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2006

Ministry of Education
Malaysia

Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools


YEARLY PLAN

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
FORM 4
Form 4
LEARNING AREA:
A1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand the concept Use pictures, role-play and (i) Represent relations using: Discuss the idea of set and
of relations. computer software to introduce a) arrow diagrams, introduce set notation.
the concept of relations.
b) ordered pairs,
c) graphs.
(ii) Identify domain, object,
image and range of a
relation.

(iii) Classify a relation shown on


a mapped diagram as:
one-to-one, many-to-one,
one-to-many or
many-to-many relation.
2 Understand the concept (i) Recognise functions as a Represent functions using arrow
of functions. special relation. diagrams, ordered pairs or
graphs, e.g.
(ii) Express functions using f :x→ 2x
function notation. f (x ) = 2 x
“ f : x → 2 x ” is read as
“function f maps x to 2x”.
“ f (x ) = 2 x ” is read as “2x is the
image of x under the function f ”.
(iii) Determine domain, object, Include examples of functions
image and range of a that are not mathematically
function. based.

1
Form 4
LEARNING AREA:
A1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
Use graphing calculators or (iv) Determine the image of a Examples of functions include
computer software to explore function given the object algebraic (linear and quadratic),
the image of functions. and vice versa. trigonometric and absolute value.
Define and sketch absolute value
functions.
3 Understand the concept Use arrow diagrams or (i) Determine composition of Involve algebraic functions only.
of composite functions. algebraic method to determine two functions.
composite functions.
(ii) Determine the image of Images of composite functions
composite functions given include a range of values. (Limit
the object and vice versa. to linear composite functions).
(iii) Determine one of the
functions in a given
composite function given
the other related function.

4 Understand the concept (i) Find the object by inverse Limit to algebraic functions.
of inverse functions. mapping given its image Exclude inverse of composite
and function. functions.
Use sketches of graphs to show (ii) Determine inverse functions
the relationship between a using algebra.
function and its inverse.
(iii) Determine and state the Emphasise that inverse of a
condition for existence of an function is not necessarily a
inverse function. function.

2
A2 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand the concept Use graphing calculators or (i) Recognise a quadratic .
of quadratic equations and computer software such as the equation and express it in
their roots. Geometer’s Sketchpad and general form.
spreadsheet to explore the
concept of quadratic equations.
(ii) Determine whether a given Questions for 1.2(b) are given in
value is the root of a the form of; a and b are
quadratic equation by: numerical values.
a) substitution,
b) inspection.

(iii) Determine roots of


quadratic equations by trial
and improvement method.

2 Understand the concept (i) Determine the roots of a Discuss when


of quadratic equations. quadratic equation by: (x – p)(x – q) = 0,
a) factorisation, hence x – p = 0 or x – q = 0.
b) completing the square, Include cases when p = q.
c) using the formula. Derivation of formula for 2.1c is
not required.

3
A2 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
(ii) Form a quadratic equation If x = p and x = q are the roots,
from given roots. then the quadratic equation is
(x – p)(x – q) = 0, that is
2
x – (p + q)x + pq = 0.
Involve the use of:
–b c
α + β = a and αβ = a
where α and β are roots of the
quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
3 Understand and use the (i) Determine types of roots of b 2 − 4ac > 0
conditions for quadratic quadratic equations from
b 2 − 4ac = 0
equations to have
the value of b 2 − 4ac .
a) two different roots; b 2 − 4ac < 0
b) two equal roots; Explain that “no roots” means
c) no roots. “no real roots”.
(ii) Solve problems involving
b 2 − 4ac in quadratic
equations to:
a) find an unknown value,
b) derive a relation.

4
A3 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand the concept Use graphing calculators or (i) Recognise quadratic
of quadratic functions and computer software such as functions.
their graphs. Geometer’s Sketchpad to
explore the graphs of quadratic
functions.
Use examples of everyday (ii) Plot quadratic function
situations to introduce graphs graphs:
of quadratic functions. a) based on given
tabulated values,
b) by tabulating values
based on given
functions.
(iii) Recognise shapes of graphs Discuss cases where
of quadratic functions. a > 0 and a < 0 for
2
f(x) = ax + bx + c

(iv) Relate the position of


quadratic function graphs
with types of roots for
f (x ) = 0 .

