beeshazari and Associated Lake
Ghodaghodi Lake Area
Jagadishpur Reservoir
Gokyo and Associated Lakes
Gosaikund and Associated Lakes
Phoksundo Llake
Rara Lake

Location/District
Koshi
Chitwan
Kailali
Kapilvastu
Solukhumbo
Rasuwa
Dolpa
Mugu

Mai Pokhari

Ilam

Inclusion Date
17.12.1987
13.08.2003
13.08.2003
13.08.2003
23.09.2007
23.09.2007
23.09.2007
23.09.2007
28.10.2008

Source: Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation, 2010

- 107 -

Area (ha.)
17500
3200
2563
225
7770
1030
494
1583

Elevation (masl)
75-81
286
205
197
4700-5000
4000-4700
3611.5
2990

90

2100

Table 7.18 : World Heritage Sites of Nepal

S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

World Heritage
Hanumandhoka Durbar Square
Patan Darbar Square
Bhaktapur Darbar Square
Pashupatinath Temple
Swayambhunath Stupa
Bouddhanath Stupa
Changunarayan Temple
Chitwan National Park
Sagarmatha National Park

Place of Establishment
Kathmandu
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Kathmandu
Kathmandu
Bhaktapur
Chitwan
Solukhumbhu

Existed Year
613 A.D.
1565 A.D.
1427 A.D .
5th Century
5th Century
5th Century
306 A.D.
1974 A.D.
1976 A.D.

Lumbini

Rupandehi

1997 A.D.

Source: Department of Information, Nepal, April-May, 2002.

Table 7.19 : Major Mountain Peaks of Nepal

S.N.
1

Name of Peak
Mount Everest (Sagarmatha)

Elevation (masl)
8848

Latitude

Longitude

86055'31"

27 59'17''

Mount Kanchenjunga

8586

27 42'09"

88009'25"

Mount Lhotse

8516

27057'45"

86056'03"

Mount Yalung Kang

8505

27 45'15"

88008'25"

Mount Makalu

8463

27053'23"

87005'20"

Mount Cho-Oyu

8201

28 05'37"

86039'43"

Mount Dhaulagiri

8167

28041'46"

83029'43"

Mount Manaslu

8163

28 32'58"

84033'43"

Mount Annapurna I

8091

27051'42"

86051'50"

masl= metre above sea level

Source : Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (Mountaineering in Nepal Facts and Figures,2007)

- 108 -

Table 7.20 : Central Zoo (Sadar Chidiya Khana) of Nepal

Location : Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
Area: 106 Ropani
Established Year : 1875 A.D.
Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Fishes

Total

Year
2008/09
2009/10

Species
31
33

Number
212
221

Species
52
51

Number
270
232

Species
10
10

Number
23
24

Species
17
14

Number
364
418

Species
110
108

Number
869
895

2010/11

34

197

58

434

10

24

14

199

116

854

Source : Central Zoo

Table 7.21 : Major Botanical Garden of Nepal

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Name of Garden
National botanical garden
Maipokhari botanical garden
Dhanush botanical garden
Vrindaban botanical garden
Daman botanical garden
Tistung botanical garden
Dhakeri botanical garden
Mulpani botanical garden
Dhitalchor botanical garden
Deoria botanical garden

Location and District

Godawari,Lalitpur
Maipokhari,Ilam
Dhanushadham,Dhanusha
Hetauda, Makawanpur
Daman, Makawanpur
Tistung, Makawanpur
Dhakeri,Banke
Kapurkot,Salyan
Jumla
Dhangadhi, Kailali

Godawari botanical garden

Godawari, Kailali

Source: Department of Plant Resource

- 109 -

Area (ha.)
85
1.5
120
96
65
60
5
5.7
4
100

Elevation
(masl)
1515
2200
NA
500
2140
1700
130
2000
2500
110

Established Year
1962
1962
1998
1962
1962
1962
1990
1990
1990
1998

100

NA

1998

Table 7.22 : Mineral Resources of Nepal

District

S.N.

1
2

Taplejung
Panchthar

Ilam

4
5
6

Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari

7
8

Dhankuta
Terhathum

9 Sankhuwasabha
10 Bhojpur
11 Solukhumbu
12 Okhaldhunga
13 Khotang
14 Udayapur
15 Saptari
16 Siraha

17
18
19
20

Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli

Metallic Minerals

Arsenic,Copper,Iron,Lead,
Tantalum-Noibium
Arsenic,Bismuth,Copper,Gold,
Lead, Nickel,Silver, Tungsten,Zinc

Copper
Copper

Arsenic,Bismuth,Copper

24 Kavrepalanchowk

Cobalt,Iron, Lead, Nickel, Tin, Zinc

Bismuth,Copper, Iron, Lead,
Molybdenum, Silver, Tin,Zinc

31
32
33
34
35

Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan

36 Gorkha

Aquamarine/Beryl,
Kyanite,
Quartz,Tourmaline Granite,Limestone
Aquamarine/Beryl
Granite

Clay,Dolomite,Magnesite,
Mica, Pegmatite

Granite, Limestone

Gold,Uranium
Copper,Gold
Antimony,Arsenic,Bismuth,Cadmiu
m, Cobalt, Lead,Lithium,
Mercury,Silver,Zinc
Antimony,Arsenic,Bismuth,Cadmiu
m, Cobalt, Copper,Gold,
Iron,Lead,Mercury,Silver,Zinc
Antimony,Arsenic,Bismuth,Copper,
Gold, Iron, Lead,Mercury,
Molybdenum,Silver,TantalumNoibium,Tin,Tungsten,Uranium,Zinc

Copper,Gold,Iron,Uranium
Bismuth,Copper,Gold,TantalumNoibium

Mica,Pegmatite

Coal

Granite,Limestone

Magnesite,Ocher,Pyrite,Talc
Magnesite, Mica, Ocher,
Pegmatite,Pyrite,Talc
Aquamarine/Beryl
Clay,Dolomite

Slate
Quartzite,Slate
Quartzite,Slate
Granite,Limestone,
Marble, Slate
Granite,Limestone,
Marble

Barite,Clay,Ocher
Clay
Clay,Mica,Pegmatite,Pyrite,
Sillimanite
Graphite,Mica,Pegmatite

Aquamarine/Beryl
,Tourmaline
Quartz

Limestone
Slate

Mica,Pegmatite,Pyrite

Ruby-Sapphire,
Tourmaline

Slate

Aquamarine/Beryl , Basic rock, Granite

Ruby-Sapphire
,Limestone,Slate
Basic rock,
Barite,Calcite,
Granite,Limestone,
Clay,Pegmatite ,Pyrite,Silica
Marble,
sand,Talc
Quartzite,Slate

Geothermal
Hot Springs

Coal
Coal,Oil and
Gas

Geothermal
Hot Springs

Corundum,Mica,Pyrite,Talc

Silica sand
Clay
Talc

Slate

Feldspar,Pyrite

Granite,Syenite

37 Lamjung
38 Tanahu

Copper,Gold,Iron,Lead,Zinc

Common Salt
Pyrite,Talc

39 Syangja

Copper

Pyrite

40 Kaski

Tourmaline

Coal,
Geothermal
Hot Springs

Copper,Iron

30 Dhading

Clay,Phosphorite

Coal
Limestone,Marble,
Quartzite

Limestone

23 Sindhupalchok

29 Rasuwa

Phosphorite

Copper,Lead,Tantalum-Noibium,
Barite,Feldspar,Garnet,
Tungsten,Zinc
Graphite, Pegmatite
Copper,Gold
Mica,Talc
Bismuth,Copper,Lead,Molybdenum,
Zinc
Copper

21 Ramechhap
22 Dolakha

27 Kathmandu
28 Nuwakot

Fuel Minerals
and Thermal
Springs

Coal,Oil and
Gas

Mica

Lead,Nickel,Uranium,Zinc
Arsenic,Chromium,Cobalt,Copper,
Iron, Nickel, Titanium
Copper,Tungsten

25 Lalitpur
26 Bhaktapur

Non-Metallic Minerals
Chemicals,Fertilizers,
Insulators, Ceramics,
Construction
Refractories and Abrasives Germ Minerals
Materials
Aquamarine/Beryl,
Corundum,Garnet,Graphite, Quartz ,
Mica
Tourmaline
Granite,Marble
Garnet
Tourmaline
Corundum,Graphite,Mica,
Pyrite
Tourmaline

Coal
Coal
Coal

Geothermal
Hot Springs

Tourmaline
Slate
Limestone,Quartzite,
Slate

Geothermal
Hot Springs

Talc

- 110 -

Table 7.22 : Mineral Resources of Nepal

Non-Metallic Minerals
S.N.

District

41
42

Manang
Mustang

43
44
45

Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung

46
47
48
49
50

Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu

51
52

Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan

53
54
55

Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan

56
57
58
59
60

Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh

61
62

Jajarkot
Dolpa

63
64
65
66
67

Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura

68
69
70
71
72

Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur

Metallic Minerals

Gold

Common Salt

Copper,Gold,Iron
Copper,Gold,Iron,Lead
Copper,Iron,Lead,Zinc
Cobalt,Copper,Iron, Lead, Silver,
Zinc
Copper,Iron,Silver
Copper,Iron

Talc

Cobalt, Lead, Molybdenum,

Silver, Zinc
Iron,Lead,Silver
Arsenic,Copper,Gold,Iron,Molyb
denum
Copper,Gold
Iron

Construction Materials
Granite
Granite,Gypsum,Slate

Talc

Slate
Quartzite
Slate

Dolomite,Magnesite

Slate
Limestone,Slate

Barite,Clay,Dolomite
Barite,Phosphorite

Limestone
Limestone

Barite

Gypsum

Calcite

Limestone

Coal
Geothermal Hot
Springs,Oil and
Gas

Coal

Coal

Coal,Geotherm
al Hot
Springs,Oil and
Gas

Clay,Phosphorite

Limestone

Copper,Gold,Iron

Barite,Clay,Dolomite,Talc

Basic rock,Limestone
Basic rock,Granite,Slate Oil and Gas

Iron
Iron

Aquamarine/Beryl,Kyanit
e, Tourmaline
Common Salt

Granite
Basic rock

Copper,Iron,Lead,Zinc
Iron,Lead,Zinc
Copper,Gold,Iron,Lead,Uranium
Antimony,Arsenic,Bismuth,
Chromium, Cobalt, Copper,Gold,
Iron,Lead, Lithium, Molybdenum,
Nickel,Tin, Uranium, Zinc
Gold,Lead,Uranium
Copper,Gold,Iron,Lithium,Tin
Gold

74

Baitadi

75

Darchaula

Copper,Gold,Iron,Uranium

Dadeldhura

Germ Minerals
Aquamarine/Beryl ,
Tourmaline

Fuel Minerals
and Thermal
Springs

Copper,Lead

Arsenic,Bismuth,Copper,Gold,
Lead, Molybdenum, Nickel,
Silver,Tin, Tungsten, Zinc
Copper, Gold,Iron, Lead,
Uranium, Zinc

73

Chemicals,Fertilizers,
Insulators , Ceramics,
Refractories and Abrasives

Pyrite
Common Salt

Geothermal Hot
Springs

Granite
Granite
Basic rock

Phosphorite

Magnesite, Mica,
Pegmatite,Phosphorite,Pyrite
Mica,Pegmatite,Pyrite
Mica,Pegmatite

Aquamarine/Beryl
Kyanite
Aquamarine/Beryl

Basic rock, Granite ,

Geothermal Hot
Quartzite,Slate
Springs
Basic rock
Basic rock,Granite,Slate Coal

Granite
Dolomite,Magnesite,
Phosphorite
Dolomite,Magnesite,Pyrite

Source: Department of Mines and Geology (Mineral Resources of Nepal,2004)

- 111 -

Basic rock,Limestone
Basic
rock,Quartzite,Slate

Geothermal Hot
Springs

Chapter VIII
Waste

Table 8.1 : Solid Waste Generation and Disposal Cost by Municipalities

S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

Municipality
Amargadhi
Byas
Baglung
Banepa
Bhadrapur
Bhaktapur
Bharatpur
Bhimeswor
Bidur
Biratagar
Birendranagar
Birganj
Butawal
Damak
Dasharathchanda
Dhangadhi
Dhankuta
Dharan
Dhulikhel
Dipayal/Silgadhi
Guleriya
Gaur
Hetauda
Ilam
Inruwa
Itahari
Jaleshwor
Jankpur
Kapilbastu
Kalaiya
Kathmandu
Kamalamai
Khadbari
Kirtipur
Lekhnath
Lahan
Lalitpur
Madhyapur Thimi
Mahendranagar
Malangawa
Mechigar
Narayan
Nepalgunj
Panuti
Pokhara
Prithbinarayan
Putalibazar
Rajbiraj
Ramgram
Ratnangar
Siraha
Siddharthanagar
Tansen
Tikapur
Tribhuwannagar
Triyuga
Tulsipur
Waling

Quantity (mt.) per day

Cost (Rs per day)*
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11
0.7
1.3
NA
1.3
2.0
NA
1370
1370
713
750
4.8
7.0
6.0
10.0
11.0
1760
2460
4280
2142
2803
4.0
4
4.0
16.0
16.0
2262
2735
3779
4500
4500
4.5
4.5
4.5
0.9
6.5
4521
11206
12296
7718
5100
2.5
1.0
1.0
0.9
5.0
3000
2953
2491
4205
1696
2.0
2.2
4.8
23.7
26.0
18748
44000
57195
73705
19250
1.2
1.0
NA
20.0
20.2
10444
6780
6780
7582
12500
3.0
1.5
NA
3.0
3.0
800
379
959
6575
6600
4.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
9.2
1000
1740
3248
2410
2546
39.6
21.0
NA
5.2
116.0
2739
27789
17984
8400
9100
1.2
1.5
0.5
5.0
5.0
2191
560
3702
2899
6115
35.0
35.0
41.1
52.0
30.0
73150
1000
1000
8400
55873
18.0
NA
12.5
0.6
44.4
15068
21918
21918
1274
20018
5.0
4.3
4.0
0.5
7.0
1918
1643
1924
838
2155
2.0
1.0
NA
1.4
NA
2200
548
585
275
569
1.6
1.1
NA
1.5
1.6
690
6000
7123
2324
2545
0.7
NA
NA
10.0
0.8
1470
1470
1470
5000
4700
7.0
3.0
4.7
0.0
48.0
4000
10958
10370
2740
8727
3.0
5.0
1.8
0.3
0.4
1644
1849
1353
986
2147
NA
NA
1.0
0.6
1.0
438
443
443
502
420
6.0
3.0
1.6
0.1
0.1
700
1500
1323
647
700
1.5
7.0
0.4
1.7
1.4
2824
2000
4110
2500
3662
10.0
NA
NA
12.7
15.1
1095
1095
1095
7638
9858
2.0
6.0
NA
0.9
0.9
40720
500
500
2219
2929
0.2
0.2
2.0
1.7
1.7
9040
1600
1384
4658
1169
16.8
9.0
22.5
2.7
11.0
NA
30137
4658
1132
2700
3.0
5.0
NA
2.2
5.9
2909
3512
3512
2218
2218
5.0
1.5
11.2
5.9
6.1
11501
11501
15213
4335
NA
4.0
NA
2.0
NA
3.0
1726
1726
2740
NA
1507
NA
1.5
1.2
11.0
5.0
4730
4667
548
4000
6000
29.9
30.6
30.6
318.4
435.0
16838
16938
16938
17654
195410
5.0
3.5
2.0
5.0
5.0
505
821
610
400
517
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.1
1000
100
NA
100
250
1.2
1.2
1.2
10.3
8.8
9377
257
257
95410
2000
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
100
NA
25
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.6
0.6
2269
6690
4110
699
669
15.0
15.0
7.5
65.0
65.0
15635
68493
82192
68325
68325
14.0
9.0
NA
16.0
16.0
1507
3192
4110
1436
3680
9.0
3.5
3.2
2.1
5.1
1096
2142
5479
3700
6049
1.0
2.0
1.7
2.0
5.0
2100
1616
1616
1780
2889
4.5
6.0
4.5
0.3
9.4
2055
1863
1365
4973
1600
0.3
NA
0.5
1.5
0.3
300
986
986
700
1256
15.9
18.0
4.6
38.4
28.5
16358
20821
8481
34663
15398
1.0
1.0
0.1
21.0
NA
1500
1750
1145
1748
3374
25.0
47.0
47.4
80.0
84.0
NA
40066
36156
18493
25151
2.5
2.0
0.4
1.4
12.6
930
1200
613
578
655
0.4
0.1
1.2
1.1
1.8
1125
1500
2192
364
1338
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.8
0.2
300
3100
1644
7756
2527
2.0
NA
1.5
0.1
0.1
766
1212
1212
500
650
5.0
NA
4.0
5.0
5.1
1247
2411
2411
1031
3900
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
684
1457
1457
4125
4240
5.0
NA
14.0
0.6
20.7
800
800
9121
11301
5348
8.0
9.5
2.6
1.6
14.4
4500
5480
5205
8321
3500
4.0
0.5
0.5
0.7
12.0
338
1100
345
235
1126
6.0
1.6
0.8
0.7
12.1
3780
5931
7684
1750
7645
NA
NA
0.1
0.8
0.2
450
450
753
1000
981
4.4
0.6
0.2
0.2
6.0
2024
2502
3014
545
3000
1.0
0.7
0.99
NA
NA
421
700
669
301
636

*cost is estimated on the annual budget of waste management of municipalities.

Source: Municipalities.

- 115 -

Table 8.2 : Solid Waste Generation and Disposal Cost by Districts Headquarter of VDC
Quantity (mt.) per annual
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

District
Taplejung
Panchthar
Terhathum
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Ramechhap
Sindhupalchok
Rasuwa
Dhading
Lamjung
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Gulmi
Arghakhachi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham

VDC
Fungling
Phidim
Myanlung
Bhojpur
Salleri
Okhaldhunga
Diktel
Manthali
Chautara
Dunche
Nilakantha
Besisahar
Chame
Mustang
Arthunge
Shiwalaya
Tamghas
Sandhikhark
khalanga
Liwang
Khalanga
Khalanga
khalanga
Dunai
Chandannath
Manma
Shree Nagar
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Mangalsen

Darchula

Khalanga

Management Cost (Rs'000 / annual)

2008/09
541.0
NA
NA
3.7
8.0
60.0
20.0
NA
NA
NA
300.0
186.0
29.0
NA
NA
50.0
NA
416.0
NA
NA
25.0
NA
12.0
NA
1.0
NA
NA
NA
4.7
NA
NA

2009/10
418.0
0.7
3.3
100.0
304.0
138.0
87.0
NA
NA
NA
540.0
1080.0
247.0
0.1
82.6
175.0
10.0
110.0
56.0
38.0
51.0
NA
21.0
NA
20.0
NA
NA
NA
31.0
15.0
NA

2010/11
72.0
NA
1204.5
5.0
10.0
72.0
NA
1440.0
199.0
NA
NA
115.0
NA
NA
NA
365.0
1000.0
110.0
50.0
648.0
52.0
NA
22.0
NA
90.0
33.0
61.0
NA
31.0
13.0
NA

2008/09
444
92
120
60
60
77
10
NA
NA
NA
189
2530
56
NA
NA
629
500
400
NA
NA
NA
NA
24
NA
66
NA
NA
NA
96
NA
NA

2009/10
392
659
120
42
321
155
NA
NA
NA
NA
366
2530
150
NA
495
245
500
690
NA
106
150
96
38.5
NA
50
66
NA
41
96
20
NA

2010/11
207
60
785
NA
188
95
NA
524
150
NA
NA
304
NA
NA
NA
604
500
700
NA
240
50
10
39
NA
75
NA
45
NA
91
55
NA

NA

NA

365.0

48

96

258

Source: District Headquarter of Village Development Committee

- 116 -

168
110
21
299
21

ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
kg/day/p
175
110
21
306
30

246
30
0
30
30
336

0.30

2005

175
110
21
306
32

248
30
0
30
30
338

0.30

2006

9.0

6.0

Wood

Plastic

Textile/Cloth
1.0

0.0

9.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

9.0

69.0

2001

Source : Municipalities

Average Collection (%)

3.0

2.8

2.0
3.4

Others

4.0

Construction Material

Medical waste

0.0
2.9

1.9

1.9

8.8

0.1

0.9

0.9

5.6

74.2

2009

3.0

2.9

1.9

1.9

8.8

0.1

0.9

0.1

5.7

74.2

2006

Glass

16.0

9.0

75.0

2005

Inert

1.0

0.0

Leather

Metal

1.0

2.0

Rubber

3.0

Paper

2000

74.0

Waste Material

Organic

Kirtipur

90.0

0.0

0.0

2.5

4.3

0.9

3.0

9.2

0.1

0.5

8.5

70.9

2005

91.0

3.0

2.0

3.0

1.0

3.0

9.0

1.0

9.0

69.0

2006

Kathmandu

3.1

4.5

5.4

0.4

2.3

10.8

1.2

9.0

63.2

2009

- 117 -

5.3

1.6

0.9

3.6

11.4

0.6

0.3

8.8

67.5

2004

17.1

15.4

67.5

2005

5.6

1.3

0.9

3.6

11.4

0.6

0.2

0.2

8.8

67.5

2006

Lalitpur

2.0

2.5

2.8

0.0

1.7

5.1

10.0

1.0

0.0

1.7

13.2

60.6

2009

Year

51.3

0.1

1.3

21.1

0.1

1.7

3.2

0.1

2.4

171
110
21
302
41

253
30
0
30
30
343

18.6

3.0

6.4

75.0

2005

2.5

11.1

1.5

0.3

3.0

3.4

3.3

195
110
21
326
28

261
31
0
31
31
354

1.1

12.1

2.1

0.4

3.4

6.5

0.2

0.3

2.8

71.0

2009

0.30

2008

75.0

2006

Bhaktapur

0.30

2007

70.2

2003

Table 8.4 : Daily Solid Waste Generation in Municipalities of Kathmandu Valley by Type of Waste

0.25

200
30
30
30
30
320

2004

ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day
ton/day

Unit

Source: Kathmandu Metropolitan City Office (Solid Waste Management Section).

