Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MAT 295
Chapter 2
Partial
derivatives
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
2.1 Introduction
Chapter 2 will continue the discussion on functions of two variables. In the
remainder of this chapter the differentiation for functions of more than one
variable will be looked into. The process of differentiation requires one of the
variables to be changed at a time, while the remaining variable(s) are held
fixed. In other words, what should be done if only one or more than one of the
variables need to be changed?
f ( x, y )
f1 D1f Dx f
x x
x
f y ( x, y ) f y
f ( x, y )
f2 D2f Dy f
y y
y
23
MAT 295
Definition
If z f ( x, y ) , then the first partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y are
the functions f x and fy respectively defined by
f ( x x, y ) f ( x, y )
x
x 0
f x ( x, y ) lim
f ( x, y y ) f ( x, y )
y
y 0
f y ( x, y ) lim
Example 1
Use the definition of partial derivatives to find
f ( x, y ) x 2 y
Solution
f
f ( x x, y ) f ( x, y )
lim
x x 0
x
( x x )2 y ( x 2 y )
x
x 0
lim
x 2 2 xx ( x )2 y x 2 y
x
x 0
x 2 x x
lim
x
x 0
lim
24
f
x
and
f
y
given
MAT 295
f
lim 2 x x
x x 0
2x
f
f ( x, y y ) f ( x, y )
lim
y y 0
y
x 2 y y x 2 y
y
y 0
lim
x 2 y y x 2 y
y
y 0
y
lim
y 0 y
1
lim
Example 2
Use the definition of partial derivatives to find f x ( x, y ) and f y ( x, y ) if
f ( x, y ) x 3 y 2 .
Solution
f
f ( x x, y ) f ( x, y )
lim
x x 0
x
( x x )3 y 2 x 3 y 2
x
x 0
lim
lim
x 0
3 x 2 x 3 x ( x )2 ( x )3 y 2 x 3 y 2
x
x 3 y 2 3 x 2 y 2 x 3 xy 2 ( x )2 y 2 ( x )3 x 3 y 2
x
x 0
lim
3 x 2 y 2 x 3 xy 2 ( x )2 y 2 ( x )3
x
x 0
lim
lim
3x y
x 0
2 2
3 xy 2 x y 2 ( x )2 x
x
lim 3 x 2 y 2 3 xy 2 x y 2 ( x )2
x 0
2 2
3x y
f
f ( x, y y ) f ( x, y )
lim
y y 0
y
x 3 y y 2 x 3 y 2
y
y 0
lim
25
MAT 295
f
x 3 y 2 2yy y 2 x 3 y 2
lim
y y 0
y
x 3 y 2 2 x 3 yy x 3 y 2 x 3 y 2
y
y 0
lim
2 x 3 yy x 3 y 2
y
y 0
lim
x 3 2y y y
y
y 0
lim
lim x 3 2y y
y 0
2x 3 y
Warm up exercise
Use the definition of partial derivatives to find
f
f
and
y
x
given f ( x, y ) x xy
2.3 Interpretation
The partial derivatives of a function of two variables, z f ( x, y ) , have a
useful geometric interpretation. If y y 0 , then z f ( x0 , y 0 ) represents the
curve formed by intersecting the surface z f ( x, y ) with the plane y y 0 .
Therefore,
f ( x0 x, y 0 ) f ( x0 , y 0 )
x
x 0
f x ( x0 , y 0 ) lim
fy ( x0 , y 0 ) lim
26
MAT 295
f
f
and
at the point x0 , y 0 , z0 denotes the
y
x
z
fy= f(a,b)
fx = f(a,b)
(a, b,f(a,b))
(a, b,f(a,b))
y
L2
L1
Figure 2.1
z
z = f(x, y)
y
(a, b, 0)
L2
L1
Figure 2.2
Note:
The curve above line L1 has slope fx(a, b) at point P
The curve above line L2 has slope fy(a, b) at point P
Example 3
Find the slopes of the surface given by
f ( x, y ) 1 ( x 1)2 ( y 2)2
MAT 295
Solution
fx ( x, y ) 2( x 1) and
At the point (1, 2, 1), the slopes in the x- and y-directions are
f x (1,2) 2(1 1) 0
and
fy (1,2) 2(2 2) 0 .
Example 4
If f ( x, y ) 4 x 2 2y 2 , find
f x (1,1) and
fy (1,1)
numbers as slopes.
Solution
z
represents the rate
x
z
represents
y
Example 5
The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a and b and included
angle is given by A ab sin as shown in Figure 2.3.
28
MAT 295
.
6
.