2 Find the maximum and Use graphing calculators or (i) Determine the maximum or
minimum values of dynamic geometry software minimum value of a
quadratic functions. such as Geometer’s Sketchpad quadratic function by
to explore the graphs of completing the square.
quadratic functions.

5
A3 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
3 Sketch graphs of Use graphing calculators or (i) Sketch quadratic function Emphasise the marking of
quadratic functions. dynamic geometry software graphs by determining the maximum or minimum point and
such as the Geometer’s maximum or minimum two other points on the graphs
Sketchpad to reinforce the point and two other points. drawn or by finding the axis of
understanding of graphs of symmetry and the intersection
quadratic functions. with the y-axis.
Determine other points by
finding the intersection with the
x-axis (if it exists).
4 Understand and use the Use graphing calculators or (i) Determine the ranges of Emphasise on sketching graphs
concept of quadratic dynamic geometry software values of x that satisfies and use of number lines when
inequalities. such as the Geometer’s quadratic inequalities. necessary.
Sketchpad to explore the
concept of quadratic
inequalities.

6
A4 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Solve simultaneous Use graphing calculators or (i) Solve simultaneous Limit non-linear equations up to
equations in two unknowns: dynamic geometry software equations using the second degree only.
one linear equation and one such as the Geometer’s substitution method.
non-linear equation. Sketchpad to explore the
concept of simultaneous
equations.

Use examples in real-life (ii) Solve simultaneous


situations such as area, equations involving real-life
perimeter and others. situations.

7
A5 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand and use the Use examples of real-life (i) Find the values of numbers Discuss zero index and negative
concept of indices and laws situations to introduce the given in the form of: indices.
of indices to solve concept of indices. a) integer indices,
problems. b) fractional indices.
Use computer software such as (ii) Use laws of indices to find
the spreadsheet to enhance the the values of numbers in
understanding of indices. index form that are
multiplied, divided or raised
to a power.
(iii) Use laws of indices to
simplify algebraic
expressions.

2 Understand and use the Use scientific calculators to (i) Express equation in index Explain definition of logarithm.
concept of logarithms and enhance the understanding of form to logarithm form and N = ax; loga N = x with a > 0,
laws of logarithms to solve the concept of logarithms. vice versa. a ≠ 1.
problems.
Emphasise that:
loga 1 = 0; loga a = 1.
(ii) Find logarithm of a number. Emphasise that:
a) logarithm of negative numbers
is undefined;
b) logarithm of zero is
undefined.
Discuss cases where the given
number is in:
a) index form,
b) numerical form.

8
A5 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
(iii) Find logarithm of numbers Discuss laws of logarithms.
by using laws of logarithms.

(iv) Simplify logarithmic


expressions to the simplest
form.

3 Understand and use the (i) Find the logarithm of a Discuss:


change of base of number by changing the 1
logarithms to solve base of the logarithm to a log a b =
log b a
problems. suitable base.

(ii) Solve problems involving


the change of base and laws
of logarithms.

4 Solve equations (i) Solve equations involving Equations that involve indices
involving indices and indices. and logarithms are limited to
logarithms. equations with single solution
only.
Solve equations involving
indices by:
a) comparison of indices and
bases,
b) using logarithms.
(ii) Solve equations involving
logarithms.