Waste Generation rate

Sources
Household Waste
Commercial Waste
Institutional Waste
Street Waste
Waste from VDCs
Total
Waste Collection System
Roadside Collection
Door to door Collection
Container Collection
Total
Un-collected Waste

Waste Generation

Table 8.3 : Daily Solid Waste Generation in Kathmandu Metropolitan City

47.2

0.2

0.2

1.3

12.0

0.3

2.3

8.3

0.6

4.9

70.1

2003

192
110
21
323
42

269
32
0
32
32
365

5.0

20.0

75.0

2005

9.0

2.0

1.0

5.0

1.0

1.0

6.0

274
110
21
405
30

300
45
0
45
45
435

7.0

2.0

3.0

5.0

2.0

6.0

75.0

2009

0.30

2010

75.0

2006

Thimi

0.30

2009

Table 8.5 : Amount of Date Expired (Obsolate) Pesticides in Nepal

S.N.
1

2
3

6
7
8

Location and Pesticide Type

Agriculture Input Corporation (AIC) , Amlekhgang
Choradane
DDT
Endrin
BHC
Lindane
Organo-murcury fungicide
Unidentified dust
Agrimycin Bactericide
Organophosphate liquid
Atrazine liquid
Diathane WP
2,4-D WP
Zine phosphide
Aluminium phoshide
Sub Total
AIC,Nepalganj and others
Entomology Division,NARC, Khumaltar
Organophosphate Compounds
Orgnochlorine Compounds
Organo-murcury Compounds
Sub Total
Cotton Development Board, Nepalganj
Organophosphate Compounds
Sub Total
Agriculture Development Office, Banke
Organophosphate Compounds
Benzine

Old Stocks( mt.)

Sub Total
Directorate of Horticulture Development ,Kritipur
Methyl Bromide(MB)
Plant Pathology division NARC,Khumaltar
Methyl Bromide(MB)

0.32

1.20
3.20
1.20
6.80
0.50
7.40
22.50
0.50
1.20
0.40
2.00
1.00
1.00
2.00
50.90
14.473
3.879
0.155
0.727
4.761
3.711
3.711
0.31
0.01

21 cylinder of 50 kg.wt.
22 cylinder of 50 kg. wt.

Unsafely stored Date expired BHC dust in Hetaunda(most

probably will be transfered into NSC Store,Hetaunda in near
future)
Total

1.65
75.815 m.ton.+43 cylinder of 50 kgwt MB

Source: Pesticide Registration and Management Section (A Handbook of Pesticide Statistics,2010)

- 118 -

Table 8.6: Urban Sewerage Services by Municipality, 2011

(length in km.)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

Municipality
Amargadhi
Baglung
Banepa
Bhadrapur
Bhaktapur
Bharatpur
Bhimdatta
Bhimeshwor
Bidur
Biratnagar
Birendranagar
Birgunj
Butwal
Byas
Damak
Dasharathchanda
Dhangadhi
Dhankuta
Dharan
Dhulikhel
Dipayal
Gaur
Ghorahi
Gorkha
Gulariya
Hetauda
Ilam
Inaruwa
Itahari
Jaleshwor
Janakpur
Kalaiya
Kamalami
Kapilvastu
Kathmandu
Khandbari
Kirtipur
Lahan
Lalitpur
Lekhnath
Madhyapur Thimi
Malangawa
Mechinagar
Narayan
Nepalgunj
Panauti
Pokhara
Putalibazar
Rajbiraj
Ramgram
Ratnanagar
Siddharthanagar
Siraha
Tansen
Tikapur
Triyuga
Tulsipur
Waling
Total

Length of Sewerage within Municipality

Major
Minor
Sewerage
Sewerage
Nali
Total
0
0
45
45
0
0
27.05
27.05
0
0
1.03
1.03
5.17
2.63
750
757.8
15
7
5
27
1.5
4.5
29.86
35.86
0
0
3
3
0
0
48.53
48.53
6
29.87
0
35.87
0
0
500
500
0
0
15
15
6
0
58
64
0
0
325
325
9.85
40.19
67.35
117.39
0
0
30
30
0
0
27.2
27.2
1.2
0
14.58
15.78
0.21
0
6.71
6.92
0
0
84.67
84.67
4
3.5
3
10.5
0
1
22
23
3
0
12
15
0
0
24.6
24.6
0
0
9.2
9.2
0
0
10.3
10.3
0
14
12
26
0
20
30
50
8.5
0
20
28.5
12
15
100
127
3
6
4
13
3
3.5
21.45
27.95
3.4
2.49
24.08
29.97
1
0
25
26
8.3
4
2.5
14.8
223
522
575
1320
0
0.7
0.8
1.5
9.5
5
1.9
16.4
0
8.5
2.25
10.75
65.9
0
0
65.9
3
0
0.49
3.49
3.45
13.9
0
17.35
0
0
6
6
0
0
19
19
0
0
0.5
0.5
11
8
41
60
1.5
5.2
3
9.7
61.5
35
10
106.5
0
0
13.72
13.72
0
0
20.5
20.5
0
0
15
15
9.8
2
7.5
19.3
6.8
0
33.5
40.3
3.5
2.5
9
15
0
0
2.82
2.82
0
0
4.5
4.5
2.6
17.35
0
19.95
0
0
17.8
17.8
0
3.03
0
3.03
492.68
776.86
3142.39
4411.93

Population
Urban Population per
2011P
km. Sewerage service
22544
501
31046
1148
28237
27415
18608
25
83893
3107
139790
3898
102762
34254
24217
499
25934
723
205442
411
59273
3952
137976
2156
119710
368
45122
384
74843
2495
17363
638
104801
6641
28916
4179
118755
1403
16406
1562
25887
1126
35349
2357
65731
2672
33890
3684
57326
5566
90593
3484
19054
381
29999
1053
74360
586
23231
1787
99560
3562
43888
1464
41054
1579
30887
2087
1006656
763
27103
18069
66070
4029
34350
3195
223285
3388
59244
16975
84259
4856
25199
4200
57622
3033
22142
44284
76053
1268
28570
2945
263477
2474
31280
2280
39181
1911
27988
1866
45698
2368
64579
1602
29785
1986
32037
11361
50782
11285
70435
3531
59357
3335
24188
7983
4525787
1026

P=Preliminary
Source : Ministry of Local Development and Central Bureau of Statistics (population Census2011,Preliminary Report)

- 119 -

Table 8.7 : Waste Generation by Type from Selected Hospitals in the Kathmandu Valley
Wastes by Type (kg/day)
Hospital
Bir Hospital
Om Hospital
TU Teaching Hospital
Patan Hospital
Maternity Home
Total

General
521
221
456
304
251
1752

Hazardous
120
31
105
70
26
352

Sharps
60
16
53
35
16
179

Percent of Wastes by Type

Total
701
267
614
410
292
2282

General
74.0
83.0
74.0
74.0
86.0
77.0

Hazardous
17.0
11.0
17.0
17.0
9.0
15.0

Sharps
9.0
6.0
9.0
9.0
5.0
8.0

Source: World Health Organization and Nepal Health Research Council-2005 (National Health Care Waste Management Guidelines).

Table 8.8 : Emission Guidelines for Hospital / Medical / Infectious Waste by Incinerator
Pollutant

Medium
(>91-227kg/h)
69 mg/ m3
40ppmv

Large
(>227 kg/h)

125 mg/m
Total CCD/CCF or
2.3mg /m3 TEQ
100 ppmv or
93 % reduction

125 mg/m3
Total CCD/CCF or
2.3mg/m3 TEQ
100 ppmv or
93 % reduction

125 mg/m3
Total CCD/CCF or
2.3mg/m3 TEQ
100 ppmv or
93 % reduction

55 ppmv
250 ppmv

55 ppmv
250 ppmv

55 ppmv
250 ppmv

Lead

3
1.2 mg/m or
70 % reduction

1.2 mg/m3 or
70 % reduction

1.2 mg/m3 or
70 % reduction

Cadmium

0.16 mg/m3 or
65 % reduction

0.16 mg/m3 or
65 % reduction

0.16 mg/m3 or
65 % reduction

0.55 mg/m3 or

0.55 mg/m3 or

0.55 mg/m3 or

85 % reduction

85 % reduction

85 % reduction

Particular matter
Carbon monoxide (Co)

Small
(<=91 kg/h)
115 mg m3
40 ppmv
3

Dioxins / furans
Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen oxides

Mercury

Source: World Health Organization (Safe Management of Wastes from Health Care Activities and
National Health Care Waste Management Guidelines, 2002).

- 120 -

Chapter IX
Human Settlements

19.3
18.6
20.0
28.8
13.3
2.2

28456
27410
29398
42378
19539

3276
-

16
19
16
15
9

16
39
20

Number of
District
75

22095022

4525787

5834182
9713702
4945190
3584386
2543349

1795354
11475001
13350454

Total
26,620,809

Source :Central Bureau of Statistics

P= Preliminary

2011(P)

Census year
1911
1920
1930
1941
1952-54
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
26,620,809

Total Population
5,638,749
5,573,788
5,532,574
6,283,649
8,256,625
9,412,996
11,555,983
15,022,839
18,491,097
23,151,423

- 123 -

-64,961
41,214
7,51,075
19,72,976
11,56,371
21,42,987
34,66,856
34,68,258
46,60,326
3469386

Population Change

11479240

2214138

3028277
4845570
2639195
1854227
1326109

923963
5987306
6782109

Female
13,693,378

1.40

-0.13
-0.07
1.16
2.27
1.64
2.05
2.62
2.08
2.25

1.03

3.38

0.88
1.90
0.79
1.74
1.49

0.62
1.13
1.75

Annual
Growth
Rate
(%)
1.4

60
31
42
34
26
33
31

92

104

93
100
87
93
92

94
92
97

Sex Ratio
(males per
100 females)
94

49.5

Doubling Time

83.00

17.00

21.92
36.49
18.58
13.46
9.55

6.74
43.11
50.15

Population
(%)
100.00

Annual Growth Rate

(Exponential)

10615782

2311649

2805905
4868132
2305995
1730159
1217240

871391
5487695
6568345

Male
12,927,431

Table 9.2 : Population Size, Growth Rate and Doubling Time, 1911 2011

97.8

35.2
41.7
23.1

51817
61345
34019

143905

Area
(%)
100.0

Area
(sq.km.)
147181

Source :Central Bureau of Statistics

P= Preliminary

Rural

Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid -western
Far- western
Place of Residence
Urban

Area

Population 2011(P)

Table 9.1 : Areas and Population by Ecological Belt, Development Region and Place of Residence, Nepal, 2011

154

1381

205
354
168
85
130

35
187
392

Population
Density
(persons /
sq. km.)
181

Table 9.3 : Population Growth Rates by Ecological Belt, Nepal, 1961-2011

Average Annual Growth Rate of Population 1961-2011
Period

Mountain

Hill

Mountain + Hill

Tarai

Total

1961-1971

1.85

2.39

2.05

1971-1981
1981-1991
1991-2001

1.35
1.02
1.57

1.65
1.61
1.97

1.61
1.52
1.91

4.11
2.75
2.62

2.62
2.08
2.25

2001-2011(P)

0.62

1.13

1.06

1.75

1.40

P= Preliminary
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics

Table 9.4 : Area and Population Density by Ecological Belt & Development Region, Nepal, 1981-2011
Eco-Belt /Regions
Mountain

Population Density
(Persons/sq.km.)
Hill

Population Density
(Persons/sq.km.)
Tarai

Population Density
(Persons/sq.km.)
Nepal

Population Density
(Persons/sq.km.)

Area sq. km
1981
1991
2001
2011(P)
Area sq. km
1981
1991
2001
2011(P)
Area sq. km
1981
1991
2001
2011(P)
Area sq.km.
1981

Eastern
10438
32.41
34.4
38.47
37.84
10749
116.94
132.95
152.87
151.02
7269
290.7
365.72
453.93
524.95
28456
130.32

Central
6277
65.82
75.03
88.39
83.07
11805
178.6
226.98
300.1
376.38
9328
255.97
325.18
421.75
509.12
27410
179.1

Western
5819
3.43
3.37
4.22
3.49
18319
117.41
132.15
152.47
154.58
5260
182.11
252.87
333.32
397.93
29398
106.43

Mid Western
21351
11.35
12.2
14.48
18.42
13710
76.03
88.95
107.44
124.96
7317
91.67
127.14
168.22
201.97
42378
46.14

Far Western
7932
36.42
41.95
50.15
58.65
6762
89.37
99.18
118.15
127.70
4845
88.23
139.62
205.28
250.69
19539
67.56

Total
51817
25.14
27.85
32.57
34.65
61345
116.76
137.25
167.11
187.06
34019
192.71
253.58
329.59
392.38
147181
102.01

1991

156.25

225.61

128.26

56.87

85.95

125.63

2001

187.82

293.02

155.49

71.1

112.15

157.3

2011(P)

205.02

354.39

168.22

84.58

130.17

180.87

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census:1981,1991,2001 and 2011)

- 124 -

Table 9.5 : Percentage distribution of Households by types of Ownership of House/housing unit in used,
Nepal, 1991-2001
Year

Area

Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
1991 Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
2001
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural

Total
Households Owned Rented
3328721
92.6
4.7

Ownership Type (%)

Rent-free
Institutional
1.6
0.5

Others
0.1

Not Stated
0.5

274135
1558493
1496093

95.2
92.0
92.8

2.2
5.6
4.1

1.7
1.4
1.9

0.4
0.4
0.5

0.1
0.1
0.1

0.4
0.5
0.5

821762
1115428
690160
415846
285525
4174374

91.7
91.5
93.2
95.1
94.8
88.3

4.9
6.4
4.3
2.1
2.1
8.9

2
1
1.8
1.9
2.3
0.2

0.8
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
2.4

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2

0.5
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.5
0

285213
1951191
1937970

92.7
85.5
90.3

4
11.8
6.7

2.6
2.2
2.6

0.4
0.2
0.2

0.3
0.1
0.2

0
0
0

1000358
1465753
863045
479817
365401

88.9
88.9
84.3
89.1
92.9
94.5
60.9
93.4

7.6
7.6
13.3
8.1
4.4
2.9
34.8
4

3
3.0
2.1
2.4
2.3
2.3
0.5
0.2

0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
3.7
2.2

0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

664507
3509867

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics, Population Census,1991 and 2001: National Report and Selected Urban Tables)

Table 9.6 : Percentage distribution of Households by types of House, Nepal, 1991-2001

Year

Area

Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
1991 Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
2001
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural

Total
Households
3328721

Percentage distribution of Households by types of House

Permanent
Semi-permanent
Impermanent
(Pakki)
(Ardha-Pakki)
(Kachchi)
Others
23.5
24.8
49.7
2.0

274135
1558493
1496093

32.4
34.7
10.4

47.3
33.1
12.2

19.2
31
75.2

1.1
1.2
2.2

821762
1115428
690160
415846
285525
4174374

6.3
26.9
31.7
17
49.3
36.6

25.1
17.9
26.8
40.8
23
29.2

65.4
53.6
39.4
41
26.9
33.5

3.2
1.6
2.1
1.2
0.8
0.7

285213
1951191
1937970

44.8
51.1
20.8

41.6
30.8
25.7

13
17.6
52.4

0.6
0.5
1

1000358
1465753
863045
479817
365401

14.3
41.8
52.3
27
52.5

33
26.9
26
38.4
23.7

51.7
30.6
21.1
34
23.2

1
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6

664507
3509867

68.2
30.6

16.1
31.7

15.2
36.9

0.4
0.8

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics, Population Census,1991 and 2001: National Report and Selected Urban Tables)

- 125 -

Table 9.7 : Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Lighting facilities, Nepal, 2001

Area
Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid Western
Far Western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural

Total
Households
4,174,457

Types of lighting Facilities (%)

Bio
Electricity
Kerosene
Others
Gas
39.4
57.2
0.2
2.3

Not
Stated
1.0

285,213
1,951,191
1,938,053

21.3
42.8
38.7

65.8
53.4
59.7

0.0
0.2
0.2

12.2
2.8
0.3

0.7
0.9
1.2

1,000,441
1,465,753
863,045
479,817
365,401

30.3
52.6
42.4
25.1
22.8

68.1
45.8
55.7
62.8
68.6

0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2

0.7
0.3
0.7
10.7
7.0

0.7
1.0
0.9
1.3
1.4

664507

82.5
31.2

16.1
64.9

0.2
0.2

0.2
2.6

1.0
1.0

3509950

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001:National Report and Selected Urban Tables)

Table 9.8 : Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Main Fuel Used for Cooking, Nepal, 2001

Area

Total
Households

Type of fuel used for cooking (%)

Wood

Kerosene

LP
Gas

Bio
Gas

Cow
Dung

others

Not
Stated

Nepal

4174458

65.6

13.5

7.7

1.7

10.0

0.7

0.9

Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region

285229
1950822
1938407

94.8

3.2

0.4

0.1

0.7

0.2

0.7

71.8
55.1

15.9
12.7

8.8
7.6

1.9
1.7

0.1
21.3

0.8
0.7

0.8
1.1

Eastern
Central

1000362
1465813

65.9
55.1
64.8
80.1

9.8
19.1
13.0
11.2

4.3
11.1
10.2
4.3

1.2
1.2
3.4
1.1

17.5
11.3
7.6
2.1

0.6
1.3
0.3
0.2

0.7
1.0
0.8
1.1

89.7

5.5

1.8

1.5

0.1

0.3

1.2

32.9

33.8

27.1

1.8

2.5

1.0

0.9

71.8

9.7

4.0

1.6

11.4

0.6

0.9

Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban
Rural

863049
479817
365417
664400
3510058

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2001:National Report and Selected Urban Tables)

- 126 -

Table 9.9 : Distribution of House, Household and Average Household size ,Nepal, 2011
Population
2011(P)

Area

Number of
House

Average
household
Size

Number of
Household

Average
household
per house

Average person
per house

Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development
Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban

26620809

4,767,196

5,659,984

4.7

1.19

5.6

1795354
11475001
13350454

338,138
2,138,254
2,290,804

379,098
2,644,024
2,636,862

4.74
4.34
5.06

1.12
1.24
1.15

5.3
5.4
5.8

5834182
9713702
4945190
3584386
2543349

1,140,554
1,609,389
948,763
647,000
421,490

1,280,543
2,079,757
1,102,854
714,760
482,070

4.56
4.67
4.48
5.01
5.28

1.12
1.29
1.16
1.10
1.14

5.1
6.0
5.2
5.5
6.0

4525787

725,002

1,116,447

4.05

1.54

6.2

Rural

22095022

4,042,194

4,543,537

4.86

1.12

5.5

P=Preliminary
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2011,Preliminary Report)

Table 9.10 : Percentage Distribution of House having Number of Households Residing in

the house, Nepal, 2001

Area

Percentage of House having number of Household

Total House

2-3

4+

Nepal
Ecological Belt
Mountain
Hill
Tarai
Development Region
Eastern
Central
Western
Mid-western
Far-western
Place of Residence
Urban

3,598,212

90.17

8.48

1.35

253,006
1,667,410
1,677,796

90.54
90.28
90.02

8.82
8.17
8.73

0.64
1.55
1.25

898,616
1,175,867
776,788
439,906
307,035

92.74
86.65
92.39
93.36
85.99

6.36
10.86
6.85
6.13
13.04

0.91
2.49
0.76
0.51
0.97

436,533

75.14

18.68

6.18

Rural

3,161,679

92.25

7.07

0.68

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (2003), Special Tabulation National Population Census, 2001.

