Python Programming With The Java Class Libraries - A Tutoria

Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython

By Richard Hightower
Publisher: Addison Wesley
Pub Date: June 28, 2002
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
application development.
This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
capabilities and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
interpreters, and compilers
Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
Object-oriented programming concepts
File input/output
Python's intrinsic functions
Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Python and Java applets
In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
777
Copyright
A Very ShortByHistory
Richard Hightower
Preface
What You Will Learn

The Audience Publisher: Addison Wesley
Acknowledgments
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Chapter 1. Jython Overview
Pages: 640
Contents
Programming, Briefly
Learning Python
First
Characterized
by ease
of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has

programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
novices
Starting with
Pythonand professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
the
when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
Basic Functionstwo
withlanguages,
Python
application
development.
Python as a Main Program
remained a premier
Python the Language
The Fast Track
Where Do You Go from Here?
Summary
Chapter 2. Statements and Expressions
The Power of Python
Comments and Document Strings

Statements Python
Expressionsand
Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
Variables
Data Types

Python Collection Types
Advanced Topic: Determining Types at Runtime

Literals

and exceptions
Summary
Chapter 3. Operators
and String Formatting
Object-oriented
programming concepts
Operators
File input/output
Formatting StringsModulus
Summary
Chapter 4. Control Flow

The if Statement
The while Statement

Interfacing
with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
The for Statement
Using
Putting It All Together
Summary
Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
Chapter 5. Organizing Your Code
Evolution of a Programmer
Code BlocksIn
and
Namespaces
addition,
the book contains
instructions for downloading and installing the Python

Functions and
andMethods
numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
Modules
Putting Things Together

Packages application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
Globals and the Global Statement
Classes
Summary
777
Chapter 6. Object-Oriented Programming
What Is OOP?
Objects andWeb
Classes
and Enterprise Applications with Jython
Special Class
ByMethods
Richard Hightower
Inheritance
Polymorphism Publisher: Addison Wesley
Summary
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Exceptions
Chapter 7. Errors and
Pages:
640
Contents
Syntax and Sequence Errors
The Danger Characterized
of Exceptions by ease

a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
The raise Statement
two languages,
Classes andthe
Instances
as Exceptions
application
development.
Getting the Most Out of Your Exceptions
remained
The try Statement
Summary
Chapter 8. Working with Files
Simple File Operations
Common File Methods
Putting It All Together: The Address Book Example
The Full address3.py Code
Persisting Objects
pickle
Pythonwith
Programming
with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web

Jython covers important topics such as:
pickle and the

BookApplications
Application with
andAddress
Enterprise
Summary
Fundamental programming
Chapter 9. Built-In Functions
concepts, including statements, expressions,
Conversion
Namespace: dir(), globals(), locals(), vars()

and exceptions
Type Checking: callable(), type()

Operations
Advanced Topic: Functional

Programming
Object-oriented
Advanced exec and eval
File input/output
Summary
Chapter 10. Working with Strings
Conversion: atoi(), atof(), atol()
Case Change: capitalize(), capwords(), swapcases(), lower(), upper()

Finding: find(), rfind(),
index(),
rindex(),
replace()
Interfacing
with
the Javacount(),
APIs and
working with Java
Streams
Splitting and Joining: split(), splitfields(), join(), joinfields()
Usinglstrip(),
Pythonrstrip(),
and Javastrip()
Swing
Stripping and Parsing:
to create GUIs
Adjusting Text: ljust(), rjust(), center(), zfill(), expandtabs()
Summary
Chapter 11. Interfacing with Java

Using the Java
APIs
In addition,
the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
Constructors
Java Types
Java
Java Arrays and jarray
you are
Java Arrays Whether
and Methods
a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious

application
developer,
Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
Bean Properties
give
you
insight
into
the
power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
Properties
Java Event Handling
777
Subclassing Java Classes

Advanced Topics
Summary
Chapter 12. Working
with
Java Streams
By Richard
Hightower
The Java Way of File Operations
Text Streams Publisher: Addison Wesley
Binary Streams:
InputStream
Pub
Date: June and
28, OutputStream
2002
DataInput and DataOutput
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
The File Class
Pages: 640
Contents
The RandomAccessFile Class
The StreamTokenizer
Classby ease
Characterized

language for more than a decade, and is used by
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
Using Java Streams to Work with Memory
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
Summary
remained
a premier
programming
Persisting Objects
with
Java Streams
Chapter 13. JFC Fundamentals
JFrame
Handling Events with JFrame
The Python Way of Handling Events
The Class Hierarchy for JFrame and Frame
Components and Containers
JPanel
JLabel
JComponentand
JButton
JTextField
JCheckBox
JRadioButton
List and JList
Summary

and exceptions
Chapter 14. First Swing

Application, programming
Layout, and Menus
Object-oriented
concepts
Putting Things Together with Basic Java GUIs
File for
input/output
Adding an Input Form
an Address Entry: The Prototype
Adding an Input Form for an Address Entry: First Cut
Adding a Main Window for the Address Book Application: Prototype

Adding a Main Window:
First Cut
Formatting,
parsing, and manipulating strings
Adding a Toolbar and a Dialog for the Address Book Application
Menus
Layout Managers
A GridBagLayout Example
Putting Things Together: Adding GridBagLayout to the Address Application

Summary

Chapter 15. Graphics and Events

A Quick Graphics
Tour
In addition,
Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
andTogether:
numerousAcode
samples
make this book a useful learning experience.
Putting Things
Drawing
Program
language
and Events
the Java
A Quick Tour
of Common
The Complete Shapes and DrawShapes Modules

Summary
Chapter 16.

Advanced Swing
JTable
777
Working with Table Models

Putting Things TogetherAdding a Table Model to the Address Book Application
JTree
JToolBar and
Actions
Web
Summary By Richard Hightower
Chapter 17. SQL Publisher:
and JDBC Addison Wesley
A Quick and Dirty
PubJDBC
Date:Session
June 28, 2002
Programming with ISBN:
JDBC and
SQL
0-201-61616-5
Table of
SQL Data Definition
Language
Pages:
640
Contents
SQL Data Manipulation Language
Putting It AllCharacterized
TogetherAdding
Database
Support of
to expression,
the Addressand
Book
Application
by ease
of use, richness
concise
syntax,
Python has
Chapter 18. Applets
What Are Applets?
Summary
Working with Applets
Transforming the Address Book Application into an Applet
Advanced Topic: AppletContext and AppletStub
Summary
Using an Applet as a Container
Appendix A. Installing Jython on Windows

Installing Java
Runtime
Python
Programming

with Jython covers important topics such as:
Installing the
J2SEStep
Step
and
EnterprisebyApplications
Installing Jython
Fundamental
programming
Appendix B. Installing
Jython on Linux
interpreters,
and compilers
Unpacking the Blackdown
Package
Unpacking the Sun Package

and exceptions
Installing the Sun and Blackdown Distributions

Installing Older Distributions
Running Jython
Appendix C. The Power

Scripting
Fileofinput/output
Scripting Versus Programming Languages
Java and ScriptingPython's intrinsic
functions
Integrating Scripting with Jython
Which Scripting Language to Choose
Hello WorldThe Programming

Rosetta
Stone
Interfacing with
the Java
APIs
and working with Java Streams
What Does It All Mean?

Appendix D. Java and Python: A Comparison
Python 101
A GUI Application
A Statistics Application
A String Parsing Example
Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
Embedding language
Jython in and
Javathe
Appendix E. Regular Expressions

A Simple Example
Whether
you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious

developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
Regular Expression
andthe
Error
andofFlags
Properties
give youFunctions
insight into
power
Python
and the know-how to put it to work.
Pattern Characteristics
application
re Object Methods and Properties

Match Object Methods and Properties
777
Metacharacters
Copyright
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark
claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
author
and publisher have taken
care in the preparation of
Contents
The
this book, but make no expressed or implied
warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental
Characterized
by ease
of use,
richness
andinformation
concise syntax,
Python has
or consequential damages
in connection
with
or arising
outofofexpression,
the use of the
or programs
contained
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used by
herein.
two languages,
whenwhen
usedordered
in combination,
ideal
and distributed
enterprise
The publisher offers the
discounts
on this book
in quantity
for for
bulkWeb
purchases
and special
sales. For
application
development.
more information, please contact:
This tutorial Sales

begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
U.S. Corporate and Government
(800) 382-3419
corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com
For sales outside of the U.S., please contact:
International Sales
(317) 581-3793

international@pearsontechgroup.com
Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web: www.awprofessional.com
and exceptions
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Data
Hightower, Richard.
input/output
Python programming with File
the Java
class libraries : a tutorial for building Web and Enterprise applications with
Jython / Richard Hightower.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-201-61616-5 (alk. paper)

1. Python (Computer program language) 2. Java (Computer program language) 3. Application
softwareDevelopment. I. Title.
QA76.73.P98 H54 2002

005.2'762dc21
numerous
code samples
Copyright 2003 byand
Pearson
Education,
Inc. make this book a useful learning experience.
2002066565
Whether
a sophisticated
userstored
new toinprogramming
or a serious
All rights reserved. No
part ofyou
thisare
publication
may becomputer
reproduced,
a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
will
any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, Libraries
without the
prior
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada.
For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please submit a written request to:
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Programming
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Department
with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building

Richard
75 Arlington Street, By
Suite
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Boston, MA 02116
Fax: (617) 848-7047
Text
Table of
printed
on recycled
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
paper
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10CRS0605040302
First printing, July 2002
Preface
of skill-building
and interactive
programming
sessions,
book
willand
Python is a dynamic plenty
programming
languageexercises
with the power
of well-known
languages
such asthis
Java,
C++,
help those
newand
to programming
develop
an understanding
and practical
Smalltalk. In fact, Python
is leaner
meaner than any
of these
languages andof
yetconcepts
very expressive;
it doesn't
talk much, but it hastechniques.
a lot to say.For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
Python has another plus:
the simplicity
of languages such as VB Script and JavaScript, which makes it easy for
application
development.
beginning programmers to learn. Novices who know their way around a computer can pick it up quickly,
Python
with the that
Java(TM)
Libraries:data,
A Tutorial
Building Web
particularly if they have
everProgramming
created a spreadsheet
graphsClass
and organizes
writtenfor
spreadsheet
formulas,
andFor
Enterprise
Applications
Jython
covers
such as: in any language,
or created a Web page.
those who
have, say, with
written
macros
and important
batch filestopics
or programmed
Python will be a breeze.
A Very Short History

basics,
including
operators,
stringvan
formatting,
Python was derived from aPython
language
called
ABC created
by Guido
Rossum namespaces,
and others in classes,
the earlyerrors,
1980s.
and
exceptions
The hope was that ABC's designed-in ease of use would become popular with novices as a way to get up to
programming speed quickly and painlessly. This hope didn't pan out, so van Rossum began a new project,
Python, which was released in 1990. He didn't forget ABC; in fact, there's a lot of ABC in Python's concise
syntax and elegant expression,
well as in its ease of use. The formula worked this time; Python succeeded
File as
input/output
where ABC failed, and it has stood the test of time.
What You Will Learn

Put simply, my goal with this
book is towith
teach
Python.
learn the workings of Python
Interfacing
theprogramming
Java APIs andusing
working
withYou'll
Java Streams
and how to apply them, particularly for the following:
Abstract Windows Toolkit
(AWT)
and Swing
application development
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
Java applet development
Internet programming
Regular expressions
and pattern
and numerous
codematching
samples make this book a useful learning experience.
You may not understand
theseyou
concepts
now, but youcomputer
will by the
endnew
of the
book.
Whether
are a sophisticated
user
to programming
or a serious
If you're looking for a full language reference, you won't get it here. What you will get is a deep enough
understanding of Python to get started on your own programming. I'm going to remind you often of my belief
that the best way to learn programming is by doing it. That's why I've provided lots of hands-on exercises in the
form of interactive programming sessions, which I hope you'll follow along with at the keyboard as you read.
777
The Audience
As a reader of this book, you may be one of the following:

Pub
Date:
June
A nonprogrammer
who
wants
to 28,
learn2002
a programming language
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of programmer who wants to learn Python
A novice
Pages: 640
Contents
For simplicity, I'll call

you both novices.
You
knowrichness
your computer
and how
use it tosyntax,
get thePython
job done.
Characterized
by ease
of use,
of expression,
andtoconcise
has
If you're not a novice and you're reading this book, then you're an experienced programmer who wants to learn a
higher-level language that's quicker and more powerful than the one you're using now. For simplicity, I'll call you
programmers.
For Novices This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
those new
to programming
develop
understanding
of examples.
concepts and
practical
You'll be introducedhelp
to Python
in conversational
English,
withanmany
step-by-step
Chapters
2 through
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of
9 build progressively on the chapters preceding them, so you should be able to learn enough to begin writing
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
useful Python programs. The goal is to give you as much of a headstart as possible. From Chapter 10 on you'll
application
development.
learn more about Python
and about
supporting Java and Python libraries on your own, as well as about Internet
programming with Python.
For Programmers
Most likely you're an experienced

Java programmer
who's
awareincluding
of the close
relationship
between Java and
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
statements,
expressions,
Python and how it can leadinterpreters,
to better application
development (we'll get into this more in Chapter 1). You can
and compilers
skip over or skim the basic material and concentrate on the Advanced Topic sections and the various sidebars
basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
that are geared to your levelPython
of understanding.
and exceptions
Now let's get into our tour of Pythonthe destination is worth the trip.
Acknowledgments
File input/output
Python's
intrinsic
The author and publisher are
grateful
for the functions
efforts of this book's developmental editor, Dianne Cannon Wood,
and reviewer, Barry Busler. Countless hours and suggestions were extremely helpful during the book's
production stages. Thanks.Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Jython
Overview
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Learning Python Pages:
First 640
Contents
Python the Language
Characterized
Starting with
Python by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Basic Functions with Python
Python as athe
Main
two Program
languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
The Fast Track
The Power of Python
This tutorial
begins
with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
Where Do You
Go from
Here?
Summary

Terms in This Chapter
Applet
Main method
and
Enterprise
important topics such as:
Boolean
value Applications with Jython covers
Method
Bytecode
Module
Class interpreters, and compilers
Object
Python basics, including operators, string

formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Compiler
Programming
and exceptions
Concatenation
Pseudocode
Control flow
Script
File input/output
Expression
Sequence
Floating-point number
Servlet
for loop
Slice notation
Function
Statem ent
Immutability
String
Index/Indexing
Syntax
Interactive mode
Type
Interpreter
ValueTerminology, definitions, explanations,
language
and the Java Development Kit (JDK).
Iteration
Variable
Macro
application
In this chapter you will learn just what Python programming is and how to save and run Python scripts.
777
You may have programmed

computer without
it. ForLibraries:
example, A
have
you ever
or
Python aProgramming
witheven
theknowing
Java Class
Tutorial
forwritten
Building
recorded a spreadsheet
macro
any otherApplications
macro for anywith
type Jython
of application)? If you have, you've programmed.
Web
and (or
Enterprise
Of course, programming
is a lotHightower
more complicated than writing macros; still, many people are overly
By Richard
apprehensive when it comes to learning this skill.
You're going to find outPub

thatDate:
there'sJune
often
not much difference between a macro or a scripting language and
28, 2002
"real" programming. However, macro and script don't intimidate novice users, whereas programming does. The
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
point
is
that of
learning programming doesn't have to be hard. In fact, the hardest part about it is having the right
Pages: 640
Contents
attitude.
If you believe you can't learn to program, you probably won't.
Characterized
by is
ease
of use, richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax, Python
At its most basic level,
programming
instructing
the computer,
in a language
that it understands,
sohas
that it can
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
perform tasks. Like any language you learned in high school, a programming language has a vocabulary,
novices andand
professionals
alike.The
In particular,
its close
relationship
to Java(TM)
makes
grammar, syntax, punctuation,
parts of speech.
trick is knowing
how
to use these
components
correctly
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
so that you get your point across and the job gets done.
Consider this very simple instruction:
of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
write("Hello plenty
World")
Called a statement, it's
the primary
blockprogrammers,
of programming.
It "invokes,"
or "calls,"
the write
techniques.
Forbuilding
experienced
the book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth function.
of
A function is a grouped
set of statements.
Within a program, one function can perform a task in its entirety, but
application
development.
more likely it will call another function, which in turn can call other functions, and so on, all of which together
Python
Programming
withbeing
the Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
Web
organize the program's
statements.
Remember
told in English
class to organize
yourfor
thoughts
into
a
and
Enterprise
Applications
with statements
Jython covers
such as: languages.
cohesive whole to get
your
point across?
This is what
andimportant
functionstopics
do in computer
Languages like Python need an interpreter to translate a human-generated program into a "machine-readable"
programming
concepts,
statements,
expressions,
form that the computer canFundamental
understand. Other
languages,
such asincluding
C and C++,
use a compiler.
The difference
andthe
compilers
between the two is that theinterpreters,
compiler saves
translated code on the machine, allowing it to be run
independently on another occasion, whereas the interpreter holds it in memory only for the duration of the
basics,
operators,
formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
program running when thePython
translation
wasincluding
made. The
upshot isstring
that compiled
programs
are faster
thanerrors,
and
exceptions
interpreted programs.
Learning Python First
File input/output
Learning any one programming

language
makes
it much easier to understand not only computers but other
Python's
intrinsic
functions
programming languages as well. As you'll see, Python is perhaps the easiest language to learn and use. This
makes it the logical one to Formatting,
get under your
belt asand
a first
step on thestrings
way to Visual Basic, Java, and so forth.
parsing,
manipulating
It's important to understandInterfacing
that not allwith
languages
areAPIs
alike.
Forworking
example,
some,
as C++, Java, and Python,
the Java
and
with
Javasuch
Streams
areterse. That is, they get a lot done without a lot of code. Others, like Assembly, are verbose. They need many
lines of code to perform a simple
task. Toand
illustrate,
let's pretend
Using Python
Java Swing
to createwe're
GUIsasking a computer to tell us how to get to
downtown Phoenix, Arizona. Python would tell us to take Speedway Boulevard to I-10 and head west. Here's
what Assembly would say:Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Walk to your garage.Python and Java applets
Open the garage door.
In addition,
Walk to the driver's
side ofthe
thebook
car. contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
language
and
the
Put the key in the door.
and
numerous
code
Unlock the door.
Sit in the driver's seat
You get the picture. application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
Assembly language needs to be verbose because it does its heavy lifting in building core operating system parts
and high-speed optimized programs. Most programs don't require a low-level draft horse like Assembly,
however, but a high-level language that offers greater productivity.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
777
A higher-level language
abstracts
(i.e., hides)with
the complexity
a lower-level
language.
It looks
at the bigger
Python
Programming
the Javaof
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
picture and omits theWeb
details,
we saw in how
Python and
Assembly
andasEnterprise
Applications
with
Jythontell us how to get to Phoenix. The tradeoff
is that a lower-level By
language
friendlier to the computerit can run fasterwhereas a higher-level language is
RichardisHightower
friendlier to the programmershe can program faster. There's a hierarchy of complexity with programming
languages: C and C++ are
higher level
thanWesley
Assembly; Java is higher level than C++; and Python is higher level
Publisher:
Addison
than Java. The higher the
level,
the
greater
the
ease of use. The goal is making a language easy to use without
draining its power.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Python the Language
Python is a dynamic object-oriented language (i.e., flexible) for writing applications, Java applets and servlets,
and the like. (We'll learn more about applets in Chapter 18.) It has a close relationship with Java. In fact, it can
do pretty much anything Java can because it compiles to Java and uses the Java class libraries. With Python, you
can create animated Web pages, automate monotonous jobs, and write Internet-interactive programs.
Java and Python


techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
theabook
demonstrates
of and
No doubt you've heard
of Java, even
the novices among
you. Over
thousand
books onPython's
it are onbreadth
bookstore
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
library shelves, so it's hard to miss.
Remember our discussion of compilers and interpreters? Like Python, Java is an interpreted language, but, like
Python
Programming
the Java(TM)
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Web
C++, it's also a compiled
language.
In otherwith
words,
it compilesClass
into an
intermediate
language
called bytecode,
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
covers
topics
such
which is then interpreted
into machine
code at runtime
(that is,
whenimportant
the program
is put
to as:
use by the user). This
makes Java a hybrid; its ability to be both interepreted and compiled gives it flexibility as well as speed.
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
statements,
expressions,
Java is popular among programmers
because
of its versatility
andincluding
because it's
a much easier
language than C++.
interpreters,
andsimplicity
compilersdepartment. In fact, its complexity, along with its client-side
Still, it's a far cry from Visual
Basic in the
speed and graphics problems, has allowed other languages, such as DHTML (that is, HTML combined with
Python
basics,
includingnumber
operators,
string formatting,
namespaces,
classes, errors,
VBScript and/or JavaScript),
to lure
a substantial
of developers
away from
the Java camp.
and exceptions
None of this means that Java doesn't have the potential to become an excellent client-side development tool. I
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
believe it does, and I program
in it professionally.
However,
it doesn't fill the need for a higher-level scripting
language that's easy on the programmer, and this is where Python comes in. Unlike Java, Python is easy enough
File input/output
for beginning programmers to master quickly and yet powerful enough to keep experienced programmers
interested.
Jython
Because of the success of Java, it made sense to make Java and Python compatible. Thus, one version of Python,
called Jython, has been ported
to Python
Java andand
so Java
can compile
bytecode.
Using
Swing totocreate
GUIsThis move will likely make Python the
next Internet development phenomenon, like Java or XML. At the least, it will make it available to a much
broader audience and makeWorking
it applicable
more
with in
SQL
andenvironments.
JDBC(TM) Consider, for example, that Jython makes it
much easier to add user-defined types in Java. (Don't worry, types will be explained in due time.)
The Object Management Group (OMG) has adopted Python as one of the scripting component languages of
addition, object
the book
contains
instructions
for downloading
installing
the Python
CORBA, a standard In
distributed
model.
In fact,
CorbaScript,
which is alsoand
a standard
script,
is one of
language
Java with
Development
Kit (JDK).
Python's close cousins.
Pythonand
alsothe
works
ActiveX (also
knownTerminology,
as COM+), adefinitions,
nonstandardexplanations,
distributed
andships
numerous
code samples
makesystems,
this bookand
a useful
learning experience.
component model that
with Windows
operating
with JavaBeans
and RMI, which is a
distributed object model for Java applications. With the addition of the OMG's CORBABean specification,
Whether
youaare
a sophisticated
computer
usermodel,
new toPython
programming
or a serious
which effectively gives
CORBA
client-side
tool-able
component
can be used
to script CORBA
objects as well.
The reason Python works so well with JavaBeans, ActiveX, and CORBA is that these products are all
component models, that is, ways to manufacture components. Python serves as a means to wire together, or
"glue," purchased or built components into an application. At the moment, Visual Basic is the de facto standard
for scripting together ActiveX components into applications, but it's limited to Windows platforms. Python is
777
becoming the standard

for scripting
together with
components
fromClass
CORBA,
JavaBeans,
Enterprise
JavaBeans, and
Python
Programming
the Java
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
ActiveX.
For Programmers
and Novices: Jython Focus
Table
of
Our focus
will be
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
primarily
on Jython, rather than on CPython (the non-Java version). Either
Pages: 640
Jython or CPython can be used for an understanding of the core aspects of Python, but you'll
definitely needCharacterized
the Java version
when
to JFC/Swing,
applets,
and
the like.
by ease
of we
use,get
richness
of expression,
and
concise
syntax, Python has
novices
and professionals
closetake
relationship
to Java(TM)
You know the old saying
"Every
journey beginsalike.
withIntheparticular,
first step."itsLet's
that first step
now. makes
Starting with Python
To install Python youplenty
must of
have
a recent version
of the
Java
Development
Kit (JDK).
For installation
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this book details,
will
refer to Appendix A.help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
Now you're up and running.
I'm going
to assume
thatthat
you're
sitting
at the keyboard
with
thisfor
book
situated so that
capabilities
and shows
the ways
Python
interfaces
with Java
APIs
professional
you can follow alongapplication
with the interactive
sessions.
This
is
critical
even
if
you
don't
understand
the
topic under
development.
discussion. Once again, the only way to learn programming is to program, even if you're not sure what you're
doing. Don't worry; you
soonProgramming
will.
Python
Python Interactive Mode

This section explains how interpreters,
to use Pythonand
in interactive
compilers mode, that is, the user and Python interacting one
instruction at a time. It's a great way to learn the language. Also explained are the essential features of Python,
including simple statements,
expressions,
and data types.
Python
basics, including
operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
To get Python going, at the DOS prompt (or the equivalent for your operating system) type Python (for
CPython) or Jython (forObject-oriented
the Java-enabled
version). You
should see a welcome message showing the Python
programming
concepts
version number and a copyright notice.
File input/output
C:\Jython>jython
Jython 1.1 on jdk1.3
Copyright 1997-1998 Corporation for National Research Initiatives
>>>
Interfacing
withcommand,
the Java APIs
andas
working
with Java
Streams
This is followed by a prompt
for your first
known
the primary
prompt
and denoted by >>>. If you
enterprint"Hello World" here and then hit the Enter key, Python will obey your command and print
"Hello World" to theUsing
monitor.
with SQL and JDBC(TM)
>>> print "Hello Working
World"
Hello World
>>>
If that's all you want Python to do at this point, you can exit the system with another command.
>>>raise SystemExit
Whether
you"exception"
are a sophisticated
user new
programming
a serious
This creates what's known
as an
(we'll gocomputer
into exceptions
in to
Chapter
7), whichorgets
you out of
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
will
Python. Another way to exit is to hit the Ctrl key in combination with whichever key your system designates
for
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
leaving a session. On Windows this is usually Ctrl-z; on UNIX it's usually Ctrl-d.
777
Basic Functions with Python
The following sections

coverProgramming
how Python deals
with
raw material
of programming:
numbers
and text.
Python
with
thethe
Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Numbers

Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
Python can serve as a simple
calculator.
The
syntax it uses is nearly identical to that used for writing spreadsheet
Pub Date:
Junespreadsheets,
28, 2002
formulas. For novices who've
created
all of this will seem familiar. The same is true for
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
programmers
who've
worked
with
any
language
that
uses an algebraic syntax, such as Pascal, Fortran, Basic, C,
Table of
Pages:
640
or Java.
Contents
In Python, you enter Characterized

a mathematicalbyformula
an expression)
just asand
youconcise
do withsyntax,
spreadsheets,
ease of (called
use, richness
of expression,
Python and
has you're
given a resulting value.
In programming
terms, an expression
is for
a Python
statement
that returns
a value.
remained
a premier programming
language
more than
a decade,
and is used
by That
value is printed to the
console.
novices
and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
Python'sexpression syntax
is straightforward.
application
development. The addition (+), subtraction (), multiplication (*), and division
(/) operators work just like they do in spreadsheets and other programming languages. Parentheses work
similarly as well, forThis
grouping.
tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
>>> (2*2)/4 help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
1
The equal sign (=) assigns a value to a variable. In the first line of the following example, the variable is
annual_salary, to which we assign a value of 20000. (My convention is to join two-word variable
names with an underscore.)
>>> annual_salary = 20000

>>> monthly_salary = annual_salary/12
>>> monthly_salary
1666
>>> bosses_salary = annual_salary * 3
>>> bosses_salaryPython basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
60000
Object-oriented
programming
In the second line, we divide
annual_salary
by 12 concepts
to arrive at a value for the variable
monthly_salary. Then, in the third line, we enter monthly_salary at the prompt, which tells
Python to print the value ofFile
thatinput/output
variable to the console. We can use annual_salary again in assigning a
value to bosses_salary.
For Programmers:
Implicit
Variable
Interfacing with the Java
APIs and working
with JavaDeclaration
Streams
Python declared.
and Java Swing
create
In Python variables Using
are implicitly
That is,tothe
first GUIs
time a variable is used it is assigned a
value. This assigned value determines its type. In the salary example, all variables are assigned
Working
values of type Integer
. with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Pythonthis
andnote
Javaand
applets
Novices, if you're reading
are confused by the concept of type, don't worry; we'll get
to it. For understanding the ideas presented in the rest of the chapter, you just need to know that
In addition,
the book contains
downloading
numbers can be
of type Integer
; text caninstructions
be of types for
String
,Listand
, etc.installing
Basically,the
thePython
type
assigned to a variable tells Python what values it can have and what operations can be performed
on it.
The values assigned application
to the variables
we've seen
so Programming
far have been whole
numbers.
Python
also work
developer,
Python
with the
Java(TM)
Classcan
Libraries
willwith
decimals, known in programming
as
floating-point
numbers
(of
type
Float
).
>>> sum=1.3 + 1.4 + 1.56 + 1.7 + 1.2 + 1.9

>>> mean = sum /6
>>> mean
777
1.51
>>>
In the first line, we create a variable called sum and assign as its value the result of adding six floating-point
numbers. In the second Publisher:
line, we create
a new variable called mean, to which we assign as its value the value of
Addison Wesley
sum divided by 6. In the third line, we enter the variable mean, and Python displays its value to the console.
Table of
Text
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Python, like all programming

languages,
with
text asofstrings
of characters;
individual
delimited
Characterized
by easeworks
of use,
richness
expression,
and concise
syntax,strings
Pythonare
has
by quotes. Take a look
at the following
example: language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained
a premier code
programming
>>> Name = "James
Agular"
the two languages,
>>> HelloGreeting
= development.
"Hello " + Name + ", how are you?"
application
>>> print HelloGreeting

Hello James Agular,
you? of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
This tutorial how
beginsare
with coverage
>>>
In the first line, we create
a variable
called Nameprogrammers,
and assign as the
its value
the string "James
techniques.
For experienced
book demonstrates
Python'sAgular"
breadth of . In the
second line, we create
a variableand
called
HelloGreeting
andinterfaces
assign as with
its value
string
"Hello" plus
capabilities
shows
the ways that Python
Javathe
APIs
for professional
the value of Name plus
"how development.
are you?". Note that this value is made up of three strings joined by two
application
plus (+) signs. This is known as concatenation, which is a fancy term for the simple act of "stringing" strings
together. In the thirdPython
line, weProgramming
ask Python towith
printthe
HelloGreeting
, which it
in the
line.Web
Java(TM) Class Libraries:
A does
Tutorial
forfourth
Building
Indexing
As in Java and C, we can work with individual characters in a string. To access them we use indexing, in which
the string characters, starting with the first one, are assigned consecutive numbers, or indexes. Thus, the first
character is assigned the index
0; the
second
character,
the index
1; and
so forth.namespaces,
We can referclasses,
to theseerrors,
as "0
Python
basics,
including
operators,
string
formatting,
index" and "1 index." The numbers
assigned
to
characters
in
a
string
are
referred
to
as
the
string's
indexes.
and exceptions
The following example should
give you a clear
picture ofconcepts
indexing.
Object-oriented
programming
>>> sample = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"

File input/output
>>> sample
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
>>> sample[1]
'b'
>>> sample[0]
'a'
Using
andsample[1]
Java Swing to. Next
createwe
GUIs
Here we first want the letter
b, soPython
we enter
want the letter a, so we enter
sample[0]. Notice that the indexes are indicated by square brackets.
Just remember, novices, the index of the first character in a string is 0, not 1, which is why the index of z in the
Python
and Java applets
example above is 25, not 26
.
Another way to access parts of a string is with slice notation, which, simply put, allows you to enter a string (or a
list or a tuple, whichWhether
we'll getyou
to shortly)
and extract the
"slice" user
you want
toprogramming
work with. or a serious
are a sophisticated
computer
new to
Let's look at an example:
Slice Notation
>>> alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"

>>> AthruD = alphabet[0:4]
>>> AthruD
777
'abcd'
first line assignsBy
the
letters Hightower
of the alphabet to the variable alphabet ; the second line assigns the value
Richard
The
of
indexes 0 through 3 to the variable AthruD; the third line instructs Python to output AthruD; the fourth line
is the result: 'abcd'. Publisher: Addison Wesley
Another way to write the
slice [0:4] is as [:4]. An omitted first index tells Python to start at zero. In the
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
same way,
[1:]
tells
Python
to start at index 1 and make the rest of the string the slice. The following example
Table of
Pages: 640
uses the
slice notation in all three ways: without a first index in the first line; with both indexes in the fourth line;
Contents
and without the second index in seventh line. Table 1-1 describes each of these slices in English.
>>> AthruD= alphabet[:4]
>>> AthruD novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
'abcd'
Table 1-1. Slice Notation

Slice
help those new Meaning
to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
AthruD=alphabet[:4]
the variable
AthruD
from demonstrates
the first character
upbreadth
to but not
techniques. ForAssign
experienced
programmers,
the book
Python's
of
4 index,
i.e., index
0 through
index
3. for professional
capabilities andincluding
shows thethe
ways
that Python
interfaces
with Java
APIs
EthruM=alphabet[4:13]
Assign the variable EthruM from the 4 index up to but not including
the 13 index.
Python Programming
Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Web the
NthruZ=alphabet[13:]
Assignwith
the the
variable
NthruZ
from the 13
index upfor
toBuilding
and including
and Enterprise last
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
character in this string.
>>> EthruM = alphabet[4:13]

>>> EthruM
'efghijklm'
>>> NthruZ = alphabet[13:]
>>> NthruZ
'nopqrstuvwxyz' and exceptions
>>> alphabet2 = AthruD + EthruM + NthruZ
>>> alphabet2
File input/output
>>> alphabet
The
APIsSlice
Using
Python
Java
Swing
create
GUIs the second index. Thus, a slice
In a slice notation, the
range
of theand
slice
is up
to buttonot
including
of[2:5] actually means the second through the fourth characters in a string.
Lists
A list is a built-in Python type (remember, we'll get to types in Chapter 2). It's in the same type family as a string
and can contain either strings or numbers. Lists are somewhat like arrays in Java or C, except that they can
contain values of different types.
The following example shows how a list uses slice notation:
you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
>>> letters =give
"abcdefghijklmnop"
>>> numbers = "123456789"

>>> list = [letters, numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
>>> list[0]
'abcdefghijklmnop'
777
>>> list[1] Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
'123456789' Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
>>> list[2] ByRichard Hightower
1
>>> list[7]
1.0
>>> list[:]
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
['abcdefghijklmnop',
'123456789', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
len(list)
11
>>> list = ["hello",
"goodbye"]
remained a premier
>>> list[0:2]novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
['hello', 'goodbye']
>>>len (list)application development.
2
of skill-building
Python as aplenty
Main
Programexercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
In interactive mode, capabilities
you work with
instruction
at a time.
When with
it's setJava
up as
a standalone
program
andPython
shows one
the ways
that Python
interfaces
APIs
for professional
(i.e., not needing user
interaction),
Python
performs
any
number
of
consecutive
tasks.
Just
turn
it
on,
and
it does
all the rest. To use Python this way, you first have to write a program and then save it as a text file.
Enter the following at
your
console Applications
and save it aswith
campPython.py.
and
Enterprise
print "hello mother"

print "hello father"
print "greetings interpreters,
from camp
Python"
and compilers
Go to the command promptPython
and enter
Jython
campPython.py
.
basics,
including
operators, string formatting,
namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
C:\book\chap1>jython campPython.py
The output is

File input/output
hello mother
hello father
greetings from camp Python
Essentially, you've created a module called campPython.py, and the text you typed in is the module's main
methodthe code that's executed
first.with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Interfacing
Now take a look at the nextUsing
code Python
example.
represents
module
a class called Camp, a method
andIt Java
Swingato
create containing
GUIs
calledSayHello(), and a function called sayCampHello().
class Camp:
def sayHello(self):
return "\n Hello Mom \n Hello Dad"
def sayCampHello():
camp = and
Camp()
print ("Hello: " + camp.sayHello())

if __name__ == "__main__":
sayCampHello()
777
If you're feeling adventurous, enter this module and run it, making sure to indent each line exactly as shown.
Don't waste too much time trying to figure out what's going on, however. For that you have to know about
functions, which are covered in Chapter 3, and classes, which are covered in Chapter 5 (along with methods). By
the way, the line ifPython

__name__=="__main__":
indicates
that
this part A
ofTutorial
the module
be
Programming with the Java
Class
Libraries:
forshould
Building
executed if this scriptWeb
is run
as Enterprise
the main program
(from the
command
and
Applications
with
Jythonprompt example).
For Programmers Only

Pub Date:
June 28,two
2002
Novices, go ahead and read
the following
subsections if you like, but they're way over your head right now.
Table of
Blocks
Code
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Characterized
by ease
use,
richness
of expression,
syntax, Python
In the Camp example,
notice that the
classof
and
function
definitions
don't and
haveconcise
block delimiters
but arehas
delimited
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by the
by whitespace only. In Python, indentation defines code blocks, so all Python programs look pretty much
alike.such
In particular,
closeBasic,
relationship
to Java(TM)
makes
same. This is in real novices
contrastand
withprofessionals
other languages,
as C++ orits
Visual
in which
three different
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
programmers can come up with three different styles for the same program. You should understand the issue if
development.
you've ever written aapplication
language style
guide. In a Python style guide, defining the best style for delimiting code
blocks is something you won't have to worry about.
Passing Arguments to a Program
If you're writing a utility
application,
you might
wantthat
to bePython
able tointerfaces
pass command-line
arguments
to the program.
capabilities
and shows
the ways
with Java APIs
for professional
In Python, we do thisapplication
by putting development.
the arguments on the command line after the script.
C:\book\chap1>jython
args.py
hello
howClass
are
you A Tutorial for Building Web
Python Programming
with the
Java(TM)
Libraries:
Here we enter four command-line arguments in the args module. These arguments are stored in a list called
argv in the sys module (sys must be imported before it can be used by args). The args.py module is an
example of using the sys.argv
variable.
Fundamental
programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
import sys
print(sys.argv[0])
print(sys.argv[1])
and exceptions
print(sys.argv[2])
print(sys.argv[3])
print(sys.argv[4])
File input/output
The first line of args imports the sys module. The second through sixth lines place each command-line argument
Python's
intrinsic
functionsoutput:
in the sys.argv list. This
produces
the following
args.py
hello
how
are
you


As you can see, sys .argv[0] equals args.py, which is the name of the script. argv[1:] equals the
remaining command-line arguments
hello
,how,are,you. Remember, the slice notation argv[1:]
Python and Java
applets
indicates the 1 index through the end of the argv list.
Back to Basics
If you're working in a Python program, you can switch to interactive mode with the -i command-line argument,
which allows the script to be interpreted and then inspected by the interactive interpreter. You'll be glad to have
this feature if there's a bug in your code that you need to find and fix.
The following code is our campPython.py module, this time with the -i inserted before the module name in the
first line.
777
C:\book\chap1>jython -i campHello2.py
Hello:
Hello Mom Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
Hello Dad ByRichard Hightower
>>> camp = Camp()
>>> print camp.sayHello()
Hello Mom
Table Dad
of
Hello
>>> Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
The Fast Track
Python supports control flow, functions, exception handling, object-oriented programming, and more, much like
Java, Visual Basic, Perl, Delphi, and C++, among others. In syntax, Python is a lot like C, whose syntax is the
basis of that used in This
Java,tutorial
JavaScript,
andwith
C++.
begins
coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
capabilities
and shows
the ways
that Python
interfaces
withaJava
APIsa for
professional
Python is a dynamically
typed language,
similar
to Smalltalk.
When
you assign
variable
value,
that value
application
development.
specifies the type. There
are many
built-in types in Python, but, unlike in Java, no primitive types. Functions,
methods, classes, code blocks, namespaces, numbers, strings, and so forth, are all treated as objects that can be
manipulated.
If you're a Smalltalk fan, you'll like Python. Of all of the mainstream programming languages, Python has the
closest thing to Smalltalk's object model (it even has multiple inheritance).
Numeric Types
Types

Numeric types are objects in
The built-in function type() indicates the type, as the following code
andPython.
exceptions
snippet illustrates:
>>> myInt = 1
>>> type(myInt) File input/output
<jclass org.python.core.PyInteger>
>>> myFloat = 1.1

>>> type(myFloat)Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
<jclass org.python.core.PyFloat>
>>> myLong = 1l Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs

>>> type(myLong)
<jclass org.python.core.PyLong>
You can add, subtract, divide,
andand
multiply
numeric types.
Python
Java applets
>>>
>>>
2
>>>
>>>
2
num = 1 +In addition,

1
print numlanguage and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
average = (1+2+3)/3
print average
Chapter 2 will tell you more about Python built-in types. Chapter 3 will tell you about Python-supported
operators.
Collection Types
777
Programming
Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Python supports fourPython
main built-in
collectionwith
types:the
strings,
dictionaries,
lists, and
tuples. Strings,
lists, and tuples
are called sequences, for which Python provides many built-in operations. If you know Java, think of a list as a
vector and a dictionary as a hashtable. If you know Visual Basic, think of a dictionary as a collection object or, if
you know Perl, as an associative array. Like Perl and Visual Basic, Python has a built-in syntax for dealing with
collections, which makes
the code that works with them easier to write and understand. Java has no such syntax.
ISBN:how
0-201-61616-5
The example that follows shows
to declare an instance of each collection type.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
list = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
tuple = (1,2,3,4,5,6)
string = remained
"123456"
dict = {"one":1,
"two":2,alike.
"three":3,
"five":5,
"six":6}
novices and professionals
In particular, its"four":4,
close relationship
to Java(TM) makes
Here are the corresponding
type development.
names for each collection variable:
application
>>> type(list)
<jclass org.python.core.PyList>
>>> type (tuple)

<jclass org.python.core.PyTuple>
>>> type(string)
<jclass org.python.core.PyString>
>>> type(dict)
<jclass org.python.core.PyDictionary>
interpreters,
compilers
Also like Perl and Visual Basic,
Pythonand
allows
effortless iteration through collections. Here's an example of
iterating through each item in a list, and printing it to the console, using a for loop:
>>> for item in list:
and exceptions
...
...
1
2
3
4
5
6
print item
File input/output
Here's the same for loop for a string and a tuple, respectively:
>>> for item in string:

...
print item
...
1
2
3
4
5
6
>>> for item application
in tuple:
give
you
insight
into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
...
print item
...
1
2
3
777
4
5
6
Note the indentation that

marks the body of the for statement in all three examples. (Chapter 4 deals with for
loops and for statements.)
0-201-61616-5
All of Table
the Python
collectionISBN:
types can
be indexed using the [ ] notationjust like an array in Java or C. The
of
Pages: 640
following
example shows how for lists, tuples, and strings:
Contents
>>> list[1] Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
2
>>> tuple[1] novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
2
>>> string[1]application development.
'2'
skill-building
exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
With dictionaries youplenty
use aofkey
to index a value.
>>> dict["one"]
1
For any collection type, if you try to index a value that's not available (out of range, a nonexistent key, etc.), the
collection object willPython
throw Programming
an exception. with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
You can use the index to change the value held by a list or a dictionary at that index.
>>> list [0]=0 Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,

>>> print list interpreters, and compilers
[0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> dict["one"]=0and exceptions
>>> print dict

programming
concepts
{'one': 0, 'six':Object-oriented
6, 'two':
2, 'five':
5, 'three': 3, 'four': 4}
File or
input/output
You can't do this with a string
tuple because these collection types are immutable.
Python's intrinsic
functions
Strings can be added and multiplied.
Here's an
example of addition:
Formatting,
>>> string2 = string
+ "789"
>>> print string2
123456789
Here's an example of multiplication:
>>> string2 = string * 2