9
Form 4
LEARNING AREA:
G1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Find distance between Use examples of real-life (i) Find the distance between Use the Pythagoras’ Theorem to
two points. situations to find the distance two points using formula. find the formula for distance
between two points. between two points.
2 Understand the concept (i) Find the midpoint of two Limit to cases where m and n are
of division of line segments. given points. positive.
Derivation of the formula
⎛ nx1 + mx2 ny1 + my2 ⎞
⎜ , ⎟
⎝ m+n m+n ⎠
is not required.
(ii) Find the coordinates of a
point that divides a line
according to a given ratio
m : n.
3 Find areas of polygons. Use dynamic geometry (i) Find the area of a triangle Limit to numerical values.
software such as the based on the area of specific Emphasise the relationship
Geometer’s Sketchpad to geometrical shapes. between the sign of the value for
explore the concept of areas of area obtained with the order of
polygons. the vertices used.
(ii) Find the area of a triangle Derivation of the formula:
by using formula.
1 x1 x2 x3 x4 x y + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y1 − x 2 y1 ⎞
1⎛ 1 1
Use 2⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟
2 y1 y2 y3 y4 ⎝ − x3
y2 − x1 y3 ⎠
for substitution of coordinates is not required.
into the formula. Emphasise that when the area of
polygon is zero, the given points
are collinear.
(iii) Find the area of a
quadrilateral by using
formula.

10
Form 4
LEARNING AREA:
G1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
4 Understand and use the Use dynamic geometry (i) Determine the x-intercept
concept of equation of a software such as the and the y-intercept of a line.
straight line. Geometer’s Sketchpad to
explore the concept of equation
of a straight line.
(ii) Find the gradient of a
straight line that passes
through two points.

(iii) Find the gradient of a


straight line using the
x-intercept and y-intercept.

(iv) Find the equation of a Answers for learning outcomes


straight line given: 4.4(a) and 4.4(b) must be stated
a) gradient and one point, in the simplest form.
b) points, Involve changing the equation
into gradient and intercept form.
c) x-intercept and
y-intercept.

(v) Find the gradient and the


intercepts of a straight line
given the equation.

(vi) Change the equation of a


straight line to the general
form.

(vii) Find the point of


intersection of two lines.

11
Form 4
LEARNING AREA:
G1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
5 Understand and use the Use examples of real-life (i) Determine whether two Emphasise that for parallel lines:
concept of parallel and situations to explore parallel straight lines are parallel
perpendicular lines. and perpendicular lines. when the gradients of both m1 = m 2 .
lines are known and vice
versa.
Use graphic calculator and (ii) Find the equation of a Emphasise that for perpendicular
dynamic geometry software straight line that passes lines
such as Geometer’s Sketchpad through a fixed point and m1 m 2 = −1 .
to explore the concept of parallel to a given line.
parallel and perpendicular Derivation of m1 m 2 = −1 is not
lines. required.

(iii) Determine whether two


straight lines are
perpendicular when the
gradients of both lines are
known and vice versa.

(iv) Determine the equation of a


straight line that passes
through a fixed point and
perpendicular to a given
line.

(v) Solve problems involving


equations of straight lines.

12
Form 4
LEARNING AREA:
G1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
6 Understand and use the Use examples of real-life (i) Find the equation of locus
concept of equation of locus situations to explore equation that satisfies the condition
involving distance between of locus involving distance if:
two points. between two points. a) the distance of a
Use graphing calculators and moving point from a
dynamic geometry software fixed point is constant,
such as the Geometer’s b) the ratio of the distances
Sketchpad to explore the of a moving point from
concept of parallel and two fixed points is
perpendicular lines. constant.
(ii) Solve problems involving
loci.

13
S1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand and use the Use scientific calculators, (i) Calculate the mean of Discuss grouped data and
concept of measures of graphing calculators and ungrouped data. ungrouped data.
central tendency to solve spreadsheets to explore
problems. measures of central tendency.

Pupils collect data from real- (ii) Determine the mode of


life situations to investigate ungrouped data.
measures of central tendency.

(iii) Determine the median of


ungrouped data.
(iv) Determine the modal class Involve uniform class intervals
of grouped data from only.
frequency distribution
tables.

(v) Find the mode from


histograms.

(vi) Calculate the mean of Derivation of the median


grouped data. formula is not required.

(vii) Calculate the median of


grouped data from
cumulative frequency
distribution tables.