- 127 -

Table 9.11 : Population, Households and Population Density of District in Nepal, 2011
Population 2011(P)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

District

Total

Male

Taplejung
128,547 61,442
Panchthar
198,362 93,884
Ilam
295,824 144,125
Jhapa
810,636 385,284
Morang
964,709 466,803
Sunsari
751,125 365,927
Dhankuta
164,133 76,980
Terhathum
101,709 47,357
Sankhuwasabha
159,649 75,973
Bhojpur
183,918 86,663
Solukhumbu
106,772 51,885
Okhaldhunga
148,320 68,893
Khotang
209,130 98,860
Udayapur
321,962 151,649
Saptari
646,250 316,888
Siraha
643,136 313,292
Dhanusa
768,404 383,711
Mahottari
646,405 320,886
Sarlahi
768,649 388,872
Sindhuli
294,621 141,573
Ramechhap
205,312 94,925
Dolakha
188,186 88,163
Sindhupalchok
289,455 139,602
Kavrepalanchowk 389,959 186,544
Lalitpur
466,784 237,114
Bhaktapur
303,027 154,006
Kathmandu
1,740,977 909,786
Nuwakot
278,761 134,071
Rasuwa
43,798 21,775
Dhading
336,250 157,928
Makwanpur
427,494 210,564
Rautahat
696,221 354,909
Bara
701,037 358,144
Parsa
601,701 313,270
Chitawan
566,661 272,289
Gorkha
269,388 120,541
Lamjung
169,104 77,505
Tanahu
330,581 147,411
Syangja
288,040 125,872
Kaski
490,429 235,576
Manang
6,527
3,664
Mustang
13,799
7,317
Myagdi
113,731 51,656
Parbat
147,076 65,357
Baglung
270,009 119,021
Gulmi
283,577 122,818
Palpa
269,372 119,167
Nawalparasi
635,793 300,650
Rupandehi
886,706 436,318
Kapilbastu
570,612 284,813

Sex
Annual
Ratio
Growth
(males
Female Rate
per 100
(%)
females)
67,105
-0.47
92
104,478
-0.18
90
151,699
0.45
95
425,352
1.64
91
497,906
1.35
94
385,198
1.83
95
87,153
-0.14
88
54,352
-1.06
87
83,676
0.03
91
97,255
-0.99
89
54,887
-0.09
95
79,427
-0.55
87
110,270
-1.01
90
170,313
1.13
89
329,362
1.25
96
329,844
1.17
95
384,693
1.35
100
325,519
1.55
99
379,777
1.90
102
153,048
0.52
93
110,387
-0.34
86
100,023
-0.82
88
149,853
-0.55
93
203,415
0.11
92
229,670
3.23
103
149,021
2.96
103
831,191
4.76
109
144,690
-0.34
93
22,023
-0.21
99
178,322
-0.07
89
216,930
0.85
97
341,312
2.45
104
342,893
2.26
104
288,431
1.91
109
294,372
1.83
92
148,847
-0.67
81
91,599
-0.46
85
183,170
0.48
80
162,168
-0.97
78
254,853
2.54
92
2,863
-3.84
128
6,482
-0.82
113
62,075
-0.06
83
81,719
-0.71
80
150,988
0.04
79
160,759
-0.45
76
150,205
0.03
79
335,143
1.22
90
450,388
2.24
97
285,799
1.69
100

- 128 -

Population
Number
Average Area
Number of
Density
of
Household
in
Household
(persons /
House
Size
Sq.km.
sq.km.)
25,812
41,424
63,421
168,622
193,728
141,514
34,074
21,015
34,095
39,188
24,140
31,741
41,337
66,054
108,127
106,262
126,037
103,953
121,094
54,375
42,326
42,918
63,868
78,560
73,643
50,086
242,274
58,450
9,165
71,591
79,620
90,724
98,545
89,212
112,948
61,110
38,430
70,992
62,735
93,413
1,363
3,102
24,127
31,527
57,474
62,704
54,819
117,370
140,964
84,301

27,761
44,773
66,458
188,085
220,851
166,627
38,146
22,409
36,883
40,720
25,367
32,847
42,649
70,799
129,885
126,283
148,283
122,099
139,980
58,270
45,036
48,414
69,600
86,605
114,443
73,084
469,145
61,950
9,942
77,510
89,550
109,976
114,691
108,341
132,838
67,204
44,068
82,036
70,519
130,878
1,495
3,488
28,024
36,037
63,565
67,920
62,967
131,651
170,077
94,571

4.63
4.43
4.45
4.31
4.37
4.51
4.30
4.54
4.33
4.52
4.21
4.52
4.90
4.55
4.98
5.09
5.18
5.29
5.49
5.06
4.56
3.89
4.16
4.50
4.08
4.15
3.71
4.50
4.41
4.34
4.77
6.33
6.11
5.55
4.27
4.01
3.84
4.03
4.08
3.75
4.37
3.96
4.06
4.08
4.25
4.18
4.28
4.83
5.21
6.03

3,646
1,241
1,703
1,606
1,855
1257
891
679
3,480
1,507
3,312
1,074
1,591
2,063
1,363
1,188
1,180
1,002
1,259
2,491
1,546
2,191
2542
1396
385
119
395
1,121
1,544
1,926
2,426
1,126
1,190
1,353
2,218
3,610
1,692
1,546
1,164
2,017
2,246
3,573
2,297
494
1,784
1,149
1,373
2,162
1,360
1,738

35
160
174
505
520
598
184
150
46
122
32
138
131
156
474
541
651
645
611
118
133
86
114
279
1212
2546
4408
249
28
175
176
618
589
445
255
75
100
214
247
243
3
4
50
298
151
247
196
294
652
328

Table 9.11 : Population, Households and Population Density of District in Nepal, 2011
(contd...)
Population 2011(P)

Annual
Growth
Rate
(%)

Sex
Population
Ratio
Average
Number Number of
Area in
Density
(males
Household
of House Household
Sq.km. (persons /
per 100
Size
sq.km.)
females)

S.N.

District

51

Arghakhanchi

200,446

88,309

112,137

-0.39

79

44,332

48,354

4.15

1,193

168

52

Pyuthan

235,165

103,459

131,706

1.01

79

45,642

49,472

4.75

1,309

180

53

Rolpa

227,075

104,654

122,421

0.78

85

42,121

44,377

5.12

1,879

121

54

Rukum

210,878

101,090

109,788

1.13

92

39,076

42,333

4.98

2,877

73

55

Salyan

243,575

116,615

126,960

1.32

92

44,456

46,813

5.20

1,462

167

56

Dang

557,852

264,110

293,742

1.88

90

110,677

122,614

4.55

2,955

189

57

Banke

493,017

245,004

248,013

2.45

99

81,960

96,330

5.12

2,337

211

58

Bardiya

426,946

205,096

221,850

1.10

92

79,197

84,207

5.07

2,025

211

59

Surkhet

360,104

177,612

182,492

2.22

97

67,536

75,294

4.78

2,451

147

60

Dailekh

263,835

128,281

135,554

1.58

95

46,035

51,301

5.14

1,502

176

61

Jajarkot

172,565

86,082

86,483

2.46

100

28,439

31,334

5.51

2,230

77

62

Dolpa

36,701

18,033

18,668

2.17

97

6,440

7,621

4.82

7,889

63

Jumla

108,734

54,790

53,944

1.95

102

18,328

19,415

5.60

2,531

43

64

Kalikot

141,620

71,196

70,424

2.94

101

19,347

24,477

5.79

1,741

81

65

Mugu

55,311

28,197

27,114

2.30

104

9,310

9,678

5.72

3,535

16

66

Humla

51,008

25,940

25,068

2.28

103

8,436

9,494

5.37

5,655

67

Bajura

135,506

65,893

69,613

2.20

95

19,415

24,874

5.45

2,188

62

68

Bajhang

196,277

93,912

102,365

1.61

92

29,451

34,787

5.64

3,422

57

69

Achham

258,022

120,367

137,655

1.09

87

38,723

50,264

5.13

1,680

154

70

Doti

211,827

97,007

114,820

0.23

84

33,092

42,414

4.99

2,025

105

71

Kailali

770,279

378,970

391,309

2.22

97

137,929

146,431

5.26

3,235

238

72

Kanchanpur

444,315

213,109

231,206

1.62

92

77,640

83,042

5.35

1,610

276

73

Dadeldhura

141,543

66,358

75,185

1.15

88

23,666

27,649

5.12

1,538

92

74

Baitadi

252,116

118,015

134,101

0.73

88

38,626

46,807

5.39

1,519

166

75

Darchaula

133,464

63,609

69,855

0.90

91

22,948

25,802

5.17

2,322

57

26,620,809 12,927,431 13,693,378

1.40

94 4,767,196

5,659,984

4.70 147,181

181

Nepal

Total

Male

Female

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2011,Preliminary Report)

- 129 -

Table 9.12 : Area and Urban Population and Density by Municipality, 2011
Population 2011(P)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

Municipality

Area
(sq.km.)

Amargadhi
138.95
Baglung
18.35
Banepa
5.56
Bhadrapur
10.56
Bhaktapur
6.56
Bharatpur
162.16
Bhimdatta
171.24
Bhimeshwor
65.04
Bidur
33.48
Biratnagar
58.48
Birendranagar
34.95
Birgunj
21.17
Butwal
69.28
Byas
60.02
Damak
70.63
Dasharathchanda
55.01
Dhangadhi
103.73
Dhankuta
48.21
Dharan
103.38
Dhulikhel
12.08
Dipayal
73.98
Gaur
21.53
Ghorahi
74.45
Gorkha
60.28
Gulariya
95.14
Hetauda
47.77
Ilam
26.63
Inaruwa
22.36
Itahari
42.37
Jaleshwor
15.49
Janakpur
24.61
Kalaiya
18.98
Kamalami
207.95
Kapilvastu
37.20
Kathmandu
49.45
Khandbari
91.03
Kirtipur
14.76
Lahan
20.23
Lalitpur
15.15
Lekhnath
77.45
Madhyapur Thimi
11.11
Malangawa
9.39
Mechinagar
55.72
Narayan
67.01
Nepalgunj
12.51
Panauti
31.73
Pokhara
55.22
Putalibazar
70.14
Rajbiraj
11.96
Ramgram
34.72
Ratnanagar
35.62
Siddharthanagar
36.03
Siraha
23.78
Tansen
21.72
Tikapur
67.11
Triyuga
319.88
Tulsipur
92.22
Waling
34.76
Total
3,276.28
P= Preliminary
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

Population
2001
18,390
20,852
15,822
18,145
72,543
89,323
80,839
21,916
21,193
166,674
31,381
112,484
75,384
28,245
35,009
18,345
67,447
20,668
95,332
11,521
22,061
25,383
43,126
25,783
46,011
68,482
16,237
23,200
41,210
22,046
74,192
32,260
32,838
27,170
671,846
21,789
40,835
27,654
162,991
41,369
47,751
18,484
49,060
19,446
57,535
25,563
156,312
29,667
30,353
22,630
37,791
52,569
23,988
20,431
38,722
55,291
33,876
20,414
3,227,879

Number of
Household
4,923
7,970
6,547
4,288
19,273
36,928
20,366
6,565
6,235
47,819
12,675
30,962
31,565
12,688
18,502
3,833
21,837
7,352
28,681
3,519
5,680
5,708
16,953
8,882
11,609
21,075
4,788
6,408
18,705
4,123
22,679
7,128
9,582
5,213
277,789
7,226
21,854
6,904
58,127
15,692
21,758
4,513
13,774
4,800
15,498
6,061
71,440
8,352
8,470
5,007
10,784
13,487
6,586
9,003
10,565
16,660
14,960
6,076
1,116,447

Total
22,544
31,046
28,237
18,608
83,893
139,790
102,762
24,217
25,934
205,442
59,273
137,976
119,710
45,122
74,843
17,363
104,801
28,916
118,755
16,406
25,887
35,349
65,731
33,890
57,326
90,593
19,054
29,999
74,360
23,231
99,560
43,888
41,054
30,887
1,006,656
27,103
66,070
34,350
223,285
59,244
84,259
25,199
57,622
22,142
76,053
28,570
263,477
31,280
39,181
27,988
45,698
64,579
29,785
32,037
50,782
70,435
59,357
24,188
4,525,787

- 130 -

Male
11,184
14,926
13,998
9,284
42,947
69,626
51,565
11,833
12,793
105,343
33,824
74,913
59,656
20,872
35,568
8,257
54,770
14,552
57,615
8,598
13,138
18,779
32,338
15,888
29,604
47,121
9,494
15,626
35,816
11,792
52,763
23,123
20,413
15,597
532,728
13,210
36,726
17,605
116,082
27,127
43,643
13,052
27,922
10,619
40,494
13,876
132,428
14,278
20,435
14,671
22,275
32,836
14,623
15,262
25,164
33,261
28,770
10,946
2,311,649

Female
11,360
16,120
14,239
9,324
40,946
70,164
51,197
12,384
13,141
100,099
25,449
63,063
60,054
24,250
39,275
9,106
50,031
14,364
61,140
7,808
12,749
16,570
33,393
18,002
27,722
43,472
9,560
14,373
38,544
11,439
46,797
20,765
20,641
15,290
473,928
13,893
29,344
16,745
107,203
32,117
40,616
12,147
29,700
11,523
35,559
14,694
131,049
17,002
18,746
13,317
23,423
31,743
15,162
16,775
25,618
37,174
30,587
13,242
2,214,138

Annual
Population
Population
Growth Rate (%)
Density
2.04
162.25
3.98
1691.88
5.79
5078.60
0.25
1762.12
1.45
12788.57
4.48
862.05
2.40
600.11
1.00
372.34
2.02
774.61
2.09
3513.03
6.36
1695.94
2.04
6517.52
4.62
1727.92
4.68
751.78
7.60
1059.65
-0.55
315.63
4.41
1010.32
3.36
599.79
2.20
1148.72
3.53
1358.11
1.60
349.92
3.31
1641.85
4.21
882.89
2.73
562.21
2.20
602.54
2.80
1896.44
1.60
715.51
2.57
1341.64
5.90
1755.02
0.52
1499.74
2.94
4045.51
3.08
2312.33
2.23
197.42
1.28
830.30
4.04
20357.05
2.18
297.74
4.81
4476.29
2.17
1697.97
3.15
14738.28
3.59
764.93
5.68
7584.07
3.10
2683.60
1.61
1034.13
1.30
330.43
2.79
6079.38
1.11
900.41
5.22
4771.41
0.53
445.97
2.55
3276.00
2.12
806.11
1.90
1282.93
2.06
1792.37
2.16
1252.52
4.50
1475.00
2.71
756.70
2.42
220.19
5.61
643.65
1.70
695.86
3.38
1381.38

Table 9.13 : Distribution of district by size of Population,Nepal,1971-2011

Size of
Population

Number of District
1971 1981 1991

Population

2001

2011P

Less than 10,000

10,000-19,999

20,000-29,999

30,000-39,000

40,000-49,999

50,000-59,999

60,000-69,999

70,000-79,999

80,000-89,999

90,000-99,999

100,000-199,999

41

28

25

16

19

200,000-299,999

12

18

20

23

20

300,000-399,999

10

11

400,000-499999

500,000 or more

14

18

75

75

75

75

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011P

7,436

7,021

5,363

9,587

6,527

12,930

45,644

42,346

82,186

107,491

36,701

43,705

129,263

68,797

74,649

171,279
190,986

75

57,946
199,073

13,799

29,545

30,241

14,981

14,292

262,736
378,888

25,013

43,798
106,319
-

75,964

89,427

88,805

189,210

4,433,030

3,842,156

2,240,152

2,839,216

4,293,871

5,034,279

5,570,510

5,056,428

3,505,384

2,092,131

3,920,048

2,041,883

1,334,549

4,006,670

1,913,623

2,748,985

534,692
3,009,723
11,554,983 15,022,839 18,491,097

9,234,287

13,727,153

5,802,698
2,752,028
2,245,707
-

23,151,423

26,620,809

P= Preliminary
Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population census 1971,1981,1991,2001 and 2011)

Table 9.14 :Distribution of Urban( Municipalities) by size of Population,Nepal,1971- 2011

Number of Urban
Size of Population
Less than 20,000
20,000-49,999
50,000-99,999
100,000 or more

Population

1971
9
5
1
1

1981
7
13
2
1

1991
8
14
8
3

2001
8
34
11
5

2011P
4
27
17
10

1971
102638
149849
59049
150402

1981
90573
457569
173419
235160

1991
217901
293888
517419
666511

2001
136390
1032245
788937
1270307

2011P
71431
837722
1193980
2422654

16

23

33

58

58

461938

956721

1695719

3227879

4525787

Source : Central Bureau of Statistics (Population census 1971,1981,1991,2001 and 2011)

- 131 -

2064
226
148
185
77
83
82
175
130
19
122
250
475
298
237
285
663
806
1179
593
780
1370

24853 10247

4159
458
413
606
1168
850
486
608
899
872
494
1203
868
432
732
753
1528
1564
1419
1843
1888
1610
47930

8969
800
1524
1491
1740
1629
1151
907
1291
978
829
1271
1798
1212
1477
1592
2263
3278
3594
3643
4524
1969
9768

121901

36
736
1588
1287
1975
3087

581
478

24050
1893
2115
2266
3049
3043
5261
2993
4139
2507
3647
5152
4374
2906
7079
4781
5114
5156
4741
6857
12268
8510
2323

232
884
584
66
138
31
128
145
115

- 132 -

7384

2359
856
1207
62
154
241
117
185
344
388
789
232
248
17
16
48
60
12
18
20
9
2
883634

35776
4954
8154
7608
8653
9401
13855
12633
12306
17090
19755
29291
38522
29404
26547
31093
45410
72568
69666
83334
168707
138907
64766

6769
788
548
262
1396
1814
2183
1257
1265
2248
2542
3519
3189
2485
2191
1374
635
2942
3297
4663
11460
7939

Total

6107 1178913

102
84248
1549
11524
358
14467
381
12861
372
16609
353
17414
58
23193
352
19110
51
20425
37
24139
102
28280
77
40995
86
49560
43
37610
58
39699
21
40531
- 55775
1535
88735
206
85739
202
102570
31
201787
133
163642

Tractor/
Crane/Dozer/Excavator/ Car/Jeep
Bus Minibus
Pickup Micro Tempo Motorcycle Power Others
Truck
/ Van
Tailor

Source : Department of Transport Management.

