20121206-Lightning Lecture Note

Hong
g Kong
g Polytechnic
y
University
y
Department of Building Services Engineering
Lightning Protection System Design

and Installation Review
Organised by Prof YP Du
Dr Tony Sung BSc(Hon) MSc PhD FIET FCIBSE MIEE SenMIEEE
Adj
Adjunct
tP
Professor
f
Chairman of CIBSE Electrical Services Group
http://www.cibse-electricalservicesgroup.co.uk
Dec 2012 Slide no: 1
Adjunct Prof Tony Sung
Outline of Lecture
Fundamental of Lightning
Phenomena
Standards and Design Guides
Important Terms
Quantifying Risks
Control Measures
Th Real
The
R l World
W ld
Conclusion
Theory of Lightning

(ref: Furse Guide to BS EN 62305)
Separation of Charges
How charges build up in the
cloud is not well understood but
the separation of charges in the
cloud is the source of lightning.
As the build up and separation
continues until the voltage
difference between the cloud
and the g
ground exceeds the air
insulation strength, it resulted in
a lightning discharge as the air
resistance is overcome
overcome.
(we can visualise it by analogy
with HV overhead lines))
Lightning Discharge

Lightning Discharge

Lightning Discharge

Standards
St
d d Lightning
Li ht i
Protection Systems
IEC EN 62305:2006 (due to be revised in 2013)
BS EN 62305:2006 ((due to be revised in 2013))
Lightning Protection Standard (NFPA 780)
IEEE Guide for Residential Lightning
g
g Protection
CIBSE Guide K (updated by CIBSE Electrical
Services Group)
p)

BS EN 62305:2006 Lightning
Protection Systems

Types of Damage

Issues to be considered
Rise of Earth Potential. Soil has significant resistance, so
lightning strokes can cause large potential differences between
areas nominally at the same 'earth' potential. [8] shows that the
'traditional' practices (which are not recommended in this series)
of star earthing and bonding cable screens at only one end makes
this sort of damage more likely.
Magnetic induction
induction. Very high surge voltages can be induced
into any conductors by magnetic coupling from lightning strikes
up to 100 metres away.
Surge Current injection. Direct strikes to external equipment or
cables often results in damage to the internal equipment they are
connected to,
to and can damage unrelated equipment due to sideside
flashes in shared cable routes or terminal cabinets.
Issues to be considered
Electric induction. Electric fields of upp to 500kV/m can occur
before a lightning strike, over an area of up to 100m from the
eventual strike point. These can induce damaging currents into
conductors and devices.
devices
Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP). This 'far-field' effect
can be caused byy cloud-to-cloud lightning
g
g as well as by
y distant
cloud-to-ground strokes.
Thermal and mechanical effects due to the intense energies
associated
i t d with
ith lightning.
li ht i Mostly
M tl affects
ff t a structure's
t t ' fabric
f b i andd
its lightning conductors. Fire is one of the deadly results.
Multiplicity and duration of strokes in a single strike.
strike This is
important for error-correction and system software recovery.
Lightning Strokes
A ttypical
i l lightning
li ht i
'stroke' can last for
over one second
and consist of many
'strokes'
(discharges),
(discharges)
sometimes over ten,
each with an 'arcarc
channel' current of
between 2kA and
200kA (1% of
strokes exceed
200kA).
Lightning
g
g Stroke Shape
p
Another standard waveform is 20/80s normally considered

after zone 0.
Lightning Protection System

(LPS) design
Comprising:
A risk assessment based on actual lightning exposure
Design of the air termination network and downconductors
Design
D i off th
the earth
th ttermination
i ti network
t
k and
d earth
th
electrodes
Bonding of the metalwork within a structure
structure, and of the
metallic services entering a structure, to the LPS
It helps reduce the risk of FIRE and EXPLOSION

Lightning Risks
Ri
Risk
k assessmentt iis b
based
d on lightning
li ht i strike
t ik density
d
it
maps called isokeraunic (or isoceraunic) maps, plus:
structure's
s 'effective
effective collection area
area' for
The structure
lightning strikes.
Its use.
Its type of construction.
Its contents.
The consequential effects of any damage.
The degree of its isolation from other structures.
The type of terrain.

Hong
g Kong
g isokeraunic map
p

source: HK Observatory
Components of an LPS

(ref: Dehn (UK))
External and Internal Parts of a LPS
'
( f Dehn
(ref:
D h (UK))
External part of a LPS
Internal part of a LPS

A typical level 3 or 4 LPS
Air Termination Systems

Rolling Sphere method

Down Conductors
Minimum number of down conductors to be
based on typical separation distance.