>>> print string2Python and Java applets
123456123456
>>> print string

123456
Addition and multiplication
lists and tuples.
Whetheralso
youwork
are a for
sophisticated
computer user new to programming or a serious
>>> list = list
+ insight
[7, 8,
give you
into 9]
the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
>>> list
[0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
777
>>> tuple = tuple + (7,8,9)
>>> tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, Web
5, and
6, Enterprise
7, 8, 9)
Applications with Jython
There are many built-in operations for dealing with collections. One example finds the minimum and maximum
item; another determines
the collection
length.
See Chapter 2 for more on built-in types and Chapter 9 for more
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
on built-in functions andPub
operations.
Date: June 28, 2002
Table Flow
of
Control
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Characterized
by ease
of use, richness
of in
expression,
syntax, Python
has is
Python provides all of
the control flow
constructs
(discussed
Chapter 4)and
thatconcise
an experienced
programmer
used to: if,whileremained
, and fora. premier
The onlyprogramming
difference between
these
Python and
counterparts
in
language
forconstructs
more thanina decade,
andtheir
is used
by
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
other languages is their use of indentation to define code blocks.
Here's a simple if statement.
that, unlike Java, Python uses numerics as Boolean values; thus, any nonzero
applicationNote
development.
value is considered true.
>>> var1=1 plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
>>> if var1: help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
...
printtechniques.
"hello"
For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
...
hello
Here's a more complex
if statement
that uses
("else if")
andLibraries:
else blocks:
Python
Programming
with elif
the Java(TM)
Class
A Tutorial for Building Web
>>> var1 = 1
>>> if var1==1:
...
print "Hello"
... elif var1==2:interpreters, and compilers
...
print "Goodbye"
... else:
and exceptions
...
print "Later
on"
...
Hello
input/output
You see that, if the first testFile
passes
(var1 == 1:), the second (var1 == 2:) doesn't execute, even
though both may be true.
while statements work as expected. The back quotes get a string representation of var1.
>>> while var1 > 10:

...
print "var1 = " + 'var1'
...
var1 = var1
10 and Java Swing to create GUIs
Using -Python
...
var1 = 100
var1 = 90
var1 = 80
var1 = 70
var1 = 60
var1 = 50
var1 = 40
var1 = 30
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giveloop
youtoinsight
the power
of Python
to put
it to work.
Earlier we used a for
iterateinto
through
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usethe
of know-how
for in a more
traditional
fashion requires
thexrange() built-in function. The following Python example is equivalent to the one that follows it, which
uses a basic C-like syntax.
777
>>> for index in xrange(0, 100, 10):
...
...
printPython
ìndex`
Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
for(int index = 0; index < 100; index += 10){

System.out.println(index)
}
Table of
youContents
leave out the
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
If
10 in the call to xrange() , it defaults to incrementing by 1. Thus, the following example
iterates 100 times (0100).
>>> for indexremained
in xrange(0,
100): language for more than a decade, and is used by
two languages,
whenChapter
used in4,combination,
Chapter 3 deals withthe
comparison
operators;
with controlideal
flow.for Web and distributed enterprise
Exception Handling
Like so much of Python,
is a lot like
its counterparts
in otheroflanguages.
Forpractical
example,
help exception
those new handling
to programming
develop
an understanding
concepts and
Python'stry clause techniques.
is like Java'sFor
try
, and its except
clausethe
is like
catch. Python's
Considerbreadth
an exception
experienced
programmers,
bookJava's
demonstrates
of
thrown by a dictionary
object if we
a nonexistent
In this case,
the interpreter
prints
the exception
capabilities
andtry
shows
the ways key.
that Python
interfaces
with Javasimply
APIs for
professional
out to the screen. application development.
>>> dict = {"Green

Eggs":"Ham"}
Python Programming
>>> dict["Blue
Eggs"] Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
and Enterprise
Traceback (innermost last):
File "<console>", line 1, in ?
KeyError: Blue Eggs
To handle this exception we can do this:
>>> try:
and exceptions
...
dict["Blue Eggs"]
Object-oriented
... except KeyError,
error:
...
print "Sam, Blue Eggs do not go with Ham " + 'error'
File input/output
...
Sam, Blue Eggs do not go with Ham <exceptions.KeyError instance at

-864407725>
KeyError refers to the class
of the exception
thatAPIs
we want
to catch, with
and error
refers to the instance of
Interfacing
with the Java
and working
Java Streams
KeyError . Here's the equivalent Java pseudocode:
try{
dict.index("Blue
Eggs");
Working with SQL and
JDBC(TM)
}
catch(KeyError error){
In addition, the book contains instructions
for downloading
andwith
installing
the Python
System.out.println("Sam,
Blue Eggs
do not go
Ham"
language and the Java
+ error);
C++'s pseudocode isWhether

similar. you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
In addition to try...except
, Python
haspower
a try...finally
block. Its finally
give you insight
into the
of Python and the know-how
to put it to clause
work. works much
like Java's finally block, but it can't be mixed with except, as Java's can be mixed with its catch.
Instead, you have to nest Python's try...catch blocks inside its try...finally blocks.
777
Chapter 7 deals with Python exception handling.
Functions
As usual, Python's functions are similar to other languages' functions. That is, they perform one action and return
a value. However, unlike
Visual Basic and Pascal, Python uses the same syntax to define both functions and
procedures, which perform multiple actions.
0-201-61616-5
Here'sTable
a function
that sums ISBN:
two numbers
and returns their value:
of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> def sum(num1, num2):

Characterized
ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
...
return
num1 + bynum2
remained
a
premier
...
novices
and
professionals
alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
>>> sum(5,5)
the
two
languages,
when
used
in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
10
It shows how Python, like Visual Basic, uses named arguments and default values, which allow customization of
function calls.
>>> def sum(var1=0,
var2=0,
var3=0):
help those new
to programming
develop an understanding of concepts and practical
...
return
var1 For
+ var2
+ var3
techniques.
experienced
programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
...
>>> sum()
0
>>> sum(1,1) Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
2
>>> sum(var1=5, var3=5)
10
interpreters,
andsum
compilers
Because Python is dynamically
typed, the
function works with numeric types as well as strings.
Python
basics, ",
including
string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
>>> sum("Hello, ",
"Mom,
"howoperators,
are you?")
and
exceptions
'Hello, Mom, how are you?'
Object-oriented
programming
A function that doesn't return
a type automatically
returnsconcepts
the value None. Python's None is like Java's null,
Visual Basic's Nothing, and Delphi's Nil. It means nothing or no value, not the integer value zero.
File input/output
Chapter 5 covers functions in detail.
Modules and Packages

Interfacing
witha the
Javamodule
APIs and
working
witha cross
Java Streams
If you're from a Java or C++
background,
Python
will
seem like
between a package and a class
with static methods. Modules can contain classes, functions, and data objects. Essentially they're files that
contain Python definitionsclasses and functionsand Python statements; they can be imported into other
modules or into the main module.
file names
are appended with the suffix .py.
WorkingModule
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
Python modules are similarPython
to *.java
look and act very much like Visual Basic modules. See Chapter 5
andfiles
Javaand
applets
to learn more about them. This chapter also discusses Python packages, which help group and organize a set of
related modules.
Classes and OOP
Whether
you
are a sophisticated
new to programming
or athe
serious
Like their counterparts
in other
languages,
classes in computer
Python areuser
collections
of variables and
methods that
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
operate on them. To illustrate, here's an example class, Car, that inherits from the two other classes,will
you insight into the:power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
Automobile andgive
Transportation
>>> class Automobile:

...
pass
...
777
>>> class Transportation:

...
pass Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
...
>>> class Car(Automobile, Transportation):
...
make="Ford"
...
model="Taurus"
...
def __init__(self,
make, model):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table of
self.make=make
Pages: 640
... Contents
self.model=model
...
def __del__(self):
...
print
"similar
to language
a destructor"
remained
a premier
programming
for more than a decade, and is used by
...
def __str__(self):
...
str
= "Make
" +inself.make
the two
languages,
when used
combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
...
str development.
= str + ", Model " + self.model
application
...
return str
...
We can create an instance
of Car
call it car. develop an understanding of concepts and practical
help those
newand
to programming
>>> car = Car("Chevy", "Nova") #Create an instance of car

>>> print car
Make Chevy, Model Nova
And we can show that car is also an instance of classes Car and Automobile.
>>> print isinstance(car, Car)

1
>>> print isinstance(car,
interpreters, andAutomobile)
compilers
1
Note that Car defines twoand
methods:
__init__ , which acts as a constructor; and __del__, which acts as a
exceptions
destructor.__str__ returns a string representation of the class.
Unlike Java classes, Python classes can have multiple inheritance, which we saw above with Car inheriting
functionality from both Automobile
and Transportation. In this regard, Python is more like C++ and
File input/output
Smalltalk.
Chapters 5 and 6 cover Python classes. Chapter 9 covers built-in operations and functions that pertain to classes.
Working with JavaInterfacing

from Python
The following interactive session
shows how
to import
Java
classes from Python:
Using Python
and Java
Swingand
to use
create
GUIs
Import the Frame class from
the java.awt
package.
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
>>> from java.awtPython

import
Frame
and Java
applets
Create an instance ofInFrame
, named
frame
. instructions for downloading and installing the Python
addition,
the book
contains
>>> frame = Frame("My
first
frame
created
in learning
Jython")
and numerous code
samples
make this
book a useful
experience.
Callframe'ssetVisible()
Whether you method
are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
>>> frame.setVisible(1)
Import the Button class from java.awt.
777
>>>from java.awt import Button
Create an instance ofPython

Button
, called hit_me
Programming
with. the Java
>>>hit_me =
Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building

Button
("Hit me!")
Create a handler for Button (the event handler is just a function).


>>>def hit_me_event_handler(event):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table ofprint "Ouch!"
Pages:
640
... Contents
by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has

Register the handler Characterized
with the function.
>>>hit_me.actionPerformed
= hit_me_event_handler
Addbutton to frame
by calling
frame'sadd() method.
application
development.
>>> frame.add(hit_me)
java.awt.Button[button0,0,0,0x0,invalid,label=Hit
plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programmingme!]
sessions, this book will
Callframe'spack() method so that the button will be visible.
>>>frame.pack()
Click the button with the mouse and watch the output in the interactive interpreter.
and Enterprise
Applications
Chapter 11 covers working
with Java
APIs from Python.
The Power of Python

Python can make tough tasks trivial. Let's prove this by an example. How many lines of code will it take you in
Python
including
string
formatting,
your favorite language to parse
thebasics,
following
string operators,
and put each
value
in a variable?
and exceptions
>>> str = "Rick Hightower, 555-1212,rick_m_hightower@emailcompany.com

FileMaybe
input/output
Can you parse it in ten lines?
five? Python can do it in one (not including the import statement).
Python's intrinsic
>>>from string import
splitfunctions
>>>name, phone, email = split(str, ",")
This is what we get:
>>> print name

Rick Hightower Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
>>> print phone
555-1212
>>> print email
rick_m_hightower@emailcompany.com
>>>
you are function
a sophisticated
computer
user new
to programming
or a serious
Simple parsing usingWhether
the split()
is covered
in Chapter
10; more
advanced parsing
using regular
application
developer,
expressions is covered
in Appendix
E.
Here's an easy way to print the variables name,phone number, and email from the above session. It
shows how, in Python, every namespace equates to a dictionary.
777
>>> v = "%(name)s's phone number and email is %(phone)s and %(email)s" %
locals() #onePython
lineProgramming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
>>> print v Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
Rick Hightower's
phone
number and email is 555-1212 and
By Richard
Hightower
Chapter 3 covers Python string formatting. It's a lot like string formatting in C, with its sprintf() and
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
printf()
Table offunctions, so you should pick it up quickly if you have any C background.
Contents
Pages: 640
Characterized
by easeHere?
Where Do You
Go from
novices
professionals
In particular,
relationship
to want
Java(TM)
makes
If you're an experienced
C++and
programmer
you alike.
can skip
to Chapterits
8, close
although
you might
to skim
Chapters
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
2 through 7 and use them as a reference. Visual Basic programmers can skip to Chapter 8 as well, with detours
application programming)
development. and 7 (on exception handling) and a skim of Chapters 2 though
toChapter 6 (on object-oriented
5.
plenty with
of skill-building
exercises
andconcentrate
interactive on
programming
this
will
Novice Java programmers
no C experience
should
the last halfsessions,
of Chapter
3 book
(on string
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
formatting) and the last half of Chapter 6 (on dynamic polymorphism and operator overloading) and skim
techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
the book
demonstrates
Python's breadth
Chapters 2 through 5.
If you're comfortable
with Java,
see Appendix
C,which
creates equivalent
Java andofPython
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
programs for comparison.
Summary
This chapter introduced some basic programming concepts. Having downloaded and installed the Java
Development Kit (JDK), Jython, and the Jython libraries, and having dipped your toe in the Python interactive
interpreter, you should have a pretty good feel for what programming is. Don't worry if you still feel confused.
Your confusion will go away after the next few chapters. Once you've read up through Chapter 8, you'll feel
confident using Pythonyou'll
feelbasics,
like a including
programmer.
After that,
we'll
get into the
really fun classes,
stuff: graphical
Python
operators,
string
formatting,
namespaces,
errors,
user interfaces and applets.and exceptions
If you want to learn more about
Python on programming
your own, go to
www.python.org,www.sourceforge.net and
Object-oriented
concepts
www.jython.org, or go to www.sourceforge.net and look for Jython. (That's not a typo. JPython now goes by the
name Jython.) At any of these
you can sign up for the email list, view the documentation, visit some of the
Filesites,
input/output
contributor sites, and join a newsgroup.
CONTENTS

777
CONTENTS
Chapter 2. Statements
and Expressions
Comments and Document

Strings
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Statements
Pages: 640
Contents
Expressions
Variables Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Data Typesremained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
Python Collection
Types when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
the two languages,
Advanced Topic:
Determining
Types at Runtime
application
development.
Literals
Summary This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
Assignment development.
application
Key/value pair
Case sensitivity
Python
Literal
and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers
Class
Method
Collection
type
Fundamental
Module
Comm ent
Objectformatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Declaration
and exceptions
Operator
Definition
Runtime
Document
string
File input/output
Sequence
EscapePython's
sequence
intrinsic functions
Source code
Expression
Statem ent execution
File path
Tuple
Function
Type
Immutability
Value
Initialization
Variable
Instance
Whitespace
Key
In this chapter, we continue our tour of Python with perhaps the most basic feature: statements. We'll also look at
data types, comments, variables, and literals.
you
theYou
power
of Python
and the
know-how to put
it to
Novices, you shouldgive
know
theinsight
drill byinto
now:
learn
to program
by programming,
so try
towork.
follow along with
the interactive sessions in this chapter. If you get stuck on something, just enter in a few of the examples in
Jython and skip the rest. Most of the ideas here will be used through the rest of the book, so what you don't
understand here you may later on in a different context. Go ahead and read the Advanced Topic sections, but
again, don't worry if they confuse you at this point.
777
You programmers can skim or skip this chapter. The material hereliterals, variables, and the likeis common
to almost all languages.
If you do read the chapter through, focus on the parts that are unique to Python,
particularly the section "Python Collection Types" and the Advanced Topic section "Determining Types at
Runtime." Also read the "For Programmers" sidebars.
Comments and Document

Strings
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Python has two ways to document, or explain, what your code is doing. One way uses code comments; the other
uses document strings.
Comments novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
Comments, unlike the code itself, don't tell Python what to do. They're more like notes to yourself, and to other
programmers who may
to modify
editcoverage
your code
say,basics
"Thisof
is Python
why I wrote
it this way."
In
Thiswant
tutorial
beginsor
with
oflater,
somethat
of the
programming.
Using
Python, a comment starts
with
the
pound
(#)
character,
which
tells
the
interpreter
to
ignore
the
text
after
it
plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book willuntil
the end of the line. Each
a comment
must startdevelop
with this
help line
thoseofnew
to programming
ancharacter.
understanding of concepts and practical

As the following example shows, you can put comments on their own line or you can add them after a statement.
application
development.
#The following
example
demonstrates
#printing hello world to the console

print ("hello world") #this prints hello world
For Programmers:
Comments
in Other
Languages
concepts, including
statements,
expressions,
Visual Basic uses two double quotes ( " ") to indicate a comment, but otherwise it uses comments
basics,Java,
including
formatting,
namespaces,
like Python does; soPython
does UNIX.
C, andoperators,
C++ havestring
two types
of comments.
One isclasses,
similarerrors,
to
and
exceptions
Python's but uses two forward slashes ( //). The other is a multiline comment starting with /* and
ending with */. Python doesn't have a multiline comment style.
Document StringsFile input/output

Document strings are literals that you put at the beginning of modules, functions, classes, and methods. Unlike
comments, they're not thrown
away butparsing,
can be displayed
from the strings
interactive interpreter. The following example
Formatting,
and manipulating
(comments.py) shows a document string for a module, a class, and a function, respectively. (We'll get to these in
Chapter 5.)
"""Example showing
a Python
module
document
string
Using
and Java
Swing to create
GUIs for the comments module. This
module document string is multi-line.
"""
class Camp:
"""Example showing a class document string"""
def sayHello(self):
return "\n Hello Mom \n Hello Dad"
def sayCampHello():
"""Example
showing
a Python
function
document
string"""
application
developer,
Programming
with the Java(TM)
Class Libraries will
camp = Camp()
print ("Hello: " + camp.sayHello())
777
if __name__ == "__main__":
sayCampHello()
Here's another example.

The __doc__
By Richard
Hightowerattribute of the Camp class and the sayCampHello() function
hold the document strings.
C:\book\chap2>jython -i comments.py
Hello:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Hello
Table Mom
of
Pages:
640
Hello
Dad
Contents
>>> Camp.__doc__
Characterized
by easedocument
of use, richness
of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
'Example showing
a class
string'
remained
a
premier
programming
language
>>> sayCampHello.__doc__
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
'Example showing a function document string'
development.
Let's say we want to application
learn something
about a module named comments and we don't have the source code. So,
we start a new Jython session, import comments to it, and view its document string.
>>> import comments
>>> print comments.__doc__
techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
the book
Python's module.
breadth of This module
Example showing
a module
document
string
for demonstrates
the comments
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
document string is multi-line.
In the example below, notice the dir command. Python's dir is like the dir command at a DOS prompt, but,
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for or
Building
Web
unlike the DOS dirPython
, whichProgramming
lists files and with
directories,
it shows
members
of a module,
class,
instance.
This
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
means that you can use it to list a comment's attributes.
>>> dir (comments)

Fundamental
programming'__name__',
concepts, including
statements, expressions,
['Camp', '__doc__',
'__file__',
'sayCampHello']

Here we see the __file__ and __name__ attributes, which provide the file path and name of this module.
Python basics, including
operators,
classes,
errors,
We also see Camp and sayCampHello
, so we can
check string
if theyformatting,
have the __namespaces,
doc__ attribute.
(Follow
and
exceptions
along.)
programming
concepts
>>> from commentsObject-oriented
import Camp,
sayCampHello
>>> dir (Camp) # List the attributes for Camp class
File input/output
['__doc__', '__module__', 'sayHello']
>>> dir (sayCampHello)
# List
attributes for sayCampHello
Python's intrinsic
functions
[]
>>> Camp.__doc__ Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
'Example showing a class document string'
>>> sayCampHello.__doc__
'Example showing a function document string'
TheCamp class does have a __doc__ attribute listing, but, strangely, the sayCampHello() function
Working
with SQL
and That's
JDBC(TM)
doesn't. Still, we can print out
its document
string.
because, although functions don't show attributes, they
do have the __doc__ attribute built in.
Statements In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
samples
thisa book
a useful learning
experience.
A statement is simplyand
annumerous
instructioncode
to Python
to make
perform
task. Through
the interpreter,
Python reads the
statement and does as instructed. In other words, it executes the statement. In this example, each line is a
statement.
give %s
you insight
into the
power
of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
Hello = "Hello
how are
you
doing"
from java import awt

print ("Hello World")
777
By default, a statement is contained on a single line. A multiline statement is indicated by a backslash at the end
of each of its lines and

an indentation
at the beginning
of the next.
Here's
one complete
statement
spanning two
Python
Programming
with the Java
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
lines:
>>> reallyLongLine = 5 + 5 - 5 * 5 /5 * 100 - 1000 \

+ 200 - 300 + Publisher:
60 / 5Addison Wesley
Two statements can fit on one line if they're separated by a semicolon.
>>>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
print("Hello"); print("Goodbye")
Contents
Hello
Goodbye
novices and
professionals
You can also end a statement
with
a semicolon.alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
>>> print ("This
statement
application
development.has a semicolon at the end");
This statement has a semicolon at the end

>>> print ("This
one begins
doeswith
not")
This tutorial
This one doesplenty
notof skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
>>>
Stylewise, an endingcapabilities
semicolon isn't
the bestthe
idea,
butthat
if you're
Jython
or CPython
and shows
ways
Pythonswitching
interfacesbetween
with Java
APIsand
forJava
professional
and C or C++, it's a nice
feature
because
in
these
languages
using
semicolons
to
terminate
a
line
is
standard. You
can't do this when switching between C++ and Visual Basic. If you try, you'll probably get a few frustrating
syntax errors.
concepts,
including statements,
expressions,
For Programmers:
Multiline
Statements
and
Visual
Basic
and exceptions
If you come from a Visual
Basic background, Python's style of line continuation should be familiar.
The only real difference between the two is Python's use of a backslash (\) and Visual Basic's use
programming
concepts End,Sub End, etc.) to mark the end
of an underscore(_)Object-oriented
and an End statement
(Function
of a statement instead of indentation.
File input/output
If you come from a Java background, Python's line continuation and code block indentation may
seem a little weird. Java explicitly ends statements with a semicolon, so there's no need for a line
continuation indicator.
It uses the
backslash
string continuation.
Formatting,
parsing,
andfor
manipulating
strings Indenting in Java is strictly up
to the taste and style of the individual programmer.
Statements use whitespacetabs and spacesto denote an associated block of code. It can also denote a suite
Pythonstatement.
and Java Swing
to create
GUIs and suites will be covered in Chapter
associated with a clause in Using
a compound
(Compound
statements
3.) The amount of whitespace within a statement doesn't matter. All of the following examples do the same thing
even though the whitespace in each is different.
x=1
x = 1
x =
1
x =
1

ExpressionsWhether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
Expressions are also instructions to Python to perform a task. That task is to return a value, such as the result of a
mathematical operation or the truth or falsity of a statement. Expressions can be assigned variables. Also, many
of them use operators, which can be words like and,or, and not, or symbols such as + (plus), - (minus), *
(multiplication), and = (equals). We'll cover operators in detail in Chapter 3. For now, just remember that
777
expressions return a Python

value and
usually use operators.
Programming
with the Java

For Publisher:
Novices:
in Spreadsheets
AddisonExpressions
Wesley
If you've ever used spreadsheets,

you've used expressions and operators. An expression is
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
equivalent
to a spreadsheet
formula.
Pages: 640
Contents
Let's say that, in cell D1 of a spreadsheet, you have the formula =(A1*B1)/C1, which
multiplies cell A1 by cell B1 and then divides their product by C1. The equivalent in Python is D1
= (A1*B1)/C1
, where D1,A1, and C1 are variables. The right side of this
equation(A1*B1)/C1is the actual expression.
To illustrate how expressions work, we'll first create three variables, x,y, and z.
>>> x,y,z = 1,
2,of 3
# This exercises
is *not*
an expression
plenty
skill-building
and interactive
programming sessions, this book will
(Notice the commenttechniques.
in the above
example.
See the
box titled "Assignment"
for an explanation.)
For
experienced
programmers,
the book demonstrates
Python's breadth of
The following examples are pretty self-explanatory. They illustrate, in turn, the use of the multiplication operator,
the division operator, and the logical operator and (all of which will be covered in Chapter 3). What they all
demonstrate is this simple
Expressions
return
values.A Tutorial for Building Web
Pythonpoint:
Programming
withare
thestatements
Java(TM)that
Class
Libraries:
>>> y * 2
4
>>> 10 / z
3
>>> x and y
2
and exceptions
>>> x and 0
0
File input/output
Assignment
Formatting, parsing,
and manipulating strings
with the Java
APIsinand
withthe
Java
Streamsstated This
In the example that Interfacing
creates the variables
we used
ourworking
expression,
comment
is *not* an expression. In fact, it may look like an expression, but in Python it's
Using
Python
andat Java
Swing to code,
createinGUIs
actually an assignment.
Take
a look
the following
which it appears that a value is
returned:
x = y = z = 3
We might think that z = 3 returns 3, and y = z returns the value of z, which is 3, but this isn't
the case. We know this because in interactive interpreter mode an expression is printed out to the
screen.
>>> x = y = z = 3
>>> x = z
>>> x==z
1
777
As you can see, x = z and x = y = z = 3 aren't printed to the screen, which means that
they don't return

a value
and so are notwith
expressions.
In Python,
the use ofAthe
comparison
operator
Python
Programming
the Java
Class Libraries:
Tutorial
for Building
(==), not the Web
assignment
operator, isApplications
what makes awith
statement
an expression. This is because the
and Enterprise
Jython
== returns a value,
usually
1 or 0, whereas = doesn't.
By Richard
Hightower
In Java, C, and C++,
an assignment
is an expression, which is why confusing the assignment and
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
comparison operators
is a common programmer error (mostly in C and C++; Java has its own way
of dealing with this problem).
Table of
Consider
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
these two examples:

if(x=z): Characterized
pass
remained
a
premier
while(x=z): pass
Here the if and
whiledevelopment.
statements expect an expression, that is, a value to be returned, but the
application
assignment operator can't do this, and syntax errors are the result.
Variables help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
and shows
the waysthat
that
Python
interfaces
Java
for professional
Think of variables ascapabilities
individual storage
containers
hold
different
kinds with
of data
in APIs
memory.
Each variable has
development.
a name and a value, application
and each variable
value has a type.
Declaring Variables
In most languages, before you can use a variable you have to declare it; that is, you must assign it a name and a
Fundamental
statements,
type. Python is different; unlike
in other programming
languages, youconcepts,
declare aincluding
variable implicitly
byexpressions,
assigning a value to it.
Here's an example:
basics,
including
operators,
string
classes, errors,
# declare age to Python
be of
type
integer
and
offormatting,
value namespaces,
28.
and
exceptions
age = 28
programming
# declare name toObject-oriented
be of type
stringconcepts
# and of value "rick"
File input/output
name = "rick"
Variable declarations can go anywhere in a module. You can declare more than one variable at once by stringing
them together. (Follow along).
>>> x,y,z = 1,2,3Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
>>> print ("x=" + `x` + " y=" + `y` + " z=" +`z`)
x=1 y=2 z=3
The first statement defines Working
three variables
as ofand
typeJDBC(TM)
Integer (that is, whole numbers) and assigns them the
with SQL
values1,2, and 3, such that x = 1,y = 2, and z = 3. Notice that in the second statement the variable
Java
applets
names are enclosed in backPython
quotes.and
That
tells
Python to convert the variable to a string.
addition,
bookstringing
containstogether
instructions
for variable
downloading
and installing
the Python
Here's an interactiveIn
example
of the
Python
several
definitions
with different
types:
>>> name, age,
sex = "Kiley",
22, this
"female"
and numerous
code samples make
book a useful learning experience.
>>> print (name + " is " + àge` + " and " + sex)
Whether
Kiley is 22 and
female
777
For Programmers: Variable Declarations in Python

asPublisher:
Compared
to Visual Basic and Java
Addison Wesley
In Python, you can't access a variable that you haven't declared, but remember: The first time you
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
assignofa value to a variable, you declare that variable. That means that you can't make the mistake
Pages: 640
Contents
of trying to use an unassigned variable, as you can in Visual Basic. Only if you don't use Visual's
Explicit option can you use a variable that has no value assigned.
remained
a premier
programming
language
forPython
more than
a decade,
is used
Visual Basic has
a Variant
type,
which can be
anything.
variables
don'tand
have
a typebyunto
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
themselves but are whatever type is assigned to themString,List, and so forthso they
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
support dynamic polymorphism with their late-binding features. Visual Basic also supports
applicationasdevelopment.
dynamic polymorphism
well. (Polymorphism is discussed in Chapter 6.)
Thisdeclaration
tutorial begins
with
coverage
of some
of the basics
of Python
programming.
Using
In Java, variable
is very
strict.
You have
to explicitly
declare
the variables
themselves
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
will
and their types. Even so, you can do dynamic polymorphic programming if you declare a variable
a
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
superclass of the instance you're working with.
capabilities
showsand
thedynamic
ways thatthan
Python
forcome
professional
Obviously, Python
is moreand
flexible
Java,interfaces
but not aswith
typeJava
safe.APIs
If you
from a
applicationthis
development.
Smalltalk background,
is probably a boon, but probably not if you come from C++. Read
Appendix C on the advantages of scripting languages, and then decide for yourself.
Valid Variable Names

Variable names in Python can start with a letter or an underscore (_). After the first character, they can also
contain numbers, and they can be as long as you want them to be. Keep in mind that variable names are case
sensitive. That is, age,AGE
, and Age
mean
different
things tostring
the interpreter.
are a fewclasses,
valid variable
Python
basics,
including
operators,
formatting,Here
namespaces,
errors,
names:
and exceptions
_name = "John Souza"

favorite_sport = "Baseball"
SF49ers = "San Francisco
49ers"
File input/output
Here are some invalid ones:Python's intrinsic functions
$name = "John Souza"

favorite sport = "Baseball"
Interfacing 49ers"
49ers = "San Francisco
Data Types

Each variable has a type, which can be the following:
addition,
the book
One of the sixIn
basic
data types
(see contains
the next section)
One of the fiveand
standard
container
types make this book a useful learning experience.
numerous
code samples
One of the standard
callable
types
Whether
you are
One of the twogive
object-oriented
types
you insight into
Any Java class or standard object
777
In this chapter we'll cover the basic types.
The Basic Data

Types
Python
Most of the six basic data types in Python are analogous to the basic types in Visual Basic and Java. Here they
are:
String sequences
of characters
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Integer integers (whole numbers)
Characterized
Float floating-point
numbers
Long largenovices
integersand professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
None no value
Type type This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
All of them are builthelp
into those
the system.
in Java, everything
Python is an of
object,
including
functions,
new toUnlike
programming
develop an in
understanding
concepts
and practical
modules, and types. techniques.
(We'll get toFor
objects
in Chapter
6, which is the
on object-oriented
programming.)
experienced
programmers,
book demonstrates
Python's breadth of
Float,Integer,application
and Longdevelopment.
are numeric types. The table below shows their individual rangesthat is, the
size of the values they can hold.
Type
FromApplications with Jython covers
Toimportant topics such as:
and Enterprise
Integer
2,147,483,648
2,147,483,647
Float
Long
4.9e324
1.7976931348623157e308
As smalland
as you
want
As big as you want
interpreters,
compilers

and exceptions
For Programmers:
Numeric Type Ranges
File input/output
The range of the numericPython's
types depends
onfunctions
the system running them, unless, of course, they're running under
intrinsic
Java. This means that, in Jython, Integer is implemented with Java Int, and Float is implemented
with Java Double. The Formatting,
reverse is true
in CPython:
Integerstrings
is implemented with C Long, and Float
parsing,
and manipulating
with C Double.Long has an unlimited range in both CPython and Jython. Unlike in C, in Java Integer
Interfacing
always holds the same range
of values.
Using
Python
and JavaInteger
Swing to create
GUIs type, but trying to remember this
You often need to know the
biggest
or smallest
or Float
information is difficult. I'm going to show you an interactive session that will give you this information when
Working
with
SQL and
JDBC(TM)
you need it. Remember that
Float
in Python
equates
to Java Double, so the first thing to do is import
class Double from the java.lang package.
>>> from java.lang import Double
anda dir
numerous
code samples
this book a useful
We could instead do
on Double
to seemake
its MAX_VALUE
and MIN_VALUE
attributes.
>>> dir (Double)
application
developer, Python
Programming with the Java(TM)
['MAX_VALUE',
'MIN_VALUE',
'NEGATIVE_INFINITY',
'NaN',
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it to work.
'POSITIVE_INFINITY', 'TYPE', '__doc__', '__init__', '__module__',
'compareTo', 'doubleToLongBits', 'infinite', 'isInfinite', 'isNaN',
'longBitsToDouble', 'naN', 'parseDouble', 'toString', 'valueOf']
777
Here's how to access

the largest
and smallest
Float
, respectively:
Python
Programming
with
the Java
>>> Double.MAX_VALUE
1.7976931348623157E308
>>> Double.MIN_VALUE
4.9E-324
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Now we'll do the same thing for the biggest and smallest Integer.
remained a premier
programming
>>> from java.lang
import
Integerlanguage for more than a decade, and is used by
novices
and
professionals
>>> max = Integer.MAX_VALUE alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
>>> min = Integer.MIN_VALUE
>>> max, minapplication development.
(2147483647, -2147483648)
TypeType
application
development.
As I said before, everything
in Python
is an object, that is, a "container" for properties and methods. This means
that all of the basic types are of type Typethat is, a variable type that holds another variable type. Here's the
proof:
>>> if type(FloatType) == TypeType:

...
print("FloatType is of TypeType")
...
FloatType is of TypeType
and exceptions
For Programmers: Jython versus Python

In Jython, the built-in type() function returns the class name of the Java implementation for that
input/output
type for Jython. For File
example:
functions
>>> int = 1 Python's
#holdsintrinsic
a integer
>>> float = 1.0 #holds a float
>>> long = 1L #holds a long
>>> string =Interfacing
"string"
a and
string
with #holds
the Java APIs
working with Java Streams
>>> type (int)
<jclass org.python.core.PyInteger
at GUIs
-712990957>
Using Python and Java Swing to create
>>> type (long)
<jclass org.python.core.PyLong
at 46702445>
>>> type (string)
<jclass org.python.core.PyString
at -710631661>
>>> type (float)
downloading and installing the Python
<jclass org.python.core.PyFloat
at for
-1307009172>
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology, definitions, explanations,
>>> type (FloatType)
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
<jclass org.python.core.PyJavaClass at -693854445>
>>> type (TypeType)
<jclass org.python.core.PyJavaClass at -693854445>
>>> type (None)
<jclass org.python.core.PyNone at -693592301>
777
In Python, the type() function returns Int,Long,String, and Float instead of the Java
class name.
None
Variables that reference nothing are of type None, meaning that they have no value. If you work with databases,
think of None as similar to NULL. Don't think of it as zero, which is a value. Programmers, you may know that
in Java and Visual Basic the counterparts to Python's None are, respectively, null and Nothing. In Delphi,
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
this same
concept
is called Nil
.
Table
of
Contents
Pages: 640
Python Collection
Types
Characterized
novicesapart
and from
professionals
alike.
In particular,
its closecollection
relationship
to Java(TM)
makes
One thing that sets Python
most other
languages
is its built-in
types.
As in the real
world, in
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
programming a collection represents more than one item. By "built-in" I mean that Python uses a special syntax
application
for its collections, which
it calls development.
sequences. Strings are also considered sequences in Python, so all of the rules
that apply to strings also apply to collectionsslice notation, indexes, and so forth.
For experienced programmers,
Python's
Fortechniques.
Programmers:
Hashtables,
Vectors,
andbreadth of
Collection Objects
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
Web
If you use Java,
you probably
use hashtables
and vectors
in about
85 percent
of thefor
programs
you
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
write. Hashtables are similar to Python dictionaries, and vectors are similar to Python lists. The key
difference is that Python's lists, dictionaries, and tuples have built-in syntax support for addition,
multiplication, member referencing, literals, for loop iteration, and so forth. This makes things
easier on the programmer. It also means that you can define objects to act like collections so that
other programmers can use the syntax when working with them.
The Visual Basic collection object is like Python's list and dictionary rolled into one. Visual Basic
and exceptions
supports for loop iteration, as Python does, but otherwise it offers no collection support. Perl's
collection support isObject-oriented
the only one that
comes closeconcepts
to Python's.
programming
Lists
File input/output

Whereas a string holds a sequence of characters, a list holds a sequence of objects of various types, which you
parsing,
and manipulating
stringswhich we learned about in Chapter 1.
access as you do charactersFormatting,
in strings. You
can even
use slice notation,
>>>
#Define a Interfacing
list with
5 Java
values
inworking
it with Java Streams
with the
APIs and
>>> mylist = ["hello","goodbye", 1, 1.0, 50000000000000000L]
Pythonobject
and Java Swing
to create
GUIs
>>>
#print theUsing
first
in the
list
>>> print (mylist[0])
hello
>>>
#print the first two objects in the list
>>> print (mylist[0:2])
['hello', 'goodbye']
>>>
#printlanguage
the whole
list
and the Java
>>> print (mylist[0:])
['hello', 'goodbye', 1, 1.0, 50000000000000000L]
>>>
You can tell a list bygive
the square
brackets
[ power
]) thatof
surround
brackets mean
are no items in
you insight
into (the
Python it.
andEmpty
the know-how
to putthat
it tothere
work.
the list.
777
Lists can be added and multiplied.
>>> list1 = [] #create an empty list
>>> list2 = ["a",

"b", 10, 11,
12,Java
13]Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python Programming
with the
>>> list1 # show
the
emptyApplications
lists contents
Web and
Enterprise
with Jython
[]
>>> list2 #showPublisher:
the contents
of the list with items
Addison Wesley
['a', 'b', 10, Pub
11,
12,
13]
Date: June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
of = list2 + list2 #add the lists together

>>> Table
list1
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
list1
['a', 'b', 10,
11, 12,by ease
13,of'a',
'b',of10,
11, and
12,concise
13] syntax, Python has
Characterized
use, richness
expression,
>>> list1 = list2

* professionals
2 #multiply
a particular,
list its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
novices and
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>>> list1
['a', 'b', 10,
11, 12,
13, 'a', 'b', 10, 11, 12, 13]
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development.
You can also appendThis
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cover
methods
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now
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you
need
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know
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. (You'll and
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those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts
arguments in Chaptertechniques.
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Here's
an example
that continues
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interactive
session:
experienced
programmers,
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book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth of
>>> # remove 'a' from the list

>>> list1.remove('a')
>>> # displayPython
theProgramming
contentswith
ofthelist1
Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
>>> list1
['b', 10, 11, 12, 13, 'a', 'b', 10, 11, 12, 13]
>>> # remove 'a' Fundamental
from theprogramming
list again
>>> list1.remove('a')
>>> #display the contents of the list
>>> list1
exceptions
['b', 10, 11, 12,and13,
'b', 10, 11, 12, 13]
programming
>>> #put the 'a' Object-oriented
back in the
list concepts
>>> list1.append('a')
File input/output
>>> list1
['b', 10, 11, 12,Python's
13, intrinsic
'b', functions
10, 11, 12, 13, 'a']
>>> len (list1) Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings

11
Note that remove() gets rid of only the first occurrence of an item, so to remove both instances of 'a', we
Using Python andtwice.
Java Swing
create
have to invoke list1.remove('a')
By the to
way,
youGUIs
can determine how many items are in a list
with the len() (length) function.
Another interesting thing you can do with lists is sort them, with sort(), and reverse their order, with
Python
Java
applets
reverse(). For instance,
youand
might
want
your list in alphabetical or reverse alphabetical order.
>>> names = []
the Java
Development
(JDK). Terminology,
definitions, explanations,
>>> #append alanguage
bunchandof
names
to theKitnames
list
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
>>> names.append("Kiley")
>>> names.append("Rick")
>>> names.append("Mary")
>>> names.append("Adam")
>>> names.append("Missy")
>>> names.append("Martha")
>>> #display names before the sort
>>> names
['Kiley', 'Rick', 'Mary', 'Adam', 'Missy', 'Martha']
777
>>> #sort theWeb

names
alphabetically
and Enterprise
>>> names.sort()
>>> #display names after sort
>>> names
['Adam', 'Kiley',
'Martha',
'Mary', 'Missy', 'Rick']
Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
of
>>> Table
#reverse
the Pages:
order
of the list
640
>>> Contents
names.reverse()
>>> names
['Rick', 'Missy',
'Martha',
'Kiley',
'Adam']
remained'Mary',
language
for more than
a decade, and is used by
Withinsert() you can insert items into the middle of a list. With index(), you determine where an item
is numerically.
>>> #display the contents of the names list

>>> names
['Rick', 'Missy', 'Mary', 'Martha', 'Kiley', 'Adam']
>>> #determine the index of the "Rick" string
>>> names.index("Rick")
>>> #insert "Kiley"

string
next
"Rick"
and Enterprise
Applications
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Jython
covers important topics such as:
>>> names.insert(1, "Kiley")
>>> names
programming
including'Kiley',
['Rick', 'Kiley',Fundamental
'Missy',
'Mary',concepts,
'Martha',
'Adam']
>>> #find the index of the "Martha" string

>>> names.index("Martha")
and exceptions
4
Object-orientedstring
programming
concepts
>>> #insert the "Miguel"
next
to Martha
>>> names.insert(5,
"Miguel")
File input/output
>>> #display the name list
>>> names
['Rick', 'Kiley', 'Missy', 'Mary', 'Martha', 'Miguel', 'Kiley', 'Adam']
count() determines the number of times an item occurs in a list.