Central Bureau of Statistics (Statistics Year Book 1999, 2009)

Total

up to 1989/90
1990/91
1991/92
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11

Year

Number of Vehicles Registered

Table 9.15 : Number of Vehicles Registered, 1989/90 - 2010/11

2357826

84248
95772
110239
123100
139709
157123
180316
199426
219851
243990
272270
313265
362825
400435
440134
480665
536440
625175
710914
813484
1015271
1178913

18491097
18937160
19393984
19861827
20340957
20831644
21331362
21843068
22367048
22903598
23151423
23701451
24249996
24797059
25342638
25886736
26427399
26966581
27504280
28043744
28584975

Cumulative
Population
Number

5
6
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
14
15
17
18
19
21
24
26
30
36
41

Vehicles
per 1000
Population

Table 9.16 :Total Strategic Road Network (SRN) Length ,Influenced Population of District in Nepal, 2011

S.N.

District

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

Taplejung
Panchthar
Ilam
Jhapa
Morang
Sunsari
Dhankuta
Terhathum
Sankhuwasabha
Bhojpur
Solukhumbu
Okhaldhunga
Khotang
Udayapur
Saptari
Siraha
Dhanusa
Mahottari
Sarlahi
Sindhuli
Ramechhap
Dolakha
Sindhupalchok
Kavrepalanchowk
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Kathmandu
Nuwakot
Rasuwa
Dhading
Makwanpur
Rautahat
Bara
Parsa
Chitawan
Gorkha
Lamjung
Tanahu
Syangja
Kaski
Manang
Mustang
Myagdi
Parbat
Baglung
Gulmi
Palpa
Nawalparasi
Rupandehi
Kapilbastu

Total
Population
2011P
128,547
198,362
295,824
810,636
964,709
751,125
164,133
101,709
159,649
183,918
106,772
148,320
209,130
321,962
646,250
643,136
768,404
646,405
768,649
294,621
205,312
188,186
289,455
389,959
466,784
303,027
1,740,977
278,761
43,798
336,250
427,494
696,221
701,037
601,701
566,661
269,388
169,104
330,581
288,040
490,429
6,527
13,799
113,731
147,076
270,009
283,577
269,372
635,793
886,706
570,612

Type of Road
Total Area
in Sq.km.
3,646
1,241
1,703
1,606
1,855
1257
891
679
3,480
1,507
3,312
1,074
1,591
2,063
1,363
1,188
1,180
1,002
1,259
2,491
1,546
2,191
2542
1396
385
119
395
1,121
1,544
1,926
2,426
1,126
1,190
1,353
2,218
3,610
1,692
1,546
1,164
2,017
2,246
3,573
2,297
494
1,784
1,149
1,373
2,162
1,360
1,738

Black
Topped
0.00
34.86
108.75
139.92
150.52
115.03
76.68
8.42
47.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
90.86
135.00
111.93
104.15
99.79
58.22
42.50
2.00
86.68
107.31
111.09
61.37
81.50
149.59
94.71
0.00
114.88
174.97
71.83
83.34
30.61
136.25
23.84
19.17
118.09
97.94
87.46
0.00
0.00
0.00
24.11
6.34
44.54
108.59
151.07
130.19
139.97

- 133 -

Graveled
25.50
57.00
12.10
39.68
25.50
66.00
49.00
0.00
25.00
7.50
0.00
8.79
0.00
42.00
65.50
19.00
47.50
59.00
85.20
29.60
25.70
30.00
19.84
33.73
36.04
23.09
34.10
21.00
50.50
20.00
44.57
9.00
68.00
13.00
54.00
34.00
1.00
9.32
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
5.79
0.00
0.00
23.80
19.00
54.00

Earthen
7.60
107.00
127.10
17.00
40.20
10.00
9.00
76.25
62.00
108.50
37.20
62.91
196.76
111.00
46.00
14.00
43.50
26.50
38.00
129.90
49.30
20.00
69.10
4.30
33.20
7.00
37.20
25.00
15.70
30.20
70.20
7.00
16.00
2.00
39.00
119.40
51.87
34.08
57.00
20.50
29.00
59.00
21.00
26.50
89.00
79.00
39.00
29.00
14.50
29.00

Total
33.10
198.86
247.95
196.60
216.22
191.03
134.68
84.67
134.70
116.00
37.20
71.70
196.76
243.86
246.50
144.93
195.15
185.29
181.42
202.00
77.00
136.68
196.25
149.12
130.61
111.59
220.89
140.71
66.20
165.08
289.74
87.83
167.34
45.61
229.25
177.24
72.04
161.49
164.94
112.96
29.00
59.00
31.00
50.61
101.13
123.54
147.59
203.87
163.69
222.97

Road
Population
Density
Influenced
(km./100
per km. Road
sq.km.)
3884
1
997
16
1193
15
4123
12
4462
12
3932
15
1219
15
1201
12
1185
4
1586
8
2870
1
2069
7
1063
12
1320
12
2622
18
4438
12
3938
17
3489
18
4237
14
1459
8
2666
5
1377
6
1475
8
2615
11
3574
34
2716
94
7882
56
1981
13
662
4
2037
9
1475
12
7927
8
4189
14
13192
3
2472
10
1520
5
2347
4
2047
10
1746
14
4342
6
225
1
234
2
3669
1
2906
10
2670
6
2295
11
1825
11
3119
9
5417
12
2559
13

Table 9.16 :Total Strategic Road Network (SRN) Length ,Influenced Population of District in Nepal, 2011
(contd...)
Type of Road

S.N.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

District
Arghakhanchi
Pyuthan
Rolpa
Rukum
Salyan
Dang
Banke
Bardiya
Surkhet
Dailekh
Jajarkot
Dolpa
Jumla
Kalikot
Mugu
Humla
Bajura
Bajhang
Achham
Doti
Kailali
Kanchanpur
Dadeldhura
Baitadi
Darchaula
Nepal

Source:

Total Population Total Area

Black
2011P
in Sq.km.
Topped Graveled Earthen
Total
200,446
1,193
58.91
3.00
84.00
145.91
235,165
1,309
68.00
12.00
80.43
160.43
227,075
1,879
33.40
61.00
94.02
188.42
210,878
2,877
0.00
20.00
38.90
58.90
243,575
1,462
4.00
101.66
70.00
175.66
557,852
2,955
148.22
169.00
44.00
361.22
493,017
2,337
149.81
42.50
34.10
226.41
426,946
2,025
121.43
60.99
29.00
211.42
360,104
2,451
112.14
66.70
56.30
235.14
263,835
1,502
78.09
37.77
128.37
244.23
172,565
2,230
0.00
0.00
89.00
89.00
36,701
7,889
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
108,734
2,531
0.00
0.00
85.00
85.00
141,620
1,741
0.00
0.00
77.00
77.00
55,311
3,535
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
51,008
5,655
0.00
0.00
30.00
30.00
135,506
2,188
0.00
0.00
43.00
43.00
196,277
3,422
15.60
14.82
48.36
78.78
258,022
1,680
42.00
0.00
85.00
127.00
211,827
2,025
115.46
6.00
28.00
149.46
770,279
3,235
165.35
61.25
75.00
301.60
444,315
1,610
44.32
89.00
22.10
155.42
141,543
1,538
77.08
0.00
64.00
141.08
252,116
1,519
136.53
1.10
43.29
180.92
133,464
2,322
0.00
0.00
75.42
75.42
26,620,809
147,184 4952.11 2065.14 3817.76 10835.01

Populat
ion
Influenc Road
ed per Density
km.
(km./100
Road
sq.km.)
1374
12
1466
12
1205
10
3580
2
1387
12
1544
12
2178
10
2019
10
1531
10
1080
16
1939
4
0
0
1279
3
1839
4
0
0
1700
1
3151
2
2491
2
2032
8
1417
7
2554
9
2859
10
1003
9
1394
12
1770
3
2457

Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2011,Preliminary Report)

Department of Roads (Statistics of Strategic Road Network SSRN 2009/10)

Table 9.17 : Number of Refugees in Nepal

Refugee

Bhutanese Refugee

Tibetan Refugee

Year
2006(April)
2007(April)
2009(Auguest)
2010(Septmber)
2011(May)
1993

Source : Ministry of Home Affairs.

- 134 -

Male
54486
55217
48014
40987
34168

Female
52261
52965
46429
39526
32819

Total
106747
108182
94443
80513
66987

NA

NA

12540

Table 9.18 : Urban Road by Municipality, 2011

(length in km.)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

Municipality

National
Highway
41
0
0
5
6
12.12
8
0
0
11
0
18
16
6.25
8
0
8
21
16
10
22
7
10.5
24
0
13
20
6
12
0
4.5
0
26.5
11
7
33.7
3.5
4.7
0
13
8.84
6
8
0
0
2.5
11.5
25
0
12
6
11
7
11.5
12
71
0
8
605.11

Length of Road within Municipality

Black
Graveled
Earthen
Topped
5.5
4.5
65
23.87
13.62
65.75
8.48
8.68
16.55
32.52
9.71
5.09
9
15
8
169.74
250.34
37.4
14.5
103
40
44.33
8.8
109.89
50.99
29.35
36.45
132.2
155
80
17.11
57.76
21.23
49
75
49
309.64
142.39
147.32
21.75
85
265
23.78
46
27
22.3
0
47.8
84
169.4
202
18
3
139
72.43
25.94
90.13
5.5
11
33
25
0
30
12.5
38.5
61
16.3
172.85
68
6.2
23
164
31.9
81
95
60
20
91
4
25
100
27.5
36.9
28.1
33
172
200
10
10
15
44.5
38
42
29.8
42.32
39
4.5
35
110
19
35
6
660
190
90
2.4
0
137.5
31.4
26.3
14.2
15.45
21.25
55.5
59.71
12.61
3.96
27
42
131
18.16
10
9.3
3.5
15
11.5
16
137
61
2
10
140
30
49
51
15
19.25
56
171
37
30
13.9
13.87
101
11.2
35.3
19.5
6.5
30.75
8
150
200
100
35
83
0
3.5
15.5
20
16
4.5
32.51
21.11
116.69
115.51
40
200
100
24.65
56.55
72.3
12.52
8.91
85.56
2824.84
3277.54
3980.05

Total

Population
2011P

Amargadhi
116
22544
Baglung
103.24
31046
Banepa
33.71
28237
Bhadrapur
52.32
18608
Bhaktapur
38
83893
Bharatpur
469.6
139790
Bhimdatta
165.5
102762
Bhimeshwor
163.02
24217
Bidur
116.79
25934
Biratnagar
378.2
205442
Birendranagar
96.1
59273
Birgunj
191
137976
Butwal
615.35
119710
Byas
378
45122
Damak
104.78
74843
Dasharathchanda
70.1
17363
Dhangadhi
463.4
104801
Dhankuta
181
28916
Dharan
204.5
118755
Dhulikhel
59.5
16406
Dipayal
77
25887
Gaur
119
35349
Ghorahi
267.65
65731
Gorkha
217.2
33890
Gulariya
207.9
57326
Hetauda
184
90593
Ilam
149
19054
Inaruwa
98.5
29999
Itahari
417
74360
Jaleshwor
35
23231
Janakpur
129
99560
Kalaiya
111.12
43888
Kamalami
176
41054
Kapilvastu
71
30887
Kathmandu
947
1006656
Khandbari
173.6
27103
Kirtipur
75.4
66070
Lahan
96.9
34350
Lalitpur
76.28
223285
Lekhnath
213
59244
Madhyapur Thimi
46.3
84259
Malangawa
36
25199
Mechinagar
222
57622
Narayan
152
22142
Nepalgunj
130
76053
Panauti
92.75
28570
Pokhara
249.5
263477
Putalibazar
153.77
31280
Rajbiraj
66
39181
Ramgram
57.25
27988
Ratnanagar
456
45698
Siddharthanagar
129
64579
Siraha
46
29785
Tansen
64.51
32037
Tikapur
265.31
50782
Triyuga
411
70435
Tulsipur
153.5
59357
Waling
114.99
24188
Total
10687.54
4525787
P: Preliminary
Source : Ministry of Local Development and Central Bureau of Statistics (Population Census 2011,Preliminary Report)

- 135 -

Urban
Population per
km Road
194
301
838
356
2208
298
621
149
222
543
617
722
195
119
714
248
226
160
581
276
336
297
246
156
276
492
128
305
178
664
772
395
233
435
1063
156
876
354
2927
278
1820
700
260
146
585
308
1056
203
594
489
100
501
648
497
191
171
387
210
423

Table 9.19 : Nepal National Building Code, 2003

S. N.

Building
Code No.

NBC 000

Requirements for State of the Art Design: An Introduction

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

NBC 001
NBC 002
NBC 003
NBC 004
NBC 005
NBC 006
NBC 007
NBC 008
NBC 009
NBC 010
NBC 011
NBC 012
NBC 013
NBC 014

Materials Specifications
Unit Weight of Materials
Occupancy Load (Imposed Load)
Wind Load
Seismic Design of Building
Snow Load
Provisional Recommendation on First Safety
Site Consideration for Seismic Hazards
Masonry : Unreinforced
Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Steel
Timber
Aluminum
Construction Safety

16
17

NBC 201
NBC 202

Mandatory Rule of Timber : Reinforced Concrete Buildings with

Masonry Infill
Mandatory Rule of Timber : Load Bearing Masonry

18

NBC 203

Guidelines for Earthquake Resident Building Construction : Low

Strength Masonry

19

NBC 204

Guidelines for Earthquake Resident Building Construction :

Earthen Building ( EB)

20
21

NBC 205
NBC 206

Mandatory Rule of Thumb : Reinforced Concrete Buildings without

Masonry Infill
Architectural Design Requirements

22

NBC 207

Electrical Design Requirements for ( public Buildings)

23

NBC 208

Sanitary and Plumbing Design Requirements

Contents

Source : Department of Housing and Urban Development.

- 136 -

Remarks
Building for Foreign Donor
Organizations
> 1000 sq.ft plinth area and more
than 3 flats. Building designer and
monitoring by Architecture
Engineer

< 1000 sq. ft plinth area and less

than 3 flats. Building designer and
monitoring by Architecture SubEngineer

> 1000 sq.ft plinth area and more

than 3 flats. Building designer and
monitoring by Architecture
Engineer

Chapter X
Natural Disasters

Table 10.1: Earthquake by Epicentre and Magnitude, 2008-2011

Date
15-Jan-08
14-Feb-08
16-Feb-08
02-Mar-08
17-Mar-08
08-May-08
20-May-08
02-Jun-08
15-Jun-08
20-Jun-08
02-Aug-08
10-Sep-08
07-Oct-08
01-Dec-08
02-Dec-08
02-Dec-08
02-Dec-08
02-Dec-08
02-Dec-08
08-Dec-08
19-Dec-08
23-Dec-08
26-Dec-08
29-Dec-08
10-Jan-09
23-Jan-09
08-Mar-09
12-Mar-09
13-Apr-09
13-Apr-09
14-May-09
14-May-09
12-Jul-09
02-Aug-09
26-Sep-09
29-Oct-09
01-Nov-09
02-Nov-09
08-Nov-09
22-Nov-09
15-Dec-09
16-Dec-09
18-Jan-10
17-Feb-10
25-Feb-10
28-Feb-10
01-Mar-10
13-Apr-10
14-Apr-10
30-Apr-10
13-May-10
13-Jun-10
13-Jun-10
13-Jun-10
01-Sep-10
17-Oct-10
25-Nov-10
25-Nov-10
30-Nov-10

Latitude
27.37
27.8
26.8
29.69
29.76
27.5
28.33
27.8
29.73
27.98
28.18
28.4
27.47
28.18
27.32
27.3
27.29
27.34
27.3
30.15
30.10
28.19
30.09
30.13
27.9
29.05
27.41
28.43
28.25
28.3
27.43
27.48
27.71
28.12
29.81
28.73
30.1
27.87
30.11
29.02
28.28
29.6
28.37
26.79
29.78
28.4
29.76
29.37
28.31
27.75
28.3
29.4
29.6
28.01
28.23
28.64
28.38
28.44
26.93

Longitude
86.53
86.53
86.25
81.76
81.53
87.52
83.33
85.91
80.96
85.73
85.29
83.01
87.71
85.29
87.99
87.99
87.92
87.92
88.03
81.86
81.91
84.39
81.9
82.03
88.04
81.4
87.8
84.42
84.54
84.55
87.35
87.36
86.36
85.18
82.05
83.11
81.81
87.94
81.91
82.15
84.4
81.51
83.97
86.08
81.52
81.52
83.11
81.34
83.09
86.36
84.51
81.38
81.65
86.77
84.37
85.71
82.32
83.17
85.79

Magnitude (ml)
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.2
4.3
4.1
5.0
4.8
4.4
4.1
4.5
4.8
5.4
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.0
6.0
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.0
4.2
4.6
4.3
4.0
4.3
4.1
4.5
4.0
4.3
4.5
4.1
4.6
4.1
4.1
4.6
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.5
4.8
4.0
4.0
5.0
4.5
4.7
4.4

05-Dec-10
18-Dec-10

29.57
28.18

81.699
84.79

4.2
4.1

- 139 -

Epicentre
Okhaldhunga
Taplejung
Siraha
Humla
Bajhang-Bajura border
Taplejung
Baglung
Sindhupalchowk
Darchula
Sindhupalchowk
Bajura
Baglung
Taplejung
Rasuwa
Taplejung
Taplejung
Taplejung
Taplejung
Taplejung
Humla
Humla
Lamjung
Humla
Humla
Taplejung
Achham
Taplejung
Lamjung
Lamjung
Lamjung
Sankhuwasava
Sankhuwasava
Dolakha
Rasuwa
Humla
Rukum
Humla
Taplejung
Humla
Jajarkot
Lamjung
Bajura
Kaski
Dhanusa
Bajhang
Baglung
Bajura
Bajura
Baglung
Dolakha
Lamjung
Bajura
Bajura
Solukhumbu
Lamjung
Tibet
Salyan
Baglung
Mahottari

Bajura
Gorkha

Table 10.1: Earthquake by Epicentre and Magnitude, 2008-2011

(contd...)
Date
18-Jan-11
18-Jan-11
13-Feb-11
22-Feb-11
10-Mar-11
11-Mar-11
12-Mar-11
22-Mar-11
22-Mar-11
04-Apr-11
04-Apr-11
05-Apr-11
07-Apr-11
03-Jun-11
11-Jun-11
11-Jun-11
17-Jun-11
18-Jun-11
15-Jul-11
29-Jul-11
02-Aug-11
09-Aug-11
15-Aug-11
18-Aug-11
19-Aug-11
22-Aug-11
25-Aug-11
27-Aug-11
18-Sep-11
01-Oct-11
02-Oct-11
04-Nov-11
08-Nov-11
13-Nov-11
19-Nov-11
23-Nov-11
02-Dec-11
08-Dec-11
09-Dec-11
14-Dec-11
18-Dec-11

Latitude
30.03
27.8
27.47
27.57
28.02
28.31
28.31
28.35
28.11
30
29.92
29.74
27.93
27.6
28.4
28.41
30.24
27.83
27.28
27.19
27.35
29.9
27.44
28.21
29.7
28.29
28.15
26.94
27.78
30.16
29.55
28.34
27.94
28.2
27.7
28.91
28.05
27.97
27.83
27.72
27.73