(viii) Estimate the median of Ogive is also known as


grouped data from an ogive. cumulative frequency curve.

14
S1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
(ix) Determine the effects on
mode, median and mean for
a set of data when:
a) each data is changed
uniformly,
b) extreme values exist,
c) certain data is added or
removed.
(x) Determine the most suitable Involve grouped and ungrouped
measure of central tendency data
for given data.

2 Understand and use the (i) Find the range of ungrouped


concept of measures of data.
dispersion to solve
problems. (ii) Find the interquartile range
of ungrouped data.

(iii) Find the range of grouped


data.

(iv) Find the interquartile range Determine the upper and lower
of grouped data from the quartiles by using the first
cumulative frequency table. principle.

15
S1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
(v) Determine the interquartile
range of grouped data from
an ogive.
(vi) Determine the variance of:
a) ungrouped data,
b) grouped data.
(vii) Determine the standard
deviation of:
a) ungrouped data,
b) grouped data.
(viii) Determine the effects on
range, interquartile range,
variance and standard
deviation for a set of data
when:
a) each data is changed
uniformly,
b) extreme values exist,
c) certain data is added or
removed.
(ix) Compare measures of Emphasise that comparison
central tendency and between two sets of data using
dispersion between two sets only measures of central
of data. tendency is not sufficient.

16
T1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand the concept Use dynamic geometry (i) Convert measurements in Discuss the definition of one
of radian. software such as the radians to degrees and vice radian.
Geometer’s Sketchpad to versa. “rad” is the abbreviation of
explore the concept of circular radian.
measure.
Include measurements in radians
expressed in terms of π.

2 Understand and use the Use examples of real-life (i) Determine:


concept of length of arc of a situations to explore circular a) length of arc,
circle to solve problems. measure.
b) radius,
c) angle subtended at the
centre of a circle
based on given informatio n.
(ii) Find perimeter of segments
of circles.

(iii) Solve problems involving


lengths of arcs.

17
T1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
3 Understand and use the (i) Determine the:
concept of area of sector of a) area of sector,
a circle to solve problems. b) radius,
c) angle subtended at the
centre of a circle
based on given informatio n.

(ii) Find the area of segments of


circles.

(iii) Solve problems involving


areas of sectors.

18
C1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand and use the Use graphing calculators or (i) Determine the value of a Idea of limit to a function can be
concept of gradients of dynamic geometry software function when its variable illustrated using graphs.
curve and differentiation. such as Geometer’s Sketchpad approaches a certain value. The concept of first derivative of
to explore the concept of a function is explained as a
differentiat ion. tangent to a curve and can be
illustrated using graphs.
(ii) Find the gradient of a chord
joining two points on a
curve.

(iii) Find the first derivative of a Limit to y = ax n ;


function y = f (x ) , as the
gradient of tangent to its a, ndyare constants,
Notation of f ' ( x ) nis=equivalent
1, 2, 3…
graph. to when y = f (x ) ,
dx
(iv) Find the first derivative of
polynomials using the first
principle. f ' (x ) read as “f prime of x”.

(v) Deduce the formula for first


derivative of the function

y = f (x ) by induction.

2 Understand and use the (i) Determine the first


concept of first derivative of derivative of the function
polynomial functions to
y = ax n using formula.
solve problems.

19
C1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
(ii) Determine value of the first
derivative of the function
y = ax n for a given value of
x.
(iii) Determine first derivative of
a function involving:
a) addition, or
b) subtraction
of algebraic terms.
(iv) Determine the first
derivative of a product of
two polynomials.

(v) Determine the first


derivative of a quotient of
two polynomials.

(vi) Determine the first


derivative of composite
function using chain rule.

(vii) Determine the gradient of Limit cases in Learning


tangent at a point on a Outcomes 2.7 through 2.9 to
curve. rules introduced in 2.4 through
2.6.
(viii) Determine the equation of
tangent at a point on a
curve.