>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
3
# Initialize the names list

names = ["James",
"James",
"James",
"Joe", "Sam"]
Using Python
and Java Swing
to create"Bob",
GUIs
# Count number of "James" strings in names
names.count("James")
Tuples
Tuples are collectionand
types
similar to
listssamples
in that they
items.
However,
they're
immutable, which means
numerous
code
makecontain
this book
a useful
learning
experience.
that you can't change them once definedyou can't append or remove items or add two tuples together. All you
can do is multiply them.
>>> # create give
an you
empty
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777
>>> tuple1 = Python

tuple2
* 2
Programming
>>> # displayWeb
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of tuplewith Jython
andcontents
Enterprise Applications
>>> tuple1 ByRichard Hightower
('Hi', 'Bye', 'Salutations', 'Hi', 'Bye', 'Salutations')
This example shows tuples

being declared in parentheses, but this isn't mandatory. Furthermore, you can use a
tuple to initialize more than one variable and use more than one variable to initialize a tuple. To see this, follow
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of interactive session.
along
with this
Contents
>>>
>>>
>>>
(3,
Pages: 640
#initialize a tuple without parentheses

tuple3 = Characterized
3,2,1
remained
a
premier
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novices
and
professionals
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development.
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with
three numbers without parentheses. To be explicit, we defined a variable of
typeTuple that contains three numeric items with values of 3,2, and 1.
plentywe
of skill-building
this
book
will
In the following example,
initialize threeexercises
numbersand
withinteractive
a tuple. Inprogramming
other words, sessions,
we declare
three
variables
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
namedx,y, and z; then we assign 3 to x,2 to y, and 1 to z.
>>> x,y,z = 3,2,1
>>> x
3
>>> y
2
>>> z
1

interpreters,
compilers
Now we can use these three
variables toand
create
a tuple. That is, we use them to declare a tuple, tuple4, that
contains the three variables' values.
and exceptions
>>> tuple4 = x,y,z
>>> tuple4
(3, 2, 1)
File input/output
The opposite of this is to use a tuple to declare three new variables by defining them and using tuple4 to
initialize them.
>>>
>>>
3
>>>
2
>>>
1
q,r,s = tuple4
q
r
s
777
For Novices: Lists and Tuples Are Both Sequences

Publisher:
Addison Wesley
Lists work as tuples
do for declaring
multiple variables and for using variables to assign values to
Pub Date:
28, 2002
lists. The only difference
is June
that they
require brackets. The following example is similar to the
examples we saw forISBN:
tuples,0-201-61616-5
but it uses lists instead.
Table of
Contents
>>>
>>>
5
>>>
6
>>>
7
>>>
>>>
[5,
>>>
>>>
5
>>>
6
>>>
7
Pages: 640
x,y,z = [5,6,7]
x
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list1
= tutorial
[x,y,z]
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techniques.
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Dictionaries

A dictionary, another Python collection type, stores keys and values. It uses key/value pairs to locate a value,
and exceptions
which can be any object of any type. The dictionary declares a series of key/value pairs using the notation
key:value and separates
the individualprogramming
pairs with commas.
Object-oriented
concepts
>>>
>>>
>>>
Joe
>>>
namesToAges =File{"joe":30,
"kelly":32, "john":28}
input/output
joesAge = namesToAges["joe"]
print ("Joe is
" +intrinsic
`joesAge`
Python's
functions + " years old")
is 30 years old
namesToAges is the dictionary,

"joe"
is the
andand
30working
is the value.
Interfacing
with the
Javakey,
APIs
with Java Streams
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to create
Remember that a dictionaryUsing
is a sequence,
andJava
likeSwing
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youGUIs
access it by its name and by the index of the
value in it that you're looking for. What's different is that the location is a key into the dictionary. In the last
with
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JDBC(TM)
example, we wanted to findWorking
Joe's age.
ToSQL
do that
had to use the key, "joe", in square brackets like a list, in
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applets
numeric values. However, Python
you canand
useJava
tuples
for dictionary keys only if they contain only immutable items.
In addition,
bookits
contains
for downloading
installing
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A dictionary can be searched
by the
its keys,
values,instructions
or its key/value
pairs. To getand
all of
a dictionary's
keys, values,
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
or pairs, you use keys(),values() , or items(), respectively. We'll continue the previous
example to
illustrate how.
Whether
you arenamesToAges
a sophisticated computer
user new to programming or a serious
>>>
#display
dictionary
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
>>> namesToAges
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the know-how to put it to work.
{'john': 28, 'joe': 30, 'kelly': 32}
777
>>>
#display keys in dictionary
>>> namesToAges.keys()
['john', 'joe', 'kelly']
>>>
#display
values
in dictionary
Web
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
>>> namesToAges.values()
[28, 30, 32]
>>>
#display
items in dictionary
>>> namesToAges.items()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of 28), ('joe', 30), ('kelly', 32)]
[('john',
Pages: 640
Contents
To see if a particular key, such as "joe" or "james" is in a dictionary, we can do this:

>>> namesToAges.has_key("joe")
1
>>> namesToAges.has_key("james")
0
Advanced Topic:
Determining
at Runtime
plenty of skill-building
exercisesTypes
and interactive

For experienced
programmers,
book demonstrates
breadth
of
You can determine atechniques.
type at runtime
with the built-in
type() the
function
along with thePython's
Python types
module,
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
which defines all of the basic types.
First, we import the types module and create some variables from all of the basic types.
>>> from types
import Applications
*
and Enterprise
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
int = 1 #holds a integer

float = 1.0 #holds a float
Fundamental
long = 1L #holds
a long
interpreters,
and compilers
string = "string"
#holds
a string
Python string
basics,isincluding
operators,
string
formatting,
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Now we test to see if the variable
of type String
. Here
we'll
be usingnamespaces,
the if statement,
which
works
and
exceptions
like if in other languages. Just remember that if's subordinate statements must be indented. (We'll be covering
this in Chapter 4.)
The... prompt tells you to enter the subordinate statement, print. Make sure to indent print, and then hit
File input/output
Enter to indicate that the if statement is finished.

Here is your first if statement, step by step.
1. At the >>>, type

>>> if type(string) == StringType: [hit Return]

2. At the ... prompt, Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
[hit Tab] print ("string

StringType")
[hit Return]
Working withis
SQLaand
JDBC(TM)
3. At the ... prompt,
[hit Return]
The next three interactive
sessions
testJava
whether
the variable
is of
type Integer
, the variable
float is
language
and the
Development
Kitint
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
of type Float, andand
the numerous
variable long
is
of
type
Long
.
code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
>>> if type(int)
Whether==
youIntType:
...
print("int
a IntType")
applicationis
developer,
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int is a IntType
777
>>> if type(float) == FloatType:

...
print("float is a FloatType")
...
float is a FloatType
>>> if type(long) == LongType:

...
print("long
a Long")
Publisher:is
Addison
Wesley
...
long is a Long
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Just for
a sanity check, let's see if the string variable is a Float type.
Characterized
>>> if type(string)
==by ease
FloatType:
remained
a
premier
programming
...
print("string is a float")language for more than a decade, and is used by
... else:
the two languages,
when
used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
...
print("Don't
be a
GOOF!")
application
development.
...
Don't be a GOOF!
Literals
capabilities
and shows
thewe
ways
thatcall
Python
APIs for professional
We've been using literals
since Chapter
1, but
didn't
theminterfaces
that. The with
term Java
is computerspeak
for a constant
application
development.
value; that is, what you
type is literally
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literals are "Hello World",100,3200000000000L, and 3.5.
and Enterprise=Applications
>>> a_literal_string
"Hello with
World"
>>> a_literal_integer = 100

>>> a_literal_long
= 3200000000000L
>>> a_float_literal
= 3.5
Literals can be contained inPython
statements.
and exceptions
print ("Hello I am
a literal string")
Table 2-1. Escape Sequence Characters
File input/output
Character Meaning
\\
Backslash
\'
\"
\a
\b
\f
\n
\r
\t
\v
\ooo
\xhh...
Single quoteFormatting, parsing, and manipulating strings

Double quote
ASCII Bell (BEL)
ASCII Backspace
Using (BS)
ASCII Formfeed (FF)
ASCII Linefeed (LF)
ASCII Carriage
return
Python
and(CR)
Java applets
ASCII Horizontal tab (TAB)
ASCII Vertical
languagetab
and(VT)
the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
ASCII character
withcode
octalsamples
value ooo
and numerous
ASCII character with hex value hh

application
developer,
Python
Programming
with thecan
Java(TM)
String literals are identified
by the
quotes that
enclose
them. The quotes
be singleClass
(' 'Libraries
), double will
(" "),
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
triple single (' ' '), or triple double ( " " " ). Here are the four styles illustrated:
>>> string1 = "Hello World"

>>> print (string1) #print the string1 to the output
Hello World
777
>>> string2 =Web

'Hello
World'
>>> print (string2)
#compare
this output to the first form
Hello World
>>> string3 = """Hello World"""

>>> print (string3) #compare this output to the 1st and 2nd form
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Hello
World
Table
of
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
string4 = '''Hello World'''
>>> print (string4) #compare this output to the first three forms of Strings
Hello World
novices
and
In particular,
its close
relationship
to Java(TM)
If you're wondering why
there
areprofessionals
four ways toalike.
identify
literals, I intend
to tell
you, but first
I have tomakes
explain
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
escape sequences.
An escape sequence is a way to add special ASCII characters to a new line or a formfeed. As in Java and C, it's
begins
with coverage
of the basics
Using
identified in Python This
by thetutorial
backslash
(\)for
exampleof
\nsome
(newline).
Table of
2-1Python
lists theprogramming.
escape sequence
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
will
characters.
techniques.
programmers,
we seeFor
thatexperienced
\n places the
phrase Goodbye
Earth on a Python's
new line.breadth of
>>> string = application
"Hello development.
Mars \n Goodbye Earth \n"
>>> print (string)

Hello Mars Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Goodbye Earth
>>>
concepts,
expressions,
Here we see that \t insertsFundamental
tabs betweenprogramming
Hello Mars
and Goodbye
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between Goodbye
interpreters,
and compilers
Earth and Goodbye Moon
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basics, \t
including
operators,
string formatting,
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>>> string = "Hello
Goodbye
Earth
\t Goodbye
Moon"
and
exceptions
>>> print (string)
Hello Mars
Goodbye Earth
Goodbye Moon
>>>
File input/output
Escape sequences can get a little messy, especially when you add quotes or newlines to your string. Consider the
following interactive session:
>>> print ("She said,

\"I
love
\" and
I said \n \"remember Paris in the
Formatting,
parsing,
andyou
manipulating
strings
spring") #one line
She said, "I loveInterfacing
you " with
andtheIJava
said
APIs and working with Java Streams
"remember Paris in the spring
>>>
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
Python has another way, and
this is where
the different
quoting styles come in handy. Strings that use tripledouble or triple-single quotes can span multiple lines and include actual quoted lines within them. That means
Python
and Javaas
applets
that the previous example can
be rewritten
In addition,
the book
for downloading
>>> print ("""She
said,
"Icontains
loveinstructions
you", and
I said,and installing the Python
the Java
(JDK).
Terminology,
... "rememberlanguage
Parisandin
the Development
spring" Kit
""")
#two
lines definitions, explanations,
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
She said, "I love you", and I said,
"remember Paris in the spring"
>>>
777
Fun with Escape Characters
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
Redo the tabs (\t
) interactive
session
with vertical tabs ( \v). You should get something weird
Date: June
28,for
2002
that looks like thePub
universal
symbol
male. Now cut and paste the output line from the DOS box
into Microsoft Word.ISBN:
(Use 0-201-61616-5
Edit->Mark from the Windows menu from the DOS box. Once the text
Table of
is selected, choose Edit->Copy
Pages: 640 Enter from the Windows menu of the DOS box, which will put the
Contents
text on the clipboard. Then return to Word and paste the text.) What happens?
Numeric Literals
We define integer literals
in three
ways: regular (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), and octal (base 8). This code
application
development.
shows three literals that equate to the same integer value, 255.
>>> base10 = plenty
255 of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
>>> base16 = help
0xff
those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
>>> base8 = 0377
>>> base10,base16,base8
(255, 255, 255)
>>>
An octal starts with 0;
a hexadecimal,
with 0x. If with
you're
not familiar
octal topics
and hexadecimal
and
Jython
covers with
important
such as: numbers, don't
worry; you don't need them to program in Python.
Exponential notation defines
floating-point
literals likeconcepts,
this:
Fundamental
programming
including statements, expressions,
>>> million = 1e6

>>> million
1000000.0
and exceptions
>>> billion = 1e+9
>>> billion
File input/output
1.0E9
>>> gates_net = 36.7e+9

>>> gates_net
3.67E10
>>> average_income = 30e3

>>> average_income
30000.0
>>> volts = 3e-3

>>> volts
0.003
and the
Development
Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
We define arbitrarilylanguage
long integers
by Java
appending
an L to them.
>>> bignum = 99999999999999999999999999999999999999L

>>> bignum Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
99999999999999999999999999999999999999L
Summary
777
In this chapter, we covered comments and document strings, which can be used to document Python code.
Unlike comments, document

strings can be accessed
the interactive
interpreter.
Python Programming
with thewith
Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial for Building
We looked at PythonByeasy-to-use
built-in container types (dictionaries, tuples, and lists), the values of which are
Richard Hightower
defined by literals. Literals indicate simple values of types Integer,Float,String, and Long.
Statements are instructions to Python to perform tasks. Expressions are simple statements that return a value and
usually involve the use of operators. Function and class methods are made up of statements and expressions.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 3. Operators
and String Formatting
Operators
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Summary
Boolean value
application
development.
Classtutorial begins with coverage of someKeyword
This
of the basics of Python programming. Using
plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive
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Flag Fundamental programming concepts,String
Format directives
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and exceptions
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In this chapter, we'll cover File
operators
and string formatting. Python string formatting controls the creation of
input/output
strings. Done correctly, it makes the production of these strings simple and straightforward.
I've said it before, and I'll say it again: If you're a beginning programmer, remember that the only way to learn
Formatting,
andalong
manipulating
strings
programming is by programming,
so tryparsing,
to follow
with the interactive
sessions throughout the chapter. The
interactive interpreter mode will give you a hands-on understanding of Python operators and string formatting. If
Interfacing
withsection,
the Javajust
APIs
andover
working
with
Streams
you have trouble with an Advanced
Topic
skim
it; don't
letJava
it slow
you down.
Using
Python
and chapter
Java Swing
tobuilding
create GUIs
As in Chapter 2, most of the
concepts
in this
act as
blocks for more complex ideas. Don't worry
if something seems unclear to you at this point; you might understand it later, in a different context. For example,
logical and comparison operators may not be easily grasped here, but wait until Chapter 4, where we deal with
theif statement, which makes frequent use of these operators and so should clear things up.
If you've programmed
most
thiscontains
chapter will
be familiar.
For example,and
operators
andthe
string
formatting
In before,
addition,
the of
book
instructions
for downloading
installing
Python
in Python and C are language
very similar.
If
you
have
in-depth
programming
experience,
you
can
probably
just
skim this
and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
material, especially ifand
you're
comfortable
with
C,
Java,
and/or
Visual
Basic.
Do,
however,
pay
attention
to the
following sections:
"Arithmetic with Strings, Lists, and Tuples"
"% Tuple String Formatting"
777
"Advanced Topic: Using the %d,%i,%f, and %e Directives for Formatting Numbers"
Also read the "For Programmers"

sidebar (see
pages
Python Programming
with
the5051).
Java
Operators

Recall from Chapter 2 our definition of expressions as simple statements that return a value. In Python, many
expressions use operators, such as +, , *, and =. The following subsections describe each operator type, and
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
each section
contains a table of the type's operators along with sample interactive sessions illustrating their use.
Table of
Pages: 640
If youContents
feel as if you've been this way before, you havewe've been using operators since Chapter 1.
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operatorsthe
work
the numeric
,Int, and
Long
Tableand
3-1distributed
describes them,
twowith
languages,
whentypes
usedFloat
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Contents
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ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
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hugs_and_kisses = "XO" * 20
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Ross, ScientistPublisher:
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Date:
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Monica, Chef, Chandler, 28,
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Youcan
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Chapter 4. Control
Flow
The if Statement ISBN: 0-201-61616-5

Table of
The while Statement
Pages: 640
Contents
The for Statement
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in Python.
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Theif statement conditionally executes a statement's suite. One form is shown here:
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Python has to determine whether
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Publisher:
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>>> #0 is an integer
and 0 means false
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
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if (0):
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print("goodbye")
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Typically,if statements contain
that use comparison and logical operators. To illustrate, let's say
that a woman is looking for her perfect mantall, dark, and handsome; the strong, quiet type between the ages
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>>> handsome Python

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...
print("Hi
handsome")
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
...
Hi handsome
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
At theContents
beginning of the chapter, we saw the basic form of if. We will look at two other forms, containing
else and elif clauses, respectively, in the two sections that follow.
else
Theelse form appears
as
application
development.
if(expression):
suite plenty
1 of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
else:
suite techniques.
2
Before it can executeapplication
this expression,
Python must determine, as usual, whether it's true. If so, Python executes
development.
the first suite; if not ("else"), it executes the second suite. The following simple greet() function illustrates
theif:else form:Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
>>> def greet(name, sex):

...
#if female print Ms.
...
if(sex ==Fundamental
"female"):
interpreters,
and compilers
...
print
("Hello
Ms. " + name)
...
#if male print Mr.
...
else:
and exceptions
...
print("Hello
Mr. " + name)
...
>>>
# greet James
who is a male
File input/output
>>> greet("James Agular", "male")
Hello Mr. James Agular
>>>
# greet Jane
who parsing,
is a and
female
Formatting,
manipulating strings
>>> greet("Jane Doe", "female")
Hello Ms. Jane Doe
Usingsex
Python
Java Swingistofalse,
createwhich
GUIsmeans that the first time we invoke
We can see that the expression
==and
"female"
greet() Python will execute the second suite and print ("Hello Mr. " + name"). However, the
Working, with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
second time we invoke greet()
the expression
sex = = "female" is true, so Python executes the first
suite.
Separating Suites
and numerous
samples
this booksuitessemicolons
These two if statements
illustrate code
the two
styles make
of separating
and indenting:
>>> sex = "female"
application
>>> name = "Fran
Dresser"
>>> #First if statement

>>> if (sex == "female"):print("Hello,"); print("It's good to see you Ms." +
...
Hello,
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It's good to Python

see you
Ms.Fran
Dresser
Programming
with
the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
>>> #second if
statement
By Richard
Hightower
>>> if (sex == "female"):
...
print("Hello,")
...
print ("It's
good
Pub Date: June
28,to
2002see you Ms. " + name)
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Hello,
Pages: 640
It'sContents
good to see you Ms. Fran Dresser
two appears
languages,
Theelif ("else-if")the
clause
as when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
elif
if(expression 1):
suite This
1 tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
plenty
elif(expression 2):
help
those
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suite 2
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Python Programming
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Class
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for Building Web
is true, execute the corresponding
suite," and
sothe
on.Java(TM)
The else
clause
here is actually
optional.
Here's an example of elif based on the previous interactive greet() session:
Fundamental
>>> def greet(name,
sex):programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
interpreters,
and compilers
...
if( sex ==
"female"):
...
print("Hello Ms. " + name)
including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
...
elif( sexPython
== basics,
"male"):
and
exceptions
...
print ("Hello Mr. " + name)
...
elif( sex == "undeclared"):
...
print("Hello " + name)
...
else:
File input/output
...
print("Hello " + name)
...
As you can see from the added
clauses,parsing,
there can
bemanipulating
multiple elif
s in an if statement. However, the if
Formatting,
and
strings
clause stays the same and uses the same expression. The second clause, ...elif (sex = =
"male"): , checks to seeInterfacing
if the sex is
male
so, prints
out "Hello
Mr"
. The third clause,
with
theand,
JavaifAPIs
and working
with Java
Streams
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simple "Hello".
Working
with SQL
and the
JDBC(TM)
So, if we invoke the greet()
function
like this,
second suite, associated with the first elif clause, is
executed:
>>> greet("Bob Dole", "male")

Hello Mr. BobIn addition,
Dole the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
andthis,
numerous
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this the
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ifa clause,
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Whether
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>>> greet("Jane
Smith",
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application
Hello Ms. Jane
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Similarly, if we invoke the greet() function like this, the third suite, associated with the second elif
clause, is executed:
777
>>> greet("Jean Costello", "undeclared")
Hello Jean Costello

However, if we invoke
it like this,
the else clause's suite is executed:
By Richard
Hightower
>>> greet("Jean Smith", "")

Hello Jean Smith
ISBN:which
0-201-61616-5
NoticeTable
that else
is the default,
means that its suite is executed if none of the other clauses' expressions
of
Pages:
640
turn out
to be true.
Contents
To sum up, the if statement

is used
conditional
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the two languages,
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application
The while Statement


Thewhile statement
repetitively
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For
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the book
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repeatedly." Python
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programming
concepts,Python
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statements,
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becomes false.
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stops
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interpreters,
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to a halt. and compilers
Python is
basics,
including
string formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
One use of the while statement
to remove
itemsoperators,
from a listfor
example, every
occurrence
of theerrors,
string
cat from the list pets. and exceptions
Object-oriented
programming"fish",
concepts "cat", "cat", "cat"] #same line
>>> pets = ["cat",
"dog", "bird",
Fileainput/output
We know from Chapter 2 that
list has a count() method that returns the count of an item in the list and a
remove() method that removes the first occurrence of an item. Our goal is to remove the cat string from the
intrinsic
pet list while its count is Python's
greater than
zero. functions
We express this in Python as
and manipulating
>>> pets = ["cat","dog",
"bird",
"fish",strings
"cat", "cat", "cat"] #same line
>>> while(pets.count("cat") > 0):
...
pets.remove("cat")
...
print (pets)
...
To demonstrate what happens at each iteration of the loop, we print each iteration's resulting pets list to get the
following output:
['dog', 'bird',
'fish',
'cat',
'cat', 'cat']
In addition,
the book
contains instructions
['dog', 'bird',
'fish',
'cat',
'cat']
language and the Java Development
['dog', 'bird',
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and numerous
code'cat']
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theare
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while
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Whetheron
you
a sophisticated
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break
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Thebreak statement allows you to break out of a while statement before it loops back to the top. This is
useful, for example, when inputting several name/phone-number pairs in an address book application. The
following statement Python

uses the Programming
raw_input()
built-in
function
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reads a line
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console).
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with
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Class
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string indicates that inputting
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>>> while(1):
...
name = Publisher:
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in the name: ")
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...
if(namePub==
""):
Date: June 28, 2002
...
break
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table ofphone_number = raw_input("Enter in the phone number: ")
Pages: 640
... Contents
#Do something useful with the name and phone_number
Characterized
by ease
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use,
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Python has
Notice the while(1):
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remained
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and
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break statement stops this "infinite looping" by instructing Python to break out of the loop if used
it hitsby
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and professionals
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name:
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the phone number: exercises
555-5555
help
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the name: Adam Carr
techniques.
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experienced
programmers,
the phone number: 555-6666
capabilities
and
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Enter
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string returned
from Web
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with
Jython
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important
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such
as:
raw_input is empty.
continue

Thecontinue statement is similar to the break statement. However, instead of instructing Python to break
Python
including
operators,
formatting,
namespaces,
classes,We'll
errors,
out, it tells it to return to the
top ofbasics,
the while
statement,
thatstring
is, where
the expression
is evaluated.
stick
and
exceptions
with the address book example to illustrate continue , adding the ability to enter an address. If the first line of
the address is empty, we can assume that the user doesn't want to exercise this option, and we go back to the top
of the loop.
File input/output
>>> while (1):

...
name = raw_input("Enter
Python's intrinsic functionsin the name: ")
...
if (name == ""):
...
break
...
phone_number = raw_input("Enter in the phone number: ")
...
address_line1
= with
raw_input("Enter
address
Interfacing
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with Java line
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...
if (address_line1 == ""):
...
continue
...
address_line2 = raw_input("Enter address line two: ")
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withraw_input("Enter
SQL and JDBC(TM)
...
address_line3
address line three: ")
...
#Do something useful with the data we just collected
...
As with break,while(1) triggers an infinite loop of the associated suite. Again, the only way to end the
loop is via the break statement.
Since we've added the address option, we test to see if address_line1 is empty. If so, we continue with
the next entry, that is, the next iteration of the loop, by adding the following statement:
give you insight=intoraw_input("Enter
the power of Python and the
know-howline
to put itone:
to work.
...
address_line1
address
")
...
...
continue
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In English, this says, "Get the first line of a person's address from the user and test to see if it's an empty string. If
so, continue executing

at the Programming
top of the while
statement;
in other
get the
next person's
information."
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with
the Java
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for Building
Below are samples of

output,
in order, from the four iterations of the preceding name/phone-number
Bythe
Richard
Hightower
program.
Enter in the name: Rick Hightower

Enter in the phone
number: 555-5555
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Enter
address
line
one: 123 Main St.
Table of
Pages:
640 Tucson, Az
Enter
address line
two:
Contents
Enter address line three: 85226
premierCarr
Enter in the remained
name: aAdam
novices
and
professionals
Enter in the phone number: 555-6666
the
two
languages,
when
used
Enter address line one:
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
in the name: Bob Ninny

in the phone number: 555-7777
address line one: 1234 South Dobson
address line two: Mesa, AZ
address line three: 85228
Enter in the name:
In the first iteration, we fill in all fields for Rick Hightower, including the optional address fields. In the second,
we fill in only Adam Carr's name and phone number, and at the first address field, hit Enter. The statement
below instructs Python to return to the top of the while statement to begin executing again, thus skipping the
rest of the statements in while
's suite: programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
Fundamental
...
...
continue
and exceptions
In the third iteration, all of Bob Ninny's fields are filled in. In the fourth iteration, when the program asks us to
enter a name, we hit Enter,Object-oriented
causing raw_input()
to return
an empty string. This means that the following
programming
concepts
statement forces the while loop to terminate:
File input/output
...
...
else
if(name == ""):
break
Likeif,while can contain an else clause:
while (expression):
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else:
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and the while
and numerous
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emailData() function is commented out.
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name = " " Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
while (name !=
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elif (name
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break
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
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of
= raw_input("Enter in the phone number: ")
Pages: 640
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address_line1 = raw_input("Enter address line one: ")
if (address_line1
""):
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address_line3
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ideal for Web
and distributed
#do something
useful with the addresses
else:
print("send
email
to Rick")
This tutorialthe
begins
with coverage
of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
#emailAddresses("rick_m_hightower@emailcompany.com")
Let's break down thetechniques.
changes made
the program.
For to
experienced
First, if the while clause encounters an empty string for the name variable, it exits the loop.
while (name != ""):
Enterprise
with Jython
important
topics
such as:
If we pass an empty and
string
for nameApplications
, the continue
clausecovers
kicks in,
returning
execution
to the beginning of
thewhile statement. Then the expression in the while clause is evaluated. The empty string there allows the
while loop to terminate gracefully,
as programming
opposed to breaking
out,including
so the else
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is executed.
Fundamental
concepts,
statements,
elif (name == "quit"):

breakPython basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
Theelif clause in the if statement ensures that, if the name string equals quit, we break out of the loop
(we terminate ungracefully).
So the else clause
isn't executed,
Object-oriented
programming
conceptsallowing us to quit without sending the email,
and I don't get my address list.
File input/output
else:
print("send
theintrinsic
email
to Rick")
Python's
functions
Here we've added the else clause to the while loop with the same indentation as that of the while clause
Interfacing
with
Java APIs and working with Java Streams
of the while statement. Try
executing
thisthe
script.
The for Statement

Thefor statement repeatedly executes a suite of statements as it iterates through the items in a sequence. It
appears as
In addition, the:book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
for item in sequence
suite language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
The expression should be a valid sequence (a tuple, string, or list). At the beginning of each iteration, the next
youtoare
sophisticated
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item in the sequenceWhether
is assigned
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and the user
suitenew
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until all items
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have been dealt with.
To illustrate for, let's say that we have a list of email addresses for a monthly newsletter.
777
>>> email_list = ["rick_m_hightower@emailcompany.com",

"adam_s_carr@hottermail.com", "bill_g_smith@hottestmail.com"]
>>>
>>> for address
in Enterprise
email_list:
Web and
...
printByRichard
("Sending
email to " + address)
Hightower
...
# sendEmail(address, "Nothing new here")
Sending email to
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
Sending email to
adam_s_carr@hottermail.com
Sending email to ISBN:
bill_g_smith@hottestmail.com
0-201-61616-5
>>> Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Like the while loop, the for loop uses an else clausewhen there are no more items in the list, else is
executed. The break and continue statements work in for as they do in while.
The range() Function
and for
Loops
the two languages,
when
Thefor loop in Python can be used similarly to the for loop in Java and C with the range() function,
begins
withvalues.
coverage
some ofexample
the basics
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whose purpose is to This
returntutorial
a list of
numeric
Theofsimplest
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of 1 through
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plenty
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1.
>>> range(1,10)
[1, 2, 3, 4, capabilities
5, 6, 7,
9]the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
and 8,
shows
Other examples of range() follow. Respectively, they illustrate 1 through 20 by increments of 2; 0 through
100 by increments ofPython
10; -100
through 200with
by increments
of 30;
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100 through
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increments
20.
Programming
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>>> range(1, 20, 2)

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]
interpreters,
>>> range (0, 100,
10) and compilers
[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]
exceptions
>>> range (-100, and
200,
30)
[-100, -70, -40, -10, 20, 50, 80, 110, 140, 170]
>>> range (100, -100,

-20)
File input/output
[100, 80, 60, 40, 20, 0, -20, -40, -60, -80]
To create a loop that iterates from 0 through 100 by increments of 10, we enter
>>> for x in range(0, 100, 10):

...
print("x Interfacing
equals with
" +the`x`)
...
which outputs
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
equals
equals
equals
equals
equals
equals
equals
equals
equals
equals
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

Or we can iterate backward from 100 to 0 by decrements of 10 by entering
777
>>> for x in range (100, 0, -10):
...
...
print("x
" + with
`x`)
Pythonequals
Programming
which outputs
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
equals 100
equals 90
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
equals
Table of 80
Pages:
640
equals
Contents70
equals 60
equals 50 Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
equals 40 remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
equals 30 novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
equals 20 the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
equals 10 application development.
xrange() is nearly
identical to
, except
that it doesn't
create
individual items
in a breadth
range until
techniques.
Forrange()
experienced
programmers,
the book
demonstrates
Python's
of
requested to do so, which
makesand
it more
efficient
thanthat
range()
for largewith
ranges.
of
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shows
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xrange() , calledapplication
xrange.py, followed
by its output:
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xrange()
print ("This Python

for Programming
loop useswith
xrange,
which
in the range"
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for x in xrange
(-1000000000,
1000000000):
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if (x == -999900000):
break concepts, including statements, expressions,
compilers C")
print ("Get readyinterpreters,
to hitand
control
print ("This for loop uses range")
and exceptions
for x in range (-1000000000,
1000000000):
if( (x % 100000) == 0): print (`x`)

if (x == -999900000):
break concepts
File input/output
>>> import xrange

This for loop uses
xrange,
which lazily creates members in the range
Python's
intrinsic functions
-1000000000
-999900000
Get ready to hit control C
Interfacing
This for loop uses
rangewith the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Out of Memory
Notice that when we try to create the second range we run out of memory. In essence, the second range()
Working
withintegers,
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JDBC(TM)
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Putting It AllInTogether
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each function in turn.
getRange()
777
getRange() iterates through a set of numbers passed to it and calculates the minimum and maximum values.
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777
The approach just described is a simple one, but it has a flaw. It works only if the numbers passed to
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By Richard
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Here's an example of nums:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
def Table
getRange2
(nums):
of
Pages:
640
return (min(nums),
max(nums), max(nums)-min(nums))
Contents
ThegetMean() function
out the
mean
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sum = 0.0
Whether
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777
Next, using the sample argument, we check to see if this is a sample mean. If so, we figure the average by
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sequence.
if(sample):
average = sum / (len(nums)-1)
#
# Else it
is a population mean
else:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
= sum / len(nums)
Table average
of
Contents
Pages: 640
Finally we return the average.

return average
getMode()
ThegetMode() function
findsbegins
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count() method, and the nested for loop.
def getMode (nums):

"""Find the number that repeats the most. """
# interpreters, and compilers

# make a duplicate copy of the nums argument
duplicate Python
= nums[:]
and
exceptions
highest_count = -100
mode = None
#
File input/output
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count
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mode = item
while(duplicate.count(item) > 0):

duplicate.remove(item)
returnlanguage
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Let's break this down.
First we duplicate the nums sequence and create a variable to hold highest_count (and assign it a
negative starting number) and a variable to hold the nums sequence mode.
duplicate = nums[:]
highest_count = -100
mode = None
777
Next we iterate through

eachProgramming
item in nums and
duplicate
nums
occurrences.
Python
withcount
the Java
Class
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count = duplicate.count(item)
if (countPub==
0): continue
Date: June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
As weTable
iterateofthrough the list,
we see if the current count is greater than highest_count. If it is, we
Pages:
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it to highest_count and
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development.
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while statement:
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> 0):and interactive programming sessions, this book will
plenty of skill-building exercises
Finally we return mode
.
capabilities
return mode
getMedian()
ThegetMedian() function finds the middlemost value once the sequence is sorted. In the following
getMedian() example,interpreters,
notice the use of the modulus operator (%), the if statement, the else clause, and
and compilers
the built-in sort() operation.
def getMedian (nums):

and exceptions
"Find
the Median
number"
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programming
concepts
# create a duplicate since
File input/output
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intrinsic functions
seq Python's
= nums[:]
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Development
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index = length / 2
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index = (length / 2)
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return median
777
Once again, let's break

it down.
Python
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First

we duplicate the
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Richard
Hightower
seq.sort()
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Date: June 28,
Then, with the expression
, we2002
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ISBN:
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operator
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the
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Table of
Pages:
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the median
by adding together the two most central numbers and figuring their average.
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return medianand Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
reportStatistics()

interpreters,
and
reportStatistics()
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thecompilers
functions implemented in our house prices
examplegetMean(),getMode(),getRange(),getMedian(), and nested dictionariesand
stores their return values in two dictionaries, averages and ranges. It puts these dictionaries in another
and exceptions
dictionary called report, which it returns.
def reportStatistics (nums):

# get
central tendencies
File input/output
averages = {
"mean":getMean(nums,0),
"median":getMedian(nums),
"mode":getMode(nums)
}
# get range
range = getRange(nums)
# put ranges in a dictionary

ranges = { Python and Java applets
"min":range[0],
In"max":range[1],
"range":range[2]
language
} numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
and
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777
return report
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we first Programming
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Tutorial for Building
getMedian(), and
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Web
and Enterprise
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with Jython
averages = {
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table }of
Contents
Pages: 640
Then we get the range parametersmin,max, and max-minfromgetRange(). We use range[0] ,

Characterized
of use,
richnessNotice
of expression,
and concise syntax, defines
Python has
range[1] , and range[2]
in by
theease
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that "min":range[0]
a key/value
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# put ranges in a dictionary

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"min":range[0],
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report = { and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
"averages": averages,
"ranges": ranges
}
Lastly we return the report dictionary.

and exceptions
return report

Using reportStatistics()
File input/output
RunReport() uses reportStatistics() to get the report dictionary it needs to print out the
Python's intrinsicexample,
functionsnote the use of the string format operator (%), the %f format
report. In the following runReport()
directive, nested dictionaries, and the use of the format operator with a dictionary.
from chap4 import reportStatistics

Interfacing
with the Java
APIs and working
with 200000,
Java Streams65000, 100000]
house_in_awahtukee
= [100000,
120000,
150000,
report = reportStatistics(house_in_awahtukee)
range_format = """
Range:
The least expensive
%(min)20.2f
Pythonhouse
and Javais
applets
The most expensive house is %(max)20.2f
The range of Inhouse
%(range)20.2f
addition,price
the bookis
contains
"""
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The mean house
pricedeveloper,
is %(mean)20.2f
you insight
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the power
The mode for give
house
price
%(mode)20.2f
The median house price is %(median)20.2f
"""
777
print range_format % report["ranges"]
print average_format
% report["averages"]
Python Programming
Here's the output:

Range:
The least expensive house is 65000.00
The most expensive
house is 200000.00
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
The Table
range
of
house
price is 135000.00
of
Contents
Pages: 640
Averages:
Characterized
by ease
The mean house
price is
122500.00
remained
a
premier
programming
The mode for house price is 100000.00
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
The median house price is 110000.00
Summary
of skill-building
programming
sessions,
this book will
Control flow allows plenty
programs
to execute nonsequentially
using the if
,while, and
for compound
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
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of
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practical
statements.if conditionally executes a statement, while executes a statement while a condition
is true, and
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
of is
for iterates through a sequence. All three can contain else clauses that execute when the ifbreadth
condition
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
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false, when it becomes false, or when the items in a list are or become empty, respectively.
As compound statements, if,while, and for contain clauses. Clauses contain suites and control their
Python
Programming
withclauses;
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A Tutorial
for clauses;
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and else
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with
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covers
important
topics
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as:
containsfor and else clauses. Within the while and for statements, break and continue , as their
names imply, break out of a loop and continue a loop from the top.
Fundamental
programming
concepts, including
statements,
expressions,
Specific to the for statement
are the range()
and xRange()
functions.
range()
returns a list of
interpreters,
numbers;xRange() returns
a numberand
in acompilers
range only when requested to do so.
We created a sample application to compute range, mean, mode, and median for a group of house prices. The
and exceptions
application highlighted the following key concepts from Chapters 1 through 4:
for loop
while loop
File input/output
if statement

if and else clauses
Nested loops

len(),count(), and sort()
Modulus (%)
%f format directive
Nested dictionaries
Use of a dictionary with the format operator
CONTENTS
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 5. Organizing
Your Code
Evolution of a Programmer
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Code Blocks andPages:
Namespaces
640
Contents
Modules
Characterized
Functions and
Methods by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Classes
Packages application development.
Globals and the Global Statement
Summary This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
Attribute development.
application
Interface
Class Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
Instantiation
Code block
Introspection
Constructor
Fundamental programming concepts,Keyword
including
argument
Destructor
Main block
Encapsulation
and exceptions
Method
First class
object
Object-oriented
Module
Flag File input/output
Namespace
Function
Nesting
globalFormatting,
statement, variable,
parsing, and manipulating
strings
Package
namespace
Interfacing with the Java APIs and working
with
Java Streams
Positional
argument
Identity operator
GUIs
Script
Immutability
Working with SQL and JDBC(TM) Search path
import statement
self argument
Instance
In this chapter, we'lllanguage
cover how
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You'll learn
about namespaces
and code
and
Java
Development
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Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
blocks and about modules,
functions,
classes,
and
methods.