Longitude
81.97
85.94
87.01
87.01
85.24
83.8
83.78
83.96
82.74
80.81
80.54
80.37
85.61
88.03
82.55
82.66
81.48
87.35
87.3
86.76
86.35
81.31
86.27
84.31
81.34
83.96
82.53
86.6
88.32
81.81
81.68
83.66
85.55
84.93
86.1
81.68
85.34
82.86
88.13
88.09
88.16

Magnitude (ml)
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.4
4.0
4.2
4.1
5.7
4.1
4.1
5.2
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.3
4.5
4.2
4.0
4.3
5.0
4.0
4.9
4.0
4.4
5.0
6.8
4.7
4.2
4.0
4.1
5.0
4.1
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.9
4.6

30-Dec-11

29.62

81.53

4.0

Source : Department of Mines and Geology ( National Seismological Centre (NSC),Kathmandu)

- 140 -

Epicentre
Humla
Sindhupalchowk
Bhojpur-Sankhuwasabha border
Sankhuwasabha
Rasuwa
Kaski
Kaski
Kaski
Pyuthan
Darchula
Darchula
Darchula
Sindhupalchowk
Taplejung
Rolpa
Rolpa
Humla
Sankhuwasabha
Sankhuwasabha
Khotang
Khotang
Bajhang
Ramechhap
Lamjung
Bajhang
Kaski
Rolpa
Udayapur
Taplejung-Sikkim Border
Humla
Bajura
Parbat
Sindhupalchowk
Gorkha
Dolakha
Dailekh
Rasuwa
Pyuthan
Taplejung
Taplejung
Taplejung
Bajura

Table 10.2 : Loss of Lives, Livestock and Other Effects by Type of Disaster,1983-2010
(Disasters: Flood, Cold, Landslide, Avalanches, Earthquake, Fire, Epidemic, Windstorm, Hailstone & Thunderbolt)

Number of People
Year
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

Dead
579
941
1387
1512
881
1584
1716
913
971
1318
1524
765
873
895
1160
1190
1466
377
415
458
310
192
242
132
274
171
641
448

Injured
NA
NA
NA
NA
162
12538
3014
196
43
17
246
155
1937
1527
1120
117
146
162
132
287
160
220
153
88
144
55
117
261

Number
of
Livestock
Loss
248
3547
3399
6566
1852
2788
4240
867
642
1586
NA
1329
2053
2480
1191
1179
650
1017
665
2126
1125
888
955
10098
21861
7066
228
1526

Number
of House
Destroyed
12
10597
7166
3370
36220
108801
7648
6352
5510
13997
21911
3234
10275
30014
4825
15082
4304
6886
6103
19856
6819
4818
3169
3765
37984
13864
1050
23370

Number of
Affected
Family
NA
NA
NA
NA
97036
70197
NA
8462
6426
11535
90911
11701
134216
58329
46054
36987
17842
24900
15908
40935
11730
16997
4315
19023
117203
21600
3028
19026

Source: Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (Disaster Review,2010).

- 141 -

Land
Affected
(Ha.)
NA
1242
1355
1315
18858
NA
NA
1132
283
135
NA
392
41867.26
6063.4
6063.4
326.89
182.4
889
NA
10078
2360
0
0
3396.84
513.65
21315
NA
200 no

Public
Infrastructure
NA
869
436
436
421
4365
NA
NA
39
66
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.88
2.85

Estimated
Loss (Million
NRs.)
240
49
23
23
2005
6099
4172
139
43
52
5189
184
1933
1579
410
1230
509
1141.5
526.65
525.56
989.93
341.09
387.21
392.31
1928.55
1633.28
420.25
1398.19

Table 10.3 : Loss of Lives and Frequency by Type of Disaster, 1983 - 2010

Flood & Landslides

Earthquake

Windstorms,
Hailstorm &
Thunderbolt

1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

293
363
420
315
391
328
680
307
93
71
1336
49
203
258
83
273
193
173
196
441
232
131
141
114
216
134
135

0
0
0
0
0
721
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

NA
NA
NA
NA
2
NA
28
57
63
20
45
47
34
75
49
23
22
26
38
6
62
10
18
15
40
16
7

0
0
0
0
0
14
20
0
0
0
0
0
43
4
12
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
21
NA
6
0
2

69
57
52
96
62
23
109
46
90
97
43
43
73
61
65
54
39
37
26
11
16
10
28
3
9
11
35

217
521
915
1101
426
427
879
503
725
128
100
626
520
494
951
840
1207
141
154
0
0
41
34
0
3
10
462

0
0
0
0
0
71
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
NA
0
0

579
941
1387
1512
881
1584
1716
913
971
318
1524
765
873
895
1160
1190
1466
377
415
458
310
192
242
132
274
171
641

2010

240

70

NA

69

36

NA

415

Year

Source: Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention (Disaster Review,2010)

- 142 -

Avalanche Fire Epidemic Stampede

Total

Table 10.4 : Specific and Non-specific Disease Report, 2010

(Number of affected)
Diseases
Abortion
Actinomycosis / Lumpy jaw
Anaplasmosis
Anthrax
Avian infectious bronchitis
Babesiosis
Blackquarter
Calf-scour
Classical swine fever (Hog cholera)
Coccidiosis
Colibacillosis
Contagious agalactia
Contagious pustular dermatitis
Cough
Diarrhoea
Dystocia
Enterotoxaemia
Enzootic bovine haematuria
Ephemeral fever
External parasites
Foot and mouth disease
Foot lesion
Fowl cholera
Fowl pox
Fowl typhoid (S.gallinarum)
Fracture
Gastro-intestinal nematodes
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Hydatodosis / Echinococcus Infestation

Cattle
5616
35
4
20

Buffalo
4982
31
11
14

Goat
7521

Sheep
481

Pig
314

363
360
52

46
219
134

2
44

34

2121

1039

1256

315

452
541

67

135
2
3088
42240
2103

14
1820
6992
65178
2277
731

4
25
453
4522
101
35

599
5110
126
36

80
98207
3712
173

16415
604
52

3203
569
16

2
3571

3759
43611
1944
15
211
7666
24788
7357

67
2029
21666
4220

14
1884
1805

2
1377
1103

6
4811
75
234

11
1170
4

104967

65522

297
15

11250

Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro

disease)

Mange
Marek's disease
Mastitis
Metritis
Milk fever

185028
62376

954
81677
383

Hydroperiardium Syndrome of chickens

Infertility
Intearinal helminthiasis
Khari disease
Liver fluke / Fascioliasis / Distomatosis

Poultry

129234
18324

19294

10733

290

587

57
119833

857
121406

122074

13201

1149

3981

7173

39869

7358

5345

7079
65
420

6950
77
354

3709
7
13

135

76
2
3

71589

26800

- 143 -

Table 10.4 : Specific and Non-specific Disease Report, 2010

(contd...)
Diseases
Mycoplasmosis (M.gallisepticum)
Mycotoxicosis
Nervous sign
Newcastle disease / Ranikhet
Paramphistomosis
Parasitic gastroenteritis
Peste des petits ruminants
Pneumonia
Poisoning
Pullorum disease (S. pullorum)
Rabies
Red urine
Respiratory disease -unclassified
Respiratory sign
Ringworm
Sheep and goat pox
Skin lesions
Stomatitis
Sudden death
Tetanus
Theileriosis
Tympany
Warble infestation
Wound

Cattle

Buffalo

Goat

Number of affected)
Pig
Poultry
52833
68640
252
487
3375
112615
841
349
7510
19939
150
196
295
37
305
182
41574

Sheep

2892

1997

4026

40762
39955

50077
37143

603
759

513
568

44185
85502
6178
2015
1783

36
4897
419
11336
4

21
2003
396
10559
11

8023
18
19
1
66
7912
1449
17552

8714
4
28

9
193
827
19870
19
801
14099
467
68
3

23
12
1554
6
1764

62
1339
19

189953
100

3217
3

144

15
6027
1213
13658

10779
1228
16922

2004/05

2005/06

2006/07

2007/08

2008/09

2009/10

135781
4557

170988

137444
5293

152492
4574

148693
3577

136719
2920

1169
NA

1341
NA

1531
14

1371
14

1019
6

791
4

NA
88

65
88

70
89

72
88

75
89

76
90

2.40

1.96

2.02

1.65

1.67
1.45

1.67
1.42

1.99
1.09

1.15
0.77

227
244

228
82

252
113

163
206

237
147

319
91

219

204

185

378

488

598

1258
436
1943

413
62
1196

Source: Veterinary Epidemiology center

Table 10.5 : Infection Cases by Disease

Infection Diseases
Malaria
Total Slide Examination
Total Positive
Kala-azar
Number of Patient
Death due to Kala-azar
Tuberculosis
TB case finding rate(%)
Treatment Success Rate (Percent)
Leprosy
New Case Detection Rate/10,000
Prevalence Rate/10,000
Other Transmitting Diseases
ARI reported Deaths
Total Diarrhoeal deaths
Incidence of diarrhoea /1000 < 5 year
population

5691

Note: ARI= Acute Respiratory Tract Infection

Source: Department of Health Services, Annual Report, 2004/05 -2009/10

- 144 -

Appendices

Appendix I:
List of Environmental Related Policies, Acts and Rules
A) Instruments Having Environment Friendly Policies:
1. Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007(2063)
2. Environment Conservation Policy, 2044 (1988)
3. Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2050 (1993)
4. Wildlife Protection, Fertility and Research Policy, 2060 (2004)
5. Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization)
6. Tenth Plan 2000/01
B) Acts Having Environment Friendly Provisions:
1. Ancient Monuments Protection Act,1956
2. Civil Aviation Act, 1958
3. Aquatic Animals Protection Act, 1960
4. Plant Protection Act, 1964
5. National Parks & Wild Life Conservation Act, 1973
6. Public Road Act, 1974
7. Trust Corporation Act, 1976
8. Tourism Act, 1978
9. Nature Conservation Trust Act, 1982
10. Soil & Watershed Conservation Act, 1982
11. Nepal Petroleum Act, 1983
12. Nepal Electricity Authority Act, 1984
13. Mines & Mineral Act, 1985
14. Pashupati Area Development Trust Act, 1987
15. Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization) Act, 1987
16. Town Development Act, 1988
17. Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act, 1988
18. Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989
19. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990
20. Pesticides Act, 1991
21. Local Self-government Act 1992
22. Water Resources Act, 1992
23. Forest Act, 1993
24. Electricity Act, 1992
25. Motor Vehicle & Transportation Management Act, 1992
26. Labour Act, 1992
27. Industrial Enterprises Act, 1992
28. Nepal Tourism Board Act, 1996
29. Environment Protection Act, 1996
C) Rules:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

National Parks & Wild Life Conservation Rules, 1973

Plant Protection Rules, 1974
Wild Life Reserve Rules, 1977
Himalayan National Park Rules, 1979
Mountaineering Rules, 1979
Nature Conservation Trust Rules, 1984
Petroleum Rules, 1984
Khaptad National Park Rules, 1987
Ancient Monuments Protection Rules, 1989
Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization) Rules, 1989
Water Resources Rules, 1993
Pesticides Rules, 1993
Labour Rules, 1993

- 147 -

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

Electricity Rules, 1993

Forest Rules, 1995
Buffer Zone Management Rules, 1995
Bardiya National Park Rules, 1996
Conservation Area Management Rules, 1996
Vehicle & Transportation Management Rules, 1997
Environment Protection Rules, 1997
Labour Rules, 1993
Local Self-government Rules 1993

Source: Ministry of Population and Environment, State of the Environment, Nepal, 2001,

- 148 -

Appendix II:
Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003 (SEEA 2003)
SEEA 2003 is a satellite system of the System of National Accounts that brings together economic and
environmental information in a common framework to measure the contribution of the environment to the
economy and the impact of the economy on the environment. It provides policy-makers with indicators and
descriptive statistics to monitor these interactions as well as a database for strategic planning and policy analysis
to identify more sustainable paths of development.
The SEEA 2003 comprises four categories of accounts:
x
Flow accounts for pollution, energy and materials (Chapters 3 and 4). These accounts provide
information at the industry level about the use of energy and materials as inputs to production and the generation
of pollutants and solid waste.
x
Environmental protection and resource management expenditure accounts (Chapters 5 and 6).
These accounts identify expenditures incurred by industry, government and households to protect the
environment or to manage natural resources. They take those elements of the existing SNA which are relevant to
the good management of the environment and show how the environment-related transactions can be made more
explicit.
x
Natural resource asset accounts (Chapters 7 and 8). These accounts record stocks and changes in
stocks of natural resources such as land, fish, forest, water and minerals.
x
Valuation of non-market flow and environmentally adjusted aggregates (Chapters 9 and 10). This
component presents non-market valuation techniques and their applicability in answering specific policy
questions. It discusses the calculation of several macroeconomic aggregates adjusted for depletion and
degradation costs and their advantages and disadvantages. It also considers adjustments concerning the socalled defensive expenditures.
The revision was undertaken under the joint responsibility of the United Nations, Eurostat, IMF, OECD and the
World Bank. Much of the work was done by the London Group on Environmental Accounting.
Source: United Nations, Statistics Division (Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003)

- 149 -

Appendix III:
List of Conventions Signed and/or Ratified by the Government of Nepal
S. N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13(a)
13(b)
13(c)
14
15
16
17
18
19

Name of Convention

Ratification

UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries

Experiencing Serious Drought and / or Desertification
Particularly in Africa,1994
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
Convention on Biodiversity Diversity May 22,1992 Bio-safety
Protocol
Agreement on the Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia and
the Pacific Region,1988
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially
as Waterfowl habitat, 1971
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 1973
Plant Protection Agreement for the South East Asia and Pacific
Region ( as amended ) 1956
Convention on the High Seas,1958
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Test in the Atmosphere, in
outer Space and Sea-bed 1963
Treaty on Prohibition of the Emplacement Nuclear Weapons
and Other Weapons of Mass destruction on the Sea-bed and
the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof 1971
Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage, 1972
International Agreement for Tropical Timber (ITTA),1983
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ,
1985
Montreal Protocol substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
( Montreal Protocol ), 1987
London Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances
that Deplete the Ozone Layer ( London Agreement), 1990
Basel Convention on the Control of Tran boundary Movements
of Hazardous Wastes (Basel Convention), 1989 .
Treaty on Principals Governing the activities of State in the
Exploration and Use of Outer Space including and Other the
Moon Celestial Bodies, 1967
Kyoto Protocol
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping
of Wastes and Other Matter, 1972
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Prior Informed Consent Convention

Entry into Force

in Nepal

10 Sept, 1996
2 May, 1994

13 Jan, 1997
31 Jul, 1994

23 Nov,1993

21 Feb, 1994
4 Jan,1990

17 Dec ,1975

17 Apr,1988

18 June, 1975

16 Sep,1975

12 Aug,1965
28 Dec, 1962

12 Aug,1965
27 Jan,1963

7 Oct, 1964

7 Oct, 1964

6 Jul, 1971

18 May, 1972

21 Jun,19785

20 Sept, 1978
3 Jul ,1990

6 Apr, 1994

4 Oct,1994

6 Jul, 1994

4 Oct,1994

6 Jul, 1994

4 Oct,1994

15 Aug, 1996

13 Jan, 1997

16 Sept,2005

10 Oct, 1967
14 Dec, 205

2006
2006

1 Jan,1973
2002
2002

Signed
1
2
3
4

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and stockpiling of

Bacteriological and Toxic Weapons and on their Destruction,1972
United Nations on the Law of the Sea, 1982
Convention on Fishing and Convention of the Living Resources of the High Sea,
1958.
Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958.

Source: Ministry of Population and Environment (A journal of the Environment).

- 150 -

10 Apr,1972
10 Dec,1982
29 Apr,1958
29 Apr,1958

Appendix IV:
United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities,
assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and encourages sustainable
development through sound environmental practices. It was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference
on the Human Environment in June 1972 and has its headquarters in Nairobi,Kenya. UNEP also has six regional
offices and various country offices.
UNEP is the designated authority of the United Nations system in environmental issues at the global and regional
level. Its mandate is to coordinate the development of environmental policy consensus by keeping the global
environment under review and bringing emerging issues to the attention of governments and the international
community for action. The mandate and objectives of UNEP emanate from United Nations General Assembly
resolution 2997 (XXVII) of 15 December 1972 and subsequent amendments adopted at UNCED in 1992, the
Nairobi Declaration on the Role and Mandate of UNEP, adopted at the Nineteenth Session of the UNEP
Governing Council, and the Malmo Ministerial Declaration of 31 May 2000.
Its activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. It has
played a significant role in developing international environmental conventions, promoting environmental science
and information and illustrating the way those can work in conjunction with policy, working on the development
and implementation of policy with national governments and regional institution and working in conjunction with
environmental Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). UNEP has also been active in funding and
implementing environmentally related development projects.
UNEP has aided in the development of guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in
potentially harmful chemicals, transboundary air pollution, and contamination of international waterways. The
World Meteorological Organization and the UNEP established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) in 1988. UNEP is also one of several Implementing Agencies for the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
Structure
UNEP's Governing Council consists of a total of 58 member states which serve three-year terms. These seats are
allocated according to geographical regions. The Governing Council is the primary developer of policy guidelines
for UN environmental programs and plays a diplomatic role in promoting cooperation between UN member states
on environmental issues. The UNEP secretariat consists of 890 staff members, roughly 500 of which are
international staff while the remaining are hired locally. The Secretariat is the body which oversees the
implementation of UNEP policies and programs and is responsible for the annual budget which totals around
$105 million (US) and is almost entirely earned from member states. The implementation of UNEP's work is done
by the following 7 Divisions:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Early Warning and Assessment

Environmental Policy Implementation
Technology, Industry and Economics
Regional Cooperation
Environmental Law and Conventions
Global Environment Facility Coordination
Communications and Public Information

Executive Director
UNEP's current Executive Director is Achim Steiner, who succeeded previous director Klaus Tpfer in 2006. Dr
Tpfer served two consecutive terms, beginning in February 1998. On 15 March 2006, the former SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, Kofi Annan (currently Ban Ki Moon), nominated Achim Steiner, former Director
General of the IUCN to the position of Executive Director. One day later, the UN General Assembly followed
Annan's proposal and elected him [2]. However, the nomination raised questions regarding conflict of interest
after it was revealed that Steiner had (previous to his nomination by Annan) served as a judge on a panel that

- 151 -

awarded the $500,000 Dubai prize to Mr. Annan. The London-based Financial Times reported that the
appointment "has prompted new questions about what standards should apply to senior U.N. officials to avoid
conflicts of interest". The position was held for 17 years (1975-1992) by Dr. Mostafa Kamal Tolba, who was
instrumental in bringing environmental considerations to the forefront of global thinking and action. Under his
leadership, UNEP's most widely acclaimed success - the historic 1987 agreement to protect the ozone layer - the
Montreal Protocol was negotiated.
During December 1972, the UN General Assembly unanimously elected Maurice Strong to head UNEP. Also
Secretary General of both the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which launched the
world environment movement, and the 1992 Earth Summit, Strong has played a critical role is globalizing the
environmental movement.
International Years
The year 2007 was declared (International) Year of the Dolphin by the United Nations and UNEP. The UN
Convention on Migratory Species, together with its specialized agreements on dolphin conservation ACCOBAMS
and ASCOBANS and the WDCS (Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society) have proposed 2007 as the Year of
the Dolphin ('YOD')) (International) Patron of the Year of the Dolphin is H.S.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco, with
[2]
Special Ambassador to the cause being Nick Carter, of The Backstreet Boys. (See international observance and
list of environmental dates.)
Reports
UNEP publishes many reports, atlases and newsletters. For instance, the fourth Global Environment Outlook
(GEO-4) assessment is a comprehensive report on environment, development and human well-being, providing
analysis and information for policy makers and the concerned public. One of many points in the GEO-4 warns that
we are living far beyond our means. It notes that the human population is now so large that the amount of
resources needed to sustain it exceeds what is available. Humanitys environmental demand, or ecological
footprint, is 21.9 hectares per person while the Earths biological capacity is, on average, only 15.7 ha/person.
Famous World projects
UNEP has sponsored the development of solar loan programs, with attractive return rates, to buffer the initial
deployment costs and entice consumers to consider and purchase solar PV systems. The most famous example
is the solar loan program sponsored by UNEP helping 100,000 people finance solar power systems in India.[4]
Success in India's solar program has led to similar projects in other parts of developing world like Tunisia,
Morocco, Indonesia and Mexico.
UNEP sponsors the Marshlands project in Middle East that helps to protect the largest marshland in Middle East.
In 2001, UNEP alerted the international community to the destruction of the Marshlands when it released satellite
images showing that 90 percent of the Marshlands had already been lost. The UNEP "support for Environmental
Management of the Iraqi Marshland" commenced in August 2004, in order to manage the Marshland area in an
environmentally sound manner.[5]
Glaciers shrinking
Glaciers are shrinking at record rates and many could disappear within decades, the U.N. Environment Program
said on March 16, 2008. The scientists measuring the health of almost 30 glaciers around the world found that ice
loss reached record levels in 2006. On average, the glaciers shrank by 4.9 feet in 2006, the most recent year for
which data are available. The most severe loss was recorded at Norway's Breidalblikkbrea glacier, which shrank
10.2 feet in 2006. Glaciers lost an average of about a foot of ice a year between 1980 and 1999. But since the
turn of the millennium the average loss has increased to about 20 inches

- 152 -

Appendix V:
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Agenda 21)
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Having met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14
June 1992,
Reaffirming the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, adopted at Stockholm
on 16 June 1972, a/ and seeking to build upon it,
With the goal of establishing a new and equitable global partnership through the creation of new levels of
cooperation among States, key sectors of societies and people,
Working towards international agreements which respect the interests of all and protect the integrity of the global
environmental and developmental system,
Recognizing the integral and interdependent nature of the Earth, our home,
Proclaims that:
Principle 1
Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and
productive life in harmony with nature.
Principle 2
States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the
sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies,
and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the
environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
Principle 3
The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of
present and future generations.
Principle 4
In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the
development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.
Principle 5
All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable
requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better
meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world.
Principle 6
The special situation and needs of developing countries, particularly the least developed and those most
environmentally vulnerable, shall be given special priority. International actions in the field of environment and
development should also address the interests and needs of all countries.
Principle 7
States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of
the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have
common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear
in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global
environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command.
Principle 8
To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate
unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies.