6
a A ab sin
a sin
Figure 2.3
Solution
a) To find the rate of change of the area with respect to a, hold b and
constant and differentiate with respect to a to obtain
A
b sin
a
A
20 sin 10
a
6
b) To find the rate of change of the area with respect to , hold a and b
constant and differentiate with respect to to obtain
A
ab cos
Warm up exercise
If f ( x, y ) x xy , find f x (1,1) and fy (1,1) and interpret these numbers
as slopes.
29
MAT 295
Differentiating a function
1.
d
c 0 ,
dx
w here c is a constant
2.
d n
x nx n 1 ,
dx
w here n is a constant
3.
d
ln x 1
dx
x
11.
d
cos ec x (cos ec x )(cot x )
dx
4.
d
log b x 1 . log b e
dx
x
12.
d
cot x cos ec 2 x
dx
5.
d x
e ex
dx
13.
d
1
sin1 x
dx
1 x 2
6.
d x
c c x ln c ,
dx
w here c is a constant
14.
d
1
cos 1 x
dx
1 x 2
7.
d
sin x cos x
dx
15.
d
1
tan 1 x
dx
1 x 2
9.
d
tan x sec 2 x
dx
10.
d
sec x sec x. tan x
dx
d
cos x sin x
8. dx
Table 2.1
Steps : Differentiate functions of two variables
Identify function : f ( x, y )
Identify changed variable : x or y
Consider the function as a function of a single
variable
Differentiate the function with respect to the
identified variable
30
Example 6
Find fx and fy for the given functions:
a)
f ( x, y ) y
c) f ( x, y ) x 4 y
b)
f ( x, y ) 3 x 2
d) f ( x, y ) 3 xy
Solution
a)
fx
y 0
x
b)
fx
3x 2 6x
x
c)
fx
4
x y 4x 3 y
x
d)
fx
fy
y 1
y
fy
3x 2 0
y
fy
4
x y x4
y
3xy
fy
3 xy 2
1
1
3 xy 2 3 y
2
1
3 y
2 3 xy
3xy
3 xy 2
23 xy 2
3y
1
1
3 xy 2 3 x
2
1
3 x
fx
23 xy 2
fy
3y
2 3 xy
3x
2 3 xy
3x
2 3 xy
Example 7
Find
f
f
and
for the given functions:
y
x
a)
f ( x, y ) sin x
c) f ( x, y ) ln( x 4 y )
b)
f ( x, y ) e3y
d) f ( x, y ) tan(8xy )
Solution
a)
fx
sin x cos x
x
fy
31
sin x 0
y
MAT 295
fy
3y
e
3e 3 y
y
ln x 4 y 4 x 3 y
x
fy
4
x y x4
y
3xy
fy
b)
fx
3y
e
0
x
c)
fx
d)
fx
3 xy 2
1
1
3 xy 2 3 y
2
1
3 y
2 3 xy
3xy
3 xy 2
23 xy 2
3y
1
1
3 xy 2 3 x
2
1
3 x
MAT 295
23 xy 2
3y
2 3 xy
3x
2 3 xy
3x
2 3 xy
Warm up exercise
Find f x and f y for the given functions.
f ( x, y ) 3x
(iii) f ( x, y ) cos xy
(ii) f ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y 2
(iv) f ( x, y ) ln( xy 2 )
(i)
32
1.
d
c 0 ; c is a constant
dx
5.
d
f ( x ) df
dx
dx
4.
d
f ( x ) g( x ) df df
dx
dx dx
d
f ( x )g( x ) df g( x ) f ( x ) dg
dx
dx
dx
df
df
g( x ) f ( x )
d f ( x ) dx
dx
6.
2
dx g ( x )
g ( x )
d n
2.
x nx n 1
dx
3.
MAT 295
7.
d
f g( x ) df dg
dx
dx dx
Table 2.2
Table 2.3 illustrates the derivatives of a function with chain rule.
1.
d
u n n(u )n 1. d (u ) ,
dx
dx
w here n is a constant
8.
d
tan( u ) sec 2 ( u ). d ( u )
dx
dx
2.
d
ln( u ) 1 . d ( u )
dx
( u ) dx
9.
d
sex(u ) sec(u ). tan(u ) . d (u )
dx
dx
d
log b (u )
dx
3.
1
d
. log b e . (u )
(u )
dx
4.
10.
d
cos ec (u )
dx
(cos ec (u ))(cot(u )).
d (u )
d
e
e( u ) . ( u )
dx
dx
d (u )
d
c
c (u ) ln c .
(u) ,
5. dx
dx
w here c is a constant
d
(u )
dx
11.
d
cot(u ) cos ec 2 (u ). d (u )
dx
dx
12.
d
1
d
sin1( u )
.