Evolution ofWhether
a Programmer
As your programs grow, or as you increase your understanding of Python, you'll use more of Python's
organization features. For example:
777
You want to learn how to do a task, so you use the interactive interpreter to learn Python.
You want to automate
a task, so you write a script. (See Appendix C on scripts.)
You want to reuse script functionality, so you organize scripts into different modules.
Addison
Wesley
You want to use Publisher:
generalization
and abstraction
to reuse code common to many scripts, so you organize
scripts into classes.
Table
of to share
You want
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
modules
with co-workers or a development team, so you organize your modules into
Pages: 640
packages.
You want to use packages of modules from other sources and share your modules with others, so you
organize your packages into other packages and into subpackages.
the two you'll
languages,
when
combination,
ideal
for Webeven
and for
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Even as your needs change,
still seek
outused
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least
sophisticated
approach,
more complicated
application
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tasks. For instance, you might write a script to do testing, or you might use interactive mode to learn a new
module or to debug one you've already written.
Organizing Your
help Code
No matter how far you
progress and
as a shows
programmer,
you'll
to know
how with
to organize
yourforcode.
In Python, you
capabilities
the ways
thatneed
Python
interfaces
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professional
can organize your statements
intodevelopment.
functions and methods; your methods and data into classes; your classes,
application
functions, and statements into modules; your modules into packages; and, lastly, your packages into other
Programming
with the
Java(TM)
Class
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A Tutorial
Building
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illustrates
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Figure 5-1. Program Organization

and exceptions
File input/output
777
Nesting
Addison
Classes can havePublisher:
other classes
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within them. Functions and methods can have nested classes
Date: June
28, 2002
as well as nestedPub
functions.
Typically,
the inner classes and functions in a method are small and
serve a purpose onlyISBN:
in the 0-201-61616-5
context of the class in which they nest.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
For example, in the following class definition, the class topclass has a member method,
method() ,Characterized
which has an by
inner
function,
function()
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an innersyntax,
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This tutorial begins with coverage
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Code BlocksPython
andProgramming
Namespaces
Code blocks are pieces of executable Python code that you can think of as collections of statements. Modules,
classes, and functions are all examples.
interpreters,
andonce.
compilers
Modules may be scripts that
execute only
Since Python is unlike other languages in its lack of a main
method, it starts executing code (program text) from the top of the module. To re-execute the module, you have
to reload it.
and exceptions
Modules can contain classes and functions (both code blocks), which may be executed many times. Also,
functions can contain classes as well as other functions, and classes can contain methods as well as other classes.
Variables defined in a codeFile
block
are associated with that code block's namespace.
input/output
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Modules have a __name__
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a module is a code block, anything in it will be executed when it is run from the command line or
imported from another module. __name__ thus limits execution to the main module.
A namespace is a way
to organize
variables
in a largecomputer
program.user
It provides
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Whether
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file named readme.txt, you can be sure that these are two different filesone you access as
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777
Packages provide namespaces for modules and other packages. Say you create a module called sys but sys is also
the name of a standard

module.
This can cause
problems.
However,
you put your
sys module
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Python
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Class if
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
calledmycompany, you
canand
access
it via mycompany.sys
interfering with the standard sys module.
Web
Enterprise
Applications without
with Jython
Packages also provide
for other packages, just as file directories provide namespaces for each other.
By namespaces
Richard Hightower
Modules provide namespaces
for variables, classes, and functions. You might have a class called stats and
download a class from the Web also called stats. You can use both classes in the same program because
they're in their own modulesmy_module.stats and their_module.stats.
Table of
Similarly,
classes
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640 for

namespaces
provide
variables and methods. For example, a method called getMean()
in a class called stat won't interfere with a function called getMean() in the same module.
remained
premierscope
programming
language
more
than
a decade,
and
is used
We'll discuss namespaces
and avariable
more later.
The keyfor
point
here
is that
Python
allows
youbya lot of
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makesyour
flexibility in program organization. It also gives you more control over how you manipulate and introspect
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
namespace.
Modules
helpwe've
thosebeen
new using
to programming
develop
an understanding
of concepts
and Python
practical
Without defining them,
modules since
Chapter
1. These are files
that contain
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
of
statements and definitions (classes and functions) and can be imported into other modules or intobreadth
the main
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
module. Module files are identified by the suffix .py.
If you're a programmer coming from a Java background, you may think that a module is similar to a package.
theyou
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:
for Building
Web and
Once you work withPython
PythonProgramming
modules for a with
while,
may think
of them
more A
asTutorial
a cross between
a package
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
a final public class (with all static variables and a private constructor).
Import

Theimport statement allows you to import classes, functions, and variables from one module into the current
basics, including
formatting,
classes,we'll
errors,
module's namespace. TablePython
5-1 describes
its forms. operators,
Here is an string
example
module, namespaces,
module1.py, which
use
throughout this section to illustrate
import.
and exceptions
def class1:
def method1(self):
File input/output
Table 5-1. Import Statement Forms
Form
Description
strings
Imports the module into the current module.
Interfacing with the Java APIs andItems
working
Java Streams
canwith
be accessed
as
Example:import module1
module1.class1,
GUIs
module1.function1
,
module2.function2. Imports a definition
from the current module but not the module
itself.
from module_name import class_name, Items can be accessed without the module
name
as class1
,function1
but
func_name
for e
downloading
and
installing the;Python
needsexplanations,
the module
language and the Java Development Kitmodule1.function2
(JDK). Terminology, definitions,
Example:from module1
import
class1,
name
to be accessed.
and numerous
code samples
make this book
a useful
import module_name
function1
Whetherimport
computer
user new
to the
programming
serious
from module_name
*
Imports
all of
definitionsorina the
module but
with
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
not the
module
itself. All
items
can bewill
give you insight
into the
and the know-how
to put
it to work.
Example:from module1
import
* power of Python
accessed
without the
module
name as
class1,function1,function2.
def method2(self, arg1, rg2):

self.attribute1 = arg1
777
def function1():
pass
def function2():
pass
def class1:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
def
method1(self):
Table
of
Pages: 640
Contents
pass
def method2(self, arg1, arg2):

def function1():
pass
def function2():
pass
Breaking things down, we first go to the directory that holds module1.py. Then we start up a new Jython session
at the command line.
C:\Pythonbook\samples\chap5>jython
Jython 1.0.3 on java1.2fcs
On our first attempt, we use
function1()
, but that results in a NameError, which means that Python
interpreters,
and compilers
didn't find that function in the current namespace.
Next we try function1()
with the module name, but again that produces a name error because module1 is
and exceptions
not in the current namespace.
>>> module1.function1()
Traceback (innermost
last):
File input/output
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
NameError: module1
So we import module1 intoFormatting,

the current parsing,
namespace
use function1()
as follows:
andand
manipulating
strings
>>> import module1

>>> module1.function1()
After we import module1, we can call function1() using the module1.function1() form.
>>> function1
Python and
Java applets
last):
NameError: function1
and numerous
code
make
this book a useful
learning
experience.
Yet again, a name error.
The problem
is samples
that to use
function1()
without
the module
name we have to
importfunction1() from module1.
application
developer,
>>> from module1
import
function1
>>> function1give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
<function function1 at -1811886282>
777
Finally, we use the from module import* form with module1 and then dir() to see the contents of the
current namespace. Notice that all of the items in the module have been imported, even the variables string1
andnumber1.
module1
import
*
By Richard
Hightower
>>> from
>>> dir ()
['__name__', 'class1',
'function1', 'function2', 'module1', 'number1', 'strin
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Immutability
Althoughstring1
and number1
the current
namespace,and
they're
not the
samePython
as the has
Characterized
by ease ofare
use,inrichness
of expression,
concise
syntax,
variables in module1.
first, theyprogramming
refer to the same
object.
remainedAta premier
language
>>> import
module1
>>> module1.number1
is number1
returns 1
which
means true
plenty
of skill-building
However, theytechniques.
no longer both
refer to that programmers,
object once their
change. That's
becausebreadth
they areof
For experienced
the values
book demonstrates
Python's
immutable. Here's an example of number1:
>>> module1.number1
= 600
>>> module1.number1
600
>>> number1
1
>>> module1.number1 is number1

0
and exceptions
>>> #returns 0 which means false

Here's the same example using string1:
File input/output
>>> module1.string1 is string1

1
>>> string1 = "hi"

>>> module1.string1
is the
string1
Interfacing with
0
>>> module1.string1 == string1

0
>>> module1.string1
'Hello, how are you?'
Module Search Path
Whether modules
you are afrom
sophisticated
newthe
to programming
a serious
So far, we've been importing
one placecomputer
to anotheruser
within
same directoryorthey
were written in.
application
Python
Programming
with the
Java(TM)
Libraries
However, as you write
more anddeveloper,
more modules,
you'll
want to organize
them
across Class
directories.
You will
can do this
give
into the
power
of Python
and the know-how
put it to
work.
as long as the modules
areyou
in insight
your module
search
paththe
equivalent
of the DOStoPATH
environmentwhich
tells Python where to look for Python modules.
777
For CPython, you set the module search path by declaring the PYTHONPATH environment variable. You can't
do this in Jython because you can't access environment variables in Java. Instead, you access the search path in
the registry file, which

is similar
to *.ini fileswith
in Windows
or toClass
the Windows
registry.
Python
Programming
the Java
Libraries:
You can edit the registry

(C:\Jython\Registry)
with your favorite text editor. The module search path is stored in
By Richard
Hightower
a registry setting called python.path.
#Python Registry
python.path=.;
Table of
... Contents
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
remained
a premier
for moreonly.
thanIfawe
decade,
is used
by search
In the example above,
the registry
settingprogramming
points to the language
current directory
want and
Jython
to always
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
a directory called C:\Python\modules, we set python.path as follows (note the semicolons to delimit
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
directories, as for the DOS PATH environment variable):
python.path=.;c:\\python\\modules;
help those
new toisprogramming
understanding
This means that the current
directory
searched first,develop
then theanC:\JythonLib
directory.
sys
and
Enterprise
Applications
withmodule
Jythonsearch
coverspath
important
as:
Thesys module
holds
the current
value of the
in the topics
pathsuch
variable.
>>> sys.path
['.', 'C:\\Jython\\Lib']
Let's edit the python.path module

include
C:\Python\modules.
Open
the registry
file in yourclasses,
favoriteerrors,
editor,
Python to
basics,
including
operators, string
formatting,
namespaces,
and set python.path to .;C:\\Python\\modules.
Then start up an interactive session, and query the value of
and exceptions
python.path.
>>> import sys

>>> sys.path
File input/output
['.', 'C:\\Python\\modules', 'C:\\Jython-1.0\\Lib']
To test if this is working, create the directory C:\Python\modules, and create a module called path.py.
def youfoundme():
Interfacing
print "You found
me" with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Using Python
andanywhere
Java Swing
GUIs Start up the Jython interpreter, and try
Putpath.py in C:\Python\modules.
Now go
elsetoincreate
the directory.
to import path.py.
C:\>jython
Jython 1.0.3 on java1.2fcs
>>> import path
>>> path.youFoundMe()
You found me
Becausesys.path is a list, you can add paths at runtime.
777
Warning
Addison
Wesley it loads the first one it finds on python.path. That means
When Python is Publisher:
trying to import
a module,
Date:called
June 28,
that, if you have aPub
module
path2002
in your current directory that has the following listing:
Table
of
path.py
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
listing
Pages:of
640path in current path:
print "Wrong one dummy"
and you try tonovices
import it
from
that directory,
you
get the its
wrong
This can to
beJava(TM)
a difficultmakes
and
professionals
alike.
Inwill
particular,
closeone.
relationship
problem to debug,
especially
if
the
first
module
in
the
path
is
an
older
version
of
the
one you're
the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed
enterprise
trying to load.application development.
>>> import
path
Wrong one
dummy
Functions

and
Methods
Remember that a function

a code block and
blocks
are collections
of Tutorial
statements.
are similar
PythonisProgramming
withthat
the code
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries: A
for Methods
Building Web
to functions, and youand
define
them the
same way. The
difference
is that, unlike
functions,
Enterprise
Applications
with only
Jython
covers important
topics
such as: methods are
associated with classes and are defined within them. Because of the similarities, the terms function and method
will be used interchangeably in this section.
Step by Step: Defining and Calling a Method

To define, or declare, a function
or method, you enter the keyword def followed by the function name, a list of
and exceptions
arguments enclosed in parentheses, and finally a colon. Next come the statements, which make up the body of
programming
concepts
the function. They start on Object-oriented
a new line and, like
all code blocks,
are indented (if you don't indent, you'll get an
error). The statements are where the action is.
File input/output
Here's an example of a simple function, sayHello():
>>> def sayHello (strName):

parsing,
...
strHello Formatting,
= "Hello
" +and
strName
...
print (strHello)
...
>>> sayHello("Mom")
Hello Mom
>>> sayHello("Dad")
Hello Dad
Here's the breakdown.
First we define a method called sayHello() with the argument strName.
>>> def sayHello
(strName):
application
Then we add two statements. The first takes the string literal "Hello" and the function argument strName
and concatenates them. It then assigns their value to the strHello variable.
...
777
strHello = "Hello " + strName
The second statementPython

prints out
the value of with
strHello
to the
console.
Programming
the Java
Class
...
printByRichard
(strHello)
Hightower
Next we invoke this function a couple of times, each time substituting a value for strHello . Notice that we
invoke this function the same way we invoke the built-in functions.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
sayHello("Mom")
of
Pages:
640
Hello
Mom
Contents
>>> sayHello("Dad")
Hello Dad
ThesayHello()the
function
doesn't return
fact, all functions
return
None
by default.enterprise
two languages,
whena value.
used inIncombination,
ideal for
Web
and distributed
Now we'll create a function, sumNumbers(), that does return a value; it sums two numbers and returns the
total.
>>> def sumNumbers(x,
y):
help those new to
programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
...
return
x + yFor experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
techniques.
...
>>> sumNumbers(5, 10)

15
Of course, most functions are more useful, and more complex, than these examples. They can have any number
of arguments and can be stored for later use by more than one program.
Calling Methods and Defining Arguments

There are three ways to calland
a method:
by positional arguments, by keyword arguments, and by a combination of
exceptions
the two. There are three ways to define a method: with default values, with a variable number of positional
arguments, and with a variable
number of keyword
arguments.
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
Consider the following method:
File input/output
>>> def sayHello(name,

title,
message):
Python's intrinsic
functions
...
print ("Hello " + title + " " + name + " " + message)
...
Interfacing
It can be called using positional
arguments:
Using Python and
Java Swing
to create
>>> sayHello("Hightower",
"Mr.",
"How
areGUIs
you")
Hello Mr. Hightower How are you
or using keyword arguments (keyword=value):
>>> sayHello(name="Hightower", title="Mr.", message="How are you")

In addition, the
book
contains
Hello Mr. Hightower
How
are
youinstructions for downloading and installing the Python
numerous
code
samples
make
a useful
learning
Keywords equate to and
argument
names.
You
can use
themthis
in book
any order,
which
meansexperience.
that in the last example we
could have put the message keyword in the first position.
application developer, are
Pythonyou?",
Programming
with the Java(TM) Class title="Mr.")
Libraries will
>>> sayHello(message="How
name="Hightower",
give you insight
the power
Hello Mr. Hightower
Howintoare
you?of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
In the combined form, you can use one positional argument and two keywords.
777
>>> sayHello("Hightower", message="How are you?", title="Mr.")
Hello Mr. Hightower

How are with
you?
Python Programming
Calling methods withBykeywords

doesn't seem very useful; so far it just adds more typing. The payoff comes when
Richard Hightower
you use keywords with default arguments.
Continuing the previous example, if we want default values for title and name, we first define our function
with two default arguments.
>>>
...
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640title="Mr.",
def sayHello(name,
Contents
message="Hello %s %s, how are you?"):

print message % (title, name)
professionals
alike. Inargument.
Now we can use thenovices
functionand
with
only one positional
>>> sayHello("James
Estrada")
Hello Mr. James Estrada, how are you?

If we need to, we canplenty
override
the default values.
of skill-building
>>> sayHello("Mark
"Dr.")
techniques.Green",
For experienced
Hello Dr. Mark
Green,
how
are
you?
capabilities and shows the ways
that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
>>> sayHello("Ally McBeal", "Ms.")

Hello Ms. Ally
McBeal,
howwith
are
Python
Programming
the you?
Notice that both of these functions use positional arguments.
Another way to override default

arguments
is with keywords.
Let's
say thatstatements,
we want toexpressions,
override the last argument
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
from above.
>>> sayHello("Al Python

McMeal",
message="Hello
%s, are
you hungry,
would you lik
basics, including
operators, string%s
formatting,
namespaces,
classes, errors,
Hello Mr. Al McMeal,
are you hungry, would you like to go to lunch?
and exceptions
This comes in handy whenObject-oriented
there are ten arguments
with default
arguments and you want to override only the
programming
concepts
tenth one.
File input/output
This example won't work because name has no default value.
>>> sayHello(title="Mrs.", message="Hi %s %s, how are you doing? How is your
last):
Formatting,
Interfacing
with enough
the Java APIs
and working with
Java Streams
TypeError: sayHello()
not
arguments;
expected

Recall from Chapter 4 that we wrote a function called getMean() that figured the average of a set of house
Python
and Java
prices. Well, we can change
it to accept
twoapplets
default arguments. The first argument, sample, is a flag that tells
getMean() if theInsetaddition,
of numbers passed to it is from a sample of a population or the population as a whole.
(The mean and the average of a sample are calculated differently.) The second argument, display, is a flag
that tells getMean() to optionally display the results to the monitor.
getMean()

give defined:
Here'sgetMean()()
def getMean (nums, sample=0, display=0):

for x in nums:
sum = sum + x
777
if(sample):Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
averageWeb
= and
sumEnterprise
/ (len(nums)-1)
else:
average = sum / len(nums)
if(display): Publisher: Addison Wesley
print ("mean
= June
" +28,
'average')
Pub Date:
2002
return average ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Here are
some examples:
Pages: 640
Characterized
use, richness of expression,
#Define example
sampleby ease
andofpopulation
numbersand concise syntax, Python has
remained
a
premier
programming
language
sample =(1,2,3,3,2,1,1,1,2,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2)
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
population=(1,2,3,3,2,1,1,1,2,2,3,3,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2)
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
#call with positional arguments
application
development.
populationMean = getMean(population, 0)
#call using default arguments
#call using default arguments
sampleMean = getMean(sample)
print ("population mean " + 'populationMean')
print ("sample mean " + 'sampleMean')
#call with Python

positional
arguments
and Class
print
Programming
with the Java(TM)
Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
populationMean
=
getMean(population,
0,
1)important topics such as:
#call using keyword arguments
sampleMean = getMean(sample,
display=1)
The script (in the samples/chap5 directory) essentially demonstrates the use of keywords to include default and
keyword arguments.
and exceptions
The following definition says in English, "Define a method called getMean() with three arguments":
def getMean (nums, sample=1, display=0):

File input/output
The first argument, nums, holds the input numbers; the second, sample=1 , tells getMean() whether or
Python's intrinsic
functions
not this is a sample or a population;
and the third,
display=0, tells getMean() whether or not it should
display the mean to the console. Remember that Python doesn't have a Boolean (true/false) type, so any nonzero
manipulating
strings
value (1 above) equals trueFormatting,
and a zero parsing,
value (0and
above)
equals false.
if(sample):
average = sum / (len(nums)-1)
else:
average = sum
/ len(nums)
Once again, in English this says, "If sample is equal to true, do the first equation to figure the mean; else, do
the second equation." When this method is invoked without sample specified, the default is true. In that case,
average = sum/(len(nums)-1
is invoked.
If sample
is false, average
= the Python
instructions
for downloading
and installing
sum/len(nums)language
is invoked.
Thedisplay argument works like the sample argument.
if(display): application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
print ("mean
= " + 'average')
That is, "If display is true, print the mean to the console."
777
Variable Number of Arguments
Here we use the asterisk

symbol
(*) to definewith
a variable
number
of nums
arguments:
Python
Programming
the Java
Class
Libraries:
>>> def sum(*nums):

...
total = 0
...
for numPublisher:
in nums:
Addison Wesley
...
total
= 28,
total
Pub Date: June
2002 + num
...
return total
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
nums is a sequence, so it works with the for statement. The sum() function iterates through each num in the
variable argument list.
novices
alike.
particular,but
its see
close
relationship
to Java(TM)
makes
At first it may look as
thoughand
weprofessionals
could have used
anyInsequence,
how
we call sum()
.
>>> sum(19,20,21)
60
plenty
of skill-building
exercises andis interactive
programming
Note that the variable
number
of argument declarations
of type Tuple
.
>>> def func(*args):
...
printcapabilities
type(args)
...
>>> func()
Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
<jclass org.python.core.PyTuple
at -801600693>
You can mix and match multiple arguments with the positional arguments, as in this nostalgic printf()
example:
interpreters,*args):
and compilers
>>> def printf(format,
...
...
print format % args

and exceptions
Here are some other examples:
>>> printf ("Hi %s, how is %s?", "Martha", "Miguel")

input/output
Hi Martha, how isFileMiguel?
>>> printf ("Martha is %i, Miguel is %i", 30, 29)

Martha is 30, Miguel
is parsing,
29
Formatting,
Programmers, if you're familiar
with C,with
youthe
canJava
see APIs
that C's
and
Python's
are similar. With the way
Interfacing
andprintf()
working with
Java
Streams
we've defined printf() , you need at least one argument and can have as many as you like.
Variable Number of Keyword Arguments (with Dictionary)
Another way to declare multiple keyword arguments is with the double asterisk symbol ( **).
>>> def printKeywords(**keywords):

In addition,
...
for item
in the
keywords.items():
language
and
the
...
print item
and
numerous
code
...
Whether
a sophisticated
computer
You can use this function
withyou
anyare
number
of keyword
arguments.
give you insight into the powereyes="blue",
to put it to work.
>>> printKeywords(name="Whit",
weight="28",
age="2")
('age', '2')
('weight', '28')
('eyes', 'blue')
('name', 'Whit')
777
The variable (i.e., changeable)
keyword argument is a dictionary, which we can prove.
func(**args):
>>> def
...
print type (args)
...
Pub Date:
June 28,
2002
>>> func (arg=1,
arg2=2,
arg3=3)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
<jclass org.python.core.PyDictionary
at -1146189863>
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Variable keyword arguments (**) can be mixed and matched with variable positional arguments (*) and regular
arguments to improve
the workingsbyofease
a function.
Here's anofexample
usingand
printf()
:
Characterized
of use, richness
expression,
concise syntax,
Python has
>>> def printf(format,
*args,alike.
**kargs):
In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
...
if(len(args)):
...
print
(format % args)
application
development.
...
...
...
...
...
elif(len(kargs)):
printbegins
(format
% kargs)
This tutorial
with coverage
else:plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
print
format
help those
new to

Nowprintf() can
accept any
number of keyword or positional arguments.
application
development.
>>> printf("Hi
%s",
"Missy")
Python
Programming
Hi Missy
>>> printf("Hi %(name)s", name="Missy")
Hi Missy
>>> printf("Hi Missy")

Hi Missy
and exceptions
Step by Step
Define a function, printf()

, with one positional argument, format; one variable argument, args; and
File input/output
one variable keyword argument, kargs.
>>> def printf(format *args, **kargs):

Check if the args tuple has items in it.
...
if(len(args)):

If so, use it in the format % args expression as the tuple in a string format operation. Print the expression.
...
print (format % args)

Ifargs is empty, check if the kargs dictionary has items in it. Print the resulting format % kargs
expression.
...
elif(len(kargs)):
...
print (format % kargs)

If both args and kargs
are empty,
printPython
the format
string by itself.
application
developer,
Programming
...
...
...
else:
print format
777
if(args)
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
In the printf()
example,
we used
the statement if(len(args)): to determine whether
Pubof
Date:
June 28,
2002
the variable number
positional
arguments
was equal to zero. Instead, we could have used
if(args) to see if the list
has 0-201-61616-5
items in it, rewriting printf() as
ISBN:
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
def printf(format, *args, **kargs):

if(args):
print
(format
args) language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained
a premier %programming
elif(kargs):
novices
print
% kargs)
the two(format
languages, when
else: application development.
print format
Remember that
an empty
dictionary isexercises
equivalent
false in a Boolean
test. sessions, this book will
plenty
of skill-building
andtointeractive
programming
Of course, you can also rewrite printf() to be very readable.
the ways
def printf(format,
*args,
**kargs):
application >development.
if(len(args)
0):
print
(format % args)
elif(len(kargs)
> 0):
print (format % kargs)
else:
print Fundamental
format programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
This approach makes the code a little verbose, but readability should win out. In six months when
you need to read thePython
code you
wrote
(to figure
out whatstring
it's doing
so you can
change it),classes,
you'll be
basics,
including
operators,
formatting,
namespaces,
errors,
happy.
and exceptions
Object-oriented
programming
Remember, functions are code
blocks and code
blocks areconcepts
collections of statements. Default function argument
values save time.
File input/output
Classes

A class consists of data and the functions that act on that data. In classes, functions are referred to as methods. A
way to understand classes is
to think ofwith
them
functions
withworking
multiplewith
entryJava
points.
In this way they provide
Interfacing
theasJava
APIs and
Streams
data encapsulation.
You define a class with the class keyword.
class class_name:
class_attributes
Classes can have many
attributes.the
These
be variables
or definitionsand
of either
functions
or other
In addition,
bookattributes
contains can
instructions
for downloading
installing
the Python
classes. For example,language
the definition
ofJava
the class
chapter
threeTerminology,
variable attributes:
and the
Development
Kithas
(JDK).
number_of_pages
,title, and
.
and numerous
codetoc
samples
class chapter:
number_of_pages
= 20
titlegive
= you
"Organizing
yourof program"
insight into the power
Python and the know-how to put it to work.
toc = ["Introduction", "Modules", "Functions", "Packages", "Classes"]
777
Notice that the class attributes are indented, just as the subordinate statements in an if statement are indented.
Class attributes can be

accessed
with the form
class_name.attribute
Python
Programming
with
the Java Class Libraries: .A Tutorial for Building
chapter.number_of_pages
= 30
print `chapter.number_of_pages`
toc.append("Scope
and Namespaces")
Classes can also have function definitions (book.py).

Table of
class
chapter:
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
""" Document String for chapter class """

Characterized
number_of_pages
= 20by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
remained
a premier
programming
title = "Organizing
your
program"
novices
and
professionals
alike.
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particular,
toc = ["Introduction", "Modules",
\
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
"Functions", "Packages", \
application
development.
"Classes"]
def print_me(self):
This tutorial begins with
print chapter.title
+ coverage
" " +`chapter.number_of_pages`
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
for section in chapter.toc: interactive programming sessions, this book will
help those
print
" "new
+ to
section

capabilities
and shows
the waystothat
Python
interfaces
with Java
APIs
forand
professional
Note here that the function
definitions
are indented
show
that they're
members
of the
class
that their
application
development.
subordinate statements
are further
indented to show that they belong to the functions. The point to remember is
thatindentation shows ownership or mem bership.
For Programmers: self

Theself argument to the print-me() method in the chapter class holds the reference to
the class instance. It's
similar
to theincluding
this reference
in string
Java orformatting,
the Me reference
in Visual
Basic.
Python
basics,
operators,
namespaces,
classes,
errors,
and exceptions
Exploring a Defined
Class programming concepts
Object-oriented
Fileininput/output
For this section, follow along
the interactive session by loading class chapter using the -i option in
Jython. You'll find chapter in module book.py in directory chap5. Here's the prompt:
C:\python\book\chap5>jython -i book.py
Now enter
>>> dir()
['__name__', 'chapter']
Working
SQL and
JDBC(TM)
Thedir() built-in function
with nowith
arguments
gives
you the names in the current namespace. If we supply it
with the argument chapter, it gives us chapter's attributes.
>>> dir(chapter)
['__doc__', '__module__', 'number_of_pages', 'print_me', 'title', 'toc']
and numerous
code samples
make
this the
book
a useful learning
experience.
The__doc__ attribute
holds the class's
document
string;
__module__
attribute
holds its associated
module. The rest of the attributes are ones we defined for chapter. Note that print_me() is listed as an
attribute.
youwith
insight
into the
power of Python and the know-how to
We call a method ofgive
a class
the form
class_name.method_name()
. put it to work.
>>> chapter.print_me(None)
Organizing your program 20
Introduction
777
Modules Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
FunctionsWeb and Enterprise Applications with Jython
Packages ByRichard Hightower
Classes
This is similar to callingPub

a regular
function, the only difference being that the function name must be prepended
Date: June 28, 2002
with the class name. The syntax looks a lot like the syntax for calling a function in a module.
Table of
we had
imported
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
If
the book.py module (instead of loading it at the command line with Jython), we would have
had to use the module name to call print_me().
module_name.class_name.function_name.
>>> import book
>>> book.chapter.print_me(None)
Organizing your program 20

Introduction
Modules plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
Functionshelp those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
Packages techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
Classes capabilities and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
First Class Object
In the print_me() example, we passed the argument None. The first argument in a method
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
usually refers to an instance
of a class,
but not here.
Instead
we're using
the classexpressions,
itself because, in
and compilers
Python, the class is ainterpreters,
first class object.

To access the member variables in chapter we use the form class_name.variable_name. Again,
and exceptions
the syntax is like that for accessing variables in a module.
>>> chapter.number_of_pages, chapter.title

(20, 'Organizing File
your
program')
input/output
>>> chapter.toc
['Introduction', Python's
'Modules',
'Functions', 'Packages', 'Classes']
intrinsic functions
Here we accessed both number_of_pages
andmanipulating
title (the tuple
format). Python returned a tuple containing
Formatting, parsing, and
strings
the values of number_of_pages and title, respectively. Then we accessed the values in the member list
calledtoc.
Using Python
We can also change the attributes
of a class.
Working with SQL andand
JDBC(TM)
>>> chapter.toc.append("Scope
Namespaces")
>>> chapter.title="Organizing
your code"
>>> chapter.number_of_pages
= 30
and numerous
samples make
To confirm the changes,
we run thecode
print_me()
function.
>>> chapter.print_me(None)
application
developer,
Programming
with the
Java(TM) Class
Librariesand
will functions 30
Organizing your
Python
codePython
into
packages,
modules,
classes
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
Introduction
Modules
Functions
Packages
Classes
777
Scope andPython
Namespaces
Class

Instances
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
Say we want to create 20
chapter
classes.
To do this with what we've learned so far, we'd have to redefine
chapter 20 times. Pub Date: June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
class
chapter1: Pages: 640
Contents
number_of_pages = 1
...
class chapter2:
number_of_pages
= 2
the two languages,
...
class chapter3:
plenty of =
skill-building
number_of_pages
3
help
those
new
to
programming
...
Time consuming, isn't
it? With what
we're about
to learn,
we caninterfaces
instead create
instance
of chapter
capabilities
and shows
the ways
that Python
with an
Java
APIs for
professionalfor
each chapter in our book.
Think of a class as aPython
cookie Programming
cutter and an instance
an actualClass
cookie.
You useAthe
cookiefor
cutter
to stamp
with the as
Java(TM)
Libraries:
Tutorial
Building
Webthe
cookie out. With classes,
stamping out
the class instances
is called
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
coversinstantiation.
When a class is instantiated, the instance shares all of its attributes. The attributes of both initially refer to the
Fundamental
programming
concepts,(just
including
expressions,
same objects, but the instance
can also define
its own attributes
as youstatements,
can decorate
each cookie a different
interpreters,
compilers
way). You access the instance
attributesand
with
the form instance_name.attribute . This form refers to
the class attributes if the instance hasn't defined its own, or to its own if it has.
and than
exceptions
This concept is easier to show
to explain, so we'll instantiate our chapter class to illustrate. For the next
interactive session, load module book.py using the jython-i option.
First we assign chap1 to the results of the class constructor expression, which is an instance of class
File input/output
chapter.

>>> chap1 = chapter()
For
Programmers:
Noworking
newwithKeyword
Interfacing
with the Java APIs and
Java Streams
UsinginPython
to create
There's no new keyword
Pythonand
as Java
thereSwing
is in Java,
C++,GUIs
and Visual Basic. Therefore, the
example
>>> chap1 = chapter()

is equivalent to the following in Java, C++, and Visual Basic, respectively:
language
and=thenew
Java Development
chapter
chap1
chapter();
chapter *chap1 = new chapter();

application
developer,
Dim chap1
As New
chapter
or
Dim chap1 As chapter
Set chap1 = New chapter
777
Here's how we access

the members
of chap1
: the Java
Python
Programming
with

chap1.title
>>>
'Organizing your program'
>>> chap1.toc Pub Date: June 28, 2002

['Introduction', 'Modules', 'Functions', 'Packages', 'Classes']
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
chap1.number_of_pages
of
Pages: 640
20 Contents
richness
expression,
and So,
concise
Python
has
Note that all of theseCharacterized
attributes are by
theease
sameofasuse,
those
of the of
chapter
class.
is thesyntax,
instance
of chapter
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
the same as chapter itself? Let's see using the is identity operator.
>>> chap1 is the
chapter
application
development.
0
tutorial
begins with, coverage
of some
thesame
basics
of Python
Using
Okay, chap1 is notThis
the same
as chapter
even though
it hasofthe
attributes.
Orprogramming.
does it? We know
that
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
dir() lists the attributes of a module and a class. It also lists the attributes of an instance, so let's use will
it to solve
this mystery.
>>> dir (chap1)
[]
>>> dir (chapter)

Python Programming with
the Java(TM) Class Libraries:
Web 'toc']
['__doc__', '__module__',
'number_of_pages',
'print_me',
'title',
It looks like chap1 has no attributes at all, yet when we accessed its attributes we got back the values for
chapter. What happens if we try to change a chap1 attribute? Does the class attribute change?
interpreters,
First let's change chap1.title
andand
seecompilers
what the title is.
basics, including
>>> chap1.title =Python
"Getting
Started"
and
exceptions
>>> chap1.title
'Getting Started'
Next let's check the value of the chapter class's title.
File input/output
>>> chapter.title
intrinsic functions
'Organizing your Python's
program'
manipulating
strings
chapter.title and chap1.title
areand
no longer
the same
value. Initially, Python uses the class
attributes for chap1. However, if we change an instance attribute, Python creates an attribute only for the
instance, so we should now have a new attribute in chap1's namespace called title. Let's check this with
thedir() function.
>>> dir (chap1) Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)

['title']
As you can see, there's a new variable called title in chap1's namespace. Just as we thought. However, this
technique works onlyInfor
assigning
Forinstructions
example, iffor
wedownloading
append a string
the tocthe
list,Python
the instance
addition,
the new
bookvalues.
contains
andtoinstalling
doesn't get a new attribute.
>>> chap1.toc.append("Welcome to Python")

>>> chap1.tocWhether
is chapter.toc
1
Notice that, even after we append a string to toc,chap1.toc and chapter.toc point to the same
object. But what about this:
777
>>> chap1.toc = ["Do not fear", "What is Python", "Why Python"]
>>> chap1.tocPython
is chapter.toc
0
It shows that assignments change what an instance's member variables refer to.
Let's wrap up this interactive session.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
chapter.number_of_pages
is chap1.number_of_pages
of
Pages:
640
1
Contents
>>> dir (chap1)
['title', 'toc']
This shows that, since
number_of_pages
was In
never
assigneditsa close
valuerelationship
in chap1, to
theJava(TM)
chapter
and
novices
and professionals alike.
particular,
makes
chap1 attributes fortheit two
pointlanguages,
to the same
object
(they're
actually theideal
samefor
reference).
also shows
that chap1
when
used
in combination,
Web and Itdistributed
enterprise
has the title and application
toc attributes
in its namespace but not number_of_pages.
development.
Constructor (__init__)
help those
new toisprogramming
develop
an isunderstanding
of constructed.
concepts andIt's
practical
The__init__ method,
if present,
called when an
instance
first created or
the
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth ofis
constructor, and its arguments are the same ones passed to the class constructor expression. __init__
capabilities
and shows
thevariables.
ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
usually used to define
(i.e., initialize)
instance
For example, this class constructor expression passes the title argument to __init__ :
chap1 = chapter(title="Introduction")
Let's define our chapter class with a constructor that takes three arguments for each instance variable. Notice
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
that we've removed the class
variables and
are using only
instance
variables.statements,
(Compareexpressions,
this example, book1.py,
to our earlier example, book.py.)
class chapter: Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
""" Document
String for chapter class """
def __init__(self, title="", numPages=0, toc=[]):

self.numPages = numPages
File input/output
self.title = title
self.toc
toc functions
Python's=intrinsic
def print_me(self):
parsing,+and
strings
print Formatting,
self.title
" manipulating
" + `self.numPages`
for section in self.toc:
Interfacing
print
" "with
+ the
section
Using Python
and Java
to create GUIs
Here we've defined a constructor
that initializes
allSwing
of an instance's
attributes. Note that chapter's constructor
uses default arguments to initialize the member variables. Remember that the self argument refers to the
current instance.
Python
and Java applets
Below we create an instance
of chapter
and set its title to Getting started. When calling a
constructor, you don't pass a value for the positional self argument.
>>> chap1 = chapter("Getting
started")
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
>>> chap1.print_me()
Getting started
0
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM)
Class
will
Next we create an instance
of chapter
and set
its title
to Fundamentals
, its number
of Libraries
pages to 20
, and its
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
table of contents to Literals ,Types, and Lists.
>>> chap2 = chapter("Fundamentals", 20, ["Literals", "Types", "Lists"])

>>> chap2.print_me()
Fundamentals 20
777
Literals Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Types
Lists
Now we create an instance
of chapter with the title Operators and set the table of contents to String
operators and Arithmetic.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
chap3
of = chapter(toc=["String operators", "Arithmetic"],title="Operators")
Pages:
>>> Contents
chap3.print_me() 640
Operators 0
String operators
Arithmetic
Destructor (__del__)
The__del__ method
the destructor,
which
is called
class
instance
is about
to be destroyed.
Thisistutorial
begins with
coverage
ofwhen
somethe
of the
basics
of Python
programming.
Using
class chapter:
""" Document String for chapter class """

self.numPages = numPages
self.title
= title with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python Programming
self.toc
=
toc Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
and Enterprise
def __del__(self):
print "Leaving"
def print_me(self):
Python basics,
print self.title
+ "including
" + `self.numPages`
and
exceptions
for section in self.toc:
print "
" + section
chap = chapter() File input/output

chap.print_me()
del chap
Formatting,
Encapsulation with
Privateparsing,
Variables
One of the things that separate classes from records or structures in other languages is the concept of
encapsulation. Encapsulation
hides
the implementation
of your
class and in doing so reduces code
Using
Python
and Java Swingdetails
to create
GUIs
coupling. Coupling is bad.
Let's say, for example, that you create a simple address book class that downloads all of the addresses from a
corporate database and stores
themand
in aJava
list called
Python
appletsnames. Other programmers who use your class simply access
this names list.
Well, imagine that the
company
has just landed
some major
accountsdefinitions,
and is hiringexplanations,
more
language
andyou
thework
Java for
Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
employees. Now youand
want
to change
your
addressmake
bookthis
class
to work
withlearning
a middleware
server that connects to
numerous
code
samples
book
a useful
experience.
the database and helps you cache addresses based on usage and changes. You also want to provide a dictionaryWhether
you arelist.
a sophisticated
computer
useryou
newchange
to programming
a serious
like object to work with
the names
You do all this,
but when
the names or
over
to the dictionary
application
developer, Python
Programming
withisthe
Java(TM)
Libraries
will
object, all the other company
programmers'
code stops
working. This
coupling,
andClass
you can
see why
it's bad.
To reduce coupling you want to hide the implementation details of your class and provide a well-defined
interface to outside users. Private variables and private methods allow you to do this because they aren't visible
outside the class in which they're defined.
777
A well-defined interface
to your
class is a collection
ofJava
public Class
methods
for classAaccess,
but for
it prohibits
Python
Programming
with the
Libraries:
Tutorial
Buildingaccess to
the private variables Web
to limit
theEnterprise
number of Applications
things that canwith
go wrong.
Consider if everyone had access to every
and
Jython
variable in your classthe
number
of potential problems would be staggering. By limiting variable access to
By Richard
Hightower
well-defined methods, you better control the internal state of your class and minimize such problems. If
something does go wrong,
you're more
likely
to know which method to fix.
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
What all this comes down to is good code organization. Packages allow you to organize your modules, on the
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
basis of
functionality
or services, so that you don't run into naming conflicts with other programmers.
Pages: 640
Contents
There's no keyword to declare a variable or method as private. Rather, you prepend a double underscore to the
Characterized
ease of (module
use, richness
variable or method name.
Here's anby
example
book2.py):
class chapter:
the two
languages,
when
used in combination,
""" Document
String
for
chapter
class """

This tutorial
self.__numPages
= numPages
plenty
of
skill-building
self.__title = title exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
help those
self.__toc
= new
tocto programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
def print_me(self):
print self.__title
+ " " + `self.__numPages`
for section in self.__toc:

print "
" + section
Below we define the three instance variables as private, which means that they can't be viewed with the dir()
function.
>>> from book1 import chapter

>>> dir (chapter)Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
['__doc__', '__module__',
and exceptions 'print_me']
Packages
File input/output
Packages are a way of organizing Python modules and a way to prevent one programmer from stomping on the
module of another. You assign
a module
to afunctions
package with the form Package_Name.Module_Name.
Python's
intrinsic
Thus, the module name mystuff.sys indicates a module named sys in a package named mystuff.
Packages are essentially directories that contain a special __init__.py file to indicate to Python that the directory
Interfacing
thewhen
Java APIs
and working
JavaLet's
Streams
it's dealing with is a package.
This filewith
is used
the package
is firstwith
loaded.
create our own package and
call it package1/__init__.py.
First we create a directory called package1. Then we create a file named __init __.py with one Python statement
Working
with SQL, and
and save
JDBC(TM)
that prints "Hello from
package1"
it to the package1 directory. Next we create a module
calledmodule1 in package1 and put in it a Python statement that prints "hello from module1 in
package1". In module1, we define one do-nothing function and one do-nothing class named class1 that
contains a do-nothing
named
method1
Inmethod
addition,
the book
contains. instructions for downloading and installing the Python
Here'spackage1/__init__.py.
print "Hello from package1"

Here'spackage1/module1.py:
print "hello from module1 in package1"
777
def function1():
pass
class class1:Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
def method1():
pass
Pub Date:
June is28,
Make sure that the package1
directory
in 2002
the module search path. Then move out of package1 and fire up the
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
JythonTable
interpreter.
of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> from package1.module1 import class1

Hello from package1
hello from module1
package1
remained ain
premier
>>> dir()
['__name__', application
'class1']
development.
Here we see that theThis
codetutorial
in __init__.py
and module1
we load
class1
.
begins with
coverageisofexecuted
some of when
the basics
of Python
programming.
Using
Now exit and restarthelp
the Jython
interpreter
and try this:
those new
to programming
>>> import package1
Hello from package1
>>> dir()
['__name__', and
'package1']
>>> dir(package1)
['__file__', '__name__',
'__path__']
>>> vars(package1)
{'__file__': 'C:\\python\\book\\chap5\\.\\package1\\__init__.py'
and exceptions
, '__path__': ['.\\package1'],
'__name__': 'package1'}
Object-oriented
programming
conceptsis executed. Look at the package's namespace.
Notice that, when we import
the package, its
__init__.py module
(Remember that the vars command is like the dir command except that it lists the namespace's names and
File input/output
values.)
Within__init__.py you can define a list called __all__, which is used with package import* to tell
Python to import all modules
in this package.
Python imports
Formatting,
parsing,Actually,
and manipulating
stringsall modules listed in the package's
__all__ list, so if you want to import a module with the * command, you have to put it in __all__.
Packages can have subpackages. These are subdirectories under the package with __init__.py modules. Since
__init__.py is part of the package,
the package
canSwing
containtoanything
that you find in a regular module, such as
Using Python
and Java
create GUIs
classes and functions.
Globals and thePython

Global
Statement
and Java
applets
In addition,
instructionsprogrammers
for downloading
installing
the Python for
The word "global" strikes
fear inthe
thebook
heartscontains
of object-oriented
(andand
structured
programmers,
language
and the
Java Developmentthat
Kitare
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
that matter). That's because
global
variablesvariables
in a global
namespace
(one that's
available to all
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
modules, functions, and classes)are usually a bad thing and should be avoided.
Whether
you are
a sophisticated
computer
user new
or a of
serious
In fact, there aren't any
real global
variables
in Python.
All variables
havetotoprogramming
be in the context
a module, class,
application
developer,
Python Programming
with the
Java(TM)
Libraries between
will
or function. However,
Python does
have a global
statement, which
allows
you to Class
share variables
functions in the samegive
module.
Here's an example that has two functions and a module-level variable:
var = "hi"
777
#module level variable
def sayHi1():
Webvar
print
def sayHi2():
Addison Wesley
print Publisher:
var
def sayHiMom():
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
var
=
var
+ 640
" Mom"
Pages:
Contents
print var
BothsayHi1 and sayHi2
but programming
sayHiMom doesn't.
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var = "hi" #module
level variable
...
...
def sayHiMom():
global var techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
var = var + "capabilities
Mom" and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
print var
There's nothing wrong
with Programming
using the global
statement
to import
module-level
variables
a function's
Python
with the
Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
forinto
Building
Web
namespace.
Summary

In this chapter, we learned about the benefits and methods of organizing your code. We explained namespaces,
Python
basics, including
operators,
stringclasses,
formatting,
errors, the
code blocks, and working with
namespaces
for modules,
functions,
and namespaces,
methods. Weclasses,
also discussed
exceptions
import statement, whichand
allows
you to import objects from one module to another, and the global
statement, which allows you to import module-level variables into a local namespace.
File input/output
CONTENTS

777
CONTENTS
Chapter 6. Object-Oriented
Programming
What Is OOP? ISBN: 0-201-61616-5

Table of
Objects and Classes
Pages: 640
Contents
Special Class Methods
Inheritance Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Polymorphism
Summary the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
plenty
of skill-building exercises and interactive
programming
Aggregation/containment
Getter/Setter
m ethods
techniques.
Python's breadth of
Attribute For experienced programmers,Inheritance
(implementation/
capabilities and shows the ways that Pythoninterface)
Cardinality development.
application
Instance
Class Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
Instantiation
Class hierarchy
Late-bound polymorphism
Code reuse
Multiple inheritance
Cohesion
Objectformatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Coupling
and exceptions
Replaceability
Encapsulation
Specialization
First class
object
File input/output
Typed polymorphism
Garbage
collection
Python's
intrinsic functions
This chapter explains the fundamentals
of object-oriented
programming,
and manipulating
strings as well as why it's important and how to
do it in Python.
What Is OOP?
Working
andorganizing
JDBC(TM)
(OOP)with
is a SQL
tool for
your programs into reusable objects. It won't
necessarily make you program better or faster, yet it's one of the best ideas in programming to come along so far.
Python and Java
applets is that it's hard to learn and that you should learn a nonA common myth about object-oriented
programming
OOP language first, but you don't have to do this. In fact, OOP is easy to learn because it models the real world.
In addition,
the book
Bottom line? Don't fear
object-oriented
programming.
and numerous
Here are the triple pillars
of OOP: code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
Polymorphismapplication developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
Encapsulation
Inheritance
777
Of the three, polymorphism is the most important because it supports the replaceable nature of objects.
Web Boxes
and Enterprise
Objects as Black
(Encapsulation)
Say you're driving along and a young child racing toward his fleeing ball runs right in front of your car. Do you
Publisher:
Wesley your foot reaches for the break pedal.
pause and think about what
to do?Addison
No. Instinctively,
Think of the break pedal as ISBN:

the interface
to your car's breaking system. You know how to use it because it's well
0-201-61616-5
Table of
defined,
whether this is your
car or640
one you've rented or borrowed, whether the breaks are drum or antilock. The
Pages:
Contents
details of the system's implementation are encapsulatedthat is, hidden from you. All you need to know is how
to use the interface toCharacterized
the break systemthe
pedal. of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
by ease of break
use, richness
What does all this have
to doand
withprofessionals
OOP? A great
deal.
OOP its
youclose
define
classes that
interfaces,
novices
alike.
In With
particular,
relationship
to support
Java(TM)
makes and
you use them to instantiate
Twowhen
classes
with
same interface
used
You can
the twoobjects.
languages,
used
in the
combination,
idealcan
for be
Web
andinterchangeably.
distributed enterprise
organize your program
into many
objects, each of which has a specific role (this is called cohesion). The objects
application
development.
perform their roles in ways that are encapsulated from the rest of the program, which means that you change the
way an object worksThis
and tutorial
keep thebegins
rest ofwith
yourcoverage
programof
intact.
Here are some important
object-oriented
ideas:
help those
new to programming
Coupling is when you change one module or class, and doing so adversely affects another module or class.
(Some coupling may be necessary.)
Cohesion is defining modules and classes that have specific roles. (Cohesion helps to reduce coupling.)
Encapsulation is hiding the implementation details. In OOP, we hide them behind an interface.