- 153 -

Principle 9
States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous capacity-building for sustainable development by improving
scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the
development, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies.
Principle 10
Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the
national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is
held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and
the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public
awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and
administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.
Principle 11
States shall enact effective environmental legislation. Environmental standards, management objectives and
priorities should reflect the environmental and developmental context to which they apply. Standards applied
by some countries may be inappropriate and of unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in
particular developing countries.
Principle 12
States should cooperate to promote a supportive and open international economic system that would lead to
economic growth and sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of environmental
degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes should not constitute a means of arbitrary or
unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal with
environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country should be avoided. Environmental
measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an
international consensus.
Principle 13
States shall develop national law regarding liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other
environmental damage. States shall also cooperate in an expeditious and more determined manner to develop
further international law regarding liability and compensation for adverse effects of environmental damage caused
by activities within their jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction.
Principle 14
States should effectively cooperate to discourage or prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of any
activities and substances that cause severe environmental degradation or are found to be harmful to human
health.
Principle 15
In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to
their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not
be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Principle 16
National authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of
economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of
pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment.
Principle 17
Environmental impact assessment, as a national instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are
likely to have a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent
national authority.
Principle 18
States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters or other emergencies that are likely to
produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of those States. Every effort shall be made by the
international community to help States so afflicted.

- 154 -

Principle 19
States shall provide prior and timely notification and relevant information to potentially affected States on activities
that may have a significant adverse transboundary environmental effect and shall consult with those States at an
early stage and in good faith.
Principle 20
Women have a vital role in environmental management and development. Their full participation is therefore
essential to achieve sustainable development.
Principle 21
The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth of the world should be mobilized to forge a global partnership in
order to achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for all.
Principle 22
Indigenous people and their communities and other local communities have a vital role in environmental
management and development because of their knowledge and traditional practices. States should recognize and
duly support their identity, culture and interests and enable their effective participation in the achievement of
sustainable development.
Principle 23
The environment and natural resources of people under oppression, domination and occupation shall be
protected.
Principle 24
Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law
providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as
necessary.
Principle 25
Peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.
Principle 26
States shall resolve all their environmental disputes peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations.
Principle 27
States and people shall cooperate in good faith and in a spirit of partnership in the fulfillment of the principles
embodied in this Declaration and in the further development of international law in the field of sustainable
development.
Source: Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 5-16 June 1972 (United Nations publication,
Sales No. E.73.II.A.14 and corrigendum), chap. I.

- 155 -

Appendix VI:
International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Rev 4
A. Agriculture, forestry and fishing
01 Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities
02. Forestry and logging
03. Fishing and aquaculture
B. Mining and quarrying
05. Mining of coal and lignite
06. Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
07. Mining of metal ores
08. Other mining and quarrying
09. Mining support service activities
C.

Manufacturing
10. Manufacture of food products
11. Manufacturing of beverages
12. Manufacture of tobacco products
13. Manufacture of textiles
14. Manufacture of wearing apparel
15. Manufacture of leather and related products
16. Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture;
manufacture of articles and straw and plaiting materials
17. Manufacture of paper and paper products
18. Printing and reproduction of recorded media
19. Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
20. Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
21. Manufacture of pharmaceuticals medicinal chemical and botanical products
22. Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
23. Manufacture of other non - metallic mineral products
24. Manufacturer of basic metals
25. Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
26. Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
27. Manufacture of electrical equipment
28. Manufacture of machinery and equipment n .e .c
29. Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi - trailers
30. Manufacture of other transport equipment
31. Manufacture of furniture
32. Other manufacturing
33. Repair and installation of machinery and equipment

D. Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply

35. Electricity, gas, team and air conditioning supply
E. Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
36. Water collection, treatment and supply
37. Sewerage
38. Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery
39. Remediation activities and other waste management services
F. Construction
41. Construction of buildings
42. Civil engineering
43. Specialized construction activities
G. Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
45. Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
46. Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
47. Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles

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H. Transportation and storage

49. Land transport and transport via pipelines
50. Water transport
51. Air transport
52. Warehousing and support activities for transportation
53. Postal and courier activities
I.

Accommodation and food service activities

55. Accommodation
56. Food and beverage service activities

J. Information and communication

58. Publishing activities
59. Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and
music publishing activities)
60. Programming and broadcasting activities
61. Telecommunications
62. Computer programming, consultancy and related activities
63. Information services activities
K. Financial and insurance activities
64. Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding
65. Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding except compulsory social security
66. Activities auxiliary to financial service and insurance activities
L. Real estate activities
68. Real estate activities
M. Professional, scientific and technical activities
69. Legal and accounting activities
70. Activities of head office; management consultancy activities
71. Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis
72. Scientific research and development
73. Advertising, market research
74. Other professional, scientific and technique activities
75. Veterinary activities
N. Administrative and support service activities
77. Rental and leasing activities
78. Employment activities
79. Travel agency, tour operator, reservation service and related activities
80. Security and Investigation activities
81. Service to buildings and landscape activities
82. Office administrative, office support and other business support activities
O. Public administration and defense; compulsory social security
84. Public administration and defense; compulsory social security
P. Education
85. Education
Q. Human health and social work activities
86. Human health activities
87. Residential care activities
88. Social work activities without accommodation
R. Arts, entertainment and recreation
90. Creative, arts and entertainment activities
91. Libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural activities
92. Gambling and betting activities
93. Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities
S. Other service activities
94. Activities of membership organizations

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95. Repair of computers and personal and household goods

96. Other personal service activities
T. Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing
activities of households for own use
97. Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel
98. Undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of private households for
own use
U. Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies
99. Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies
Source: United Nations Statistics Division

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Appendix VII:
Central Product Classification (CPC), Ver. 2
0. Agriculture, forestry and fishery products
01 Products of agriculture, horticulture and market gardening
02 Live animals and animal products (excluding meat)
03 Forestry and logging products
04 Fish and other fishing products
1. Ores and minerals; electricity, gas and water
11 Coal and lignite; peat
12 Crude petroleum and natural gas
13 Uranium and thorium ores and concentrates
14 Metal ores
15 Stone, sand and clay
16 Other minerals
17 Electricity, town gas, steam and hot water
18 Natural water
2. Food products, beverages and tobacco; textiles, apparel and leather products
21 Meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, oils and fats
22 Dairy products and egg products
23 Grain mill products, starches and starch products; other food products
24 Beverages
25 Tobacco products
26 Yarn and thread; woven and tufted textile fabrics
27 Textile articles other than apparel
28 Knitted or crocheted fabrics; wearing apparel
29 Leather and leather products; footwear
3. Other transportable goods, except metal products, machinery and equipment
31 Products of wood, cork, straw and plaiting materials
32 Pulp, paper and paper products; printed matter and related articles
33 Coke oven products; refined petroleum products; nuclear fuel
34 Basic chemicals
35 Other chemical products; man-made fibers
36 Rubber and plastics products
37 Glass and glass products and other nonmetallic products n.e.c.
38 Furniture; other transportable goods n.e.c.
39 Wastes or scraps
4. Metal products, machinery and equipment
41 Basic metals
42 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment
43 General-purpose machinery
44 Special-purpose machinery
45 Office, accounting and computing machinery
46 Electrical machinery and apparatus
47 Radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus
48 Medical appliances, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks
49 Transport equipment

5. Constructions and construction services

53 Constructions
54 Construction services

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6. Distributive trade services; accommodation, food and beverage serving services;

transport services; and electricity, gas and water distribution services
61 Wholesale trade services
62 Retail trade services
63 Accommodation, food and beverage services
64 Passenger transport services
65 Freight transport services
66 Rental services of transport vehicles with operators
67 Supporting transport services
68 Postal and courier services
69 Electricity, gas and water distribution (on own account)
7. Financial and related services; real estate services; and rental and leasing services
71 Financial and related services
72 Real estate services
73 Leasing or rental services without operator
8. Business and production services
81 Research and development services
82 Legal and accounting services
83 Other professional, technical and business services
84 Telecommunications, broadcasting and information supply services
85 Support services
86 Support services to agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing, mining and utilities
87 Maintenance, repair and installation (except construction) services
88 Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others
89 Other manufacturing services; publishing, printing and reproduction services; materials
recovery services
9. Community, social and personal services
91 Public administration and other services provided to the community as a whole; compulsory
social security services
92 Education services
93 Human health and social care services
94 Sewage and waste collection, treatment and disposal and other environmental protection
services
95 Services of membership organizations
96 Recreational, cultural and sporting services
97 Other services
98 Domestic services
99 Services provided by extraterritorial organizations and bodies
Source: United Nations Statistics Division

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Appendix VIII:
Classification of Functions of Government (COFOG)
01 - General public services
01.1 - Executive and legislative organs, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs
01.2 - Foreign economic aid
01.3 - General services
01.4 - Basic research
01.5 - R&D General public services
01.6 - General public services n.e.c.
01.7 - Public debt transactions
01.8 - Transfers of a general character between different levels of government
02 - Defence
02.1 - Military defence
02.2 - Civil defence
02.3 - Foreign military aid
02.4 - R&D Defence
02.5 - Defence n.e.c.
03 - Public order and safety
03.1 - Police services
03.2 - Fire-protection services
03.3 - Law courts
03.4 - Prisons
03.5 - R&D Public order and safety
03.6 - Public order and safety n.e.c.
04 - Economic affairs
04.1 - General economic, commercial and labour affairs
04.2 - Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
04.3 - Fuel and energy
04.4 - Mining, manufacturing and construction
04.5 - Transport
04.6 - Communication
04.7 - Other industries
04.8 - R&D Economic affairs
04.9 - Economic affairs n.e.c.
05 - Environmental protection
05.1 - Waste management
05.2 - Waste water management
05.3 - Pollution abatement
05.4 - Protection of biodiversity and landscape
05.5 - R&D Environnemental protection
05.6 - Environnemental protection n.e.c.
06 - Housing and community amenities
06.1 - Housing development
06.2 - Community development
06.3 - Water supply
06.4 - Street lighting
06.5 - R&D Housing and community amenities
06.6 - Housing and community amenities n.e.c.

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07 - Health
07.1 - Medical products, appliances and equipment
07.2 - Outpatient services
07.3 - Hospital services
07.4 - Public health services
07.5 - R&D Health
07.6 - Health n.e.c.
08 - Recreation, culture and religion
08.1 - Recreational and sporting services
08.2 - Cultural services
08.3 - Broadcasting and publishing services
08.4 - Religious and other community services
08.5 - R&D Recreation, culture and religion
08.6 - Recreation, culture and religion n.e.c.
09 - Education
09.1 - Pre-primary and primary education
09.2 - Secondary education
09.3 - Post-secondary non-tertiary education
09.4 - Tertiary education
09.5 - Education not definable by level
09.6 - Subsidiary services to education
09.7 - R&D Education
09.8 - Education n.e.c.
10 - Social protection
10.1 - Sickness and disability
10.2 - Old age
10.3 - Survivors
10.4 - Family and children
10.5 - Unemployment
10.6 - Housing
10.7 - Social exclusion n.e.c.
10.8 - R&D Social protection
10.9 - Social protection n.e.c.

Source : United Nations Statistics Division

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Appendix IX:
Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP)
01-12 - Individual consumption expenditure of households
01 - Food and non-alcoholic beverages
01.1 - Food
01.2 - Non-alcoholic beverages
02 - Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics
02.1 - Alcoholic beverages
02.2 - Tobacco
02.3 - Narcotics
03 - Clothing and footwear
03.1 - Clothing
03.2 - Footwear
04 - Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels
04.1 - Actual rentals for housing
04.2 - Imputed rentals for housing
04.3 - Maintenance and repair of the dwelling
04.4 - Water supply and miscellaneous services relating to the dwelling
04.5 - Electricity, gas and other fuels
05 - Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance
05.1 - Furniture and furnishings, carpets and other floor coverings
05.2 - Household textiles
05.3 - Household appliances
05.4 - Glassware, tableware and household utensils
05.5 - Tools and equipment for house and garden
05.6 - Goods and services for routine household maintenance
06 - Health
06.1 - Medical products, appliances and equipment
06.2 - Outpatient services
06.3 - Hospital services
07 - Transport
07.1 - Purchase of vehicles
07.2 - Operation of personal transport equipment
07.3 - Transport services
08 - Communication
08.1 - Postal services
08.2 - Telephone and telefax equipment
08.3 - Telephone and telefax services
09 - Recreation and culture
09.1 - Audio-visual, photographic and information processing equipment
09.2 - Other major durables for recreation and culture
09.3 - Other recreational items and equipment, gardens and pets
09.4 - Recreational and cultural services
09.5 - Newspapers, books and stationery
09.6 - Package holidays

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10 - Education
10.1 - Pre-primary and primary education
10.2 - Secondary education
10.3 - Post-secondary non-tertiary education
10.4 - Tertiary education
10.5 - Education not definable by level
11 - Restaurants and hotels
11.1 - Catering services
11.2 - Accommodation services
12 - Miscellaneous goods and services
12.1 - Personal care
12.2 - Prostitution
12.3 - Personal effects n.e.c.
12.4 - Social protection
12.5 - Insurance
12.6 - Financial services n.e.c.
12.7 - Other services n.e.c.
13 - Individual consumption expenditure of non-profit institutions serving
households (NPISHs)
13.1 - Housing
13.2 - Health
13.3 - Recreation and culture
13.4 - Education
13.5 - Social protection
13.6 - Other services
14 - Individual consumption expenditure of general government
14.1 - Housing
14.2 - Health
14.3 - Recreation and culture
14.4 - Education
14.5 - Social protection
Source: United Nations Statistics Division

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Appendix X:
Classification of the Purposes of Non-Profit Institutions (COPNI)

01 - Housing
01.0 - Housing
02 - Health
02.1 - Medical products, appliances and equipment
02.2 - Outpatient services
02.3 - Hospital services
02.4 - Public health services
02.5 - R&D Health
02.6 - Other health services
03 - Recreation and culture
03.1 - Recreational and sporting services
03.2 - Cultural services
04 - Education
04.1 - Pre-primary and primary education
04.2 - Secondary education
04.3 - Post-secondary non-tertiary education
04.4 - Tertiary education
04.5 - Education not definable by level
04.6 - R&D Education
04.7 - Other educational services
05 - Social protection
05.1 - Social protection services
05.2 - R&D Social protection
06 - Religion
06.0 - Religion
07 - Political parties, labour and professional organizations
07.1 - Services of political parties
07.2 - Services of labour organizations
07.3 - Services of professional organizations
08 - Environmental protection
08.1 - Environmental protection services
08.2 - R&D Environmental protection
09 - Services n.e.c.
09.1 - Services n.e.c.
09.2 - R&D Services n.e.c.