Rolling Sphere method

Protection
Level and
Probabilities

Probabilities of a Lightning Strike

(Risk of Lightning)

Protection angle

Rise of Earth Potential

- Step
St Voltage
V lt

External and Internal Parts of a LPS
'
( f Dehn
(ref:
D h (UK))
External part of a LPS
Internal part of a LPS

A typical level 3 or 4 LPS
Damage,
g ,
Loss and
Risk

Source,
Damage
and Loss

Lightning Protection Zones

Lightning Electromagnetic Protection

Assessing
A
i
Risks
(LPS design is
by risk
assessments)

Risk
Calc
using
Risk
Components

Factors of
Risk
Components

Risk Components

Identification
of Tolerable
Ri k RT
Risk

BS7671 Lightning protection

Requirements
BS7671 does not prescribe rules for
protection against Lightning Exclusion
BS7671 refers Designers and
Installers to use BS EN 62305 to
design and install LPS to protect
buildings
BS7671 Surge protection

Requirements
Section 443 Protection against Overvoltages of
atmospheric Origin or due to switching within the
installation
Table 44.3 gives the required minimum impulse
withstand voltage of apparatus within an installation

Examples of Various Impulse

Category Equipment

Estimation of lightning
flash density in flashes /km2

SPD Selection Design Procedures
Remember Kirchhoffs Current Law?

Expected
Surge
current
example

Limit SPD conductor lengths
Induced
Voltage:

Induced Voltages

Distance
Di
t
between
SPD and
Victims

SPD
Selection
Flow Chart

Final selections - 1

Final selections - 2

Remember surge inputs

can be direct or indirect
S1
S2
S3
Building
structure
Ground
level

Meter
box
S4
A Typical Risk Assessment Report

Report Contents

Report Contents

Report Contents

Report Contents

Report Contents

Conclusions
Risk assessments should be carried out either
to BE EN/IEC 62305 or to comply with HK
COP_E (or other countrys WRs)
Designers and Installers must incorporate SPDs
to control/minimise risks to an electrical
i t ll ti for:
installation
f
Power circuits (motor controls/dampers etc)
Data Circuits (network equipment/routers etc)
Life safety circuits (fire alarm/security/medical
equipment etc)
Maintenance of SPD (i.e., replacement access)

must be allowed for the life of the building.

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Hong

Lightning Protection System Design

Dec 2012 Slide no: 3

(ref: Furse Guide to BS EN 62305)

Dec 2012 Slide no: 5

Dec 2012 Slide no: 6

Dec 2012 Slide no: 7

Dec 2012 Slide no: 8

Dec 2012 Slide no: 9

Dec 2012 Slide no: 10

Another standard waveform is 20/80s normally considered

Lightning Protection System

Dec 2012 Slide no: 14

Dec 2012 Slide no: 15

Dec 2012 Slide no: 16

Dec 2012 Slide no: 17

(ref: Dehn (UK))

External and Internal Parts of a LPS

External part of a LPS

Internal part of a LPS

A typical level 3 or 4 LPS

Air Termination Systems

Dec 2012 Slide no: 19

Rolling Sphere method

Dec 2012 Slide no: 20

Dec 2012 Slide no: 21

Rolling Sphere method

Dec 2012 Slide no: 22

Dec 2012 Slide no: 23

Probabilities of a Lightning Strike

Dec 2012 Slide no: 24

Dec 2012 Slide no: 25

Rise of Earth Potential

Dec 2012 Slide no: 26

External and Internal Parts of a LPS

External part of a LPS

Internal part of a LPS

A typical level 3 or 4 LPS

Dec 2012 Slide no: 28

Dec 2012 Slide no: 29

Lightning Protection Zones

Dec 2012 Slide no: 30

Lightning Electromagnetic Protection

Dec 2012 Slide no: 31

Dec 2012 Slide no: 32

Dec 2012 Slide no: 33

Dec 2012 Slide no: 34

Dec 2012 Slide no: 35

Dec 2012 Slide no: 36

BS7671 Lightning protection

BS7671 Surge protection

Dec 2012 Slide no: 38

Examples of Various Impulse

Dec 2012 Slide no: 39

Dec 2012 Slide no: 40

SPD Selection Design Procedures

Remember Kirchhoffs Current Law?

Dec 2012 Slide no: 42

Limit SPD conductor lengths

Dec 2012 Slide no: 43

Dec 2012 Slide no: 44

Dec 2012 Slide no: 45

Dec 2012 Slide no: 46

Dec 2012 Slide no: 47