Interface, in OOP speak, is a collection of methods associated with a class or module.
Objects and Classes
and exceptions
Objects in the real world are made up of many other objects (in OOP speak this is called aggregation or
containment). For example, a car object contains tire objects, an engine object, a steering system object, a
breaking system object, andFile
so forth.
Organizing a program into a hierarchy of objects helps us conceptualize it.
input/output
Essentially, you break down the program into interrelated objects, which are in turn broken down into other
objects. This is called inheritance.
A class is a template for creating
objects
by defining
their behaviorstrings
and attributes. Thus, a car class defines the
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
behaviors of a car, such as
Moving forward or backward
Breaking
Turning
It also defines the car's

attributes,the
such
as contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
In addition,
book
Make
Model
Color
Year

777
Two door or four door
withJust
theasJava
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
The car class acts as Python
a genericProgramming
template for cars.
there are
many
cars in the
world, sofor
there
can be many
Web
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
car objects in your program (this concept is known as object cardinality), but they share attributes and behavior.
Richard
Hightower
So, for example, youBy
can
stop and
start both a Volvo and a Chevy. Think of the class as a cookie cutter and its
objects as the cookies it stamps out. The cookies themselves are the instances of the class.
The great thing about programming

in Python
(and Java for that matter) is that you don't have to start from
Pub Date: June
28, 2002
scratch. There are lots of general-purpose
classes and modules for doing common things. For example, Python
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
has a URL
module that knows
how640
to work with files from FTP and HTTP servers.
Pages:
Contents
Let's review the key Characterized

concepts so far:
and professionals
In(particular,
A class ( Car)novices
is a template
for defining alike.
objects
Volvo). its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
application
development.
Attributes describe
an object's
appearance, state, or quality.
Thishow
tutorial
beginsacts.
Behavior defines
an object
Cardinality is help
the number
of instances
of an object
in a an
system.
those new
to programming
develop
Define a Car class in
Python as.and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
capabilities
jython i car.py):
class Car: and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
make = "?"
model = "?"
color = "?"
compilers
running = interpreters,
0 #1 isand
true,
0 is false
Attributes

and exceptions
Here we see that the attributes

of Car are defined
by its variables,
Object-oriented
programming
concepts which are indented. We can use this class
template to create car instances.
File input/output
# create an instance of my car

Python'sits
intrinsic
functions
# and display
attributes
myCar = Car()
Formatting,myCar.color,
strings
print "After Create:",
myCar.make,
myCar.model
Interfacing
with the Javathen
APIs and
working with
Java Streams
# Set myCars
attributes
display
attributes
myCar.color, myCar.make,
myCar.model = "Red", "Ford", "Taurus"
print "After set:", myCar.color, myCar.make, myCar.model
The output is

After Create: ? ? ?
After set: Red
Ford the
Taurus
In addition,
Behavior
you are
sophisticated
computer
user Let's
new to
programming
a serious
An object's behaviorWhether
is determined
byamethods
defined
by its class.
return
to the Carorclass
example and
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
will
addstart and stop behavior.
class Car:
make = "?"
model = "?"
color = "?"
777
running
= 0Programming
#1 is true,
0 is
false
Python
with the
Java
def start(self):
if self.running == 1:
printWesley
"The car is already running"
Publisher: Addison
else:
self.running = 1
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
def
Pages: 640
stop(self):
if self.running
Characterized
by ease of use,==0:
print
"The car
is for
already
remained a premier programming
language
more thanstopped"
else:
self.running
= 0
the two languages,
when used in combination,
Here are some examples of the Car class methods followed by their output:
car = Car()
car.color = "Red"
car.make = "Ford"
car.model ="Taurus"
# Start the car

car.start() Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
print "After and
Start:",
car.color,
car.make,
car.model,
with Jython
covers important
topics suchcar.running
as:
#Stop the car
car.stop()
interpreters,
and compilerscar.make, car.model, car.running
print "After Stop:",
car.color,
PythonRed
basics,
including
operators,
After Start:
Ford
Taurus
1 string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and
exceptions
After Stop: Red Ford Taurus 0
The Python Objects Model
File input/output
Unlike in Java, everything in Python is an objectfunctions, modules, classes, packages, numeric
typeseverything. ObjectsPython's
have an intrinsic
identity, functions
a type, and a value. The type determines the methods and operations
that an object supports. The value can be changeable (dictionaries, classes, lists) or immutable (strings, integers,
tuples).
Interfacing
with the
Javainstances
APIs andofworking
Java
You know, for example, that
you can create
many
the samewith
class.
ButStreams
did you know that a class is
itself an object, a first class object, that can be dynamically modified? When you modify the template (class), you
in effect modify the class instances not yet created.
To illustrate, we'll modify the attributes of the Car class for Fords.
>>> Car.make, Car.model, Car.color = "Ford", "Taurus", "Red"

Then we'll create a list of three Ford cars.
codeCar(),
samples make
>>> ford_carsand=numerous
[Car(),
Car()]
Whether
Next we'll print out their
make.
give you insight into
the power of Python and theford_cars[2].make
>>> ford_cars[0].make,
ford_cars[1].make,
('Ford', 'Ford', 'Ford')
777
Now we use the same technique to create three Hondas.
>>> Car.make,Python
Car.model
= "Honda",
"Civic"
Programming
with the Java
>>> honda_cars
[Car(),
Car()]
Web=and
EnterpriseCar(),
Applications
with Jython
>>> honda_cars[0].make,
honda_cars[1].make, honda_cars[2].make
('Honda', 'Honda', 'Honda')
As you can see, when you

can change the template, you essentially create objects with new attributes.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Special
Class Methods
Pages: 640
Contents
Characterized
by ease for
of use,
richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax,
has
In Python you can define
special methods
classes
that have
special meaning.
You can
also Python
define methods
to
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
make your class look like other objects such as lists, dictionaries, and tuples.
Creating and Destroying
Class Instances
Like other OOP languages,
Python
has awith
destructor
andofa some
constructor.
A constructor
is called
when anUsing
instance is
This tutorial
begins
coverage
of the basics
of Python
programming.
instantiated. A destructor
when an instance
garbage-collected.
The method
__init__
denotes
plentyisofcalled
skill-building
exercisesisand
interactive programming
sessions,
this book
will the
constructor. The method
the destructor.
help __del__
those new todenotes
programming
Here's the Car classcapabilities
(Car2.py) with
its constructor
and shows
the waysand
thatdestructor:
Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
class Car:
make =Python
"?"Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
model and
= Enterprise
"?"
color = "?"
running = 0 #1 is true, 0 is false
def __init__(self,
interpreters, andmake,
compilersmodel, color):
self.make = make
Python basics, =
including
self.model
modeloperators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and
exceptions
self.color = color
print "constructor called"
def __del__(self):
File input/output
print "destructor called"
...
The __init__ method takes
the formparsing, and manipulating strings
Formatting,
__init__ (self[, Interfacing

args...]):
The __del__ method takes
the form
Using
__del__ (self): Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)

First we create an instance Python
of the Car
class.applets
Notice that constructorcalled is printed out, because the
and Java
__init__ method is called when we instantiate Car.
>>> myCar = Car("Ford",
"Taurus",
Development"Red")
constructor called
Next we print out theWhether
attributes
that
set when the
constructor
you
arewere
a sophisticated
computer
userwas
newcalled.
to programming or a serious
>>> myCar.make, myCar.model, myCar.color

('Ford', 'Taurus', 'Red')
777
Then we try to destroy this instance to see if the destructor is called.
>>> myCar = None
>>> myCar is Python

None Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
1
>>> None
>>> None
destructor
The destructor isn't called when we assign myCar to None. That's because Car isn't destroyed until it's
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
garbage-collected,
which may never happen. For example, the garbage collector may be implemented to run only
Pages: 640
Contents
if there's
no more memory left.
Representing remained
the Class
Instance
as alanguage
Stringfor more than a decade, and is used by
a premier
programming
There are two methods
string
representations
of an object:
repr
anddistributed
__string
__.
the for
twocreating
languages,
when
ideal__for
Web__and
enterprise
The __repr__ method represents your object in such a way that it can be recreated with the eval statement.
eval evaluates a string
a Python
expression
and works
much
the interactive
interpreter.
__repr
__ is
This as
tutorial
begins
with coverage
of some
oflike
the basics
of Python
programming.
Using
called when you useplenty
back quotes
or call the exercises
repr command.
Here's programming
what it looks like:
of skill-building
and interactive
__repr__ (self):
The __str__ method is a way to do a nice looking string for printing. It's called by the str() built-in
function and by the print statement. Here's what it looks like:
__str__ (self):
We can add __str__ to our Car class like this:
class Car:
...
...
def __str__(self):
and exceptions
strRun = ""
if Object-oriented
self.running
== 1:concepts
programming
strRun="\nThe car is running"
File input/output
else:
strRun="\nThe car is stopped"
str = "make " + make + \

"\nmodel " + model + \
"\ncolor
" APIs
+ color
+ strRun
Interfacing
with the Java
and working
with Java Streams
return str
Here's the output (from the Car2.py module) in interactive mode:
C:\py\book\chap9>jython -i Car2.py
>>> car = Car("Ford", "Mustang", "Cherry Red")

constructor called
>>> print carand numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
make Ford
model MustangWhether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
color Cherry application
Red
The car is stopped
__repr__ can also be used for display. However, if at all possible, it should evaluate to an expression that
returns the object. Thus, if you use the Python eval statement, which reads in text and parses it to an
expression, you should be able to recreate the instance with the string that __repr__ returns.
777
Programming
Here's an example ofPython
__repr
__:
def

__repr__(self):
format = """Car("%s","%s","%s")"""
return format
% (self.make,
self.model, self.color)
Publisher: Addison
Wesley
Here's the output (from the Car2.py

module) in interactive mode:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
C:\py\book\chap9>jython
-i Car2.py
>>> car = Car ("Ford", "Mustang", "Midnight Blue")
constructor
>>> print `car`
Car("Ford","Mustang","Midnight Blue")
>>> print carThis tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
make Ford
model Mustanghelp those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
color Midnight
Blue For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
techniques.
The car is stopped

>>> car2 = eval(`car`)
constructor Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
>>> print car2

make Ford
model Mustang

color Midnight Blue

The car is stopped
and exceptions
In the above example, we used the return from car.__repr__() in conjunction with the eval statement
programming
concepts
to create car2. The car2Object-oriented
instance has the
same attributes
as the original car instance.
File input/output
Comparing, Hashing, and Truth Testing

Three other methods, shown in Table 6-1, have special meaning in Python. We'll use module Car3.py to
demonstrate them.
max_Price = 7000 Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
running = 0
def __nonzero__(self):
if (self.price > Car.max_Price):
return
Python0and Java applets
else:
Inreturn
addition, the
1 book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
and numerous
def __cmp__(self,
other):
if (self.price > other.price): return 1
Whether you are<a sophisticated
computer return
user new to-1
programming or a serious
if (self.price
other.price):
Python Programmingreturn
with the Java(TM)
if (self.price
== other.price):
0
def __hash__(self):
v= self.make + self.model + self.color + `self.price`
return hash(v)
777
def __init__(self,
make, model,
color,
price=5000):
Python Programming
with the
Java Class
self.make
= Enterprise
make
Web and
self.model
model
By Richard=Hightower
self.color = color
self.price
= price
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
...
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Table 6-1. Python Class Methods

remained aDescription
premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
Method
novices
and
professionals
alike. In particular,
its close
relationship
__cmp__ (self,
Called
by the comparison
operators,
==,=>,
>, <, =<to Java(TM) makes
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
other)
__hash__ (self)
Used in conjunction with the hash function to return a 32-bit integer used
for hash values in dictionaries
__nonzero__ plenty of skill-building
Used for Boolean
truth
is the
object in a sessions,
true statethis
or book
a false
exercises
andtesting;
interactive
programming
willstate
(self)

Here we've added a class
variable
called
max_Price
an instance
variable
called
price
. The
capabilities
and
shows
the ways thatand
Python
interfaces
with Java
APIs
for professional
__nonzero__ method
uses
max_Price
to
see
if
the
price
of
the
instance
is
under
the
maximum
price. The
__cmp__ method uses the price to compare another Car instance to the current one. The hash is calculated by
creating a large string
representation
of all with
the hash
values of the
individual
attributes
of the
instance.
Python
Programming
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
forCar
Building
Web
The following code is also part of Car3.py.
if __name__ == "__main__":
car1 = Car("Ford",
"Midnight Blue", 5000)
interpreters, and"Mustang",
compilers
car2 = Car("Chevrolet", "Corvette", "Champagne gold", 9000)
basics, including
operators, string
#ToPython
demonstrate
compare
__cmp__
and
exceptions
if (car1 > car2):
print car1
else:
print car2
File input/output
#toPython's
demonstrate
Boolean __nonzero__
intrinsic functions
if(car1): print "Buy It"
if(not car2):
print
"Iand
can't
afford
it"
Formatting,
parsing,
manipulating
strings
#toInterfacing
demonstrate
hash
with the Java
APIs __hash__
print `hash(car1)`
The output looks like this:
C:\py\book\chap9>jython car3.py
make Chevrolet Python and Java applets
model Corvette
In addition,
color Champagne
goldthe book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
language
The car is stopped and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
Buy It
I can't afford it
-1273809553
Getting, Setting, and Deleting Attributes
777
We can override the default behavior for how objects are displayed, printed, constructed, compared, truth-tested,
and so forth. We can also override how member variables in our instance are accessed. The methods shown in
Table 6-2 customizePython

attributeProgramming
access for classwith
instances.
the Java

Table 6-2. Instance Access Methods

Method
Definition
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
__getattr__ (self,
name)
Gets the value of an attribute
Table of
Pages:
640
__setattr__
(self, name, value)
Sets the value of an attribute
Contents
__delattr__ (self, name)
Deletes an attribute
Essentially, you provide getter/setter methods to control access to your member variables. Let's create a version
of the Car class that controls access to the price attribute so that users can't set the price under $1,000.
class Car: application development.
...
...
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
if name == "price":
if (value > 1000):
self.__dict__["price"] = value
else:
self.__dict__["price"]
1000for Building Web
the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A =
Tutorial
else:
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...
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concepts
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classA, and classA becomes the superclass of classB.
777
A subclass can override

or create new behavior and attributes specific to its role. This is called specialization.
The Limits of Inheritance

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
It mayoflook like one, but inheritance is no silver bullet. In fact, there are reasons to limit its use.
Table
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Like all good things, inheritance should be used in moderation, primarily to avoid coupling
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One of the major advantages of object-oriented programming is code reuse. We'll illustrate this with a real-world
example of inheritance.
and exceptions
Cars and trucks are similar in that they both have certain physical characteristics like doors and windows and
they both have a make, model, and vehicle identification number (VIN). Of course, they're also very different.
One is for carrying loads; the
is for carrying passengers. Still, we can put the things common to trucks and
Fileother
input/output
cars in a base class, which we can then subclass into separate car and truck classes
Based on these principles we can create a base class called Automobile that consists of make, model, VIN,
price, mpg, and so forth. The
Truck subclass
specialize Automobile
with towing capacity, bed size,
Formatting,
parsing, may
and manipulating
strings
and the like; the Car subclass may do so with trunk capacity and number of passengers.
The class hierarchy for cars and trucks might look like Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1. Automobile Class Hierarchy

777
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
with the
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def __setattr__(self, name, value):

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Here are the Car and Truck subclasses (from Automobile2.py):

class Car (Automobile):

def __init__(self,
make, model, color, price, trunk_space= 5):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Automobile.__init__(self,
make, model, color, price)
Table of
Pages: 640
self.trunk_space
= trunk_space
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class Truck (Automobile):
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those
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instancedevelopment.
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defined in its base class, Automobile. Thus, the base classes and current classes mix to assemble a template
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method. If not, it checks the superclass (or superclasses). Python will look all the way up the class hierarchy for
the method to call, so when you define a method with the same name as that of a base class method, you
effectively override that method's
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June 28, 2002
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ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
to a class
in of
the form __call__(self[, args]. The following interactive session shows how:
Table
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> class hello:

Characterized
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If you define the methods

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class MyDict:
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self.dict
= {}
def __len__(self):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
return len(self.dict)
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
def __getitem__(self, key):
return self.dict[key]
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
self.dict[key]=value
def __delitem__(self, key):
del(self.dict[key])
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return
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return
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return
self.dict.get(key)
and
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return
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return
and
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Method
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To test the dictionary,

we write
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code:the Java
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==
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By Richard
Hightower
if __name__
main()
def main():
dict = MyDict()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
print
"test __setitem__"
Table
of
Pages: 640
Contents
dict["Ham"] = "Eggs"
dict["Tom"] = "Jerry"
dict["Mike"] ="Ike"
print "setitem ", dict
print "test __getitem__ and get"
print "getiem ", dict["Ham"], dict["Tom"], dict["Mike"]

print "get
", dict.get("Ham"),
dict.get("Tom"),
dict.get("Mike")
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print "test
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print cdictInterfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
print "test clear"

dict.clear()
print dict
print "test update"

dict.update(cdict)
print cdict
We put the code we use to test the dictionary in the section of the module that runs only as a main module. That
is,
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>>> dict.main()
test __setitem__
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wealth of well-written information.

andThe
exceptions
Power of Polymorphism
The dictionary we created is simple; it only delegates operations to a real dictionary object.
Imagine building a dictionary-like
class that accesses a file, a database, or a directory server. To the
File input/output
application developer, this class looks just like another dictionary but does far more. You can even
use it like a class instance
transparently,
with code written to work with built-in dictionaries. This
Python's
intrinsic functions
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To write a class whose instances behave like a list, you implement the methods __getslice__(),
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append()
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With OOP you can build an entire framework of extensible reusable components. Python, unlike other
languages, isn't strictly

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types unto themselves
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Richard
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class, Myclass
.
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>>> class Myclass:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Tablepass
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Characterized
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check
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novices
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>>> type(Myclass)
<jclass org.python.core.PyClass
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techniques. For experienced programmers,
Programmers, if you're
used to other
languages that use typed classes, you may think that Python is a little weird.
application
development.
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syntax and the fact that
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For example, in Java you do this to get the type of a class:
an_instance.getClass().getName()
whereas in Python you do this:
an_instance.__class__.__name__
and exceptions
Again, in Java you do this Object-oriented
to see if an objectprogramming
is an instanceconcepts
of a class:
if(an_instance instanceof
File input/outputMyClass)System.out.println("true");
In Python you do this:
if(isinstance(an_instance,
MyClass)):
print("true")
and manipulating
strings
In Python, classes and instances
are objects
thatJava
can APIs
be manipulated
at runtime,
is a good thing. For
Interfacing
with the
and working
with Javawhich
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instance, you can add a method to a class at runtime so that every instance of that class has that method available
in its interface. Also, you can
addPython
members
an instance
runtime.
Whether those members are methods or
Using
andtoJava
Swing toatcreate
GUIs
other objects doesn't matter, because everything is an object that can be manipulated. This makes Python very
flexible.
and Java applets

So, why have a section on Python
typed polymorphism
if Python doesn't really support it? Actually, Python has
something very close. For example, you can check to see if an instance is a class type like this:
if isinstance(an_instance,
MyClass)Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
Let's go back to our earlier example of cars and trucks with a function that takes a list of automobiles and starts
each one.
def startAuto(list):
for auto in list:

if isinstance(auto, Automobile):
auto.start()
777
The function invokesPython

the __start
__ method
of each
auto Class
instance
in the list.
doesn't for
careBuilding
if the instance is
Programming
with
the Java
Libraries:
A It
Tutorial
aCar or a Truck because
any
instance ofApplications
either is also with
an instance
of Automobile and thus supports the
Web and
Enterprise
Jython
__start__ method.
This is the
form of polymorphism most people with a Java background are used to.
By Richard
Hightower
The __start__ method
works not only with the Car and Truck subclasses but also with any future
subclass that inherits from Automobile, such as Motorcycle.
Table of
Summary
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Characterized
by ease ofof
use,
richness of expression,
and concise
syntax, Python
has and
In this chapter we covered
the fundamentals
object-oriented
programming:
polymorphism,
inheritance,
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
encapsulation. We also looked at typed and late-bound polymorphism.
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 7. Errors
and Exceptions
Syntax and Sequence

ISBN:Errors
0-201-61616-5
Table of
The Danger of Exceptions
Pages: 640
Contents
The try Statement
The raise Statement
Classes andremained
Instances
as Exceptions
Getting the the
Most
Out
of
Your
Exceptions
two languages,
when
Summary application development.

Call stack
finally clause
capabilities
and shows
the ways
that PythonGranularity
Catchall bucket,
exception
handler
catch statement
Most to least specific order
and
Enterprise
Applications with Jython covers
Class-based
exception
raise important
statement topics such as:
else clause
Throwing versus raising
Error interpreters, and compilers
try block

exceptPython
clause basics, including operators, string
try statement
and exceptions
Exception
Suite
Exception class
User-defined versus built-in
File input/output
exception
Exception handling
Bad things happen to good programs: Disks crash, files are corrupted, and batteries fail. Such things are typically
manipulating
more the exception than theFormatting,
rule, and toparsing,
plan forand
all of
them wouldstrings
make for some very complicated code. That's
why modern programming languages like Python have the ability to handle bad things, called exceptions in
programming speak.
Using
Javathe
Swing
createofGUIs
The old way of dealing with
errorsPython
was toand
check
returntotypes
functions, but this was very time consuming.
Each function call would require an if statement with perhaps many elif clauses; code would have to be
written to extract what had happened. The new way is exception handling, in which the exception has the
information about what went
wrong.
of checking after each of the method calls, you can set up one
Python
andInstead
Java applets
exception handler that works with many methods.
By the end of this chapter,
youand
should
understand
try,raise
, andTerminology,
finally statements.
should also
language
the Java
Development
Kit (JDK).
definitions,You
explanations,
have a firm grasp onand
the numerous
class-based
exceptions
that
Python
defines.
A
class-based
exception
allows
you to
create a hierarchy of exception classes.
Syntax and Sequence
Errors
If you followed along with the interactive sessions in previous chapters as recommended, you ran into errors,
most of them involving syntax (I know I have). Here's an example:
777
>>> for x in xrange(0, 100)
... TracebackPython
(innermost
last):
Programming
(no code object)
at lineApplications
0
Web and Enterprise
with Jython
File "<stdin>",
1
By Richardline
Hightower
for x in xrange(0, 100)
^
SyntaxError: invalid
syntax
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
UsingSyntaxError:
invalid syntax as a clue, we discover that we forgot to put the colon at the
Table of
Pages: 640
end ofContents
the for header. There's not much you can do about syntax errors except fix them. As you learn Python,
you'll see such errors less and less.
remained
premier
programming
Perhaps some readers
have runa into
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like thislanguage
one:
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>>> for x in application
list: development.
...
print(`x`)
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last):exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
help
those
new
programming
File "<stdin>", lineto1,
in ? develop an understanding of concepts and practical
techniques.
For
experienced
AttributeError: __getitem__
development.
Here we tried to use application
an integer like
a sequence, and, by throwing an exception, Python is telling us we can't do
that.
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
coversand
important
topics
such as: An error usually
Before we go any further,
I should clear
up the difference
between
error and
an exception.
involves syntax, such as a missing comma, whereas an exception usually involves an operation gone wrong, such
as dividing by zero. Think of it this way: Exceptions can be correct syntax but wrong operations.
The Danger of Exceptions

and exceptions
An unhandled exception can stop a program dead in its tracks. This may be okay if you're still developing it, but
it's bad if the program has been
delivered. Consider
the following
Object-oriented
programming
concepts function (from divby()-1.py), which stops as
soon as it runs into a 0 value as a denominator in the list.
File input/output
def figurePercentage(figures):
for tuple in
figures:
Python's
intrinsic functions
numerator = tuple[0]
denominator
= tuple[1]
percent = numerator/denominator
the Java APIs is
and working
with Java Streams
printInterfacing
("The with
percentage
" + `percent`)
Using Python and Java
Swingtotoreceive
create GUIs
Here the function figurePercentage()
expects
a sequence of sequences that each contain
two numeric fields. So we create a list sequence that contains several tuples, each containing two numeric
values, and we invoke figurePercentage()
with the sequence as follows:
Python and Java

applets 200.0), (300.0, 400.0), (1.0, 0.0), (11.0,20.
figures = [(10.0,20.0),
(100.0,
figurePercentage(figures)
language and function
the Java iterates
Development
Kiteach
(JDK).
definitions,
ThefigurePercentage()
through
tupleTerminology,
in the list, extracting
its 0explanations,
-indexed item as
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
the numerator and its 1-indexed item as the denominator.
for tuple in Whether
figures:
application
give
you
insight
denominator = tuple[1]
percent = percent * 100
print ("The percentage is " + `percent` + "%")
777
One tuple has a 0.0Python

denominator,
and we know
can'tClass
divideLibraries:
any number
by zero. Let's
run this and see
Programming
with that
the we
Java
A Tutorial
for Building
what happens.
>>> import divby0_1

The percentage Publisher:
is 50.0%
Addison Wesley
The percentage Pub
isDate:
50.0%
June 28, 2002
The percentage is 75.0%
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Traceback
Table of (innermost last):
Pages: 640
Contents
File
"<stdin>", line 1, in ?
File "C:\\.\divby0_1.py", line 10, in ?
File "C:\\.\divby0_1.py", line 5, in figurePercentage
ZeroDivisionError: float division
>>>
development.
The function stops asapplication
soon as it hits
the zero denominator because a ZeroDivisionError exception has
occurred.
plenty
of skill-building
exercises
interactive
will
One way to solve such
a problem
is to prevent
it fromand
happening.
Weprogramming
can do this bysessions,
checkingthis
forbook
a zero
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
denominator before we divide the numerator by the denominator. In a lot of C and older C++ programs that
techniques.
experienced
programmers,
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth as
of an
predate exception handling,
this For
is exactly
what you
have to do. the
(We'll
cover
when to handle
a problem
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
exception and when to check beforehand for possible errors later in the chapter.)
But what if we don't expect to get a zero value in the denominator? What if this value is an exceptional
Python
Programming
withthing
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:
Tutorial
for Building
occurrence? If we add
tests for
every possible
that can go
wrong,
our codeA can
become
messy andWeb
hard to
and
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Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
read. Conversely, if we don't handle this error, our program will just stop working when it receives a zero
divisor. Mission-critical programs aren't supposed to stop working for minor problems like this. What if this is a
function in a payroll program?
Would you
want to get paid
late because
someone
forgot
to check for a divide-byFundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
expressions,
zero exception?
The try Statement
and exceptions
Thetry statement specifies

a way to handle
exceptions. concepts
One form is the following:
Object-oriented
programming
try:
File input/output
suite
except expression-target:
suite
except:
suite
which can have one or many except clausesthe exception handlers. If an exception occurs in the try
Python and
Javathat
Swing
create
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clause's suite of statements,Using
an exception
handler
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it will
be invoked. An except clause that
doesn't have an expression target can act as a catchall bucket. If an exception doesn't have a specific
exception handler and an except clause without an expression target is present, the exception will go to that
clause.
Themake
Call
and numerous code samples
this Stack
Whether you
are a sophisticated
computer
new toif programming
a serious
A call stack represents
the order
of called functions.
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a module callsorfunction
A()
application
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it propagates
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If function B() doesn't handle it, the exception propagates to function A(). If function A()
doesn't handle it, the program stops.
777
Matching a Handler to an Exception

Unlike in Java, inPub

Python
no 2002
common base class such as Throwable,
Date:there
Juneis28,
RuntimeException
,
or
Exception
for all exceptions. Even so, Python has generally
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of the Java approach to exception handling, as we'll see later.
adopted
Pages: 640
Contents
Similar to Java's
way, in Python
an exception
matches
handler if and
the handler
the object
thathas
Characterized
by ease
of use, richness
of aexpression,
conciseissyntax,
Python
identifies the remained
exception aorpremier
a base programming
class of the exception,
or
if
the
object
thrown
exactly
matches
language for more than a decade, and is used bythe
handler's object
identity.
Also, in Python the handler matches the exception if it has a tuple containing an item that matches
the exception.application
This meansdevelopment.
that you can handle several exceptions in one except clause.
Here is figurePercentage()
(fromexercises
divby0-2.py)
exception sessions,
handling:this book will
and expanded
interactivewith
programming
for tuple
in figures:
capabilities
try:
denominator
tuple[1]
Python Programming
with the =
Java(TM)
percent
= numerator/denominator
and Enterprise
Applications
Fundamental
except
ZeroDivisionError:
interpreters,
compilers
printand
("percentage
error")
Python basics,
including operators,
string
formatting,400.0),
namespaces,(1.0,
classes, errors,
figures = [(10.0,20.0),
(100.0,
200.0),
(300.0,
0.0), (11.0,20.
and
exceptions
The output looks like this: Object-oriented programming concepts
File input/output
>>> import divby0_2
The percentage isFormatting,
75.0% parsing, and manipulating strings
percentage error
The percentage isInterfacing
55.0% with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
>>>
The except Clause

Notice that the program in the example above doesn't stop midway in its iteration through the list. Instead, it
In addition,
bookofcontains
instructions
for downloading
and installing
Python
prints out that there was
an error the
in one
the percentage
calculations
and continues
on its way.the
The
magic to
this is the try statement
withand
the the
except
clause. Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
language
Java Development
try:
numerator
tuple[0]
Whether=you
denominator
tuple[1]
application=developer,
percent
give =younumerator/denominator
insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
print ("The percentage is " + `percent`)
except ZeroDivisionError:
print ("percentage error")
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In English this says, Python

"Try to execute
these statements.
the ZeroDivisionError
exception
occurs, go to
Programming
with the If
Java
Class Libraries: A Tutorial
for Building
theexcept clause Web
and execute
its statement."
This handling
the exception allows the program to continue.
and Enterprise
Applications
withof
Jython
What if someone passes a list that doesn't have just sequences? Follow along in interactive mode.
>>> from divby0_2 import figurePercentage

June 28, 2002
>>> nasty_list Pub
= Date:
[(1.0,
1.0), (2.0, 2.0), 2, (3.0, 3.0)]
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
figurePercentage(nasty_list)
of
Contents
Pages: 640
Here's the output:
The percentage
is 1.0
remained
The percentage
is and
1.0
novices
last):
the two languages,
File "<stdin>",
line
1, in ?
application
development.
of some
the basics of Python programming. Using
File "C:\\.\divby0_2.py",
line 4,
in of
figurePercentage
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
Even though we handled
the divide-by-zero
problem,
we didn't the
handle
thedemonstrates
AttributeError
exception.
techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
book
Python's breadth
of So
we add an exceptcapabilities
clause withand
an empty
expression
to catch
this and
anyJava
other
possible
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shows target
the ways
that Python
interfaces
with
APIs
for professional
The Catchall Exception Handler
andpercentages
Enterprise and
Applications
with Jython
covers
important topics
as: to
Let's continue figuring
add the ability
to handle
a nonsequence
beingsuch
passed
figurePercentage(). The following example is from divby0_3.py.

for tuple in figures:
try:Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
percent programming
Object-oriented
concepts
File input/output
Python's
intrinsic
functions by 0 percentage error")
print
("divide
except:
Formatting,
and manipulating
strings
printparsing,
("percentage
error")
print("The nice list")
figures = [(10.0,20.0), (100.0, 200.0), (300.0, 400.0), (1.0, 0.0), (11.0,20.
print("-")
print("The nasty list")
Python1.0),
and Java(2.0,
applets 2.0), 2, (3.0, 3.0)]
nasty_list = [(1.0,
language
and the the
Java
Development
Kit (JDK).
explanations,
This time when we run
our program,
error
is caught. Note
that weTerminology,
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exception handler
of the
and numerous
codetosamples
make
book
a useful learning
experience.
ZeroDivisionError
exception
print that
therethis
was
a divide-by-zero
error.
The catchall exception
handler prints out that there was a generic percentage error as before. Here's the output:
The nice listapplication developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
give is
you insight
The percentage
50.0%into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.

divide by 0 percentage error
777
The percentage
is Programming
55.0%
Python
-
The nasty list

The percentage Publisher:
is 100.0%
Addison Wesley
The percentage Pub
isDate:
100.0%
June 28, 2002
percentage error ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
of
The Table
percentage
isPages:
100.0%
640
Contents
In essence, the catchall exception handler

except:
print ("percentage
error")
application
says, "If any exception
is raised, development.
catch it and print out "percentage error"." To highlight that this
statement is a catchall exception, let's send figurePercentage() another list, this time with a sequence
This
tutorial
begins with
coverage
that contains only one
item
(this example
is from
divby0_3.py).
help thoseimport
new to programming
>>> from divby0_3
figurePercentage
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
...
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
...
>>> list1 = [[0,0],
[1,1], [2,2], [3], [4,4]]
>>> figurePercentage(list1)
Python Programming
divide by 0 percentage
error
and
Enterprise
Applications
The percentage is 100%
The percentage is 100%
percentage error Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
The percentage isinterpreters,
100% and compilers
list[3] is a list with only
one item
in including
it, so we get
an IndexError
exception
when weclasses,
try to get
the
Python
basics,
operators,
string formatting,
namespaces,
errors,
denominator.
and exceptions
Generally it's a bad idea to Object-oriented

sprinkle catchallprogramming
exception handlers
throughout your code. However, instead of a
concepts
hard and fast rule this is more an issue of style and application specifics. For instance, if you expect a zero in the
denominator from time to time,
you should test for this rather than rely on catching it as an exception. The same
File input/output
is true if you expect an occasional integer instead of a sequence in a list.
Because we added exception handling for zero denominators, we're saying that we don't expect them, but if we
add the check
if(denominator ==Interfacing
0): with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
print ("The percentage cannot be calculated")
elif:
Working with* SQL
percent = percent
100and JDBC(TM)
print ("ThePython
percentage
is " + `percent` + "%")
and Java applets
we're saying that we In
doaddition,
expect them.
Using exception handling is a matter of program requirements; in other words, it's application specific.
Exception handling is expensive and should be used only in exceptional cases, not in the normal execution of
code. Remember, though,
youyou
should
put go code
(for beginners,
code" is code or
essential
to running
Whether
are anever
sophisticated
computer
user new"go
to programming
a serious
the program) in an exception
handler.
777
Exception Handling and Interfacing with Other

Systems
The
When you interface with other systems, such as components you didn't write, nonstandard libraries,
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
or, worse,
end users, the chances of an exception happening that you can't plan for increase. As I
Pages: 640
Contents
said, one uncaught exception can bring down the whole program, so just before deployment put
catchall exception handlers in your code where this interfacing will take place. (At a minimum, the
catchall should be able to log the error or you should be able to enable logging with problematic
code to catch exceptions.)
theatwo
languages,
when
used in
combination,
ideal foraWeb
and distributed
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You don't want
catchall
exception
handler
when
you're developing
program.
Rather, you
want
application
development.
to identify and handle as many exceptional conditions as needed, especially for mission-critical
systems. To avoid a harmless exception bringing down such a system, log all exceptions and
evaluate them offline or try to recreate them in a controlled setting and develop a handler for them.
You may be able to recover from some exceptions gracefully.
else Clause
Another feature of the first form of the try statement is the else clause. else's suite is executed only if no
exceptions occurred.
try:
suite
except expression-target:
suite
except:
suite
and exceptions
else:
suite
input/output
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Python'slast):
intrinsic functions
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line 1,
in ?
File "C:\\.\divby0_2.py",
4, and
inworking
figurePercentage
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Java APIs
with Java Streams
Using our denominator example (divby0_4.py), if we want to determine if any exceptions occurred, we can add
anelse clause to the end Working
of our try
statement
follows:
with
SQL andasJDBC(TM)
for tuple in figures:
Intry:
language and
the Java Development
numerator
= tuple[0]
and numerous
code samples make
denominator
= tuple[1]
Whether you
are a sophisticated
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percent
= percent
* user
100new to programming or a serious
applicationprint
developer,
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Programming
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the Java(TM)
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+ "%")
give
you
insight
into
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and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
print ("divide by 0 percentage error")
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except:
print ("percentage error")
else:Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building

Python
print Applications
("No exceptions
occurred")
Web and Enterprise
with Jython
If no exceptions occurred, the figurePercentage() function prints out "No exceptions
occurred" during each
iteration in which that statement remains true.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
TheTable
raise
Statement
of
Contents
Pages: 640
Araise statement forces an exception to be raised. One form is

raise exception-expression,
description-expression
In our denominator example,
it raises a specific
exception.
the two languages,
when used
>>> raise ZeroDivisionError, "Sequence has a Zero value in the denominator"

last):
This tutorial begins
File "<stdin>",
1, in
?
plenty of line
skill-building
exercises
ZeroDivisionError:
Sequence
has a
Zeroan understanding
value in the
denominator
help those new
to programming
develop
of concepts
and practical
Theexception-expression
must be
type that
String
be an instance
object.
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theofways
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for professional
description-expression
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If
you
use
raise
with
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exception-expression
, it
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You can easily define
your
own exception
using awith
string
variable.
and
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>>> badListForm = 'badListForm'

>>> try:
...
raise badListForm,
"The list had a malformed tuple"
... except badListForm, msg:
operators,
formatting, namespaces,
errors,
...
print ("Exception
occurred
:" string
+ badListForm
+ " "classes,
+ msg)
and exceptions
...
Exception occurred :badListForm The list had a malformed tuple
Object-oriented
concepts
>>> raise badListForm,
"Hi programming
Mom"
>>> badListForm = 'badListForm'
File input/output
>>> try:
...
raise badListForm,
"The list had a malformed tuple"
... except badListForm, msg:
...
print ("Exception
occurred
:" + strings
badListForm + " " + msg)
and manipulating
...
Exception occurred
:badListForm
The and
list
had
a Java
malformed
tuple
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with the Java APIs
working
with
Streams
>>> raise badListForm, "Hi Mom"
Strings:
Bad Style for Exceptions
The use of strings
to raisethe
exceptions
has fallen
out of favor
and will likely
be installing
phased out
the
In addition,
book contains
instructions
for downloading
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use a class
instance,definitions,
which we'llexplanations,
cover a
and the Javacorrect
Development
Terminology,
little later. I used
string example
here because
strings
easy tolearning
define and
thus make it easy to
and the
numerous
code samples
make this
bookare
a useful
experience.
illustrate exceptions.
application
developer, Python Programming
with the
Java(TM)
will
Here's how we can modify
our figurePercentage()
example
to handle
and Class
reraiseLibraries
(throw) an
exception
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
we've already defined:
badListForm = 'badListForm'
777
for tuple
figures:
Pythonin
Programming
try:
Web
Publisher:percent
Addison Wesley
percent
= percent * 100
print
("The
percentage is " + `percent` + "%")
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
except
ZeroDivisionError:
Pages: 640
Contents
raise
Characterized
except
AttributeError:
remained a premier
raise badListForm,
"An
item
in the
list is
not a sequence
its close
relationship
to Java(TM)
makes
IndexError:
theexcept
two languages,
raise badListForm, "A sequence in the list does" \
" not have two items"
except:
This
print ("percentage
error")
else:
help
#print
("No
exceptions
occurred")
techniques. For
experienced
programmers,
the book
demonstrates Python's breadth of
pass
capabilities and
First, let's examine the ZeroDivisionError exception handler

raise

which, as we see, prints outinterpreters,
an error message
and then uses the raise statement with no expressions.
and compilers
(Remember, raise with no expressions reraises the active exception.) The following code snippet passes a list
Python
basics,
containing a tuple with a zero
for the
denominator:
and exceptions
try:
print("TheObject-oriented
nice list")
figures = [(10.0,20.0), (100.0, 200.0), (300.0, 400.0), (1.0, 0.0), (1
File input/output
except ZeroDivisionError, msg:
Python's intrinsic+functions
print("Exception:"
`ZeroDivisionError` + ": " + msg)
and
manipulating
strings
As soon as figurePercentage()
hits the
zero
denominator
tuple ( (1,0,0,0)), it catches the
exception, prints a message,
and
then
reraises
the
exception,
which
in the
above
will be caught by the
with
Javacode
Streams
exception handler at the top of the call stack. Here's the output:

The percentage isWorking
50.0%
divide by 0 percentage
Python anderror
Java applets
Exception:'ZeroDivisionError': float division
we and
define
own
exception, badListForm
, and raise
it when we
get an
language
theour
Java
Development
definitions,
explanations,
AttributeError
an IndexError
. Notice
raise
statement
used to raise
andornumerous
code samples
makethat
this the
book
a useful
learningisexperience.
badListForm with two different messages.
badListForm =application
'badListForm'
... give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
...
except AttributeError:
raise badListForm, "An item in the list is not a sequence"
except IndexError:
777
raise
badListForm,
sequence
in the
listfordoes"
Python
Programming
with the "A
Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building\
" not have
items"
Web and Enterprise Applications
with two
Jython
Therefore, if we execute the code snippet
try:

print("-")
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
list with a non sequence")
Table print("The
of
Pages:
640
nasty_list = [(1.0,
1.0), (2.0, 2.0), 2, (3.0, 3.0)]
Contents
Characterized
except badListForm,
msg:
remained
a
premier
programming
language for more than
is used by
print ("Exception:"
+ `badListForm`
+ a"decade,
: " and
+ msg)
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
try:
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
print("-")
application
development.
print("The
list
with a sequence that contains less items than 2")
nasty_list = [(1.0, 1.0), (2.0, 2.0), [3], (4.0, 4.0)]
except badListForm, msg:
print ("Exception:" + `badListForm` + " : " + msg)

we get the followingcapabilities
output:
Programming
The list withPython
a non
sequence
and
Enterprise
Applications
Exception:'badListForm'
An item concepts,
in theincluding
list statements,
is not expressions,
a sequence
Fundamental:programming
The list with a sequence that contains less items than 2
The percentage isPython
100.0%
The percentage isand100.0%
exceptions
Exception:'badListForm' : A sequence in the list does not have two items
File input/output
Equality Is Not Enough
Having the same value

string is not
enough.
string exception
Formatting,
parsing,
andThe
manipulating
strings in the except clause must be
exactly the same as the object that was raised, which in Pythonese means
str1 == str2 being true is not enough

instead of
str1 is str2 has to be true.