Source: United Nations, Statistics Division

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Appendix XI:
Classification of the Outlays of Producers according to Purpose (COPP)
01 Outlays on Infrastructure
01.1 Outlays on Road and Land Construction and Improvement
01.2 Outlays on Engineering and Related Technological work
01.3 Outlays on Information Management
02 Outlays on Research and Development
02.1 Outlays on Research and Experimental Development on Natural Science and
Engineering
02.2 Outlays on Research and Experimental Development on Social Science and
Humanities
03 Outlays on Environmental Protection
03.1 Outlays on Protection of Ambient Air and Climate
03.2 Outlays on Waste Water Management
02.3 Outlays on Waste Management
03.4 Outlays Protection of Soil and Ground Water
03.5 Outlays on protection of Noise and Vibration Abatement
03.6 Outlays on protection of biodiversity and landscape
03.7 Outlays on Environmental protection n.e.c.
04 Outlays on Marketing
04.1 Outlays on Direct Sales Efforts
04.2 Outlays on Advertising
04.3 Outlays on Marketing n.e.c
05 Outlays on Human Resource Development
05.1 Outlays on Education and Training
05.2 Outlays on Health
05.3 Outlays on Social Services
06 Outlays on Current Production Programs, Administration and Management
06.1 Outlays on Current Production Programs
06.2 Outlays on External Transportation
06.3 Outlays on Safety and Security
06.4 Outlays on Management and Administration
Source: United Nations Statistics Division

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Appendix XII:
SEEA Asset Classification
EA.1 Natural resources
EA.11 Mineral and energy resources
EA.111 Fossil fuels (cubic meters, tons, tons of oil equivalent, joules)
EA.112 Metallic minerals (tons)
EA.113 Non-metallic minerals (tons)
EA.12 Soil resources (cubic meters, tons) Not applicable
EA.121 Agricultural
EA.122 Non-agricultural
EA.13 Water resources (cubic meters)
EA.131 Surface water Not applicable
EA.132 Groundwater
EA.14 Biological resources
EA.141 Timber resources (cubic meters)
EA.142 Crop and plant resources, other than timber (cubic meters, tons, number)
EA.143 Aquatic resources (tons, number)
EA.144 Animal resources, other than aquatic (number)
EA.2 Land and surface water (hectares) of which, recreational land
EA.21 Land underlying buildings and structures
EA.211 In urban areas
EA.212 Outside urban areas
EA.22 Agricultural land and associated surface water
EA.221 Cultivated land
EA.222 Pasture land
EA.223 Other agricultural land
EA.23 Wooded land and associated surface water
EA.231 Forested land
EA.232 Other wooded land
EA.24 Major water bodies
EA.241 Lakes
EA.242 Rivers
EA.243 Wetlands
EA.244 Artificial reservoirs
EA.25 Other land (Part of AN.2119)
EA.251 Prairie and grassland
EA.252 Tundra
EA.253 Sparsely vegetated/barren land
EA.254 Permanent snow and ice
EA.3 Ecosystems [14, 15] Not applicable
EA.31 Terrestrial ecosystems
EA.311 Urban ecosystems
EA.312 Agricultural ecosystems
EA.313 Forest ecosystems
EA.314 Prairie and grassland ecosystems
EA.315 Tundra ecosystems
EA.316 Dry land ecosystems
EA.317 Other terrestrial ecosystems

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EA.32 Aquatic ecosystems

EA.321 Marine ecosystems
EA.322 Coastal ecosystems
EA.323 Riverine ecosystems
EA.324 Lacustrine ecosystems
EA.325 Other aquatic ecosystems
EA.33 Atmospheric systems
EA.M Memorandum item: intangible environmental assets
EA.M1 Mineral exploration (AN.1121) Not applicable
EA.M2 Transferable licenses and concessions for the exploitation of natural resources
EA.M3 Tradable permits allowing the emission of residuals
EA.M4 Other intangible non-produced environmental assets
Source :United Nations Statistics Division

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Appendix XIII:
Classification of Environmental Protection Activities and Expenditure (CEPA 2000)
1. Protection of ambient air and climate
1.1 Prevention of air pollution through in-process modifications
1.1.1 For the protection of ambient air
1.1.2 For the protection of climate and ozone layer
1.2 Treatment of exhaust gases and ventilation air
1.2.1 For the protection of ambient air
1.2.2 For the protection of climate and ozone layer
1.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
1.4 Other activities
2. Waste-water management
2.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications
2.2 Sewerage networks
2.3 Waste-water treatment
2.4 Treatment of cooling water
2.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
2.6 Other activities
3. Waste management
3.1 Prevention of pollution through in-process modifications
3.2 Collection and transport
3.3 Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste
3.3.1 Thermal treatment
3.3.2 Landfill
3.3.3 Other treatment and disposal
3.4 Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous waste
3.4.1 Incineration
3.4.2 Landfill
3.4.3 Other treatment and disposal
3.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
3.6 Other activities
4. Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water
4.1 Prevention of pollutant infiltration
4.2 Cleaning up of soil and water bodies
4.3 Protection of soil from erosion and other physical degradation
4.4 Prevention and remediation of soil salinity
4.5 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
4.6 Other activities
5. Noise and vibration abatement (excluding workplace protection)
5.1 Preventive in-process modifications at the source
5.1.1 Road and rail traffic
5.1.2 Air traffic
5.1.3 Industrial and other noise
5.2. Construction of anti-noise/anti-vibration facilities
5.2.1 Road and rail traffic
5.2.2 Air traffic
5.2.3 Industrial and other noise
5.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
5.4 Other activities
6. Protection of biodiversity and landscape
6.1 Protection of species
6.2 Protection of natural and semi-natural landscapes

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6.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like

6.4 Other activities
7. Protection against radiation (excluding external safety)
7.1 Protection of ambient media
7.2 Transport and treatment of high level radioactive waste
7.3 Measurement, control, laboratories and the like
7.4 Other activities
8. Research and development
8.1 Protection of ambient air and climate
8.1.1 Protection of ambient air
8.1.2 Protection of atmosphere and climate
8.2 Protection of water
8.3 Waste
8.4 Protection of soil and groundwater
8.5 Abatement of noise and vibration
8.6 Protection of species and habitats
8.7 Protection against radiation
8.8 Other research on the environment
9. Other environmental protection activities
9.1 General environmental administration and management
9.1.1 General administration, regulation and the like
9.1.2 Environmental management
9.2 Education, training and information
9.3 Activities leading to indivisible expenditure
9.4 Activities not elsewhere classified
Source: United Nations Statistics Division

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Appendix XIV:
MDG Indicators
All indicators should be disaggregated by sex and urban/rural as far as possible.
Effective 15 January 2008
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)

Indicators for monitoring progress

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

i

Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people 1.1 Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) per day
whose income is less than one dollar a day
1.2 Poverty gap ratio
1.3 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption
Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work 1.4 Growth rate of GDP per person employed
for all, including women and young people
1.5 Employment-to-population ratio
1.6 Proportion of employed people living below $1 (PPP) per day
1.7 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total
employment
Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people 1.8 Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age
who suffer from hunger
1.9 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy
consumption
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and
girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling

2.1
2.2

Net enrolment ratio in primary education

2.3

Literacy rate of 15-24 year-olds, women and men

3.1
3.2
3.3

Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education

4.1
4.2
4.3

Under-five mortality rate

Target 5.A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the
maternal mortality ratio

5.1
5.2

Maternal mortality ratio

Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive

health

5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of

primary

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015

Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the
under-five mortality rate

Infant mortality rate

Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Adolescent birth rate

Antenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits)
Unmet need for family planning

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of 6.1 HIV prevalence among population aged 15-24 years
HIV/AIDS
6.2 Condom use at last high-risk sex
6.3 Proportion of population aged 15-24 years with comprehensive
correct knowledge of HIV/AIDS
6.4 Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of nonorphans aged 10-14 years

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)
Target 6.B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for
HIV/AIDS for all those who need it

Indicators for monitoring progress

6.5 Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to
antiretroviral drugs

Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence 6.6 Incidence and death rates associated with malaria
of malaria and other major diseases
6.7 Proportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated
bednets
6.8 Proportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with
appropriate anti-malarial drugs
6.9 Incidence, prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis
6.10 Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly
observed treatment short course
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into 7.1 Proportion of land area covered by forest
country policies and programmes and reverse the loss 7.2 CO emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
2
of environmental resources
7.3 Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a
significant reduction in the rate of loss

7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits

Proportion of total water resources used
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
Proportion of species threatened with extinction

Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without

sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation

7.8 Proportion of population using an improved drinking water source

7.9 Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility

Target 7.D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in

the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

7.10 Proportion of urban population living in slumsii

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system
Includes a commitment to good governance,
development and poverty reduction both nationally
and internationally

Some of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least
developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and
small island developing States.
Official development assistance (ODA)
8.1 Net ODA, total and to the least developed countries, as percentage
of OECD/DAC donors gross national income
8.2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC
Target 8.B: Address the special needs of the least developed
donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health
countries
care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)
8.3 Proportion of bilateral official development assistance of OECD/DAC
Includes:
tariff and quota free access for the least developed
donors that is untied
countries' exports; enhanced programme of debt relief
8.4 ODA received in landlocked developing countries as a proportion of
for heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) and
their gross national incomes
cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more
generous ODA for countries committed to poverty
8.5 ODA received in small island developing States as a proportion of
reduction
their gross national incomes
Market access
Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing
8.6 Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and
countries and small island developing States (through
excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed
the Programme of Action for the Sustainable
countries, admitted free of duty
Development of Small Island Developing States and
8.7 Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural
the outcome of the twenty-second special session of
products and textiles and clothing from developing countries
the General Assembly)
8.8 Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of
their gross domestic product
8.9 Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacity

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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goals and Targets
(from the Millennium Declaration)

Indicators for monitoring progress

Debt sustainability
Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of
8.10 Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision
developing countries through national and international measures in
points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points
order to make debt sustainable in the long term
(cumulative)
8.11 Debt relief committed under HIPC and MDRI Initiatives
8.12 Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services
Target 8.E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide
access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries

8.13 Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on

a sustainable basis

Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the 8.14Telephone lines per 100 population
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
8.15 Cellular subscribers per 100 population
communications
8.16 Internet users per 100 population

The Millennium Development Goals and targets come from the Millennium Declaration, signed by 189 countries, including 147 heads of State
and Government, in September 2000 (http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm) and from further agreement by member states
at the 2005 World Summit (Resolution adopted by the General Assembly - A/RES/60/1,
http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/RES/60/1). The goals and targets are interrelated and should be seen as a whole. They
represent a partnership between the developed countries and the developing countries to create an environment at the national and global
levels alike which is conducive to development and the elimination of poverty.
i

For monitoring country poverty trends, indicators based on national poverty lines should be used, where available.
The actual proportion of people living in slums is measured by a proxy, represented by the urban population living in households with at least one of the
four characteristics: (a) lack of access to improved water supply; (b) lack of access to improved sanitation; (c) overcrowding (3 or more persons per room);
and (d) dwellings
made of non-durable material.
ii

Source: Millennium Development Goals,2008

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Appendix: XV

Glossary
Abiotic: non- living, e.g. rocks or minerals.
Abatement: technology applied or measure taken to reduce pollution and/or its impacts on the environment. The
most commonly used technologies are scrubbers, noise mufflers, filters, incinerators, waste-water treatment
facilities and composting of wastes.
Agenda 21: the plan of action to achieve sustainable development that was adopted by world leaders at the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992.
Algae: simple non-vascular plants with unicellular organs of reproduction. Algae are found in fresh and salt water.
They range from unicellular forms, usually microscopic, to multi cellular forms up to 30 m in length.
Afforestation: artificial establishment of forests by planting or seeding in an area of non-forest land.
Acidification: increase of hydrogen ions, usually expressed as the pH value of environmental media.
Airborne Disease: disease that is generally transmitted by nasopharyngeal discharges and by respiratory
secretions, through coughing and sneezing, though it may also be conveyed through close contact. Respiratory
diseases include the common childhood infections, measles, whooping cough, chickenpox, mumps, diphtheria
and acute sore throat, as well as diseases of the respiratory tract, influenza and other acute viral infections, the
pneumonias, and pulmonary tuberculosis (WHO, 1992).
Air Pollution: the presence of contaminant of pollutant substances in the air that do not disperse properly and
that interferes with human health of welfare, or produces other harmful environmental effects.
Air Pollution Index (API) : quantitative measure that describes ambient air quality. The index is obtained by
combining figures for various air pollutants into a single measurement.
Air Quality Standards: levels of air pollutants prescribed by regulations that may not be exceeded during a
specified time in a defined area.
Air Pollutants: substances in air that could, at high enough concentrations, harm human beings, animals,
vegetation or material. Air pollutants may thus include forms of matter of almost any natural or artificial
composition capable of being airborne. They may consist of solid particles, liquid droplets or gases, or
combinations of these forms. See also hazardous air pollutants.
Acid Precipitation / Rain: any form of precipitation (rain, snow, hail or fog) whose acidity has been increased
through the uptake of acid pollutants from the air.
Alternate Energy: energy sources other than the traditional forest product and commercial energy items. They
are: Direct Solar Insulation, Wind, Micro-hydro, Geothermal, Bio-gas plants.
Assets: Assets are entities that must be owned by some unit, or units, and which economic benefits are derived
by their owner(s) by holding or using them over the period of time.
Ambient: surrounding, environmental.
Annual Average: average of concentrations measured over one year.
Annual Rainfall (mm): total rainfall in a year
Average Daily Sunshine Hours: average of daily sunshine hours measured over one year.

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Acidity: acidity as applied to water is defined as the quantitative capacity of aqueous media to react with hydroxyl
ions. The determination of acidity may provide an index of the severity of pollution or may indicate the probable
behavior of water in treatment processes.
Alkalinity: the alkalinity of a solution may be defined as the capacity for solutes it contains to react with and
neutralize acid. In water the alkalinity is produced by the dissolved carbon dioxide species, bicarbonate and
carbonate. There are three types of alkalinity methyl-orange alkalinity, total alkalinity, and phenolphthalein
alkalinity.
Ammonia: the term ammonia includes the non-ionized ammonia molecule and ionized ammonium ion species.
Ammonia in water is an indicator of possible bacterial, sewage and animal waste pollution. No health related
guidance value for drinking water has been set by WHO but concentration above 1.5 mg/l creates odour and taste
problems.
Aquifer: underground geologic formation, or group of formation, containing ground water that can supply wells
and springs.
Amphibians: class of cold-blooded vertebrates comprising frogs. They live both in water and on land. Most
amphibians have to become temporarily aquatic for the purpose of reproduction.
Angiosperm: flowering plants, which produce one or more seeds enclosed in a fruit.
Bacteria: single- celled micro-organisms. Some are useful in pollution control because they break down the
organic matter in water and land. Other bacteria may cause disease.
Baseline: The baseline (or reference) is any datum against which change is measured. It might be a current
baseline in which case it presents observable present-day condition. It might also be a future baseline ,which is
a projected future set of condition excluding the driving facer of interest Alternative interpretation of the reference
conditions can give rise to multiple baseline.
Base Period: the period that provides the weights for an index is described as the base period
Biodiversity: the range of genetic differences, species difference and ecosystem difference in a given area.
Biomass: total living weight (generally in dry weight) of all living organisms in a particular area or habitat. It is
sometimes expressed as weight per unit area of land or per unit volume of water.
Bryophytes: non-vascular and non-flowering plants comprising mosses and liverworts, widely distributed on
moist soil and rocks.
Biological diversity: the variety of life forms: the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they
contain, and the ecosystems they form. It is usually considered at three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity
and ecosystems diversity.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): the biochemical oxygen demand is the mass of dissolved molecular
oxygen, which is needed by micro organisms for the aerobic oxidation of organic substances to CO2 and water.
Generally in water analysis BOD is determined at 20oc with 5 days incubation period. It depends on the amount
of organic substances present in water and is useful in expressing stream pollution load. Generally, effluents
having BOD value greater than 4 mg/l are not allowed to be discharged into water courses.
Bio-gas: mixture of methane and carbon dioxide in the ratio of 7:3 that is produced by the treatment of animal
dung, industrial wastes and crop residues. It is used as an alternative source of energy.
Biogeography: the scientific study of the geographic distribution of organisms.
Biota: All the organisms, including animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms in a given area.

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Chromosome: body found in the nucleus of living cells, composed mainly of DNA and protein, in a linear
sequence of genes, Exchange of genes during sexual reproduction is facilitated by splitting of chromosomes
during fertilization.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2): It is a chemical compound consisting of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. A
colorless, odorless, non-poisonous gas, which results from fossil fuel combustion and burning of materials, and is
normally a part of ambient air.
Carbon Monoxide (CO): It is a chemical compound consisting of one atom of carbon and one atom of oxygen. It
is a colorless and odorless gas formed whenever carbon or substances containing carbon are burned with an
insufficient air supply (incomplete fuel combustion). It is poisonous to all warm-blooded animals and to many other
forms of life. Automobile - exhaust gases contain harmful quantities of carbon monoxide.
Catchments Area: area from which rainwater drains into river system, lakes and seas.
Climate: Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather or more rigorously as the statistical
description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to
thousands of millions of years. These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature,
precipitation and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state including a statistical description of the climate
system. The classical period of time is 30 years, as defined the World Meteorological (WMO).
Climate change: Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using
statistical test) by changed in the mean and /or the variability of its properties, and that persists or extended
period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes of external forcing,
or to persistent anthropogenic change in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
Community Soil: It is a practice of managing the conservation of soil erosion or soil quality by community
participation.
Consumption: consumption is an activity in which institutional units use up goods or service, consumption can be
either intermediate or final
Chloro-fluorocarbons (CFCs): inert, non-toxic and easily liquefied chemicals used in refrigeration, airconditioning, packaging and insulation or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Because CFCs are not destroyed
in the lower atmosphere, they drift into the upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone.
They are also among the greenhouse gases that may affect climate change. See also aerosol propellant.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): chemical oxygen demand (COD) is used as a measure of the oxygen
equivalent of the organic matter content of a sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant.
It is a measure of the total amount of oxygen required for oxidation of waste to CO2 and water and is used to
determine pollution or oxidizable material loads quickly.
Coliform: coli form organisms are defined as Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non- sporing bacteria capable of
growing in the presence of bile salts or other surface - active agents and of fermenting lactose within 48 hours at
35-37oC. This group of bacteria includes organisms originating from intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and
also from soil and vegetation. Its presence in water indicates probable contamination from human waste. Recent
health related WHO guideline value for drinking water does not permit the presence of even a single coliform
bacterium in drinking water.
Color: the term color is used to mean true color, that is, the color of water from which turbidity has been removed.
Color in water may result from the presence of natural metallic ions (iron & manganese) humus and peat
materials, plankton, weeds, and industrial wastes.
Dicotyledon: flowering plants with two seed leaves in embryo plant. Includes many forest and fruit trees, food
plants and ornamentals.
Decibel (dB): unit of sound measurement on a logarithmic scale, with sound approximately doubling in loudness
for every increase of 10 decibels.

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Dust: particles light enough to be suspended in air.

Deforestation: clearing of tree formations and their replacement by non-forest land uses.
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, chief constituent of chromosomes.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): fhe genetic material of most living organisms, which is a major constituent of the
chromosomes within the cell nucleus and plays a central role in the determination of hereditary characteristics by
controlling protein synthesis in cells.
Degraded Land (natural): land deteriorated through a reduction in soil depth or quality as a result of water or
wind erosion, landslides or water logging etc. This excludes land in the process of desertification.
Degraded Land (man made): this refers to the land deteriorated through a reduction in soil depth or quality as a
result of deforestation, de-vegetation faulty irrigation system, excessive chemical fertilizers in localized area,
unwise use of marginal land, road building in the hills etc. This also excluded land in the process of desertification.
Denudation: 1. erosion by rain, frost, wind or water of the solid matter of the earth. The term often implies the
removal of soil down to the bedrock; 2. Removal, by natural or artificial means, of all vegetation and organic
matter.
Depletion (in natural resource accounting): for renewable resources, the part of the harvest, logging, catch and
so forth above the sustainable level of the resource stock; for non-renewable resources, the quantity of resources
extracted. In the SNA it is defined as the reduction in value of deposits of subsoil assets, natural forests, fish
stocks in the open seas and other non-cultivated biological resources as a result of the physical removal and
using up of the assets.
Drop Out Rate: the percent of children entering a level of education who do not successfully complete that level
in due course.
Domestic Output: domestic output is output produced by residence enterprises.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO): dissolved oxygen is an important parameter of water quality. The water when comes in
contact with air dissolves oxygen depending on, or according to atmospheric pressure, the temperature, and the
content of dissolved salts. Its presence is essential to maintain the higher forms of biological life and the effect of
a waste discharged on a river is largely determined by the oxygen balance of the system. Aquatic animals require
certain amounts of DO depending upon their species, stage of development, level of activity and the water
temperature.
Domestic Waste: domestic waste consists of solid and liquid wastes originating from residential, commercial and
institutional buildings. These are both biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
Environment: the totality of all the external conditions affecting the life, development and survival of an organism.
Environmental Assets: all natural assets which are not economic assets. Environmental assets are nonproduced natural assets that do not function as providers of natural resource inputs into production but as
providers of environmental services of waste absorption, ecological functions such as habitat or flood and climate
control, and other non-economic amenities such as health and aesthetical values. See natural assets.
Environmental Costs: cost connected with the actual or potential deterioration of natural assets due to economic
activities. Such costs can be viewed from two different perspectives, namely as (a) costs caused, that is, costs
associated with economic units actually or potentially causing environmental deterioration by their own activities
or as (b) costs borne, that is, costs incurred by economic units independently of whether they have actually
caused the environmental impacts.
Environmental Expenditures: capital and current expenditures related to characteristic activities and facilities
specified in classifications of environmental protection activities.