(u )
2 dx
dx
1 (u )
6.
d
sin(u ) cos(u ). d ( u )
dx
dx
13.
d
1
d
cos1(u )
.
(u )
dx
1 (u )2 dx
7.
d
cos(u ) sin(u ). d ( u )
dx
dx
14.
d
1
d
tan 1(u )
.
(u )
2
dx
1 (u ) dx
Table 2.3
Again for functions of two or more variables, the symbol is used in place
of d.
Besides using these differentiation rules for algebraic operations, the chain
rule may also be used to differentiate composite functions.
33
MAT 295
Example 8
Let f ( x, y ) 7x y and g ( x, y ) e 2xy then compute
a)
g
f
g f
,
,
and
y
x x y
c)
(fg )
(fg ) and
y
x
b)
(f g )
(f g ) and
y
x
d)
g
f
and
y f
x g
Solution
a) Taking y as constant
f
g
and
7
2ye 2 xy
x
x
Taking x as constant
f
1
and
y
g
2 xe xy
y
f g
(f g )
x
x x
f g
(f g )
y
y y
7 2ye 2 xy
1 2 xe2 xy
f
g
(fg )
g ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
x
x
x
(7) e 2 xy (7 x y ) 2ye 2 xy
f
g
(fg )
g ( x, y ) f ( x, y )
y
y
y
(1) e 2 xy (7 x y ) (2xe2 xy )
34
7 e 2 xy (7 x y ) 2ye 2 xy
(e 2 xy )2
e 2 xy 7 (7 x y ) 2y
(e 2 xy )2
7 14xy 2y
2
e xy
g
f
g
f
f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )
y
y
f 2 ( x, y )
2xe2 xy (7 x y ) e 2 xy (1)
(7 x y )2
e 2 xy 2 x 7 x y 1
(7 x y )2
e 2 xy 14 x 2 2 xy 1
(7 x y )
Example 9
Given f ( x, y ) x 2 y 4 , find
a) fx ( x, y )
c)
fy ( x, y )
b) f x (2,1)
d)
fy (2,1)
Solution
a) fx ( x, y ) 2xy 4
b) fy ( x, y ) 4 x 2 y 3
c) fx (2,1) 2(2)(14 ) 4
d) fy (2,1) 4(22 )(13 ) 16
35
MAT 295
MAT 295
Example 10
Find
z
z
and
y
x
a) z 2x 5 y 4 10 x 3 y 2
b) z sin x ln y x 5 sec y
c) z e 2x cos2xy
d) z tan( e x y ) 2x y 5
1
xy
Solution
a) z 2x 5 y 4 10 x 3 y 2
z
2x 5 y 4 10 x 3 y 2
x x
10 x 3 y 2
2x 5
y
x
x
x
x
10 x 4 0 0 3 x 2 y 2
10 x 4 3 x 2 y 2
2x 5 y 4 10 x 3 y 2
y y
10 x 3 y 2
2x 5
y
y
y
y
y
0 4y 3 0 2x 3 y
4y 3 2x 3 y
b) z sin x ln y x 5 sec y
z
sin x ln y x 5 sec y
x x
sin x ln y x 5 sec y
x
x
x
x
x
x
sin x ln y x 5 sec y
y y
sin x ln y x 5 sec y
y
y
36
MAT 295
y y
y
y
y
1
(0) ln y sin x (0) sec y x 5 (sec y tan y )
y
sin x
x 5 sec y tan y
y
c) z e 2x cos2xy
z
2x
e cos2 xy
x x
2x
e cos2 xy e 2 x
cos2 xy
x
x
z
2x
e cos2 xy
y y
2x
e cos2 xy e 2 x
cos2 xy
y
y
z
(0) cos2 xy e 2 x sin( 2xy ) (2x )
y
d) z tan( e x y ) 2x y 5
1
xy
z
1
tan( e x y ) 2 x y 5
x x
xy
1
tan( e x y )
2 x y 5
x
x
x xy
2
sec (e
xy
)(e
xy
xy 1
)
2x y 5 2
x
x
1
1
e
sec (e
) 2 x y 5 2 2 ( xy 2 ( y )
2
1
y
e x y sec 2 (e x y )
2
2 x y 5 ( xy )
xy
xy
e x y sec 2 (e x y )
1
2x y
1
x 2y
z
1
tan( e x y ) 2x y 5
y y
xy
37
MAT 295
tan( e x y )
2 x y 5
y y
y
y xy
sec 2 (e x y )(e x y )
xy
sec (e
xy
xy 1
2x y 5 2
y
y
1
1
) 2 x y 5 2 5 y 4 ( xy ) 2 ( x )
2
e x y sec 2 (e x y )
e x y sec 2 (e x y )
5y 4
2 2x y 5
5y 4
2 2x y 5
x
( xy )2
1
xy 2
Example 11
Given w f ( x, y, z) xz sin( y 2 z) xy 2 z 3 find
w dw
w
,
and
.