20
C1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
(ix) Determine the equation of
normal at a point on a
curve.
3 Understand and use the Use graphing calculators or (i) Determine coordinates of Emphasise the use of first
concept of maximum and dynamic geometry software to turning points of a curve. derivative to determine the
minimum values to solve explore the concept of turning points.
problems. maximum and minimum values.
(ii) Determine whether a Exclude points of inflexion.
turning point is a maximum
or a minimum point.

(iii) Solve problems involving Limit problems to two variables


maximum or minimum only.
values.

4 Understand and use the Use graphing calculators with (i) Determine rates of change Limit problems to 3 variables
concept of rates of change computer base ranger to for related quantities. only.
to solve problems. explore the concept of rates of
change.

5 Understand and use the (i) Determine small changes in Exclude cases involving
concept of small changes quantities. percentage change.
and approximations to solve
problems.
(ii) Determine approximate
values using differentiat ion.

21
C1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
6 Understand and use the (i) Determine the second
concept of second d 2y d dy
Introduce 2 as or
derivative to solve derivative of y = f (x ) . dx dx dx
problems. d
f”(x) = (f’(x))
dx
(ii) Determine whether a
turning point is maximum
or minimum point of a
curve using the second
derivative.

22
AST1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand and use the Use dynamic geometry (i) Verify sine rule.
concept of sine rule to solve software such as the
problems. Geometer’s Sketchpad to
explore the sine rule.
Use examples of real-life (ii) Use sine rule to find Include obtuse-angled triangles.
situations to explore the sine unknown sides or angles of
rule. a triangle.

(iii) Find the unknown sides and


angles of a triangle
involving ambiguous case.

(iv) Solve problems involving


the sine rule.

2 Understand and use the Use dynamic geometry (i) Verify cosine rule. Include obtuse-angled triangles
concept of cosine rule to software such as the
solve problems. Geometer’s Sketchpad to
explore the cosine rule.
Use examples of real-life (ii) Use cosine rule to find
situations to explore the cosine unknown sides or angles of
rule. a triangle.

(iii) Solve problems involving


cosine rule.

(iv) Solve problems involving


sine and cosine rules.

23
AST1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
3 Understand and use the Use dynamic geometry (i) Find the areas of triangles
formula for areas of software such as the using the formula
Geometer’s Sketchpad to 1
triangles to solve problems. ab sin C or its equivalent.
explore the concept of areas of 2
triangles.

Use examples of real-life (ii) Solve problems involving


situations to explore areas of three-dimensional objects.
triangles.

24
ASS1 Form 4
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Understand and use the Use examples of real-life (i) Calculate index number. Explain index number.
concept of index number to situations to explore index
solve problems. numbers.

(ii) Calculate price index.

(iii) Find Q0 or Q 1 given Q0 = Quantity at base time.


relevant information. Q1 = Quantity at specific time.

2 Understand and use the Use examples of real-life (i) Calculate composite index. Explain weightage and
concept of composite index situations to explore composite composite index.
to solve problems. index.

(ii) Find index number or


weightage given relevant
information.

(iii) Solve problems involving


index number and
composite index.

25
Form 4
LEARNING AREA:
PW1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES SUGGESTED TEACHING LEARNING OUTCOMES
POINTS TO NOTE WEEK
Pupils will be taught to… AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES Pupils will be able to…
1 Carry out project work. Use scientific calculators, (i) Define the Emphasize the use of Polya’s
graphing calculators or problem/situation to be four-step problem-solving
computer software to carry out studied. process.
project work.
Pupils are allowed to carry out (ii) State relevant conjectures. Use at least two problem-solving
project work in groups but strategies.
written reports must be done
individually.

(iii) Use problem-solving


strategies to solve problems.

Pupils should be given (iv) Interpret and discuss results.


opportunity to give oral
presentation of their project
work.
(v) Draw conclusions and/or
make generalizations based
on critical evaluation of
results.

(vi) Present systematic and Emphasize reasoning and


comprehensive written effective mathematical
reports. communication.

26

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