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Environmental Impact: direct effect of socio-economic activities and natural events on the components of the
environment.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): analytical process that systematically examines the possible
environmental consequences of the implementation of projects, programmes and policies.
Environmental Indicator: parameter, or a value derived from parameters that points to, provides information
about and/or describes the state of the environment, and has a significance extending beyond that directly
associated with any given parametric value. The term may encompass indicators of environmental pressures,
conditions and responses (OECD, 1994).
Environmental Media: abiotic components of the natural environment, namely, air, water and land.
Environmental Protection: any activity to maintain or restore the quality of environmental media through
preventing the emission of pollutants or reducing the presence of polluting substances in environmental media.
Environmental taxes: a tax whose tax base is in physical unit (or a proxy of it) that has a proven negative impact
on the environment.
Environmental Statistics: statistics that describe the state and trends of the environment, covering the media of
the natural environment (air/climate, water, land/soil) the biota within the media and human settlement.
Environment statistics are integrative in nature, measuring human activities and natural events that affect the
environment, the impacts of these activities and events, social responses to environment impacts and the quality
and availability of natural assets. Broad definition includes environmental indicators, indices and accounting.
Environmental Accounting: the term usually refers to environment auditing, but may also include the costing of
environmental impacts caused by the corporation.
Ecology: totality or pattern of relationships between organisms and their environment.
Exotic: species introduced from one locality to another locality.
Ecosystem: a dynamic complex of plant, animal, fungal and microorganism communities unit.
Ecological processes: which play an essential part in maintaining ecosystem integrity. Four fundamental
ecological processes are the cycling of water, the cycling of nutrients, the flow of energy, and biodiversity ( as an
expression of the process of evolution).
Emission: discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources such as smokestacks, other vents,
surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities and mobile sources, for example, motor vehicles, locomotives
and aircraft.
Endemic Disease: disease that is only, or regularly, found among a specified population or in a specified locality.
Effluent: liquid waste product (whether treated or untreated) discharged from an industrial process or human
activity that is discharged into the environment.
Eutrophication: when water bodies like lakes, reservoirs streams, & estuaries receive effluents rich in nutrients
(phosphorous and nitrogen) growth of water plants (algae) is stimulated as a result of which deoxygenating of the
water, major ecological changes, increase in turbidity, increase in rate of sedimentation occur. An insidious form
of water pollution that causes progressive deterioration of water resources on a wide
scale by the overabundance of plant life as a result of over enrichment with the nutrients is known as
Eutrophication.
Earthquake: sudden shaking or trembling of the earth caused by faulting or volcanic activity.
Ecoregion / eco-zone: homogeneous area of one or more ecosystems that interact with relatively self-contained
human activities.

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Erosion: wearing away of the land by running water, rainfall, wind, ice or other geological agents, including such
processes as detachment, entrainment, suspension, transportation and mass movement. Geologically, erosion is
defined as the process that slowly shapes hillsides, allowing the formation of soil cover from the weathering of
rocks and from alluvial and colluvial deposits. Erosion is often intensified by land-clearing human activities related
to farming, resident and industrial development and it has as effect increasing run-offs, decline of arable layers,
siltation in lakes, lagoons and oceans.
Environmental Disease: disease that is, at least in part, caused or aggravated by living conditions, climate and
water supply or other environmental conditions. Environmental factors that may affect health include
psychological, biological, physical and accident-related factors. Environmental diseases include in particular
communicable diseases, such as respiratory diseases, and vector-borne diseases such as malaria,
schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis. See also airborne disease and waterborne disease.
Epidemic: widespread outbreak of a disease that affects a large number of individuals at a particular time.
Enrollment Ratio ( gross ): the ratio of the number of students, regardless of age, enrolled at a particular level of
education to population of specified age.
Enrollment Ratio ( net ): the ratio of the number of students specified age enrolled in a level of education to total
population of that age for the level.
Endangered: plant and animal species which are under threat and likely to become extinct if casual factors
continue operating. They may be abundant over their range but are endangered because of such factors as
habitat deterioration, trade or the onset of disease.
Endemic: plants or animals prevalent in or peculiar to a particular locality, region or people.
Extinct Species: the endangered or threatened plant and animal species lost for ever because of their habitat
being destroyed through a change in land use or some use for them resulted in mass slaughter/over use or
export.
Family: a taxonomic group of genera, which have certain characteristics in common.
Fauna: all of the animals found in a given area.
Flora: all of the plants found in a given area.
Fungi: simple plants including moulds and mushrooms with thread like cells and without green chlorophyll. Fungi
have no roots, stem, or leaves like flowering plants and ferns.
Forested Land: these are areas of forest vegetation, having at least of ten percent crown covers, which also
includes small pockets of plantation and burned areas.
Faecal Coliform: faucal coli forms are that part of the coli form group which is present in the intestines and
faeces of warm-blooded animals. These bacteria are capable of producing gas from lactose and form blue
colonies within 24 hours when incubated at 44.5oC 0.2oC on M-FC medium. It should be nil in potable water
according to WHO guideline.
Global Warming: phenomenon believed to occur as a result of the build-up of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases. It has been identified by many scientists as a major global environmental threat. See also
greenhouse effect.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): gross domestic product is a measure of net aggregate of the total value of
output produced within the boundary of a country or territory in a specified period of time.
Greenhouse Effect: warming of the earth's atmosphere caused by a build-up of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse or trace gases that act like a pane of glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to pass through and
heat the earth but preventing a counterbalancing loss of heat radiation.

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Genus (genera). a category used in the classification of organisms that consists of a number of closely related
species.
Gene: hereditary factor, transmitted from generation to generation of plants and animals, that is responsible for
the determination of a particular characteristic, for example, color, height or sex.
Gymnosperm: Plants that have naked seeds, which form an intermediate group between the cryptogams and the
angiosperms. Examples: cicadas and conifers. They are primitive seed plants with many fossil representatives.
Gross National Product (GNP): gross national product is the sum of GDP and net factor income from abroad.
Gross Saving: gross saving is gross disposable income less final consumption expenditure
Green GDP: popular term for environmentally adjusted gross domestic product. See also environmentally
adjusted net domestic product.
Herbs: plant with soft stem that dies down to the ground after each season's growth, as distinguished from shrubs
and trees. Also any plant used as a medicine or seasoning, e.g. thyme, surpentine.
Herbarium Identification: collection of preserved plant specimens for scientific study or research and reference
purposes.
Hydroxyl Ion: a hydroxyl ion consists of one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen and carries one unit of
negative charge.
Habitat: the place type of site where an organism naturally occurs.
Human Settlements: integrative concept that comprises (a) physical components of shelter and infrastructure
and (b) services to which the physical elements provide support, that is to say, community services such as
education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition.
Hardness: this is the property of water, which prevents lather formation with soap and produces scale in
pipelines. It is due mainly to dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. Carbonate hardness (temporary hardness) is
due to the presence of these metals associated with bicarbonate while non-carbonate hardness (permanent
hardness) is due to the presence of these metals associated with sulphate/chloride or nitrate.
Hazardous Waste: hazardous wastes include toxic chemicals, biological and medical wastes, flammable wastes,
corrosive wastes, radioactive wastes, and explosives. They usually are produced in industrial operations or in
technical institutions.
Hazen: the Hazen scale, which is also known as platinum-cobalt units, is generally used in the determination of
color in water samples
Hydrological cycle: water cycle, involving the exchange of water between the atmosphere, water-bodies, the
Earth's crust and living organisms. Operates on a global to microcosm level.
Homology: the condition of being homologous. Homologous refers to organs of structures deriving from the
same evolutionary origins. For example, the forelimb of a quadruped, the human arm and the wing of a bird are
said to be homologous.
Industrial Wastes: solid, liquid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products.
Infant Mortality Rate: the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births during a
year.
Incinerator: furnace for burning wastes under controlled conditions.

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Lichens: species formed from the symbiotic association of algae and fungi. Commonly occur on tree - trunks, old
walls, on the ground, exposed rocks. They are the primary colonizers of bare areas.
Landslide: downward mass movement of earth or rock on unstable slopes.
Land Use / Classification: land categories, reflecting quality classes, capability classes or grade, depending
upon the characteristics of the land and/or its potential for agricultural use.
Land Degradation: reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain-fed
cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest or woodlands resulting from natural processes, land uses or
other human activities and habitation patterns such as land contamination, soil erosion and the destruction of the
vegetation cover.
Land Affected by Desertification (man made): the area of land which is in the degrading process by the
removal of forest vegetation, grassland vegetation and other natural resources.
Lead (Pb): a heavy metal whose compounds are highly poisonous to health. It is used enormous quantities in
storage batteries, paints, sheathing electric cables, lining pipes etc. Lead compound is the chief constituent of
gasoline and is considered a significant contributor to air pollution.
Life Expectancy at Birth: the expected number of years for a new born baby would live if prevailing patterns of
mortality at the time of its birth would remain the same throughout its life.
Labour Force Participation: the ratio of population who are employed and seeking employment in the age group
15-64 to total population in working age.
Literacy Rate: percent literate population 6 years and above. " Literate Person " is the one who can read and
write with understanding simple notes of every day life
Monocotyledons: flowering plants having single seed leaf (cotyledon) in the seed.
Major Anions: anions generally found in significant concentrations in natural waters are known as major anions.
These include ions of carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, and chloride.
Major Cations: cations generally found in significant concentrations in natural waters are known as major
cations. These include ions of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium.
Methane (CH4): colorless and odorless gas composed of one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen. It is
non-poisonous and flammable gaseous hydrocarbon created by anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds.
It occurs in natural gas, as fire damp in coal mines, and as a product of decomposition in swamps.
Mercury: heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if breathed or swallowed.
Monthly Average Wind Speed (km/hr): average of the daily wind speed in a month.
Monthly Mean Temperature: it is the mean temperature of the month calculated from all daily means of months,
where daily mean temperature is the average mean of maximum and minimum temperature in a day.
Monthly Rainfall (mm): total rainfall in each month of a year.
Maternal mortality Rate: the annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy related causes per 1,00,000
live births.
National Park: A legally established area for the conservation, management and utilization of flora and fauna,
and landscape, together with natural environment.
Nutrient: substance, element or compound necessary for the growth and development of plants and animals.

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National Accounting: physical and monetary accounts of environmental assets and the costs of their depletion
and degradation;
Natural Resources: natural assets (raw materials) occurring in nature that can be used for economic production
or consumption. See also renewable natural resources and non-renewable natural resources.
Nitrogen Oxides (Nox): these are compounds of nitrogen and oxygen combined in various ratios. The major
human-caused source of NO2 is fuel combustion in motor vehicles, utility and industrial boilers. The gas is toxic in
high concentrations, a lung irritant and lowering resistance to respiratory infection. It is a major contributor to acid
deposition and the formation of ground level ozone in troposphere.
Natural Disaster: sudden calamitous such as earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruptions, cyclones and
landslide, of ongoing misfortune as in conditions of processes such as drought and desertification.
Noise: audible sound from traffic, construction and so on that may generate unpleasant and harmful effects
(hearing loss). It is measured in decibels.
Normal: The name given to the average value over a period of years of any meteorological element such as
pressure, temperature, rainfall, etc. World Meteorological Organization defined the average period as 30 years.
Currently 1971-2000 is as the normal period.
Noise Pollution: sound of excessive levels that may be detrimental to human health.
Nutrients: Nutrients include phosphorous, nitrogen, carbon, and silica in their various chemical forms. The
degree of eutrophication in lakes is dependent largely on nutrient concentrations in the lake waters.
Nitrates: already cover in Water Resources component. In the context of soil, it is nitrogenous fertilizer in the
form of nitrate.
N.P.K. Content in Soil: N.P.K. stands for nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium compounds, which are also
called nutrients as these compounds are essential for growing crops and, hence, are added to soil in the form of
fertilizers.
Ozone (O3): pungent, colorless, toxic gas that contains three atoms of oxygen in each molecule. It occurs
naturally at a concentration of about 0.01 parts per million (p.p.m.) of air. Levels of 0.1 p.p.m. are considered to be
toxic. In the stratosphere, ozone provides a protective layer shielding the earth from the harmful effects of
ultraviolet radiation on human beings and other biota. In the troposphere, it is a major component of
photochemical smog, which seriously affects the human respiratory system.
Other Lands: this refers to his land type which is catch-all for other uses of land and may include rocky areas,
lakes, ponds, water ways or settlements etc.
Ozone Depletion: destruction of ozone in the stratosphere, where it shields the earth from harmful ultraviolet
radiation. Its destruction is caused by chemical reactions in which oxides of hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and
bromine act as catalysts.
Organism: any living plant, animal or human being.
Organic Constituents: there are the substances found in water which have originated from organic sources or
which have organic nature (e.g. hydrocarbons, pesticides etc.).
Pesticide: any substance or mixture of substances that is used to prevent, destroy or control pests - including
vectors of human or animal disease, and unwanted species of plants or animals. Pesticides may cause harm
during, or otherwise interfere with, the production, processing, storage, transport or marketing of food, agricultural
commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs - or that may be administered to animals so as to
control insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies.
Popualtion-land ratio : a measure to express population pressure on land i.e. population divided by land area
(sq. km.).

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Protected Area: a legally established area for achieving specific conservation objectives.
Pteridophytes: non-flowering vascular plants with root stem and leave e.g. ferns, horsetails. Widely distributed
group attaining its development in the tropics.
Peak Daily Average: the highest 24-hour (daily) average concentration level of average daily concentration
levels measured over one year.
Peak 1-Hour Average: the highest one-hour average concentration of all one-hour average concentrations
monitored for one year.
Peak 8-Hour Average: The highest 8-hour average of all 8-hour average concentrations measured over one
year. p.p.m./p.p.b./p.p.t. (parts per million/parts per billion/parts per trillion), measures of the concentrations of
pollutants in air, water, soil, human tissue, food or other products.
pH Value: measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid. A pH value in the range of 0 to 7 indicates acidity, a pH
value in the range of 7 to 14 indicates alkalinity, and a pH value of 7 signifies neutrality.
Pollutant: substance that is present in concentrations that may harm organisms (humans, plants and animals) or
exceed an environmental quality standard.
Pollution: 1. presence of substances and heat in environmental media (air, water, land) whose nature, location,
or quantity produces undesirable environmental effects; 2. activity that generates pollutants.
pH: It is used as a measuring unit of the intensity of acidity or alkalinity of a sample. In other words, the pH is
defined as the negative logarithm of molar hydrogen-ion activity or hydrogen-ion concentration (in dilute
solutions).
Population Density: total number of inhabitants per square unit of surface area.
Price: The price of a goods or service is the value of one unit of a particular goods or service.
Production: Production is a physical process, carried out under the responsibility, control and management of an
institutional unit, in which labour and assets are used to transform inputs of goods and service into output of other
goods and service.
Potable Water: water that is safe for drinking and cooking according to defined standards.
Pollution Abatement: technology applied or measure taken to reduce pollution and/or its impacts on the
environment. The most commonly used technologies are scrubbers, noise mufflers, filters, incinerators, wastewater treatment facilities and composting of wastes.
Recombination: the rearrangement of genes that occurs when reproductive cells
Red Data Book: a document containing information on threatened, rare or endangered species in a given habitat.
Residual: amount of a pollutant that remains in the environment after a natural or technological process has
taken place.
Richter Scale: scale with a range extending from 0 to 10 for measuring the strength of an earthquake.
Rare Species: species occurring in small populations throughout its range. They are sparsely distributed over a
large area. They may be endangered or threatened with extinction if their regeneration or reproduction is slow.
Relative Humidity: It is defined as a ratio of actual water vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure and is
expressed in percentage. It is the measure of the water vapor content in the air.

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Sustainable Development: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). It
assumes the conservation of natural assets for future growth and development
System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA): satellite system of the System of
National Accounts (SNA) proposed by the United Nations (1993a) for the incorporation of environment concerns
(environmental costs, benefits and assets) into national accounts.
Shrub: low, perennial woody plants with several permanent stems branching from or near ground rather than
single trunk, usually less than 6 m high at maturity.
Selection: natural selection is the differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic
types belonging to the same populations.
Species: a group of organisms capable of interbreeding freely with each other but not with members of other
species.
Sanitation: improvement of environmental conditions in households that affect human health by means of
drainage and disposal of sewage and refuse.
Sewage: organic wastes and wastes water produce by residential and commercial establishments.
Sulphate (SO4): sulphate ion consists of one atom of sulphur and four atoms of oxygen and carries two negative
charge. Sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere ultimately gets converted into sulphate particles, and it combines with
moisture in the air to form sulphuric acid (precursor to acid rain).
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): A heavy, pungent with suffocating odour, colourless gas formed primarily by the
combustion of fossil fuels such as gas, petroleum and coal. It constitutes one of the most troublesome air
pollutants. In moist air it is slowly oxidized to sulphuric acid. It is harmful to human beings and vegetation and
contributes to acidity in rain. It may be responsible for the decay of buildings and monuments.
Suspended Solid Particles or Suspended Particulate Matter: It consists of particles of a wide range of sizes
varying from greater than 100 m to less than 0.1 m. Particles larger than 10 m mainly consists of dust, coarse dirt
and fly ashes which settle rapidly. Small particles less than 10 m remain much longer in the air as Suspended
Particulate Matter (SPM). Human - caused sources include a variety of combustion sources (vehicles, dryers),
wood stoves, field burning, and dusts from mining, roads and construction. It causes breathing and respiratory
symptoms (diseases) and premature mortality. Other effects are soiling and corrosion of building materials.
Soil pH: Already covered in Water Resources component. pH is measured in the aqueous extract of the soil.
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) Component: Already covered in Water Resources.
Solid Waste: useless and sometimes hazardous material with low liquid content. Solid wastes include municipal
garbage, industrial and commercial waste, sewage sludge, wastes resulting from agricultural and animal
husbandry operations and other connected activities, demolition wastes and mining residues.
Solid Waste Disposal: ultimate disposition or placement of refuse that is not salvaged or recycled.
Saving: saving is a disposal income less final consumption expenditure (or adjusted disposable income less
actual final consumption )
Solid Waste Management: supervised handling of waste material from generation at the source through the
recovery processes to disposal.
Tolerance: 1. ability of an organism to endure unfavorable environmental conditions; 2. amount of a chemical in
food considered safe for humans or animals.
Threatened: species having low fecundity (offspring production rate) or prone to extinction in human-dominated
landscapes.

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Toxic Substances: substances, which cause adverse effects on living organisms

mercury etc.)

(e. g. pesticides, arsenic,

Traffic Density: number of vehicles per km of road length in a given area..

Total Fertility Rate: the average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her life time if
she were to bear children at each age in accordance with prevailing age-specific fertility rate.
Turbidity: the presence of suspended and /or colloidal substance give liquid a cloudy appearance, which is,
knows as turbidity. No health based guidance value for turbidity has been proposed but it makes the water
unattractive and possibly harmful.
Taxon (pl.taxa ): the named classification unit to which individuals, or sets of species, are assigned, such as
species, genus, order etc.
Value added tax (VAT): a value added tax (VAT) is a tax on products collected in spot by enterprises
Vulnerable Species: taxa of various types, including (a) taxa believed likely to move into the "endangered"
category in the near future if the relevant causal factors continue to operate. These factors may include
overexploitation, extensive destruction of habitat and other environmental disturbances, (b) taxa with populations
that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate security has not yet been assured and (c) taxa with
populations that are still abundant but are under threat from severe adverse factors throughout their range.
Weather: day-to-day or sometimes even instantaneous changes of atmospheric conditions over a given place or
area. In contrast, climate encompasses the statistical ensemble of all weather conditions during a long period of
time over that place or area. Atmospheric conditions are measured by the meteorological parameters of air
temperature, barometric pressure, wind velocity, humidity, clouds and precipitation.
Waste-water Treatment: process to render waste water fit to meet environmental standards or other quality
norms. Three broad types of treatment may be distinguished.
Water Quality: physical, chemical, biological and organoleptic (taste-related) properties of water.
Water Quality Index: weighted average of selected ambient concentrations of pollutants usually linked to water
quality classes.
Wetland: area of low-lying land where the water table is at or near the surface most of the time. Wetlands include
swamps, bogs, fens, marshes and estuaries.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG): absence of population growth in which equal birth and death rates create a
stable human population.

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