x dy
z
Solution
xyz 3
xy 2 z 3
Example 12
Show that u Ax4 2Bx 2 y 2 Cy 4 satisfies the function x
Solution
Given u Ax 4 2Bx 2 y 2 Cy 4
y
u
x
y
4u
x
y
38
u
u
y
4u
x
y
MAT 295
u
4Ax3 4Bxy 2
x
u
4Bx 2 y 4Cy 3
y
x
u
u
y
x( 4Ax3 4Bxy2 ) y( 4Bx 2 y 4Cy 3 )
x
y
4u
Warm up exercise
Given that f ( x, y ) 5x 3 y 4 cos xy ln xy
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
5 x 3 y 4 cos xy ln xy
x
Then compute f x (1, 0) by substitute x=1 and y=0
5 x 3 y 4 cos xy ln xy
Next find
y
Compute fy (1, 0) by substitute x=1 and y=0
Find
Example 13
Find f p and fq
i)
f ( p, q ) tan 1(ln pq )
ii)
Solution
i)
f ( p, q ) tan 1(ln pq )
f
1
(ln pq )
2
p 1 (ln pq ) p
( pq )
1 (ln pq ) pq p
1
39
f ( p, q ) p 4 cot( pq 3 )
f
1
p 1 (ln pq )2
(q )
pq
1
1 (ln pq ) p
1
f
1
(ln pq )
2
q 1 (ln pq ) q
( pq )
1 (ln pq ) pq q
( p)
1 (ln pq ) pq
1
1 (ln pq ) q
f ( p, q ) p 4 cot( pq 3 )
b)
f
v
u
u
v
p
p
p
v ( p, q ) u( p, q )
q q
q
p 4 csc2 ( pq 3 )(3pq 2 )
3p5q 2 csc2 ( pq 3 )
Example 14
2
2
For f (r , s ) e rs r 2 s 3 , find fr (0,1) and fs (0,1).
Solution
fr
2
rs 2 2
r s3
e
r
r
2
s 2e rs 2 r 2 s 3 2r
2
s 2e rs 4r r 2 s 3
MAT 295
fs
MAT 295
2
rs 2 2
r s3
e
s
s
2
2rsers 2 r 2 s 3 3s 2
2
2rsers 6s 2 r 2 s 3
Warm up exercise
Let f (r , s ) r 2 3rs and g(r , s ) cos rs .
(i) Find the partial derivatives fr and fs .
(ii) Find the partial derivatives g r and g s .
(iii) Then compute
g
f
(f .g ) f (r , s )
g (r , s )
a)
(f .g ) by using
r
r
r
r
g
f
b)
(f .g ) by using
(f .g ) f (r , s )
g (r , s )
s
s
s
s
Exercise 2
Partial Derivatives
1. Let z f ( x, y ) . Define fx ( x, y ) and fy ( x, y ) . Write other notations which can be
used to represent fx ( x, y ) and fy ( x, y ) .
2. Derive
Z
Z
and
using the definition of partial derivatives (limits):
y
x
a) Z( x, y ) x 5y 2
b) Z( x, y ) 2x 2 y 2
Z
( 6,4 )
y
41
f
f
and
.
y
x
a) f ( x, y ) x 2 y y 5
e) f ( x, y ) ln( xy 2 x 3 )
b) f ( x, y ) e xy tan( xy )
f) f ( x, y ) x 7 sin(e7 xy )
c) f ( x, y )
x2 y 2
g) f ( x, y )
x2 y 2
sec 3 ( xy )
x3y
h) f ( x, y ) x 2 y
d) f ( x, y ) sin 2x cos 3y
6. Find all the first order derivatives for the following functions:
a) Z( x, y ) 3x 2y 4
d) Z( p, q ) p ln q
b) U( x, t, ) xe t sin
e) f ( x, y ) x 2 4y 2
c) W ln( x 2y 3z)
f) U x 2 y 2 z 2
7. Let f ( x, y ) 3 x 3 y 2 . Find:
a) fx ( x, y )
d) fy ( x, y )
b) f x (1, y )
e) fy (x,1)
c) f x (1,2)
f) fy (1,2)
z
x
z
y
b)
9. If z xf ( x, y ) , show that x
z
z
y
z
x
y
xy
xy
b) f ( x, y ) x 3e y y 3 sec x
y
c) f ( x, y ) x 3 cos
x
d) f ( x , y ) e xy sin( 4y 2 )
42
y5
x
MAT 295