The finally Clause

The second of the two
of try
cleans
up anmake
exception.
It includes
finally
clause, and looks like this:
andforms
numerous
code
samples
this book
a usefulalearning
experience.
try:
suite application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
finally:
suite
777
You can't use a finally clause and an except clause in the same try statement.
Here's a simple try...finally

example:
Python Programming
with the Java

>>> try:
...
raise "hello", "Hello Error"
...
print "Hello"
... finally: Pub Date: June 28, 2002
...
print "Finally"
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Finally
hello: Hello Error
the two
languages,
whenthat
used
combination,
idealwill
forbe
Web
and distributed
enterprise
Thetry...finally
clause
guarantees
theinfinally
clause
executed
whether or
not an
application
development.
exception occurs. You want cleanup code in a finally clauseit's like closing a database connection or a
file. We'll use finally a lot when we deal with files in Chapter 8.
those new to programming
Classes andhelp
Instances
as Exceptions
capabilities
and shows
ways object,
that Python
interfaces
with JavaThe
APIs
professional
Earlier we defined our
own exception
usingthe
a string
making
it user defined.
newforPython
way of
development.
defining exceptions application
is with classes
and class instances, which means that the raise statement can take the
following form:
raise class, and
class_instance
raise class_instance
andofcompilers
In the except clause, youinterpreters,
list the name
the class. If the exception instance raised is an instance of that class
(a direct instance or an instance of a subclass), except will catch it. The exception class you define should be
derived from the Exceptionand
class,
which is defined in the exception module (exception.py). As of now, this isn't a
exceptions
requirement, but it likely will be in the future. If you use an instance of Exception in conjunction with the
str() function, it will return
all of the arguments
passed
to its constructor.
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
I know these concepts are hard
to visualize, so let's do a few quick examples to make them easier to grasp.
File input/output
Type Exception

First we raise an error of type Exception as follows:
>>> try:
...
error = Using
Exception("Not
working",
"Something Broke", "Better call for
Python and Java Swing
to create GUIs
...
raise error
... except Exception:
...
print "Got an error"
...
Got an error
>>>
and numerous
samples make
this book a handler,
useful learning
experience.
We catch the raised exception
withcode
our except
Exception:
which is
useful but doesn't do
anything with the arguments we passed as our exceptions instance.
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with the
Java(TM)
Class Libraries
will in
The next listing (chap7_1)
shows
how to use
the arguments
we passed
to the
Exception
constructor
insight into
the going
powertoofmake
Python
and gradually
the know-how
put it toso
work.
conjunction with thegive
stryou
statement.
(We're
things
more to
complex,
be sure to follow
along.)
try:
777
error = Exception("Not working", "Something Broke", "call for help")
raise error
except Exception,
Web andinstance:
Enterprise Applications with Jython
print "Got
anHightower
error " + str( instance)
By Richard
print instance.__class__.__name__
As you can see, the second

argument passed to the exception handler is the instance we raised. When you use the
str statement with the instance of the Exception class, you get the argument passed to the constructor
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Tabletoofa string. The output from the above code is
converted
Contents
Pages: 640
Got an error ('Not working', 'Something Broke', 'call for help')

Exception
novices
and
alike. toInthe
particular,
its clause
close relationship
Java(TM)
Just so we leave no doubt
that
theprofessionals
second argument
except
is in fact thetoinstance
we makes
threw (I
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise .
meant to say "raised"more on this later), we print out the name of the instance class, that is, Exception
User-Defined Class-Based
This tutorial begins Exceptions
To round out our examples
of class-based
exceptions,develop
we'll create
our own (thatofis,concepts
user-defined).
Of course, we
help those
new to programming
an understanding
and practical
did this before usingtechniques.
the old wayFor
withexperienced
string objects,
but now we'll
it using
classes. Here
is a breadth
listing of
programmers,
the do
book
demonstrates
Python's
(chap7_2) that defines
three user-defined
capabilities
and showsexceptions.
Listing chap7_2
class CarException(Exception):
pass and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
class BrakeFailed(CarException):
pass
class EngineFailed(CarException):
pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
and exceptions
def main():
try:
error = BrakeFailed("Not working", "Something Broke",
"Better call for help", "Get an Airbag")
File input/output
raise error
except BrakeFailed,
instance:
print "Got a BrakeFailed exception " + str(instance) \
+ "parsing,
" + and
instance.__class__.__name__
Formatting,
try:
Interfacing
with the
APIs and working with Java Not
Streams
error
= Java
BrakeFailed("Brakes
working", "Something Bro
raise error
except CarException,
instance:
print "Got a Car Exception " + str(instance) + " " \
+ instance.__class__.__name__
except Exception,
instance:
Python and Java
applets
print "Got an exception " + str(instance) + " " \
In addition, the+book
try: language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
= BrakeFailed("Not
working",
"Something Broke", "B
and numerouserror
code samples
make this book a useful learning
experience.
raise error
exceptWhether
Exception,
instance:
with the Java(TM)
Class Libraries will+ " " \
print Python
"GotProgramming
an exception
" + str(instance)
give you insight
+ into
Here's the output:
777
Got a BrakeFailed exception ('Not working', 'Something Broke', 'Better call f
Got an exception
working',
Broke',
'Better
call for help', '
Python('Not
Programming
with the 'Something
Java Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
BrakeFailed Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
Got a Car Exception
('Brakes Not working', 'Something Broke', 'Better call fo
Exception Hierarchy
ISBN:
UsingTable
the class
approach, you
can 0-201-61616-5
build a hierarchy of exceptions. This allows programmers who use the
of
Pages:
640
methods
of one of your classes to decide the level of detail or granularity they care about. For example, you can
Contents
define 30 CarException classes that can be thrown when the Car class startsthat is, when someone calls
Characterized
by ease
richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax, Python
hasonly if
the class's __start__
method. One
userofofuse,
your
Car class
may care about
all 30. Another
may care
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
anyCarException is thrown and therefore write an except clause only to catch any exception derived
from it.
The first try block application
in the maindevelopment.
function of the chap7_2 module raises an instance of BrakeFailed. Here
we demonstrate an except clause that catches a BrakeFailed class. The second parameter should be the
instance we raised. This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
try:
error techniques.
= BrakeFailed("Not
working",
"Something
Broke",
"Better
call for
the book
demonstrates Python's
breadth
of
raise capabilities
error and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
except BrakeFailed,
instance:
print "Got a BrakeFailed exception " + str(instance) + " " \

To take our demonstration further, we show that not only can we catch a BrakeFailed instance with an
except clause that specifies a BrakeFailed class, but we can also catch the BrakeFailed instance
with any base class of the BrakeFailed
base class.concepts, including statements, expressions,
try:

classes,
errors,
error = BrakeFailed("Brakes
Notstring
working",
"Something
Broke",
"Better c
and
exceptions
raise error
except CarException, instance:
print "Got a Car Exception " + str(instance) + " " \
File input/output
In the above code, we catchPython's
the BrakeFailed
instance with an except block that specifies a
intrinsic functions
CarException. We can do this because CarException is a base class of BrakeFailed. We can
also catch a BrakeFailed
class with
any base
Formatting,
parsing,
andclass.
try:
error = BrakeFailed("Not working", "Something Broke", "Better call for

raise error
except Exception,Working
instance:
print "Got an exception " + str(instance) + " " \
contains
forhandler
downloading
and installing
Python
Here we catch the BrakeFailed
instance
withinstructions
the exception
(the except
clause)the
using
the
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
Exception class. With the above approach we can create hierarchies of exceptions that can all be caught by
andspecify
numerous
code samples
except clauses that
the exceptions'
basemake
classes.
777
Don't Give Up
Publisher: Addison
Wesley fire up the interactive interpreter and import the
If you still don't understand
these concepts,
BrakeFailed
class
from
module
chap7_2, and try raising and catching the error inside a try
Pub
Date:
June
28, 2002
block.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Once again, the only way to learn programming is to program. I guarantee that the people having
the hardest time
understanding
this chapter
are probably
the ones who
following
along with
Characterized
by ease
of use, richness
of expression,
and aren't
concise
syntax, Python
has
the examples.remained
Remember,
if a picture
is worth alanguage
thousandfor
words,
working
modeland
is worth
a premier
programming
moreathan
a decade,
is useda by
thousand pictures.
application
development.
Most to Least Specific
Order
What happens if you have two except clauses that both catch base classes of the instance you're throwing
(raising)? Does the most specific class prevail? By most specific, I mean the class that's closest in the class
hierarchy to the class of the instance being raised. Look at the listing for chap7_2, which shows the catch()
method.
def catch(): application development.
print "the most specific to the least specific"

try:
error = BrakeFailed()
raise error
except BrakeFailed,
instance:
print
"I
got
it1"
Python
basics, including
operators,
string
formatting,
print
"Excuse
me, but
I've
got
it2"namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptionsinstance:
except Exception,
print "No I beg your pardon, I've got it3"
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
print "Least
specific
to most
specific"
try:
File input/output
error
= BrakeFailed()
raise
error
except Exception, instance:
print
"Exception"
Formatting,
print
"CarException"
Interfacing
except BrakeFailed, instance:
Using
print
"BrakeFailed"
Working
with SQL and
In the following excerpt from
chap7_2.catch(),
we JDBC(TM)
see that the BrakeFailed exception is being raised and
that there are three except clauses that can potentially catch it.
try:
error In=addition,
BrakeFailed()
language
and
raise error
and
numerous
except BrakeFailed, instance:
print "I got it1"
print "Excuse me, but I've got it2"
except Exception, instance:
print "No I beg your pardon, I've got it3"
777
The first except can catch BrakeFailed simply because it declares BrakeFailed in its clause. The
nextexcept also seems like a candidate because it declares a CarException in its clause and
CarException is
a baseProgramming
class of BrakeFailed
. The third
seems
to be a for
candidate
as well
Python
with the Java
Classexcept
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
becauseException
is also
base class of
BrakeFailed
. (Exception is a direct base class of
Web
and aEnterprise
Applications
with Jython
CarException,By
and
CarException
is a base class of BrakeFailed; thus, Exception is a base
Richard
Hightower
class of BrakeFailed, and an instance of BrakeFailed is also an instance of Exception.)
If we run the above code

segment, we get
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
I got
it1
Table
of
Pages: 640
Contents
So in this case the most specific except caught the exceptionthat is, the first one, which has
bybeing
ease of
richness
expression,
concisecode
syntax,
BrakeFailed inCharacterized
its clause. This
theuse,
case,
what doofyou
think theand
following
willPython
do? Is has
it always
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
the case that the most specific except clause will catch the exception?
try:
error application
= BrakeFailed()
development.
raise error
This tutorial
except Exception,
instance:
plenty
of
skill-building
print "Exception"
help
those
new
to
programming
except CarException, instance: develop an understanding of concepts and practical
print techniques.
"CarException"
capabilities
except BrakeFailed, and
instance:
development.
print application
"BrakeFailed"
Python
Programming
Java(TM)
Classclauses
Libraries:
Tutorial
for Building
Web we
Unlike the last example,
here
we organizedwith
the the
order
of except
fromAleast
to most
specific. When
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
run this code, we get the following output:
Exception

Java versus
Python versus Delphi versus Visual
and exceptions
Basic Exception Handling
Java's handling of exceptions is very similar to Python's. The following table shows the equivalent
exception statementsFile
in the
two languages as well as in Delphi and Visual Basic.
input/output
Python
Java
Delphi (Object
Python's intrinsic
functionsPascal) Visual Basic
try
try
try
on error goto label
Formatting,
parsing, and manipulatinglabel
strings
except catch
except
raise throw raise
raise
finally finally finally
on error resume next
Exception handling in Java and Python isn't completely the same. One key difference is that Java
allows you to declare
the typewith
of exception
a method will throw (that is, "raise" in Python).
Working
SQL andthat
JDBC(TM)
The method code must catch that exception or its base class.
Another key difference is that it's a syntax error in Java to list catch statements (except
In addition,
the book
contains
instructions
downloading
and
installing
Python
clauses in Python)
as anything
but most
to least
specific.for
This
feature won't
allow
you tothe
write
code
and In
themy
Java
Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
explanations,
that will neverlanguage
be reached.
opinion,
Python should
do something
like definitions,
this or, better
yet,
numerous
code
samplestomake
this specific
book a useful
learning
experience.
should alwaysand
send
the raised
exception
the most
handler
( except
clause).
Whether
yousimilar
are a sophisticated
new
programming
a serious
Python and Delphi
share
keywords, butcomputer
Python's user
syntax
fortohandling
errors or
seems
a little
application
developer,
Python Programming
with the
Class Libraries
closer to Java's
than to Delphi's.
Regardless,
exception handling
in Java(TM)
the three languages
is close.will
give you
insight
the power
Visual Basic does
its own
typeinto
of error
handling.
777
Thus, the first except that has a base class of the class of the instance we're raising catches that raised
instance. The last two in the example are never reached. This proves that the most specific except does not
always catch the exception, and it means that we have to be careful in how we organize our except clauses to
make sure that they're

in mostProgramming
to least specificwith
order.
Python
the Java
Garden

By Richard
Hightower
Variety
Exceptions
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
The exceptions described
in the subsections
that follow are used as base classes.
Exception
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Exception is the root class for all exceptionsall built-in exceptions are derived from it, and all user-
Characterized
by ease
expression,session
and concise
defined exceptions should
be derived
fromof
it. use,
The richness
followingofinteractive
showssyntax,
that Python has
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and is used by
ZeroDivisionError is derived from Exception.
>>> try:
...
1/0
... except Exception, instance:

...
print instance.__class__.__name__
...
ZeroDivisionError
StandardError

StandardErrorPython
, derived
from Exception
, is the baseClass
classLibraries:
for all built-in
exceptions.
The following
Programming
with the Java(TM)
A Tutorial
for Building
Web
interactive session shows
that
StandardError
is
a
base
class
of
ZeroDivisionError
.
>>> try:
...
1/0
... except StandardError,
interpreters, anderror:
compilers
...
print error.__class__.__name__
...
ZeroDivisionErrorand exceptions
The code uses the StandardError
class
in the except
clause, which will catch all exceptions that are
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
either instances of StandardError or instances of its subclasses. (Remember, all instances of subclasses of
File input/output
StandardError are considered
instances of StandardError.)
Python's
intrinsic functions
As I said before, all user-defined
exceptions
should be subclasses of the Exception class, but don't subclass
your exception from StandardError, which is reserved for the built-in variety. It's easy to tell the
Formatting,
parsing, and
strings
difference between a system
(built-in) exception
andmanipulating
an application
(or library) exception. It's built in if it's an
instance of a StandardError subclass.
ArithmeticError
and JDBC(TM)
ArithmeticError isWorking
the base with
class SQL
for built-in
exceptions representing arithmetic errors, such as
OverflowError,ZeroDivisionError, and FloatingPointError.
>>> try:
...
1/0
... except ArithmeticError,
aerror:Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
and
numerous
code
samples
...
print aerror
...
print aerror.__class__.__name__
Whetheror
youmodulo
integer division
application
developer,
ZeroDivisionError
LookupError
777
LookupError is a base class for the exceptions associated with items not in a collection object (mapping or
sequence)for example,
IndexError
and
KeyError
following
example
showsfor
how
to catch a
Python
Programming
with
the Java. The
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
LookupError: Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
>>> dictionary = {"Hello":"Hi", "Goodbye":"Bye", "See ya Later":"Later"}

>>> print dictionary["Hello"]
Hi
>>> try:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table
print
dictionary["Ciao"]
of
Pages: 640
... Contents
except LookupError, error:
...
...
KeyError
the two
when
ideal for
Web and distributed enterprise
We can see that KeyError
is languages,
a subclass of
LookupError
, from which
it derives.
AttributeError
AttributeError
used new
in conjunction
with classes
andaninstances.
It signifies
an attribute
reference or a
helpisthose
to programming
develop
understanding
of concepts
and practical
failed assignment. techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
>>> class clazz:
...
a = 1
...
b = "hi"
...
c = None
...
>>> clazz.b
'hi'
>>> try:
...
clazz.a = clazz.e
... except AttributeError,
error:
and
exceptions
...
print "Class does not support attribute e"
...
Object-oriented
programming
Class does not support
attribute
e concepts
File input/output
EOFError
EOFError signifies that a built-in function has hit the end of the filepossibly unexpectedly. We'll leave this
example to Chapters 8 andFormatting,
9.
FloatingPointError
FloatingPointError signifies the failure of a floating-point operation.

IOError

IOError signifies failure of an I/O operation. We'll discuss this more in Chapter 9.
IndexError
IndexError signifies
thatyou
a subscript
is out of range.
The following
shows how
might get such
Whether
are a sophisticated
computer
user new example
to programming
or a you
serious
an exception:
>>> seq = (1,2,3,4,5)

>>> seq[1]
2
>>> seq[5]
777
last): with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python Programming
File "<stdin>",
1, Applications
in ?
Web andline
Enterprise
with Jython
IndexError: tuple
out of range
By Richardindex
Hightower
KeyError

KeyError signifies a keyISBN:

not found
in a dictionary, which the following example demonstrates:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
dictionary = {"Hello":"Hi", "Goodbye":"Bye", "See ya Later":"Later"}
>>> print dictionary["Hello"]
Hi
>>> try:
...
print dictionary["Ciao"]
... except KeyError,
error:
...
print "Ciao not in dictionary"
...
Ciao not in dictionary
>>>
Does this example look
familiar?and
Asshows
an exercise,
compare
it to the
one for LookupError
capabilities
the ways
that Python
interfaces
with Java APIs for. professional
NameError
and that
Enterprise
NameError signifies
a nameApplications
isn't found inwith
the Jython
currentcovers
namespace.
>>> name1 = None

>>> name2 = None Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
>>> name1
>>> name2
>>> name3
and exceptions
last):
File "<stdin>",Object-oriented
line 1, in
?
NameError: name3
File input/output
Here two variables, name1 and name2, are defined. After the interactive session accesses their values, it tries
to access a variable that it didn't
define.
Thus,functions
an exception is uncaught and displayed in the interactive
Python's
intrinsic
interpreter.
To catch the exception, we do this:
>>> try:
...
print name3Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
... except NameError, error:
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
...
print "name3
is not
present"
...
name3 is not present
>>>
OverflowError
OverflowErrorWhether
signifiesyou
thatare
a number
is too big
to fit in user
a number
a sophisticated
computer
new tovariable.
TypeError
TypeError signifies that the code is trying to use a built-in object with a function or operation that doesn't
777
support it. In this example, we try to multiply a list by another list, which can't be done. We'll try to get a
TypeError.
>>> list = [1,2,3]
>>> list2 = [1,2,3]
By Richard
Hightower
>>> list = list
* list2
Publisher:line
Addison
Wesley
File "<console>",
1,
in ?
Pub Date:
June 28,sequence
2002
TypeError: can't
multiply
with non-int
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Do you
remember that a dictionary
key has to be immutable? If you use a mutable object as a key, what happens?
Pages: 640
Contents
Fire up the interactive interpreter, and try the following example:
>>> dict = {}remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
>>> list = [1,2,3]
>>> dict[list]="item"
last):
File "<console>", line 1, in ?

TypeError: unhashable
type
capabilities
and shows
thatoperation
Python interfaces
withInJava
for professional
ValueError signifies
the wrong
type forthe
theways
current
or function.
thisAPIs
example,
the string module
application
development.
uses it to indicate that
a string can't
be evaluated to a number when the atoi (ASCII-to-Integer) function is
called (see Chapter 10).
>>> import string
ValueError
>>> string.atoi("123")
123
>>> string.atoi("YOU")
interpreters,
and compilers
last):
File "<interactive
input>", line 0, in ?
ValueError: invalid
literal
for atoi(): YOU
and exceptions
First the code imports the string module and then invokes the module's atoi function to convert the string
"123" to an integer. Next it uses atoi to convert the string "YOU" to an integer, which raises a
ValueError exceptionFile
because
that string has no integer equivalent.
input/output
ValueError is used inPython's

all kindsintrinsic
of modules.
It's a nice way of saying that the value is out of the range a
functions
particular function was expecting.
ZeroDivisionError
We used ZeroDivisionError a lot in the examples earlier in the chapter. Remember that it occurs when
you have a zero in the denominator.
>>> 1/0
last):
Python and
Java applets
ZeroDivisionError:
division
modulo and installing the Python
In addition, theinteger
book contains
instructions or
for downloading
Getting the
and numerous
Most
Outcode
ofsamples
Yourmake
Exceptions

Exception class instances
have the
attributesPython
filename
,lineno
,offset
, and text
. You can will
access
application
developer,
Programming
with
the Java(TM)
Class Libraries
these details to locategive
where
your
code
failed.
The
next
example
(chap7_3.py)
shows
how:
class MyException(Exception):
pass
def raiseMyException():
777
raise Python
Exception()
def catchMyException():
try: ByRichard Hightower
raiseMyException()
except MyException,
err:
print
"line
number
" +err.lineno
print
"file
name
"
+ err.filename
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
print
"offset
"
+
err.offset
Pages: 640
Contents
print " text " + err.text
Summary remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
Exception handling is easier than the traditional approach of always checking the return type from functions.
Exceptions can be class objects or string objects, although string object exceptions are no longer in favor. The
newer, more correct This
way tutorial
is to usebegins
class instances.
In fact,
as of Python
versionof1.5,
all ofprogramming.
the standard exceptions
with coverage
of some
of the basics
Python
Using
are class instances. plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
helpathose
to programming
understanding
concepts
andthat
practical
Thetry statement tries
blocknew
of code;
if that blockdevelop
raises ananexception,
try of
either
handles
exception or
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of The
performs some type of cleanup. There are two forms of try. One has try,except, and else
clauses.
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
except clause handles all exception classes derived from the class it mentions. The else clause is the default
handler for code that must be executed if no exceptions are raised.
Python
with thefinally
Java(TM) guarantees
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
Web
The other form of try
has Programming
a finally clause.
that some
form offor
cleanup
code
(like
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
file closing) is performed. The raise statement allows programmers to raise an exception in their code.
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 8. Working
with Files
Simple File Operations

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Common File Methods
Pages: 640
Contents
Characterized
The Full address3.py
Code
Persisting Objects with pickle
pickle and the
Address
Bookwhen
Application
the two
languages,

Class instance
Java Virtual Machine
capabilities
Comm ent and shows the ways that PythonMethod
Data persistence
Mode
and
DataEnterprise
structure Applications with Jython covers
newline
Document string
Object instance
Dumpinterpreters, and compilers
pickle module

File Python basics, including operators, string
Scaffolding
and exceptions
File object
try except
File pointer
try finally
File input/output
for, if, and while statements
while loop
for loop
I've written programs that read and write data from files in Java, Delphi, Visual Basic, C++, and C. None have
withtothe
Java APIs
and working
withInJava
such a straightforward andInterfacing
easy approach
dealing
with files
as Python's.
thisStreams
chapter we'll be covering file
input and output, which is important for saving data. First we'll cover simple I/O; later we'll deal with persisting
class instances.
Working
with
SQL and
JDBC(TM)
Writing a program that resides
only in
memory
is good
for illustration, but eventually you'll need to write that
program to a file. Do you remember our address book example in Chapter 4? What happened to the addresses
when the program ended? Gone, and that isn't good. We need a way to save addresses so that we can use them
again. Files fit the bill.
Simple File
and
Operations

Before we begin our tour of files, we'll create a directory, c:\dat, where we'll put the data file we'll be working
with throughout the chapter.
In Python, file I/O is built into the language, so working with files doesn't require an API or library. You just
make a call to the intrinsic (built-in) open() function, which returns a file object. The typical form of
open() is open(filename, mode).
777
Say, for example, that

you want
to open a filewith
in c:\dat
and write
"Hello
World"
to it.for
Here's
how to do
Python
Programming
the Java
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
that. (Start up the interactive
interpreter
andApplications
follow along.)
Web and
Enterprise
with Jython
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
file = open("c:\\dat\\hello.txt", "w")

file.write("Hello
World ")
file.write("Hello
Mars ")
file.write("Hello Jupiter ")
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
file.close()
Table
of
Pages: 640
Contents
Now, using your favorite editor, open up c:\dat\hello.txt. You should see this:
remainedMars
a premier
programming
Hello World Hello
Hello
Jupiter
application
development.
Determining
the File Object Type
To see the type
of a of
fileskill-building
object, enter exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
plenty
>>> file help
= open("\\dat\\test.dat","w")
techniques.
>>> type(file) For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
Under Jythonapplication
and Jython development.
you get
<jclass org.python.core.PyFile
at Class
2054104961>
Under Python (a.k.a CPython) you get
<type 'file'>
File Modes

and exceptions
The Python file object supports the following modes:

Write"w", " wb" File input/output
Read"r", " rb"
Formatting,
Read and write"r+
", " r+b" parsing, and manipulating strings
Append"a", " ab"Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Usingsignifies
Python and
Javawhich
Swingis to
create GUIs
The"b" appended to the mode
binary,
necessary
under Windows and Macintosh operating
systems to work with binary files. You don't need binary mode with Jython because its code executes in the
context of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which in this case is like a virtual operating system sitting atop the
base operating systems, making
alike. You don't need binary mode, either, if you're running
Pythonthem
andbehave
Java applets
CPython under UNIX
Persisted Datalanguage and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
Writing to files without reading them doesn't do you much good unless you're creating a report of some kind. If
Whether
a sophisticated
computer
usertonew
a seriousHere's how
you want to persist data
so youyou
canare
use
it later, you have
to be able
readtoitprogramming
back into theor
program.
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
will
we read the data that we wrote in the first example (please follow along):
>>> file = open("\\dat\\hello.txt", "r")

>>> file.read()
'Hello Mars Hello Jupiter'
>>> file.close()
777
Python
with the
Theread() method
returnsProgramming
a string representing
the Java
contentsClass
of theLibraries:
file.
Common File Methods

Pub Date:
28, 2002
The Python file object supports
theJune
methods
shown in the following list:
Table of
Contents
read() read
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
in data from the file
Characterized
byofease
use, richness
readline()
read a line
dataoffrom
a file
novices
and all
professionals
Inand
particular,
its close
to Java(TM) makes
readlines()
read
the lines inalike.
the file
return them
as arelationship
tuple of strings
write()application
write data todevelopment.
a file
This tutorial
with
coverage
writelines()
writebegins
a tuple
of lines
to a file
seek() move
to a certain
in a file develop an understanding of concepts and practical
help those
new topoint
programming
tell() determine
theand
current
location
in the
capabilities
shows
the ways
thatfile
This is only a partial list. You can read about other file object methods in the Python documentation.
A Little Review
interpreters,
and
compilers
You can get a list of methods
that a file
object
supports by using the dir() command like this:
>>> file = open("\\dat\\hello.txt")
>>> dir (file) and exceptions
['close', 'closed', 'fileno', 'flush', 'isatty', 'mode', 'name', 'read',
Object-oriented
'readinto', 'readline',
'readlines',
'seek', 'softspace', 'tell',
'truncate', 'write', 'writelines']
File input/output
dir() lists all public members of a class.
write() and readline()

In our c:\dat\hello.txt example,
we wrote
strings.
Then
used a with
text editor
to read that file and saw that
Interfacing
withthree
the Java
APIs
andwe
working
Java Streams
all three strings were on the same line. Of course, this is a very short file, but if all of the items we wrote to a
Using
andline,
Javathe
Swing
to create
GUIsto read and parse. To avoid this, we can
standard-size file were written
onPython
the same
file would
be hard
write a newline character (\n) at the end of each line to denote that the text that follows begins a new line.
Let's continue with some examples that demonstrate writing data on separate lines. Follow along in the
interactive interpreter.
In addition,
book
First we write three lines
to a filethe
like
this:contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
>>> fname = "c:\\dat\\data.txt"
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
f = open (fname, "w") #open the file in write mode

Whether you
are a sophisticated #write
computer user
programming
or a serious
f.write("line1
\n")
outnewa toline
of text.
withsignifies
the Java(TM) Class
Libraries will
# the \n
newline
give you insight
Python andout
the know-how
to put it to work.
f.write("line2
") into the power of #write
some text.
f.write(" still line2")
#write out some more text
f.write(" \n")
#write out a newline character
f.write("line3 \n")
#write out a line of text
f.close()
#close the file
777
>>> f = None Python Programming#set

theJava
refClass
to Libraries:
none
with the
Without the newline character, all of the text is on the same line, which you can see by opening the file
(c:\dat\data.txt) and comparing
each
line ofWesley
text with the code that created it.
Publisher:
Addison
2002
f.write("line2 Pub
")Date: June 28,
#write
out some text.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
f.write("
still
line2")
#write
out some more text
Table of
Pages: 640
f.write("
#write out a newline character
Contents \n")
a premier
programming
language
for more
than
decade, and is used
by
Now let's reopen ourremained
file in read
mode and
read each line
individually
with
the areadline()
method.
>>> f = open the
(fname,
"r")
open
the file
inforread
mode
two languages,
when#used
in combination,
ideal
Web and
>>> line = f.readline()
# read one line in and store it in line
>>> line
# line one contains the first line we
This tutorial begins with coverage of# some
of the basics
Python programming.
>>>
wrote.
Noteof "\n"
= "\12" Using
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this book will
'line1 \ 12'
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
>>> print line
# print the line. note that
the newline
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadthline
of
>>>
# is still attatched to the
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
line1
>>> f.readline()
#read the second line.
Pythonline2
Programming
'line2
still
\ 12'
and Enterprise Applications
with Jython
covers important
>>> f.readline()
#read
the third
line topics such as:
'line3 \ 12'
>>> f.close()
#close
the file
Fundamental
programming
>>>
Notice that we have a lot fewer
readline() calls than we had write() calls. This is because
and exceptions
readline() reads a line of text until it hits the newline character, which it interprets as the last character in
the input string.
readlines()
File input/output

Thereadlines() method (note plural) reads all of the lines in the file and puts them in a list of strings. To
illustrate, we'll read all of the
lines in the
file at once
with the following
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
stringsinteractive session:
>>> f = open(fname,
"r")with the
#reopen
file with
in Java
read
mode
Interfacing
Java APIs the
and working
Streams
>>> list = f.readlines()
#read in all the lines at once
>>> list
Using Python and Java Swing#display
to create GUIsthe list
['line1 \ 12', 'line2
still line2 \ 12', 'line3 \ 12']
>>> for line in list:
#print out each line
...
print line
...
line1
line2 still line2
line3
>>>
777
Getting Rid of \n
Publisher:
Addisoncharacter
Wesley when you read in a line. Here's the not very Python way of doing
You may want to dispose
of the newline
this:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
>>>
#reopen the file again
f = open("\\dat\\data.txt")
Pages: 640
>>>Contents
line = f.readline()
#read in the line
>>> line
#before
theconcise
newline
Characterized by ease of use,
richness removing
of expression, and
syntax, character
Python has
'line1 \ 12'remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
>>> line = line[0:len(line)-1]

of the
newline
character
the two languages, when used in#chop
combination,
ideal for
Web and distributed
enterprise
>>> line
application development. #After the newline character is gone.
'line1 '
>>> f.close()
#close
the file
with coverage
Here's the more Python
help way:
>>> f = open("\\dat\\data.txt")
# reopen the file
>>> line = (f.readline())[:-1]
# read the line and chop
>>>
>>> line
'line1 '
# the newline character off.
We're doing two things at once with this call. We're putting readline() in parentheses and then using the []
operator with slice notation
on the list itprogramming
returns.
Fundamental
line = (f.readline())[:-1]
# read the line and chop
# the
newline
character
off.
Python basics,
including
operators,
string formatting,
and exceptions
In case you didn't catch what we just did, here's the same thing in slow motion, reading the second line, with a few
more code steps for clarity.
>>> line2 = f.readline()

# Read in line2.
File input/output
>>> line2 = line2[:-1]
# Using slice notation assign
>>>
# line2 to line2 from the first
>>>
# character up to but not including
Formatting, parsing, #
andthe
manipulating
strings
>>>
last character.
>>> line2
# Display line2
'line2 still line2 '
For a review of slice notation, go back to Chapters 1,2 and 3.
read()
Let's start a new example

to show
to contains
use read()
. First we'll
create a file and
the hex
In addition,
thehow
book
instructions
for downloading
and write
installing
the digits
Python1
throughF to it. Thenlanguage
we'll openand
thethe
fileJava
(c:\\dat\\read.txt)
in
write
mode.
(Don't
worry
about
hex
for
now; just
follow along.)
>>> f = open("\\dat\\read.txt",
Whether you are a sophisticated "w")
>>> f.write("0123456789ABCDEF")
>>> f.close()give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
That's the setup. Now we'll demonstrate the different ways to use read().
777
>>> f = open("\\dat\\read.txt", "r")

>>> f.read(3)
# Read the first three characters.
'012'
f.read(3)ByRichard Hightower
# Read the next three characters in the file.
>>>
'345'
>>> f.read(4)
'6789'
Table of
Contents
f.read()
>>>
'ABCDEF'
Read
the
Pub Date:#June
28, 2002
next four characters in the file.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
# Read the rest of the file.
We can see that read(size) reads a specified number of characters from the file. Note that calling
read() with no arguments reads the rest of the file and that the second read() starts reading where the first
one left off.
tell() and seek()

those new
totrack
programming
an reading
understanding
ofWhat
concepts
practical
We just saw that thehelp
file object
keeps
of where develop
we left off
in a file.
if weand
want
to move to a
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of our
previous location? For that we need the tell() and seek() methods. Here's an example that
continues
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
read() example:
>>> f.seek(0)
#reset the file pointer to 0
Python
Programming
the Java(TM)
>>> f.read() #read in thewith
whole
file Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
'0123456789ABCDEF'
>>> f.tell()
16
#see where the file pointer is

>>> f.seek(8) #move

theincluding
middle
of the
Pythonto
basics,
operators,
stringfile
>>> f.tell()
#see
where
the
file
pointer
is
and exceptions
8
>>> f.read()
'89ABCDEF'
#read from the middle of the file to the end

File input/output
Python's
intrinsic
functions
The second line reads in the
whole file,
which
means that the file pointer was at the end. The third line uses
tell() to report where the file pointer was, and then seek() positions the pointer to the middle of the file.
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
strings
Again,tell() reports that
location. To
demonstrate
that read()
picks up from the file pointer's location,
we'll read the rest of the file and display it.
For Beginners: Try It Out
If you're sitting therePython

staringand
at the
book
and wondering what I'm talking about, you need to do
Java
applets
three things:
1. Enter inlanguage
the last example
in the
interactive interpreter,
experimentdefinitions,
with tell()
,
and the Java
Development
Kit (JDK).and
Terminology,
explanations,
seek()
read()
. samples make this book a useful learning experience.
and, and
numerous
code
2. Open the file with your favorite text editor, and count the characters in it.
Whether
a sophisticated
computer user
new atosingle
programming
a serious
3. Move around
theyou
file,are
and
read various characters.
To read
character,orcall
the
application
developer,
Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
read()
method with
1 as itsPython
argument.
If you still don't get it, don't worry; we'll cover this more in the next section.
777

InChapter 4, we usedPython
an address
book application to demonstrate the if,for, and while statements. We're
bringing it back to review the concepts we've learned so far.
name = "
"
while (name != Publisher:
""): Addison Wesley
Pub Date: June 28, 2002 in the name: ")
name = raw_input("Enter
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
if
(name
==
""):
Table of
Pages: 640
continue
Contents
elif (name == "quit"):
Characterized
break
remained
a
premier
programming language for
a decade,
and is used")
by
phone_number = raw_input("Enter
in more
thethan
phone
number:
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
address_line1 = raw_input("Enter address line one: ") makes
the two languages, when
if (address_line1
== used
""):
application
development.
continue
with coverage of some of address
the basics of line
Python programming.
address_line3
= raw_input("Enter
three: ")Using
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this book will
#do something useful with the addresses
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
else:
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth of
print("send the email to Rick")
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
Organization Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
The first thing we want to do is organize our program to store the data structures, so we'll create a class (the code
is from address1.py).
class Address: interpreters, and compilers
def __init__(self, name="", phone_number="", address_lines=[]):

self.__name=name
and exceptions
self.__phone_number=phone_number
self.__lines=address_lines

TheAddress class represents an entry in our address book. Later we'll add a __save__ method so we can
writeAddress's contentsFile
out input/output
to a file. Before we do that, though, we need to change the address program to
store the addresses in instances of Address, and we need to store the instances in some collection objectI
picked a dictionary. (I also added comments to make the flow of the program clear for those of you who forgot
Chapter 4.) Here's the amended
code (from
address1.py):
Formatting,
parsing,
dict = {}
# Interfacing
to holdwith
the
addresses,
i.e.,
the Java
APIs and working
with to
Java hold
Streams
# instances of the Address class
name = "
"
while (name != ""):
with the
SQL and
JDBC(TM)
# Get the Working
name of
person
name = raw_input("Enter in the name: ")
# if the name is empty then continue at the top of the loop

# else if the name equal quit then break out of the loop
if (name == ""):
continue
elif (name ==Whether
"quit"):
break application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
# Get the phone number for the person

phone_number = raw_input("Enter in the phone number: ")
# Get the address of the person
# If the first address line is blank then continue
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# with entering
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the next with
address
Python
# Otherwise
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address_line1ByRichard
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address line one: ")
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#Create
an address
Publisher: Addison
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# it in Pub
the
dictionary
Date: June 28, 2002
address = ISBN:
Address(name,
0-201-61616-5 phone_number, [])
Table dict[name]=address
of
Pages: 640
Contents
continue
address_line2Characterized
= raw_input("Enter
address
lineand
two:
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by ease of use, richness
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address_line3remained
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address
line
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and is used by
#Create
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object
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address = Address(name,
[address_line1,
address_line2,
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ideal for Web and distributed
enterprise
dict[name]=address
#do something
useful
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addresses
with coverage
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else:
print("send
thetoemail
to Rick")
help those new
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The code consists ofcapabilities
a while loop
that gathers
addresses
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the user
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string for the
and shows
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that Python
interfaces
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APIs for
professional
name, the loop startsapplication
at the top. If
the
user
returns
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blank
for
the
first
address
line,
that
line
is
left
off.
Once all
development.
fields have been gathered, we construct an instance of the Address class and store it in the dictionary. As an
exercise, try runningPython
the program
from address1.py.
Programming
File Support
The next thing we do is provide
file support
for our program by adding the __save__ method in the
interpreters,
and compilers
Address class. Taking a file object as an argument, __save__ saves members of the class instance to a file.
The following, from address2.py,
Python shows
basics, Address.save
including operators,: string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
class Address:
...
...
def save(self,
file):
File input/output
file.write(self.__name + "\n")
file.write(self.__phone_number
+ "\n")
# if there are address lines then write them out
Formatting,
# to
the file
if(len(self.__lines)>0):
file.write("true" + "\n")
file.write(`self.__lines`
+ "\n")
Using Python
As you can see, save writes
all of the
the class. The code checks for any address lines; if there
Working
withmembers
SQL andofJDBC(TM)
aren't any, it just skips writing them. If there are, it writes out "true" to the file and then writes out the address
lines using the string representation
`self.__lines`
.
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Java applets
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For Beginners: repr()
Publisher:
Remember the repr()
built-inAddison
functionWesley
from Chapter 6? It prints the string representation of an object so that it
can be rebuilt with a call
the eval
statement.
PubtoDate:
June 28,
2002 Thus, when we do this:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
file.write(`self.__lines`
+ "\n")
Pages: 640
Contents
we get a string representation of the built-in list object. Note that repr() is called when you use back quotes, so
`self__lines`
is equivalent to repr(self.__lines).
novices
and professionals
In particular,
its close
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"item2", "item3"] # create list
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>>> type(string)
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<type 'string'>
>>> string Python Programming

#print
the string to the console
"['item1', 'item2',
'item3']"
>>> list2=eval(string)
# use the eval statement to create
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<jclass org.python.core.PyList at 161274>
Writing to the File Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Using
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andeach
Javaaddress
Swing to
The next thing we add is the
ability
to write
outcreate
to theGUIs
file (this example is from address2.py).
dict = {} #to hold

the
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SQL and JDBC(TM)
name = "
"
while (name != ""):
...
... In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
else:
and#Open
numerous
samples
make
this writing
upcode
the
file
for
file = open ("\\dat\\address2.txt", "w")
#write each address in the dictionary to the file
for address in dict.values():
address.save(file)
777
In the else clause of the while loop, we write out the addresses that we collected in the dictionary. First we
open up c:\dat\address2.txt for reading. Then we create a for loop to iterate through the address objects in
dict (the dictionary object). We write out each address instance by calling __save__ and pass it the file
object we opened.
program
enter a few addresses, and look at the output from the file; we can compare
By(address2.py),
Richard Hightower
Let's run our

it to the source code that generated it.
Wait a minute. There's no use writing items to a file unless we're going to read them back, so let's first add
another method, read()
, to our class. Here's the code (address3.py Address.read) for showing how to read an
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
address
instance:
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
def read(self, file):

""" Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
remained
a premier
programming
language
than a decade,
and isaused
by
The read
method
reads
fields
of for
themore
instance
from
file.
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
The read method has one argument. The file argument holds
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
the reference to the output file object.
""" application development.
This
with coverage
# tutorial
Read begins
in the
name field.
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive programming sessions, this book will
self.__name = (file.readline())[:-1]
techniques.
programmers,
the book
# ReadForinexperienced
the phone
number
field.
capabilities
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the
ways
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Python
interfaces
with Java APIs for professional
self.__phone_number = (file.readline())[:-1]
# Check to see if the address lines are present.
# If the lines are present, read in the address
# lines string. Use the eval statement to recreate

# the address lines.
if(file.readline()[:-1])
"true":
Fundamental programming==
concepts,
string
=
(file.readline()[:-1])
self.__lines=eval(string)

and exceptions
Scaffolding Code
It's often useful to develop

what's known as scaffolding code to test the code we're writing. One
File input/output
good reason to do so is that testing code in an interactive session can be cumbersome. The while
loop we used abovePython's
to gatherintrinsic
address functions
information isn't a good place for code testing, so we'll add
methods that do nothing but test if a piece of functionality is working. Any method that starts with
the word test is aFormatting,
scaffolding parsing,
method. and manipulating strings
Here we're reading back the fields one by one. We read in the list that contains the three lines in one call to
readline(). Then we Using
use eval to recreate the object. (If this idea seems weird, take another look at the
repr() notebox.)
Now that we have both the read() and write() methods for Address, let's create some functions to test
them. The following code writes
then reads them back and prints them for display:
Pythonaddresses
and Java and
applets
def test(): In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
test_write()
test_read()
def test_write():
file =Whether
open("\\dat\\testaddr.txt",
"w")
you are a sophisticated computer user new
address
= Address("Rick
Hightower",
"920-555-1212",
["123
application
with the
Java(TM) Class Libraries
will Main St", "A
address.save(file)
address = Address("Missy Hightower", "920-555-1212", ["123 Main St", "
address.save(file)
address = Address("Martha Hightower", "602-555-1212", ["123 Main St",
address.save(file)
777
address
= Address("Mary
Hightower",
"520-555-1212",
[])
Python
Programming with the
address.save(file)
def test_read():
file = open("\\dat\\testaddr",
"r")
for index
in
range(0,3):
address
= Address()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
address.read(file)
Pages: 640
Contents
print address
If you try to run this code without adding a __str__ method to the Address class, you'll get some very
uninteresting and somewhat useless output. Therefore, we'll add __str__ to Address to display a pretty print
string representation of the address object.
class Address:
...
...
def __str__(self):
str = self.__name + "\n"
str = str + self.__phone_number + "\n"
for line in self.__lines:
str = str + line + "\n"
return
str
Python Programming
Having a meaningful string representation of a class instance can make debugging very easy.
When we run our test, we get
the following
output. Eyeball
it forincluding
correctness.
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
>>> from address3 import *

>>> test()
Rick Hightower and exceptions
920-555-1212
123 Main St
Antioch Ca, 95432
File input/output
Line 3
Missy Hightower Python's intrinsic functions
920-555-1212
123 Main St
Denver Co, 80202 Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Line 3
Martha Hightower
602-555-1212
123 Main St
Denver Co, 80202 Python and Java applets
Line 3
language and thefile
Java
Development
This is what the testaddr.txt
looks
like:
Rick Hightower
920-555-1212 Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
true
give you
insight into Ca,
the power
of Python'Line
and the know-how
to put it to work.
['123 Main St',
'Antioch
95432',
3']
Missy Hightower
920-555-1212
true
['123 Main St', 'Denver Co, 80202', 'Line 3']
777
Martha Hightower
602-555-1212 Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
true
['123 Main St', 'Denver Co, 80202', 'Line 3']
Mary Hightower Publisher: Addison Wesley
520-555-1212 Pub Date: June 28, 2002
false
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Writing Out and Reading the File

a premier
programming
for more
thanto
a decade,
is used byin
Of course, now that remained
we've added
and tested
our readinglanguage
and writing,
we need
put this and
functionality
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes of
getAddresses. Actually, we've already added writing, but we need to be able to write out a dictionary
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
addresses; our writing code does not do any error checking; and the file is getting pretty long. For these reasons,
application
development. . What we'll do is create two functions that read and write out a
we have to add reading
to getAddresses
dictionary of address instances, and we'll add the necessary try...except and try...finally blocks
to the code.
help those new to programming
def readAddresses(filename,
dict):
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
"""
development.of addresses.
Read inapplication
a dictionary
This method takes two arguments as follows:

Python Programming
with the
Java(TM) Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Web
filename
holds the
filename
of the
file
to read
in address
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
instances from
dict
holds reference to the dictionary object that
this
function
adds
addresses
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements,to
expressions,
"""
file = None #to hold reference to the input file object
# Use
try..finally
block string
to work
with
the file
Python
formatting,
namespaces,
classes, errors,
# Ifandyou
can't work with the file for any reason close it
exceptions
try:
#
try programming
to read concepts
in the addresses from the file
Object-oriented
#
if you can't read the addresses then print an
File input/output
error message
try:
Python's
functions
file intrinsic
= open(filename,"r")
#open the file in read mod
strLength=(file.readline())[:-1] # read in the length
length = int(strLength)
# convert length to an int
#read
in
the
addresses
from
0 to length
for index in range(0, length):
address=Address()
Using Python
address.read(file)
Working with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
dict[address.name()]=address
PythonException,
and Java applets error:
except
In addition,
the book
print
error
language
and
the
Java
finally:
and
numerous
code
samples
make this file.close()
if not (file is None):
def writeAddresses(filename,
dict):
"""
Write the addresses instances in a dictionary to a file.
writeAddresses has two arguments as follows:
filename
holds the name of the output file
dict
holds the dictionary of address instances
"""
777
file=None
hold the
object A Tutorial for Building
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By
Richard
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try:
#
Write the address instances in dict to a file
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
#
specified
by filename.
#
If
there
are any errors then print an error message
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
try:Pages: 640
Contents
file = open (filename, "w")
length
= of
str(len(dict))
determine
thehasnumber of
Characterized
by ease
use, richness of expression, and #concise
syntax, Python
#
address
instances
in dict
file.write(length
+
"\n")
#
write
the
length
of
dict to
# used
forineach
address
inWeb
dict.values
write out the
combination,
ideal for
# address instance to the file object
for address in dict.values():
address.save(file)
except
Exception,error:
help
those new
print
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To make the read()
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workable,
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class:
def name(self): Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,

return self.__name
Python
name is used as the key into
the dictionary.
and exceptions
I added many comments to the previous methods. Make it a habit to read them and any document strings in the
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
code listings. Consider document
strings and
comments as
part of the text of this book. Also, be sure to amply
comment your own code.
File input/output
Testing
So far we've added read and

write functionality
to the
Address strings
class and added functionality for reading in an
Formatting,
parsing, and
manipulating
entire dictionary of addresses and for writing an entire dictionary of address instances. Now we need to update
Interfacing
withfunctions.
the Java APIs
and
Javawe
Streams
getAddresses() to use
all of these
Before
weworking
do that, with
though,
need to test read
Addresses() and writeAddresses(), which means more scaffolding code.
def test_read_write():
"""
Scaffolding code to test reading and writing dictionaries
of addresses.
"""
# populate
a dictionary
with some
sample
data
language
and the Java
Development Kit object
(JDK). Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
dict={}and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
address = Address("Rick Hightower", "920-555-1212", ["123 Main St", "An
dict["Rick
= address
WhetherHightower"]
addressapplication
= Address("Missy
Hightower",
"920-555-1212",
["123
with the
will Main St", "D
dict["Missy
Hightower"]=address
address = Address("Martha Hightower", "602-555-1212", ["123 Main St", "
dict["Martha Hightower"]=address
address = Address("Mary Hightower", "520-555-1212", [])
dict["Mary Hightower"]=address
777

for Building
fname="\\dat\\testaddr.txt"
#to Class
holdLibraries:
outputA Tutorial
filename
# write the dictionary full of addresses out to the file

print "calling writeAddresses"
writeAddresses(fname,
dict)
ISBN:in
0-201-61616-5
# read
the dictionary full of addresses back from
Table of
Pages:
640
#
the
file
we
just
wrote it to
Contents
dict_in = {}
#to hold input addresses
Characterized
by
ease
of
use,
richness
of
expression,
and concise syntax, Python has
print "calling readAddresses"
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
readAddresses(fname, dict_in)
the
two languages,
when used
in combination,
#show
that the
input
matchesideal
theforoutput
application
development.
print "Input"
print
print
print
dict_in
"Output"
dict

techniques.
experiencedthese
programmers,
the book
#returnForwhether
equal
eachdemonstrates
other Python's breadth of
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
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with
Java APIs for professional
return dict==dict_in
Essentially, our scaffolding code populates a Python dictionary with address instances. Then it writes the
Python
with
the Java(TM)
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Webthem
dictionary to a file and
readsProgramming
it back. Next it
displays
the inputClass
and output
dictionaries
so that
you can test
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
visually. Finally it tells us whether the input dictionary is equal to the output dictionary. With the way the code is
written, it should work until we hit the last line.
For the last line to work, we need to add a __cmp__ method to our Address class that iterates through all
items in the dictionary and compares them. If all of the items are equal, __cmp__ returns that the dictionaries
themselves are equal. Here's
how we
add including
__cmp__operators,
to the Address
class:
Python
basics,
string formatting,
and exceptions
def __cmp__(self,other):
"""
Compares one address instance to another.
If the address
instances are equal the __cmp__ returns 0.
File input/output
If the address instances are not equal then we return a
non-zero
value.
Python's
intrinsic functions
"""
parsing,
and manipulating
strings
# To Formatting,
implement
this
all we do
is compare the
# dictionaries of the class
with the
Java APIsof
andthe
working
with Java Streams
# TheInterfacing
__dict__
member
instance
holds all
# of the instance fields in a dictionary
return cmp(self.__dict__ ,other.__dict__)
777
__cmp__ and Equality versus Default Object Identity

Addison
Wesley of objects won't work. To prove this, let's do a small
If we don't definePublisher:
__cmp__,
the comparison
Table
First of
we define a
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
simple
class.
Pages:
640
>>> class
class1:
...
var="hi"
...
Then we create two instances.
>>> instance = class1()

This tutorial
>>> instance2
= begins
class1()
new to
programming
an understanding
of concepts
practical
The instanceshelp
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the same
values,
yet when develop
we compare
them they aren't
equal (a 0and
value
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>>> instance
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The default operation
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for object
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if we such
set another
to equal the first and then test for equality, we get a true (1 value).
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>>> instance3
= instance
interpreters,
and compilers
>>> instance3
== instance
1

exceptions
However, if we don'tand
define
__cmp__, testing for equality is the same as testing for identity. That
means that the following is equivalent to the above code:
>>> instance3 is instance

File input/output
1
We can use scaffolding to retest the code whenever we add fields to the Address class or whenever we
Formatting,
parsing, interactive
and manipulating
change our reading and writing.
The following
sessionstrings
demonstrates the use of scaffolding code to
test the reading and writing of dictionaries of addresses:

>>> test_read_write()
calling writeAddresses
calling readAddresses
Input
{'Rick Hightower': <address3.Address instance at 60188>, 'Martha Hightower':
Output
{'Mary Hightower':
<address3.Address
at 5ea58>,
language and
the Java Development Kit instance
(JDK). Terminology,
definitions,'Martha
explanations,Hightower':
1
As you can see, our code
passed
the functioncomputer
returned user
true. new
This to
means
that everyoraddress
in the output
Whether
youbecause
are a sophisticated
programming
a serious
dictionary is equal toapplication
every address
in
the
input
dictionary.
The Full address3.py Code
777
Now it seems that we have everything we need to run our program, but first let's see all of address3.py, including
the scaffolding code.
class Address:
"""This
class
represents an entry in an address book"""
By Richard
Hightower
#Constructor
"""
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
The Table
constructor
takes three arguments:
of
Pages: 640
Contents
name to hold the persons name
(string)
phone_number to hold the persons phone number (string)
address_lines to hold the address of the person (list)
"""
# assign the name, phone_number and address_lines to the
# instance variables
# __name, __phone_number, and __lines
self.__name=name
plenty
help
techniques.
#Methods
application
development.
def save(self, file):

""" Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
The
save Applications
method saves
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instance
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to as:
a file.
and
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with Jython
important topics
The save method has one argument.
file
holds the reference to a file object.
""" Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
interpreters,
and compilers
# write
the __name and __phone_number instance variables
# to the file. each variable is on its own line.
file.write(self.__name
+ string
"\n")
and
exceptions
file.write(self.__phone_number + "\n")
# if there are address lines then write them out to the f
# Since these lines are optional, write "true" if they ar
# present and "false" if they are not present.
File input/output
if(len(self.__lines)>0):
file.write("true"
+ "\n")
Python's
intrinsic functions
file.write(`self.__lines` + "\n")
elseFormatting,
:
file.write("false\n")
Interfacing
def read(self,
file):
"""
and Java
Swing to
create GUIs
The Using
readPython
method
reads
fields
of the instance from a file.
The Working
read method
has
one
argument.
file
holds the reference to the output file object
""" Python and Java applets
# Read in the name field.
(file.readline())[:-1]
Inself.__name
addition, the book=contains
in the phone
number
field.
language and#theRead
Java Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
self.__phone_number
and
numerous code samples make=this(file.readline())[:-1]
# Check to see if the address lines are present.
Whether you#areIf
a sophisticated
computer
user new read
to programming
serious
lines are
present,
in theor aaddress
lines string.
Pythoneval
Programming
with the Java(TM)
Class Libraries
will
# Use the
statement
to recreate
the address
lines.
give
you insight into the power of Python and
if(file.readline()[:-1])
== the
"true":
string = (file.readline()[:-1])
self.__lines=eval(string)
777
def name(self): return self.__name
def __cmp__(self,
other):
"""
If the address instances are equal the __cmp__ returns 0.
If the address instances are not equal then we return a non-zero
"""
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
# toTable
implement
this,
__cmp__ compares the dictionaries of
of
Pages:
# two
instances. The 640
__dict__ holds all of the members.
Contents
def __hash__(self):
return language
hash(self.__name)
def __str__(self):
application
development.
str = self.__name
+ "\n"
str = str + self.__phone_number + "\n"
for line in self.__lines:
return str
def getAddresses():
dict = {}
#to hold the addresses
# Enterprise
Call read
addresses
to covers
get important
the dictionary
and
Applications
with Jython
topics such as: of addresses
# from the file

readAddresses("c:\\dat\\addressbook.txt", dict)

name = " "interpreters, and compilers
while (name != ""):

Python#basics,
operators,
Get including
the name
of string
the formatting,
person namespaces, classes, errors,
and
exceptions
name = raw_input("Enter in the name: ")
# if the name is empty then continue at the top of the lo
Object-oriented
programming
concepts quit then break out of the loop
# if the
name equals
if (name
== ""):
File input/output
continue
elifPython's
(name
== functions
"quit"):
intrinsic
break
#Get the phone number for the person

Interfacing with =theraw_input("Enter
Java APIs and working with
Streams
phone_number
inJava
the
phone number: ")
Using #Python
Javaaddress
Swing to create
Getand
the
of GUIs
the person
address_line1 = raw_input("Enter address line one: ")

IfJava
the
first address line is blank then continue with
Python#and
applets
# entering in the next address

# book
Otherwise
gather for
the
other and
twoinstalling
address
lines
In addition, the
downloading
the Python
if
(address_line1
==
""):
# Create an address object and store it in the

# dictionary
Whether you are a sophisticated
addressPython
= Address(name,
[]) will
Programming with thephone_number,
dict[name]=address
give you insight
continue
777

address_line3 = raw_input("Enter address line three: ")
Python Programming
with
Java Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
# Create
antheaddress
object
and
storeforit
in the dictionary
lines = [address_line1, address_line2, address_line3]
address = Address(name, phone_number, lines)

dict[name]=address
Wesley
# Publisher:
Write Addison
the addresses
we created and the ones that
Pub
Date:
June
28,
2002
# we read back to the file
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
writeAddresses("c:\\dat\\addressbook.txt",dict)
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
test_read()
def test_write():
and professionals alike. In particular, its close
file =novices
open("\\dat\\testaddr.txt",
"w")relationship to Java(TM) makes
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for Web and distributed ["123
enterpriseMain St", "A
address = Address("Rick Hightower", "920-555-1212",
application
development.
address.save(file)
address = Address("Missy Hightower", "920-555-1212", ["123 Main St", "

address.save(file)
plenty
skill-building exercises and
sessions, this book
will
address
= ofAddress("Martha
Hightower",
"602-555-1212",
["123
Main St",
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
address.save(file)
techniques.
the book
demonstrates Python's breadth
address
= Address("Mary
Hightower",
"520-555-1212",
[]) of
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
address.save(file)
def test_read():
file =andopen("\\dat\\testaddr.txt",
"r")
for index in range(0,3):
address = Address()
address.read(file)
print
address
interpreters,
and compilers
def test_equal():
string formatting,
namespaces, classes,["123
errors, Main St",
address1 =Python
Address("Missy
Hightower",
"920-555-1212",
and
exceptions
address2 = Address("Missy Hightower", "920-555-1212", ["123 Main St",
return address1==address2
Using getAddresses()
File input/output
intrinsic
functions
We'll fire up an interactive Python's
session as
an exercise,
and enter three addresses using the getAddresses()
function.
>>> from address3 import getAddresses

>>> getAddresses()
Enter in the name: Rick Hightower
Using
Python and925-555-1212
Java Swing to create GUIs
Enter in the phone
number:
Enter address line
one:
Enter in the name: Kiley Hightower
Enter in the phone
number:
925-555-1212
Python
and Java applets
Enter address line one:
Enter in the Inname:
Hightower
addition,Whitney
the book contains
Enter in the language
phone and
number:
925-555-1212
Enter addressandline
one:
Main
numerous
code123
samples
makeSt.
Enter address line two: Antioch, CA
are a sophisticated
Enter addressWhether
lineyou
three:
line 3 computer user new to programming or a serious
Enter in the application
name: developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
>>> getAddresses()
Enter in the name: Jenna Paul
Enter in the phone number: 925-555-1255
Enter address line one: 125 Main St.
Enter address line two: Antioch, CA
777
Enter addressPython
lineProgramming
three: line
3 Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
with the
Enter in the Web
name:
quit
and Enterprise
Here's the listing for our session:

4
Whitney Hightower
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
925-555-1212
Table of
Pages:
640
trueContents
['123 Main St.', 'Antioch, CA', 'line 3']
Jenna Paul Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
925-555-1255 remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
true
the two 'Antioch,
languages, whenCA',
used in'line
combination,
['125 Main St.',
3']ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
application
development.
Rick Hightower
925-555-1212
false
Kiley Hightower
925-555-1212
false
Persisting Objects with pickle
I've got good news for you. There's a way to write Python programs that persist Python objects that's much easier
than the way we've just done it. It's called the pickle module.
Let's redefine our Address class and take away its ability to write itself to a file. Then we'll use it to
demonstratepickle. This example is from address4.Address.
class Address: and exceptions
"""This class represents an entry in an address book"""

#Constructor
File input/output
Python's
intrinsic functions
"""The
constructor
takes three arguments:
name to hold the persons name
(string)
Formatting,
phone_number
to hold strings
the persons phone number (string)
address_lines to hold the address of the person
(list)
"""
# Python
Assign
theSwing
name,
phone_number
and address_lines to
Using
and Java
to create
GUIs
# the
variables
Working
with instance
SQL and JDBC(TM)
# __name, __phone_number, and __lines.
self.__name=name
#Methods
def name(self): return self.__name

"""

If the address instances are not equal then we return
a non-zero value.
777
Table of
Contents
def
"""
# To implement this, all we do is compare the
# dictionaries of the class
# Addison
the __dict__
member of the instance holds
Publisher:
Wesley
# all of the instance fields in a dictionary
return
cmp(self.__dict__ ,other.__dict__)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
__hash__(self): return hash(self.__name)

def __str__(self):
str
= self.__name + "\n"
str
= str + self.__phone_number + "\n"
for
line in self.__lines:
return str
We haven't added anything new to the class. Essentially we've just removed the read() and write()
methods, and we've taken out the read() and save() methods of the Address class. Now let's show
reading and writing this
class to For
a fileexperienced
with the pickle
module. the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
techniques.
programmers,
Import the address4 and pickle modules.
>>> import address4

>>> import pickle
Create an instance of Address, and print it to the screen.

expressions,
>>> address = address4.Address("Tony
Scalise",
"555-555-3699")
>>> print addressinterpreters, and compilers
Tony Scalise
555-555-3699
and exceptions
Open a file for outputting the
address.
Object-oriented
>>> dump_file = open("c:\\dat\\pickle.txt","w")

File input/output
Call the pickle.dump() method, and close the file object.
>>> pickle.dump(address,dump_file)
>>> dump_file.close()
Read the file back in and print it out to the screen to show that it's the same.
>>>
#open the file for reading
>>> address_file Working
= open
"r")
with("c:\\dat\pickle.txt",
SQL and JDBC(TM)
>>>
#load
the
Python
andaddress
Java applets instance from the file
>>> address2 = pickle.load(address_file)
and the Java instance
Development Kit
>>>
#printlanguage
the address
to (JDK).
the Terminology,
screen definitions, explanations,
>>> print address2
Tony Scalise
555-555-3699 Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
give
insight
of Python
theobject.
Test to make sure that
theyou
values
are into
equalthe
butpower
that this
isn't theand
same
>>> address == address2

1
777
# the objects are equal
>>> address is
address2
# the
are Anot
theforsame
object
Python
Javaobjects
Class Libraries:
Tutorial
Building
0
Editing a pickle File

Date: June
28,the
2002
At this point you may bePub
wondering
what
file created with the pickle module looks like. It's just a text file. In
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
fact, we
can
edit
it
to
change
its
values.
Here's
the original file:
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
(iaddress4
Address
p0
(dp1
S'_Address__name'
p2
S'Tony Scalise'
p3
sS'_Address__lines'
p4
(lp5
sS'_Address__phone_number'
p6
S'555-555-3699'
p7
sb.
With your favorite text editor, change 'Tony Scalise' to 'Kelly Pagleochini' (or any name
you like), and change the phone number from '555-555-3699' to '555-555-2577'.
(iaddress4
Address
and exceptions
p0
(dp1
S'_Address__name'
p2
File input/output
S'Kelly Pagleochini'
p3
sS'_Address__lines'
p4
(lp5
sS'_Address__phone_number'
p6
S'555-555-2577'
p7
sb.
Now, in an interactive session, we'll show how this changes the object instance.
First close the file and
reopen and
it. the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
language
>>> address_file.close()
# close the file
>>> address_file
=
open("c:\\dat\\pickle.txt",
"r")
#or areopen
Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming
serious it
Then read in the instance using the pickle.load() function.
>>>
#load the new instance from the file
>>> address3 = pickle.load(address_file)
>>> print address3 # print the new instance out.
Kelly Pagleochini
777
555-555-2577 Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
>>> address_file.close()
I don't recommend that you edit the file that pickle dumps, but it's nice to know that you can. It comes in handy
when you're debugging Publisher:
an application,
andWesley
it's especially useful for viewing dumped files. Are you wondering
Addison
whatS,sS,p0,p1, and the like, mean? They denote the type and placement of the attributes of an object in a
file. To learn more about their exact meanings, refer to the pickle Python Library reference.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Writing Out Objects with pickle

With the pickle module
you can
do moreprogramming
than just writelanguage
out classfor
instances
to aafile;
you and
can write
remained
a premier
more than
decade,
is usedout
byany
Python object as well.
Open a new file for writing.
>>> file = open("c:\\dat\\pickle2.txt",

This tutorial begins with coverage of some of "w")
Create a dictionary, populating
it with
string, an integer,
a float,
a list, and another
dictionary,
and write it to a
help those new
to aprogramming
develop
an understanding
of concepts
and practical
file.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
dict = {}capabilities and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
application=development.
dict["string"]
"string"
#add a string to the dictionary
dict["int"]=
1
#add
an
int to the dictionary
dict["float"]=1.11
#add
a float to the dictionary
dict["list"]=[1,2,3]
#add a list to the dictionary
dict["dict"]={"martha":"miguel"} #add a dictionary to the dictionary
pickle.dump(dict,file)
#writeincluding
the dictionary
to the file
file.close() interpreters, and compilers
The output looks like this: Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
(dp0
S'int' <- here
is the programming
int item's
key
Object-oriented
concepts
p1
File input/output
I1
<here is the int item's value
sS'string'
<- here is the string item's key
p2
g2
sS'dict'
<- here is the dictionary item's key
p3
(dp4
S'martha'
p5
S'miguel'
p6
Python
and Java
ssS'float'
<
here
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the float item's key
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In addition,
the book
for downloading
F1.11
< here
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the instructions
float item's
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language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
sS'list'
< here is the list item's key
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
p8
(lp9
I1
aI2
aI3
as.
777
Of course, we can read back the dictionary object.
Open the file for reading,

andProgramming
read in the pickled
Python
withdictionary.
the Java

#open
the file for reading
By
Richard Hightower
>>>
>>> file = open("c:\\dat\\pickle2.txt","r")
>>>
#load
the dictionary object from the file
>>> dict2 = pickle.load(file)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
We can
see of
that the dictionary
read in from the file is equal to the dictionary written to it, but the two are not the
Table
Pages: 640
same object.
Contents
by ease of#use,
richness
of expression,
>>> dict2 == Characterized
dict
test
for
equality
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
1
two languages,
when used
in combination,
enterprise
>>> dict2 is the
dict
# test:
see
if the dictionaries
are the
same object.
application
development.
0
>>> file.close()
plenty
of askill-building
exercises
andinstead
interactive
For efficiency, you can
write
pickled object
as a binary
of a programming
text image: sessions, this book will
>>> file = open("c:\\dat\\pickle3.bin","w")
>>> pickle.dump(dict,file,1)
>>> file.close()
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
(1,
file = open("c:\\dat\\pickle3.bin","r")
dict3 = pickle.load(file)
file.close()
dict==dict3, dict is dict3
0)

interpreters,
and compilers
The above session is a lot like
the one before
it. The main difference is the third argument to the
pickle.dump() function. We passed it a true (nonzero) value to denote that we wanted this written in

binary mode. Of course, looking at this file with a text editor won't do you any good because you need a utility to
and exceptions
view binary files. Here's what it would look like. (You may not know how to read it, but at the least you can see
that it's much harder to readObject-oriented
and edit than the
text mode.) concepts
programming
0FBD:0100
0FBD:0110
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7D
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File input/output
69 6E 67 71 02 68-02 55 04 64 69 63 74
71
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67 75 65 6C 71 06-73 55 05 66 6C 6F 61
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04 6C 69 73 74
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} q.(U.intq.K.U.s
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.} q.U.marthaq.U.
miguelq.sU.float
q.F1.11..U.listq
.]q.(K.K.K.eu...
u...#...t....@..
pickling an Object to a String

In addition to reading and writing to files, you can read and write to strings. Instead of the dump() function,
Python(note
and Java
applets
you use the dumps() function
plural),
as follows.
addition,
Dump the dictionaryIninto
a text string.
>>> string = and
pickle.dumps(dict)
you are
Dump the dictionaryWhether
into a binary
string.
>>> bin_string
give =youpickle.dumps(dict,1)
Load the dictionary from the text string.
777
>>> dict4 = pickle.loads(string)
Load the dictionary from

the Programming
binary string.
Python
>>> dict5 =

pickle.loads(bin_string)
Check to see if the loaded dictionaries are equal to the dumped dictionary.
Pub Date:
June 28,
>>> dict == dict4,
dict
== 2002
dict5
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
(1, Table
1) of
Pages: 640
Contents
Check to see if the loaded dictionaries have the same identity as the dumped dictionary.
>>> dict is dict4,
dict5 language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained adict
premieris
programming
(0, 0)
Earlier we said that binary
modedevelopment.
is more efficient than text mode. The question is how much. We can find out by
application
comparing the size of the binary string to the size of the text string from the last example.
>>> len(string),
plenty oflen(bin_string)
skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
(129, 93)
In this example, binary mode is 40 percent more efficient than text mode. But of course more than just size
efficiency is involved. When you use text mode, the pickle module has to convert text strings into their binary
equivalents; if you use binary mode, less conversion is necessary.
pickle and
and Enterprise
Applications
the
Address
Bookwith
Application
Now that we have a handleFundamental

on the pickleprogramming
module, we can
changeincluding
our address
book program
to use it. Here's the
concepts,
statements,
expressions,
listing for address4 (areas interpreters,
of interest areand
highlighted
in
bold):
compilers
class Address: Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
"""This class
represents an entry in an address book"""
and exceptions
#Constructor
def __init__(self,
phone_number="", address_lines=[]):
Object-oriented name="",
"""
File input/output
The constructor takes
three arguments:
name to hold the persons' name
(string)
Python's
intrinsic functions to hold the persons' phone number (string)
phone_number
address_lines to hold the address of the person (list)
""" Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
# assign the name, phone_number and address_lines to the
# instance variables
__name,
Using #Python
and Java__phone_number,
Swing to create GUIs and __lines
self.__name=name
#Methods
Development
def name(self):
return
self.__name
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
"""

If the address instances are not equal then we return a non-zero

value.
"""
# to implement this all we do is compare the dictionaries
# the class. the __dict__ member of the instance holds al
777
# of the
instance
fields
in aA Tutorial
dictionary.
Python Programming
with
the Java Class
Libraries:
for Building
return
cmp(self.__dict__
Web
and Enterprise
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Jython
__hash__(self):
return hash(self.__name)
def
def __str__(self):
str
= self.__name
Publisher:
Addison Wesley + "\n"
str
=
str
self.__phone_number
+ "\n"
Pub Date: June+28,
2002
for ISBN:
line0-201-61616-5
in self.__lines:
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
return str
def readAddresses(filename):
importnovices
pickle
""" the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
Read in
a dictionary
application
development. of addresses.
This method takes two arguments as follows:
filename
holds
ofprogramming.
the fileUsing
to read in
This
tutorial begins with coverage
of somethe
of thefilename
basics of Python
address
instances
from
programming
sessions,
this book will
""" help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
file =techniques.
None For #to
holdprogrammers,
reference
to the
inputPython's
file breadth
object
experienced
the book
demonstrates
of
# try..finally
application
development. to work with the file
# if you can't work with the file for any reason close it
try: Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
and Enterprise
with Jython
coversaddresses
important topicsfrom
such as:the file
# Applications
try to read
in the
# if you can't read addresses then print an error message
try:
Fundamental
concepts, including statements,
expressions,
file programming
= open(filename,"r")
#open the
file in read mode
interpreters,
dictand
= compilers
pickle.load(file)
return dict
except
Exception, error:
and exceptions
print error
Object-oriented
return {}
finally: File input/output
if not (file is None): file.close()
def writeAddresses(filename, dict, bin=0):

import pickle
"""
Write the addresses instances in a dictionary to a file.
writeAddresses
hasSwing
twotoarguments
create GUIs as follows:
filename
holds the name of the output file
dict
holds the dictionary of address instances
Working
bin
whether to use binary mode or not for the pi
"""
file=None
#to hold the output file object
In#addition,
the book contains
instructions
for downloading
and installing
try..finally:
try
to write
the instances
totheaPython
file.
language
and theelse
Java Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
# if all
fails then
close
the file
object
try: and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
# Write the address instances in dict to a file
Whether you#arespecified
a sophisticated by
computer
filename.
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM)
Class Libraries
will
# If there are any errors
then print
an error
message
give
you
insight
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power
of
Python
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it
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work.
try:
file = open (filename, "w")
pickle.dump(dict, file, bin)
except Exception,error:
777
print error
Python Programming
finally:
By
Richard Hightower
def test_read_write():
"""
Scaffolding
code
Pub Date: June 28,
2002 to test reading and writing dictionaries of
addresses.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table """
of
Pages: 640
Contents
# populate a dictionary object with some sample data
dict={}
address
= Address("Rick
Hightower",
"920-555-1212",
["123
Main St", "A
remained
language for more
than a decade, and is used
by
dict["Rick
Hightower"]
=
address
address
= Address("Missy
["123 Main St", "
the two
languages, when used inHightower",
combination, ideal "920-555-1212",
dict["Missy
applicationHightower"]=address
development.
address = Address("Martha Hightower", "602-555-1212", ["123 Main St",
dict["Martha
This tutorial Hightower"]=address
address
= ofAddress("Mary
Hightower",
"520-555-1212",
[]) will
plenty
skill-building exercises
and interactive programming
sessions, this book
dict["Mary
help thoseHightower"]=address
fname="c:\\dat\\testaddr.dat"
#tointerfaces
hold with
output
filename
capabilities and shows the ways that Python
Java APIs
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#write the dictionary full of addresses out to the file

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print Python
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writeAddresses(fname,
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interpreters,
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print "calling
readAddresses"
dict_in = readAddresses(fname) #to hold input addresses
and exceptions
#show that the input matches the output

"Input"
dict_in
"Output"
File input/output
dict
Python'swhether
intrinsic functions
#return
these equal each other
return dict==dict_in
print
print
print
print
def test_equal():
address1 = Address("Missy Hightower", "920-555-1212", ["123 Main St",
address2 =Using
Address("Missy
Hightower",
to create GUIs "920-555-1212", ["123 Main St",
return address1==address2
You have to notice that the pickle version is much shorter than the original (address3.py). Shorter is better
because less code to write means
maintain.
Pythonless
andcode
Java to
applets
Python allows you to read and write to files. The Python file object, which is built into the language, supports the
following methods: Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
read() read in data from a file
Summary
777
readline() read a line of data from a file

readlines() read all the lines in the file and return the lines as a list of strings
Programming
write()Python
write data
to a file
By Richard
Hightower
writelines()
write
a sequence of lines to a file
seek() movePublisher:
to a certain
point inWesley
a file
Addison
tell() determine
the current
location in the file
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
PythonContents
makes working with files straightforward. In addition, its pickle and cPickle modules allow the persisting
of objects to a file or string and make for speedy development of persisted class data.
remainedon
a premier
programming
language
more 4.
than
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and is
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In this chapter, we expanded
the address
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from for
Chapter
Wea also
covered
such
issues
novices
and
professionals
alike.
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particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
__str__ and __repr__ with class instances. If you followed along with our expansion of the address
book
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
program to read and write files, you reviewed a lot of the first seven chapters of the book.
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 9. Built-In
Functions
Conversion
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Namespace: dir(),Pages:
globals(),
640 locals(), vars()
Contents
Type Checking: callable(), type()
Operations Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Advanced Topic:
Functional Programming
Advanced exec
and
eval
the two languages,

Built-in (intrinsic) function
is operator
capabilities
Bytecode and shows the ways that PythonKeyword
Collection
Lambda function
and
evalEnterprise
statement Applications with Jython covers
Mutable/Immutable
exec statement
Namespace
interpreters,
and compilers
Functional
programming
Name/value pair

Hashtable
Octalformatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
Hash value
Param eter
Hierarchy
Sequence
File input/output
Identity operator
A good part of the simplicity and elegance of Python comes from its built-in (or instrinsic) functions. Many of
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
these are longhand for other
operatorsfor
example,
the cmp()strings
function, which performs the ==,=>,=<,<,
> operations, and the repr() function, which back-quotes an object. When there's no equivalent operator, the
Interfacing
with as
theanJava
built-in function is often referred
to simply
"operator."
Using Python
and Java Swing
to create
Generally, Python built-in functions
are equivalent
to keywords
in GUIs
other languages. One example is C++'s
keywordsizeof() , which determines the size of an array or other structure; its Python counterpart is
len(), which determines the length of a sequence. Similarly, Java's instanceof() is equivalent to
Python'sisinstance()
.
Python
and Java applets
Conversion In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
Sooner or later you're going to need to convert from one type to another. You may be reading in strings from
files and want to convert
themyou
to text,
before writing
numbers
tonew
a text
you may want
convert them to
Whether
are aor,
sophisticated
computer
user
tofile,
programming
or a to
serious
strings. Python has several
built-in
functions
to
do
this.
Converting Numbers to Strings: chr(), str(), hex(), oct()
777
Thechr() function converts a number to a character. Remember that there are no characters in Python, so
chr() returns a single character in a string.
>>> chr(97) Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
'a'
>>> chr(122) ByRichard Hightower
'z'
Pub Date:
28, 2002
It may seem that you would
rarely June
use chr()
, but wait until Chapter 12, when it will come in handy for
ISBN:
converting a Java binary array
into0-201-61616-5
a Python string.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Thestr() function converts any object, including numeric types, into a string. (Remember, unlike other
languages Python treats
all types asby
objects.)
Characterized
>>> str(1) novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
'1'
Thehex() function converts a number into its hexadecimal equivalent.
>>> hex(255)
'0xff'
>>> hex(1l)
'0x1L'
application
development.
Hexadecimal is a base
16 numbering
system used in many computers that allows you to display a byte with two
digits. We'll see it again when we cover the Java InputStream in Chapter 12.
Enterprise
Applications
with equivalent.
Jython covers
important
such as: system.
Theoct() functionand
converts
a number
into its octal
Octal
is a basetopics
8 numbering
>>> oct(1)
'01'
>>> oct(9)
'011'


and exceptions
oct() and hex() work only with integers and longs. They don't work with floats.
You probably won't use chr(),oct(), or hex() very much, if at all, but str() you'll use a great deal.
File input/output
Converting Strings to Numbers: float(), int(), long(), ord()

Thefloat() function converts a string to a float.
>>> f = float("1.1")
>>> type(f)
at 1662336>
>>>
Theint() function converts strings to integers.
>>> str = "1"

>>> num = int(str)
>>> type(num)language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
at book
3414368>
and numerous code samples make this
>>>
Thelong() function
converts developer,
a string intoPython
a long.Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
application
>>> long("12345678901234567890")
12345678901234567890L
777
Theord() function converts a character (that is, a string with one element) into its ASCII value.
>>> ord("A"),Python
ord("Z")
(65, 90)
>>>
Publisher:
Wesley
Converting Numbers
toAddison
Different
Numeric Types: coerce()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Thecoerce() function converts
one numeric type into another, or rather it changes the type of one value to
Table of
Pages: 640
another
type.
Actually,
coerce()
doesn't change the value but returns it in a tuple.
Contents
Declare some variables

to convert. by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Characterized
>>> myintegernovices
= 1 and professionals
# alike.
an In
int
>>> mylong = the
1ltwo languages, when#used
a in
long
>>> myfloat =application
1.0
development.# a float
>>> mystring = "1"
# a non-numeric object
Coerce an integer into
a long.
plenty
>>> coerce(mylong,
myinteger)
(1L, 1L)
Do the same as above, but swap the position of the integer and the long.
Python Programming
>>> coerce(myint,
mylong) with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
and
Enterprise
(1L, 1L)
Coerce an integer into a float.
and compilers
>>> coerce(myint,interpreters,
myfloat)
(1.0, 1.0)
and exceptions
Coerce a long into a float. (The
long has to be in the range of allowable values for the Float type.)
Object-oriented
>>> coerce(mylong,
myfloat)
(1.0, 1.0)
File input/output
coerce() works only with

numeric types. It won't work with strings, as you can see here:
>>> coerce(mystring,
myint)
File "<interactive
input>",
line
in ? with Java Streams
Interfacing
with the Java
APIs 0,
and working
TypeError: number coercion failed
>>>
To convert an integer or a long
into awith
float,
do and
this:JDBC(TM)
Working
SQL
>>> myint = 10 Python and Java applets

>>> myint = coerce(1.0, 10)[1]
>>> print myint
10.0
Converting Sequences:
list(), tuple()
Remember that tuples
areyou
immutable,
which
you can't
to them.
If you
to add items to
give
insight into
the means
power that
of Python
andadd
the items
know-how
to put
it toneed
work.
a sequence, you have to use a list. Conversely, you can't use a list as a key into a dictionary. Since dictionaries
store items based on a hashtable that uses the hash value of the key, they need types that won't changethat is,
immutable tuples. Python has two built in functions to deal with these problems.
777
Thelist() function
converts
an immutable
sequence
(such Class
as a tuple)
into a mutable
onefor
(such
as a list).
Python
Programming
with
the Java
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
Here's an example. Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
Create a tuple.
>>> tup = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
ISBN:fail).
0-201-61616-5
Try toTable
add something
to it (you'll
of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> tup.append(1)
Characterized last):
File "<stdin>",
1,programming
in ?
remainedline
a premier
AttributeError:
'tuple'
object
no attribute
'append'
novices
and professionals
alike.has
In particular,
to Java(TM) makes
Convert the tuple, tup
, into a list,
ls.
application
development.
>>> ls =list(tup)
>>> ls.append(10)
Thetuple() function
convertsFor
a mutable
sequence
into a tuple.
our last
example
to of
techniques.
experienced
programmers,
theWe'll
bookcontinue
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
demonstrate how it works.
Convertls to a tuple, tup, and display it.
>>> tup=tuple(ls)
>>> tup
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
>>>
Python basics, tuple()

and string
list()
and exceptions
Thetuple() and list() functions take any kind of sequence. Here's what happens if you
pass tuple() a tuple:
File input/output
>>> tup = (1,2,3)
>>> id(tup),Python's
id(tuple(tup))
intrinsic functions
(201160, 201160)
>>> tup is tuple(tup)

1
As you can see, the Using
id of Python
tup and
id Swing
of the tuple
returned
andtheJava
to create
GUIsfrom tuple() are the same.
We can demonstrate this with the identity operator, which returns as a true statement that tup is
tuple(tup). Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Python and, Java

applets
If you pass a list to tuple()
you get
a new tuple.
In addition,
>>> lst =
[1,2,3]
languagetuple(lst)
>>> id(lst),
numerous
(332828, and
(1,
2, 3))
Whetherid(tuple(lst))
>>> id(lst),
application
(332828, 321564)developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
>>> lst is tuple(lst)

0
777
Notice that, every time you call list(ls) , you get a new copy of ls.
Converting
Web andto
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
Objects
Strings:
str(), repr()
Thestr() function converts all object types to strings. The repr() function converts all object types to
Publisher:
Addison
strings that might be able
to reconstruct
theWesley
object with a call to eval. Here's an example of both.
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Create a list, a tuple, a string,
and an
integer object.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> list, tuple, string, int = [1,2],(1,2),"12",12

Create a dictionary object
that acontains
list, tuple, string
and for
integer
created.
remained
premierthe
programming
language
moreobjects
than ajust
decade,
and is used by
applicationofdevelopment.
Show the string representation
the dictionary object.
>>> dict ={"list":list, "tuple":tuple, "string":string, "int":12}
>>> str(dict)This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
plenty
of skill-building
exercises
and 'list':
book "will
"{'tuple': (1,
2),
'string':
'12',
[1, 2], sessions,
'int':this12}
For experienced
programmers,
Show the repr() techniques.
string representation
of the dictionary
object.
>>> repr(dict)
"{'tuple': (1, 2), 'string': '12', 'list': [1, 2], 'int': 12} "
Namespace: dir(), globals(), locals(), vars()
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
statements,
expressions,
In most languages, the namespace
is decided
at compile
time, andincluding
there is no
way to determine
which variables
interpreters,
andprogram
compilers
are in it unless you try to use
them and the
doesn't compile. With Python, you can see the variables in
the namespace, and you can see what variables a given object exposes.
and exceptions
dir()
dir([object]) returns a list of namespace variables. If no arguments are passed, it returns a list of names
File input/output
in the current namespace; otherwise,
it returns a list of an object's attribute names.
Python'sshowing
intrinsic what's
functions
Here are two examples of dir()
in the current namespace in a function and in a module,
respectively:
>>> var1, var2, var3, var4 = 1,2,3,4

>>> dir()
['__builtins__', 'var1', 'var2', 'var3', 'var4']
>>> def func(lvar1, lvar2,lvar3,lvar4):
...
return dir()
...
>>> func(var1,var2,var3,var4)
['lvar1', 'lvar2',
'lvar4']
In addition,'lvar3',
the book contains
>>>
Here's an example showing dir() inspecting a module and a class.
Inspect the attributesapplication
of the sys module.
>>> import sys

>>> dir(sys)
['__doc__', '__name__', '__stderr__', '__stdin__', '__stdout__', 'argv', 'bui
777
Inspect the Exception class.
>>> dir(Exception)
['__doc__', '__getitem__',
'__init__', '__module__', '__str__']
>>> type (Exception)
#just to show that it is a class
at 4958626>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
InspectTable
an instance
of the Exception
class.
of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> e = Exception()
>>> dir (e) Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
['args']
globals()
With a few exceptions,

globals()
function
is similar
to of
dir()
. It always
returns
the variableUsing
names
Thisthe
tutorial
begins with
coverage
of some
the basics
of Python
programming.
defined in the currentplenty
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and it returnsexercises
a dictionary
the name
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is thewill
name of
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the object (the variable
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to value
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understanding
and practical in a
function call, it returns
the globalFor
variables
for that
module.
techniques.
experienced
programmers,
>>> gvar1,gvar2,gvar3=1,"two",[3,3,3]
>>> def func():

...
return Python
globals()
...
>>> func()
{'func': <function func at 428fc>, 'gvar3': [3, 3, 3], 'gvar1': 1, 'gvar2': '
...
locals()

and exceptions
Thelocals() function is like globals() except that it returns the variables in the innermost namespace.
>>> def func2(var1, var2, var3):

...
return locals()
File input/output
...
>>> func2(1,2,3) Python's intrinsic functions
{'var2': 2, 'var3': 3, 'var1': 1}

This shows the use of locals() in the body of func2 to print out the variables in func2's namespace.
locals() also returns any variables defined inside the function.
...
...
...
...
var4 = "more"
var5 = "five"
return locals()
>>> func3(1,2,3)
{'var2': 2, 'var3':
3, 'var1': 1, 'var4': 'more', 'var5': 'five'}
Herevar4 and var5 are returned as well as the arguments passed to func3.
vars()
Thevars() function is like locals() except that you can use it for any object type to list the object's
public attributes. Here we use vars() to list the attributes in the Exception class. (Exception is
alwayswell, almost alwaysin the namespace.)
777
>>> vars(Exception)
Web'exceptions',
with Jython
{'__module__':
'__init__':
<function __init__ at 27b8c>, '__doc
Type Checking:
callable(),
type()
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
Thecallable(object)
function
returns true if the object can be called like a function. Since more
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table types
of
thanobject
can be callable
(lambdas,
functions,
methods, class instances, etc.), this feature is very useful.
Pages: 640
Contents
Here's an example:
>>> callable(dir)
1
This is nice, but how do you use it? Let's say that you want to find out which objects in the current module are
callable.
Define a class whose instances are callable.
>>> class myclass:
...
def __call__(self):
capabilities
...
return and
"hello"
...
Programming
Define an instance ofPython
the callable
class. with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
>>> hello = myclass()

Define some not so useful functions.
>>>
...
>>>
...
>>>
...
>>>
def func():pass
and exceptions
def func1():pass
def func2():pass
File input/output
def func3():pass

Iterate through the list of variables in the module namespace, and see which objects are callable.
>>> for (name,value) in vars().items():

...
if (callable(value)):
...
print name + " is callable"
...
hello is callable
myclass is callable
func is callable
func1 is callablePython and Java applets
func2 is callable
func3 is callable
andreturns
numerous
codeofsamples
Thetype() function
the type
the object.
>>> type(myclass)
. . .> with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
>>> type (func)

<jclass org.python.core.PyFunction . . .>
777
>>> type (dir())
<jclass org.python.core.PyList
. .Java
. >Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python Programming with the
>>> type(hello)
<jclass org.python.core.PyInstance . . .>
Operations
This
Table of
Contents
section
deals

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
mostly with functions that are longhand for operators.
Numeric Operations:
divmod(),language
pow(),forabs(),
round()
remained a cmp(),
premier programming
more than
cmp(x,y) compares
two languages,
numeric types.
It used
also works
for sequences,
other numeric
objects.
the two
when
in combination,
idealdictionaries,
for Web andand
distributed
enterprise
cmp() returns a positive
number
if the x argument is greater than the y argument, a negative number if the y
application
development.
argument is greater than the x argument, and 0 if x and y are equal.
>>> cmp(1,0) plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
1
>>> cmp(0,1) capabilities and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
-1
>>> cmp(0,0) Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
0
cmp() is related to the equality operators (==,>=,<=, etc.). If you want these operators to work with class
Fundamental
programming
including
instances, you need to implement
cmp()
for the classconcepts,
by executing
cmp(instance1,
instance2),
interpreters,
compilers > instance2).
instance1 == instance2
, orand
instance1
Python basics,
including
string formatting,
namespaces,
classes, errors,
Thedivmod() function divides
a by b and
returnsoperators,
a tuple containing
the divider
and the remainder.
With
and
exceptions
divmod() , these two examples are equivalent:
>>> 100 / 10, 100Object-oriented
% 10
(10, 0)
File input/output
>>> divmod(100,10)
(10, 0)
Thepow() function raises x to the power of y, so these two examples are the same:
>>> 5**3
125
>>> pow(5,3)
125

Theabs() function returns the absolute value of a number.
>>> abs(1), abs(-1)
(1, 1)
Theround(x, [n])
function
rounds
a number with
a fraction
thetonearest
whole integer
(or, if you
Whether
you are
a sophisticated
computer
user to
new
programming
or a serious
specify the n argument,
to
the
nearest
position
in
the
mantissa).
Here's
an
example.
Declare a variable containing a float with a long mantissa.
777
>>> myfloat = 1.1111111111111111

Round to the nearest whole integer.
>>> round(myfloat)
1.0
Round to the second decimal place in the mantissa.
Pub Date:
>>> round(myfloat,
2)June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
1.11
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Round to the third decimal place in the mantissa.

>>> round(myfloat,
remained a3)
1.111
Identity: hash(),
id() development.
application
This
tutorial
begins with
coverage ofthesome
Python
Using
Thehash() function
returns
a number
that represents
dataof
ofthe
an basics
object,of
called
the programming.
hash value. Hash
values
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
will
are integers that can be used to efficiently compare dictionary keys.
>>> myint= 1 techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
>>> myfloat =capabilities
1.0
>>> hash(myint)
1
>>> hash(myfloat)
1
Theid(object) function assigns objects in the system a unique ID. It implements the is operator. In the
following statements, id and is are functionally equivalent:
>>> dict = {}
and exceptions
>>> id(dict)==id(dict), dict is dict
(1, 1)
File Modules:
input/output delattr(), getattr(), hasattr(), setattr()
Class, Instance, and
Python's intrinsic
Thedelattr(object,name)
functionfunctions
removes attributes from a class or instance or removes variables
from a module namespace. It works similarly to del(). Consider the following example, which defines an
empty class, myclass, creates an instance of it, and adds attributes to the instance.
Define myclass.
>>> class myclass:pass

...
Create an instance of myclass

instance"), and add to it the attributes "hello" and
Python,ci
and("class
Java applets
"goodbye".
>>> ci = myclass()
>>> ci.hello = "hello"

>>> ci.goodbye
= "goodbye"
Whether
Display the attributes.
>>> vars(ci)
{'goodbye': 'goodbye', 'hello': 'hello'}
777
Use the del keyword to delete the "hello" attribute: then display the attributes that remain.
>>> del ci.hello

>>> vars(ci) ByRichard Hightower
{'goodbye': 'goodbye'}

Use delattr()to delete
"goodbye" from the class instance, and use vars() to show that the instance
has no more attributes. Pub Date: June 28, 2002
Table of
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
delattr(ci,"goodbye")
>>> vars(ci)
{}
the two languages, when used in Del
You can't use delattr() to remove items (key/value pairs) from a dictionary; only the del
keyword can do that. del and delattr() are equivalent only for classes, instances, and
modules.
Here's an example that
works with
module,
It justinterfaces
defines two
and attr2.
capabilities
anda shows
themymodule.py.
ways that Python
withvariables,
Java APIsattr1
for professional
attr1=1
attr2=2
Importmymodule.py into the interactive interpreter.
>>> import mymodule

Showmymodule's namespace with the dir() function.
>>> dir (mymodule)

and exceptions
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', 'attr1', 'attr2']
Use delattr() to remove attr1 from the namespace.
File input/output
>>> delattr(mymodule, "attr1")

Verify the removal.

>>> dir(mymodule)
['__builtins__', Interfacing
'__doc__',
'__name__',
'attr2']
with the'__file__',
Java APIs and working
with Java Streams
Use del() to do the sameUsing
thing Python
with attr2
. Swing to create GUIs
and Java
>>> del mymodule.attr2

>>> dir(mymodule)
['__builtins__', Python
'__doc__',
'__file__', '__name__']
and Java applets
Thegetattr() function,
strange
as it may
seem,instructions
"gets" an attribute
from a class,
In addition,
the book
contains
for downloading
and instance,
installingor
themodule.
Python Here's
an example using a class,
myclass2
, whose
instances Kit
have(JDK).
the attributes
namedefinitions,
and height
.
language
and the Java
Development
Terminology,
explanations,
Define myclass2 .
>>> class myclass2:
...
def __init__(self):
...
self.name = "Bob"
...
self.height = "5'11"
...
>>> ci = myclass2()
777
Display the attributesPython

of the class
instance.
Programming

vars(ci) ByRichard Hightower
>>>
{'height': "5'11", 'name': 'Bob'}
Get the height attribute.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
getattr(ci,
"height")
of
Pages:
640
"5'11"
Contents
There's an easier wayCharacterized

to do this. by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
>>> ci.heightnovices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
"5'11"
But with getattr() we can get attributes dynamically at runtime.
Thegetattr() function
works withexercises
modules:and interactive programming sessions, this book will
plenty ofalso
skill-building
>>> getattr(mymodule,
"attr1")
1
which is equivalent to
>>>mymodule.attr1
1
Thehasattr() function checks to see if a class, instance, or module has an attribute. It returns true if so,
false if not. Continuing ourinterpreters,
mymodule.py
we have the following:
andexample,
compilers
>>> hasattr(ci,"height")
1
and exceptions
>>> hasattr(ci,"weight")
0
File input/output
hasattr() also works with modules.

>>> hasattr(mymodule, "attr1")

1
Thesetattr() functionInterfacing
sets an attribute
forJava
a class,
or module.
Still Streams
with the same example, we'll
with the
APIsinstance,
and working
with Java
add the weight attribute to the class instance.
Determine if the ci class instance already has weight.
0
In addition,
theadd
book
The0 (false) value indicates
no, so
it. contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
>>> setattr(ci,"weight",
220) make this book a useful learning experience.
Now does it have it?Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
The1 (true) value indicates yes.
777
We know the other way to add the weight attribute, but first we need to remove it.
>>> delattr(ci,
"weight")
#remove
itClass Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python
Programming with
the Java
>>> hasattr(ci,
"weight")
# make with
sure
it is gone
Web and
Jython
0
Now we set it and checkPublisher:
to see if it's
there. Wesley
Addison
Date: June 28, 2002
>>> ci.weight =Pub220
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
hasattr(ci,"weight")
of
Pages: 640
1 Contents
Working with Modules
Here's an example of how setattr(),hasattr(), and delattr() work with modules.
Import the sys module.
>>> import sys
helpobjects.
Get the exit and version
>>> getattr(sys,
"exit")
capabilities
<built-in function
applicationexit>
development.
Python Programming
>>> getattr(sys,
"version")
and
Enterprise
Applications
JythonSH3]'
'1.5.1 (#0, 07/16/98 22:30:00)with
[MSC
Remove the exit() function and make sure it's gone.
>>> delattr(sys, interpreters,
"exit")and compilers
>>> hasattr(sys, "exit")

0
and exceptions
Redefine the exit object in the context of the sys module.
>>> setattr(sys,"exit","exit has left the building")

File input/output
Display the new exit() function.
>>> getattr(sys, "exit")

Formatting,
'exit has left the
building'
cmp() and Classes and Dictionaries
cmp() works with many object types. For example, if left undefined, it works with class instances just as id or
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
is does. As with numeric Working
objects, cmp()
returns
0 if the objects are equal. Here's an illustration.
Create two class instances.Python and Java applets
>>> ci1,ci2 =In addition,
myclass2(),myclass2()
Compare them.

>>> cmp(ci1,ci2)
-1
Even though the values are the same, the instances are unequal because the default is to check object identity (to
make sure that the variable references the same object).
777
Compare one instance to itself.
>>> cmp(ci1,ci1)
0
Sincecmp() checks identity for equality, comparing an object to itself returns 0, which means equality.
Thecmp() method defines the behavior of the equality operators. That means that the following is like using
the identity operator:
>>>
0
Table of
ci1 ==
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
ci2
Pages: 640
>>> ci1 == ci1
1
application
>>> ci1 is ci2,
ci1 development.
is ci1
(0, 1)
plentyof
of __
skill-building
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programming
Chapter 8 has an example
cmp__ defined
for theand
Address
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excerpt: this book will
"""
application
development.instance to another.
Compares
one address

Python
Programmingare
with the
Java(TM)
Libraries:
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If the address
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Jython
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value.
"""
# To programming
implementconcepts,
this including
all westatements,
do is expressions,
compare
Fundamental
# the dictionaries
of
the
class
# The __dict__ member of the instance holds
# all of the instance
fields
Python basics,
# in a dictionaryand exceptions
This compares all attribute values of one instance of Address with those of another instance. Remember, the
File input/output
default is just to compare identity.
Sequence and Collection:
len(), max(), min(), cmp()
We covered sequences and collections in Chapter 1, so we'll just review them here.
Thelen(s) method returns the length of a sequence or dictionary. It works with tuples, lists, and dictionaries,
as shown in the following three
Usingexamples:
>>> len((1,2,3)) Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)

3
>>> len([1,2,3])
3
and numerous code
>>> len({1:1,2:2,3:3}
) samples make this book a useful learning experience.

application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the Java(TM)
Classwhich
Libraries
Themax(s) function
returns the
max value
in a sequence.
It uses
cmp()
to determine
itemwill
in the list
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
is the greatest.
>>> max((1,2,3))
3
777
Themin(s) function
returns
the min valuewith
in the
list.Java
Python
Programming
the
>>>
1

min((1,2,3))
Thecmp(x,y) method compares sequences (list and tuple) to sequences and dictionaries to dictionaries.
Here's how.
Table of
three tuples,
Create
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
640 having
the firstPages:
and second
equal values.
>>> list1,list2,list3=(1,2,3),(1,2,3),(1,2,4)
Compare the first and
the second
tuples.
novices
and professionals
>>> cmp (list1,
list2)
#cmp returns 0 if they are equal
application
development.
>>> list1==list2
1
Compare the secondcapabilities
and third tuples.
>>> cmp(list2, list3)

-1
>>> cmp(list3, list2)

1

>>> list2==list3 interpreters, and compilers
0
Create two dictionaries.

and exceptions
>>> dict1,dict2 =Object-oriented

{1:1,2:2,3:3}
, {1:1,2:2,3:3}
programming
concepts
Compare them.
File input/output
1
>>> cmp (dict1, dict2) #cmp returns 0 if they are equal
0
Add an item to the first dictionary.
>>> dict1["cow"]="moo"
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
Compare the first and second
dictionaries
again.
>>> dict1==dict2 Python and Java applets

0
>>> cmp(dict1,dict2)
1
Modules: reload()
Thereload() function allows you to dynamically reload a module. It comes in very handy when you're
debugging code. Here's an example with the string module:
777
>>> import string
>>> reload(string)
<module 'string'>
During development of a module, it's often necessary to make minor changes. Instead of exiting the interactive
interpreter, you can make
your changes
andWesley
then reload.
Publisher:
Addison
reload() needs a reference
to the module. Let's say you're using the from <module> import
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
<object>
form
of
the
import
statement. In that case, you don't have a reference to the module, even
Table of
Pages: 640
thoughContents
the module is loaded.
(You need to exit and restart the interactive interpreter for this example.)
Characterized
>>> from string
importby ease
find
remained
a
premier
programming
>>> print find
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
<built-in function find>
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
>>> print string
application
development.
File "<interactive input>", line 1, in ?
NameError: string
help those
to programming
develop
an understanding
concepts
and so
practical
Although we have access
to thenew
find()
function, we
don't have
access to theofstring
module,
when we try to
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
print it out we get a NameError. To reload find() we have to first import and reload stringbreadth
(whichofputs it
capabilities
showswith
the ways
in the current namespace).
We'lland
continue
our example.
Explicitly import string.
>>> import string
Reload it.

>>> reload (string)
<module 'string'>
Accessfind()as before. and exceptions
>>> del string #optionally

remove string
concepts from your namespace
>>> print find
File input/output
<built-in function
find>
Python's
intrinsic
functions
Reloading the string module
will reload
all of
its code; any changes will be reflected at that time. This is a great
tool for debugging your Python modules.
The__import__() function (__import__(name, [globals], [locals],
Interfacing
with the
Java APIs
and working
with Java
Streams
[fromlist])) works like
the import
statement,
except
that it allows
you to
pass the name of the module
as a string. Imagine a program that, given a command-line argument, loads a module and executes its test()
function. You can use this test harness with many different modules with many different names. Now imagine
another program that detects
how it connects
theJDBC(TM)
home office and, based on that information, loads the correct
Working
with SQLtoand
module to talk to the boss.
Here's an example of __import__():
>>> __import__("string")
<module 'string'>
Whether
Class Operations:
isinstance(),
issubclass()
giveisinstance()
you insight into the and
power
of Python and thefunctions
know-how
put it to
We covered the built-in
issubclass()
in to
Chapter
6, work.
but let's briefly
review them. We're going to use the following code, which defines a class hierarchy:
777
>>> class animal:

...
pass
...
mammal(animal):
>>> class
...
pass
...

>>> class human(mammal):

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
of
... Table
pass
Pages: 640
... Contents
>>> class geek:

...
pass novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
...
>>> class programmer(geek, human):

...
pass This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
...
Theisinstance(object,class)
function
determinesthe
if the
instance
is of a particular
class. It of
works
techniques. For experienced
programmers,
book
demonstrates
Python's breadth
with the instance's base
class; that
is,shows
if the human
class
a subclass
of the with
mammal
anyprofessional
instance of
capabilities
and
the ways
thatisPython
interfaces
Java class,
APIs for
human is also an instance
of
mammal.
For
example:
>>> Rick = programmer()

Is the Rick class instance an instance of programmer?
>>> isinstance(Rick,programmer)
1
Is Rick a geek?

and exceptions
>>> isinstance(Rick,geek)
1
Are programmers human? File input/output
>>> isinstance(Rick,human)
1
SinceRick is an instance of programmer and programmer is a subclass of human,Rick is an
instance of human.
Of course, it doesn't stop with
thePython
immediate
base Swing
classes.toRick
an instance of mammal and animal
Using
and Java
createisGUIs
because these are in the base class hierarchy of programmer.
Is Rick a mammal?
>>> isinstance(Rick, mammal)

1
Is Rick an animal? and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
>>> isinstance(Rick,
animal)
Whether you are
1
Since Rick is a human and humans are subclasses of mammals, Rick is a mammal. Since Rick is a mammal and
mammals are subclasses of animals, Rick is an animal.
777
issubclass(class1, class2) returns whether one class is a subclass of another. Our illustration of
issubclass() Python
will continue
our class hierarchy.
Programming
Ishuman a subclassBy
ofRichard
animal
?
Hightower
>>> issubclass(human, animal)

1
ISBN: ?0-201-61616-5
Ishuman
a subclass of mammal
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
>>> issubclass(human, mammal)

1
Isgeek a subclass of
animal
novices
and?professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
>>> issubclass(geek,animal)
issubclass() plenty
doesn'tofwork
just for immediate
but for
subclasses anywhere
thebook
hierarchy
skill-building
exercisessubclasses
and interactive
programming
sessions, in
this
will that
have a class as a basehelp
class
anywhere
their own hierarchy.
those
new toinprogramming
I/O: open(), raw_input()

Theopen(filename, [mode], [bufsize]) function returns a file object. Again, this is just a
Programming
with7.the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
brief review since wePython
covered
I/O in Chapter
Open a file for reading.
>>> file = open("\\dat\\exp.txt",
"w") including statements, expressions,
>>> file.write("Hello")
>>> file.close()
Open a file for writing.

and exceptions

>>> file = open("\\dat\\exp.txt")
>>> file.read()
File input/output
'Hello'
Python's
intrinsic
functions
Themode argument specifies
read ("r"
), write
("w"), read/write ("r+"), and append ("a") mode.
bufsize sets the size ofFormatting,
the buffer. Setting the buffer to zero means no buffering. (For more on buffering see
Chapter 12.)
Theraw_input([prompt]) function reads input from the user. The prompt tells the user what that input
should be and returns it when
the Python
user hits
Enter.
following
this:
Using
and
JavaTry
Swing
to create
GUIs
>>> raw_input("Enter
age:
")
Workingyour
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
Enter your age: 31
'31'
Advanced Topic:
Functional
Programming
language and
You don't need to know functional programming to develop Python code, but learning it can reduce the amount
of code you write. Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
you insight
apply(), filter(),give
map(),
reduce
777
Theapply(function, args, [keywords]) function needs a callable object as the function

argument, which it calls with args as the argument list (and keywords as the named argument list). args
is a sequence, keywords a dictionary.
The function
>>> def hello(str):

...
print "hello " + str
...
ISBN:
can be called with apply()
like0-201-61616-5
this:
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> apply(hello,("Bobby",))
hello Bobby Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Withoutapply() it's
calledand
likeprofessionals
this.
novices
>>> hello("Bobby")
hello Bobby
You can use apply()to call several functions. Or you can have several functions operating on the same data.
help those new
to programming
develop
an understanding
of concepts
practical
Thefilter(function,
list)
function filters
out items
in a list. Its argument
is a and
callable
object that
takes an item out of the list and returns true or false. Let's say the only list items we want are those that begin
withR.
Create a list containing names.
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
covers important
topics such as:
>>> list = ["Mary",
"Adam",
"Bob",
"Rick",
"Robert"]
Define a function that returns true if the name starts with R.
>>> def Rfilter(name):
...
...
...
if name[0]=="R": return 1
Python basics,
including0operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
else:
return
and exceptions
Object-oriented
programming
Invokefilter() , passing
it the Rfilter
and listconcepts
arguments.
File input/output
>>> filter(Rfilter,list)
['Rick', 'Robert']
This example is, admittedly,
contrived. parsing,
In a realand
situation,
the items
in the sequence can be much more complex
Formatting,
manipulating
strings
than just strings; they can be class instances or dictionaries with 100 items, or tuples with dictionaries, class
instances, and lists. Also, the
function with
passed
beAPIs
just short
of rocketwith
science.
point is that filter()
Interfacing
thecan
Java
and working
Java The
Streams
returns every item in the list where the item applied to it returns a true value.
As an exercise, rewrite the above functionality with for loops instead of filter() . Which code is more
concise? Which code is easier
to understand?
you answer these questions, I think you'll find that
Working
with SQLOnce
and JDBC(TM)
filter() is very useful.
Themap(function, list) function is similar to filter() . It applies functions to every item in a list
In for
addition,
the book(item)
contains
for downloading
installing
Python
and returns the results
each function
call.instructions
map()'s first
argument is a and
callable
type; the
its second
argument is a list. language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
As an example, let's say you have the following sequence that you want to convert into a string:
>>> seq = (72,
105, developer,
32, 77,Python
111,
109)
application
Programming
which you can do with a for loop.
777
>>> list = []
>>> for item in seq:
...
list.append(chr(item))
...
>>> from string
import
join
By Richard
Hightower
>>> str = join(list,"")
After this code executes, str will contain a string version of the sequence, and it will take only four lines (we
won't count from stringimport join). With the map() function, you can do all four lines of code
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of call.
in one
method
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> str = join(map(chr,seq),"")
remainedisainside
premier
language
Note that the call to map()
theprogramming
join() function
call.for more than a decade, and is used by
You may be wondering
whatlanguages,
str contains.
unravel
this mystery,
enter
the code
example. enterprise
the two
whenTo
used
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>>> str
Thereduce(function,
list, [initializer])
function
is very similar
to filter()
programming
sessions,
this book willand
map() in that a function
parameter
applied to each
item inana understanding
sequence. However,
insteadand
of practical
returning a list it
help those
new toisprogramming
develop
of concepts
returns one value. techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
Let's say that you want
to sum updevelopment.
the following list (the list variable is really a tuple):
application
>>> list = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

To do so with a for loop, you need to do something like this:
>>> sum=0
>>> for num in list:
...
sum = sum + num
>>> sum
55
and exceptions
Withreduce() , you do Object-oriented
something like this:
>>> def add(a,b):Filereturn

a + b
input/output
...
>>> reduce (add,list)
55
which cuts out two lines of code.
If you want to cut out a third line, you can rewrite the above with a lambda function, which turns four lines into
one (how very Pythonesque).
SQL and JDBC(TM)
>>> reduce(lambdaWorking
a,b: with
a+b,list)
55

Lambdas are a new concept. Think of them as anonymous functions but without names or parentheses. If you
In addition,
book contains
want to know more about
lambdathe
functions,
consultinstructions
the Pythonfor
documentation.
andelegant,
numerous
code samples
make this,map()
book a ,useful
Although powerful and
reduce()
,apply()
and filter()
(and, for that matter,
lambdas) can be confusing. Don't let them trip you up, thoughyou don't need to master them to program in
Python.
Advanced exec and eval
777
Imagine easily sending code to update changes to a program or easily moving code around the network to update
remote clients. How about adding scriptability so that end users can write scripts to automate common tasks? In
other languages, these

thingsProgramming
are hard to accomplish.
PythonClass
they're
built intoAthe
language.
Python
with theInJava
Libraries:
Tutorial
for Building
compile()

Publisher:
Addison Wesley
Thecompile(string,
filename,
kind) function converts a string into a code object that
Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
represents Python bytecode.
The filename
argument states the origin of the code, that is, the file name; the
ISBN:
kindTable
argument specifies how
the0-201-61616-5
code should be compiled based on the contents of the string argument.
of
are three choices for Pages:
There
kind:640
Contents
exec a group
of statements
remained
eval a single
expression
application
development.
single a single
statement
tutorial begins
with
of some of
the basics
of to
Python
programming.
Using
compile() worksThis
in conjunction
with
thecoverage
eval statement,
which
you use
execute
the code object.
More
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
willto
than likely you'll use it to execute a string representing code over and over again so that eval won't have
execute the string by recompiling the code object each time.
and shows
theexec
ways kind
that Python
interfaces
with Java
professional
Here's an example ofcapabilities
compile()
with the
argument.
It pretends
that APIs
it hasfor
read
the string from
a file called friends.py.
>>> string = Python

""" Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
and
... friends = ['Ross','Rachel','Chandler','Joey','Tom','Jerry','Monica']
... for myfriend in friends:
...
print "Hello
" + myfriend
... """
>>> code = compile(string,"Friends.py","exec")
>>> eval(code) Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Hello Ross
and exceptions
Hello Rachel
Hello Chandler Object-oriented programming concepts
Hello Joey
File input/output
Hello Tom
Hello Jerry
Hello Monica
>>>
Here's an example compiling an expression that returns a dictionary:

>>>
>>>
>>>
{4:
str = "{1:1,2:2,3:3,4:4} "

cd = compile (str,"string","eval")
eval(cd)
4, 3: 3, 2: 2, 1: 1}
>>> dict = eval(cd)

>>> type (dict)
<jclass org.python.core.PyDictionary
6190231>
language and the Java Development Kit at
(JDK).
which compiles a single statement:
>>> cd2 = compile("""print
"Hello
World"with
""",
"string",
"single")
application developer, Python
Programming
the Java(TM)
Class Libraries
will
>>> eval (cd2)
Hello World
777
Of course, we've covered eval(expressions, [globals], [locals]) quite a few times. Here
we'll drill down to the details that can make you stumble.
globals and locals
eval'sglobals and locals arguments are dictionaries that contain the global variables, where the keys
are the variable names and the values are the objects to which the variables refer. Not specifying globals or
locals is the same asPublisher:
doing this:Addison Wesley
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
eval(str,
globals(),
locals())
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
which passes the variables from the current namespace.

Here's an example ofremained
calling ana premier
eval statement:
>>> a = 1
>>> eval("a")application development.
Since the a variable is in the global namespace, and we're not passing a dictionary for the global variables, it's
the one used.
techniques.
Fora experienced
theargument.
book demonstrates
Python's
breadth
In this next call to eval
, we pass
dictionary forprogrammers,
the globals
You can see
that the
value of
of a in
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
the dictionary overrides the value of a in the global area of the module.
>>> eval("a", {"a":2} )

2
Here we pass a variable named a in the locals dictionary. The inner namespacelocalsoverrides the
value of the a global dictionary.
interpreters,
and compilers
>>> eval("a",{"a":2}
, {"a":3}
)

and we
exceptions
Continuing this example, here
use a local a (that is, local to the func() function). You can see that the a
in the local area takes precedence over the a in the global area (where we set a to 1).
>>> def func(): File input/output

...
a=4
...
print eval("a")
...
>>> func()
4
execfile()
Theexecfile(file,Working
[globals],
with SQL [locals])
and JDBC(TM)function acts just like the exec statement, except
that it reads the contents of a file and executes it. As with eval, you can specify globals and locals
and Java
arguments. Execfile()Python
may seem
a lot applets
like import() , but the code executed with it acts as if it were
executed in the current namespace. There is no namespace management with execfile as when a module is
imported.
numerous
code
samples world'
make this from
book a string.
useful learning experience.
Here's an example ofand
exec
printing
'hello
Whether
you are aworld'"
>>> exec "print
'hello
hello world application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
As an exercise, create a text file containing Python code that prints 'hello world' to the console. Then, in
the interactive interpreter, read and execute the file with execfile().
Summary
777
and
Enterprise
Applications
Of all of the chaptersWeb
so far,
this
one was the
most fun to with
write,Jython
simply because Python's numerous built-in
By Richard
Hightower
functions make simple
things even
simpler and impossible things possible. We reviewed a lot from other
chapters, but we also covered many new items, such as functional programming and executing scripts.
Pub Date: June 28, 2002 CONTENTS
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 10. Working

with Strings
Conversion: atoi(),
atof(),
atol()
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Case Change: capitalize(),
Pages: 640 capwords(), swapcases(), lower(), upper()
Contents
Finding: find(), rfind(), index(), rindex(), count(), replace()
Characterized
by easesplitfields(),
of use, richness
of expression,
Splitting and
Joining: split(),
join(),
joinfields()
Stripping and Parsing: lstrip(), rstrip(), strip()
Adjusting Text:
ljust(),
rjust(),
center(),
zfill(), expandtabs()
the two
languages,
when

Argument
Octal 8
capabilities
Decimal 10 and shows the ways that PythonParsing
Exception
Separator
and
FieldEnterprise Applications with Jython covers
Sequence
Function
string m odule
interpreters,
Hexadecimal
16 and compilers
Substring

Namespace
Whitespace
and exceptions
Sooner or later, you'll need to format, parse, or manipulate strings. For these tasks, you'll likely use the functions
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
in the Python string module.
Spend some time
familiarizing
yourself with this module by following along with
the examples in this chapter.
File input/output
Conversion: atoi(),
atof(),
Python's
intrinsic atol()
functions
Formatting,
manipulating
strings
atoi(s[,base]) converts
a stringparsing,
into anand
integer.
The default
is decimal, but you can specify octal 8,
hexadecimal 16, or decimal 10. If 0 is the base, the string will be parsed as a hexadecimal if it has a leading 0x
and as an octal if it has a leading 0. Otherwise, it will be treated as a decimal.

Let's do an example. In this and all other examples in this chapter, you have to first import the string module:
from string import

*. with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Working
Convert"1" to an integer. Python and Java applets
>>> atoi("1")In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
1
Convert"255" to a base 10 integer.
>>> atoi("255",10)
255
Convert"FF" to a base 16 integer.
777
>>> atoi("FF",16)
255
Python
Programming
Theatof(s) function
converts
a string to awith
float.the Java
>>>
1.1

atof("1.1")
Theatol(s[, base])
converts
string
to a long.
Pub Date:
Junea 28,
2002
of
>>> Table
atol("1")
1L Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
>>> atol("255",
16)a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained
0xFFL
application
development. capwords(), swapcases(), lower(),
Change:
capitalize(),
Case
upper()
help those function
new to programming
develop
an understanding
Thecapitalize(word)
capitalizes a given
word
in a string.
>>> capitalize("bill")
'Bill'
Thecapwords(s)
function
capitalizes with
all words
in a string.
Python
Programming
the Java(TM)
>>> str = "bill joy"

>>> str = capwords(str)
>>> print str
Bill Joy
Pythonconverts
basics, including
string formatting,
namespaces,
Theswapcases(s) function
uppercaseoperators,
letters to lowercase
letters and
vice versa.classes, errors,
and exceptions
>>> swapcase("ABC abc 123")

'abc ABC 123'
Fileofinput/output
(Frankly, I don't see the value
this one.)
Python's intrinsic
functions
Thelower(s) function converts
uppercase
letters to lowercase letters.
Formatting,
>>> lower("ABC abc
123")parsing, and manipulating strings
'abc abc 123'
Theupper(s) function converts lowercase letters to uppercase letters.
>>> upper("ABC abc 123")

'ABC ABC 123'
Finding: find(), rfind(), index(), rindex(), count(), replace()

language
and the
Java locate
Development
Kit (JDK).
definitions,
explanations,
The finding functions
in the string
module
a substring
within aTerminology,
string. For example,
substrings
of "Python
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
is fun" are "Pyt", "is", "fun", "n is f", and so forth. Using a substring helps in parsing string data.
Whether
computer
newposition
to programming
or a serious
Thefind(s, sub,
[start],[end])
function
finds user
the first
of a substring
in a given string.
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
You can set the start and stop position arguments, which determine where in the string the Libraries
search willwill
begin and
end. Here's an example:
>>> str = "apple peach pear grapes apple lime lemon"

>>> position = find(str, "pear")
777
Here's a real-world use

of find()
: extracting
text
outJava
of a tag
whenLibraries:
reading inAan
HTML for
file Building
from a server.
Python
Programming
with
the
Class
Tutorial
Create some sample By

text
embedded
in HTML tags.
Richard
Hightower
>>>
#simulated input string from some file
>>> str = "<h1> text we want to extract </h1>"
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Set theTable
start
and stop strings
(the HTML tags).
of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> start = "<h1>"

#html tag
>>> stop = "</h1>"
#html
tag and concise syntax, Python has
of expression,
Find the position of novices
the first and professionals
second strings.alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
>>> begin = find(str,start)
#find the location of the 1st tag
>>> end = find(str,stop)
#find the location of the 2nd tag
Locate the text to beplenty
extracted.
>>>
#compute where the start of the string we want is:
>>> begin = begin + len(start)
application
Extract the text embedded
in thedevelopment.
HTML tags, and display it.
Programming
with the
Java(TM)the
Class text
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building Web
>>>
#usingPython
slice
notation
extract
from
the for
string
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
>>> text = str[begin:end]
>>> print text
text we want to extract
The HTML tags supply the boundaries of the desired text.
rfind(s, sub, [start],[end]) is similar to find(), but it searches the substring from right to
and exceptions
left. Here it finds the last occurrence of "apple" in the str string.
>>> str = "apple orange tangerine apple pear grapes"

>>> rfind(str,"apple")
File input/output
23
>>> find(str, "apple") #find finds the first occurrence

0
index(s, sub, [start],[end])
like and
find()
with
oneJava
difference.
Interfacing with the works
Java APIs
working
with
StreamsWhen find() can't
locate a substring, it returns a 1; when index() can't, it throws an exception.
>>> find(str, "commodore")

-1
>>> index(str, "commodore")
File "D:\Apps\Python\Lib\string.py", line 226, in index
ValueError: substring not found in string.index
rindex(s, sub, [start],[end]) searches from the back of the string for a substring. It's like
rfind(), but throws an exception if it fails.
Find"green" in the str string.
777
>>> str = "blue blue blue green red red red"

>>> rindex(str,"green")
15
Find"purple" .
>>> rindex(str, "purple")

File "<stdin>",
line 1, in ?
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
File
"D:\Apps\Python\Lib\string.py",
line 243, in rindex
Table of
Pages: 640
ValueError:
substring
not found in string.index
Contents
by ease of use,
richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax, Python
has
count(s, sub,Characterized
[start],[end])
finds
the number
of occurrences
of a substring
in a string.
Count"blue" in the
str string.
novices
>>> str = "blue
bluedevelopment.
blue green red red red"
application
>>> count(str, "blue")

3
>>> count(str,
"red")
capabilities
3
Count"red".
replace(str, Python
old,Programming
new, [max])
replaces
one substring
with a new
one. The
argument
with the
Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
formax
Building
Web
specifies the numberand
of occurrences
you want replaced.
The default
all occurrences.
with Jython
covers is
important
topics such as:
Create a string with four "apple" substrings.

>>> str = "apple,interpreters,
apple,and
apple,
compilersapple"
Replace the first "apple"
with "pear"
.
Python
basics, including
and exceptions
>>> replace(str, "apple", "pear", 1)

'pear, apple, apple,
apple'
Object-oriented
Replace every occurrence of
"apple"
with "orange" .
File
input/output
>>> replace(str, Python's

"apple",
intrinsic"orange")
functions
'orange, orange, orange, orange'
Splitting and Joining:

split(), splitfields(), join(), joinfields()
split(s, [sep], [maxsplit])
Using Python and and
Javasplitfields(s,
Swing to create GUIs [sep], [maxsplit]) both
split a string into a sequence. With the sep argument you can specify what you want to use for the
Working with SQL
andor
JDBC(TM)
separatorthe default is whitespace
(spaces
tabs). The maxsplit optional argument allows you to
specify how many items you want to break up; the default is all.
Here, with one line of code, we parse an address containing five fields. (Try to do this with Java, C, Delphi, or
Visual Basicyou can't.)
and numerous
code samples make thisMain
book aSt.,
useful learning
experience.
>>> input_string
= "Bill,Gates,123
WA, 65743"
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
fname, lname, street, state, zip = split(input_string,",")

print """Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
Name: %(fname)s
%(lname)s
give
you
insight
into
the
Street: %(street)s
%(state)s, %(zip)s""" % locals()
777
Name: Bill Gates

Street: 123 Main St.
WA, 65743
A Few Things to Note

You can assignISBN:

multiple
variables to a sequence (Chapter 12).
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Thelocals() built-in function
(Chapter 9) returns a dictionary that contains the

variables
in
a
local
namespace,
so
the
statement
>>> locals()["lname"]
returns
'Gates'
This tutorial
begins with
coverage
of some of or
thesequences
basics of Python
Using
The% format
string operator
works
with dictionaries
(Chapterprogramming.
3).
Here we demonstrate that split() and splitfields() do the same thing:
>>> split (input_string)
application'Main',
development.'St.,', 'WA,', '65743']
['Bill,Gates,123',
>>> splitfields(input_string)
['Bill,Gates,123', 'Main', 'St.,', 'WA,', '65743']
Here's an example demonstrating

the default
operationconcepts,
for split()
:
Fundamental
programming
including
>>> split("tab\tspace word1 word2

word3\t\t\tword4")
['tab', 'space', Python
'word1',
'word2',
'word3',
'word4']
basics, including operators, string formatting,
and exceptions
join(words, [sep]) and joinfields(words, [sep]) also do the same thing. Here's our last
example showing how to build
an address string
from a sequence
Object-oriented
programming
concepts of fields:
>>> seq = (fname,Filelname,

street, state, zip)
input/output
>>> input_string = join(seq, ",")
>>> print input_string
Bill,Gates,123 Main St., WA, 65743
The next two examples demonstrate the similarities of join() and joinfields():
>>> seq = ("1","2","3","4","5")

>>> join(seq, "#")
'1#2#3#4#5'
>>> joinfields(seq,"#")
'1#2#3#4#5'
language
and the Java
Development
Kit (JDK).strip()
Stripping and
Parsing:
lstrip(),
rstrip(),
When you parse strings, you often need to get rid of whitespace. This is what the stripping functions do. They're
handy and convenient; I think you'll use them quite a bit.
777
Whitespace Variables
Publisher:
Addison
Whitespace is defined
by the
public Wesley
variable whitespace in the string module. This code
Date: June 28, 2002
contains a tab andPub
spaces:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
>>> ofwhitespace
Pages: 640
Contents
'\ 11 '
Thelstrip(s) (left
strip) function
leadinglanguage
whitespace
thethan
left)a in
the string.
remained
a premierremoves
programming
for (on
more
decade,
and isThe
used by
rstrip(s) (rightnovices
strip) function
removes the
trailing
whitespace
therelationship
right). The to
strip(s)
function
and professionals
alike.
In particular,
its (on
close
Java(TM) makes
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
removes both leading and trailing whitespace. Here's an example of all three:
>>> str = "
String
String "
>>> lstrip(str)
'String
String
'
>>> rstrip(str)
'
String
applicationString'
development.
>>> strip(str)
'String
String'
programming
concepts, including
statements,
expressions,
Adjusting Text: Fundamental
ljust(), rjust(),
center(),
zfill(),
expandtabs()
The functions for adjusting text are as handy and convenient as the parsing functions. You'll use them a lot,
particularly for attractive report printing.
and exceptions
Theljust(s, width) function left-justifies a string to a given width. The rjust(s, width)
Object-oriented
programming
concepts centers a string to a given width. Here are
function right-justifies it. The
center(s,
width) function
examples of all three:
File input/output
>>> rjust("String",20)
'
String'
>>> rjust ("str",20)

'
str' with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Interfacing
>>> ljust("String",20)
'String
'
>>> ljust("str",20)
'str
'
>>> center("str",20)
'
str and numerous'code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
>>> center("String",20)
'
String
'
zfill(snum,width) pads a numeric string with leading zeros.
777
>>> zfill("0.1", 10)

'00000000.1'
expandtabs(s,tabsize)
converts tabs
that
equal
the widthAofTutorial
the tabsize
argument.
Python Programming
withinto
thespaces
Java
Class
Libraries:
for Building
Create a string with By

tabs
denoted
by \t.
Richard
Hightower
>>> str = "tab\ttab\ttab\t"

Expand the tabs to five spaces.
Table of
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Contents
expandtabs(str,
Pages:5)
640
'tab
tab
tab '
Expand the tabs to ten
spaces. a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained
>>> expandtabs(str,10)
'tab
tab
tab
'
Expand the tabs to twenty
spaces.begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
This tutorial
>>> expandtabs(str, 20)

'tab
tab
tab
'
Summary

Python Python
Programming
theset
Java(TM)
ClasstoLibraries:
A and
Tutorial
Building
Web in
In its standard distribution,
provideswith
a rich
of functions
manipulate
parsefor
strings
not found
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
other programming languages. My guess is that you'll use these functions a lot.
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 11. Interfacing

with Java
Using the Java APIs

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Java Types
Pages: 640
Contents
Java Constructors
Java ArraysCharacterized
and jarray by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Java Arrays and Methods
Bean Properties
Properties application development.
Java Event Handling
tutorial
SubclassingThis
Java
Classes
Advanced Topics
Summary techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
Python
Applet Programming with the Java(TM) Class
-h option
AWT
Interface
Fundamental programming concepts,Java
including
Base class
API statements, expressions,
Bean
JFC
and
exceptions
Built-in
object
Object wrapper
BufferObject-oriented programming concepts
Packing
File
input/output
Content
pane
Primitive type

Constructor
Property

strings
Coupling
Public
function
with Java Streams
DesignInterfacing
pattern with the Java APIs and working
self
GUIs
Event Using Python and Java Swing to create
Superclass
Event Working
handler with SQL and JDBC(TM) Subclass
Event Python
listenerand Java applets
Typecode
In
addition,
the book contains instructions for
First
class object
Typedownloading
signature and installing the Python
and
numerous code samples make this book
Frame
Unicode
Whether
get() and you
set()are
methods
Java's vast array of application
programming
interfaces
(APIs) and
helpthe
youknow-how
build GUIs,
optimize
network
give you insight
into the power
of Python
to put
it to work.
communications, create distributed objects, build components, work with databases, and design Web
applications. This chapter is about how to use them with Jython.
777
Downloading the Java Documentation
Publisher:
Addison go
Wesley
To get the most out
of this chapter,
to the JavaSoft site (http://www.java.sun.com) and
Pub
Date:
June 28, 2002
download the Java
API
documentation.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Using the Java APIs
premier
programming
more thansession.
a decade,
and two
is used
by from the
To see how easy it isremained
to use thea Java
APIs,
follow alonglanguage
with thisfor
interactive
Import
classes
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
Java package javax.swing: JFrame and JButton. (We'll cover these classes in depth in Chapter 13.)
>>> from javax.swing
import JFrame, JButton
Create an instance ofThis
each.
>>> frame = JFrame()
>>> button = techniques.
JButton("Hello
Java
APIs")the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
For experienced
programmers,
(Note that you create Java instances and Python instances in the same way.)
Add the button instance to the content pane.
covers
importantto
topics
suchcontent
as:
>>> pane = frame.getContentPane()
# get
access
the
pane
>>> pane.add(button)
# add the button to the content pane
javax.swing.JButton
... programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
Fundamental
Pack the components in the frame.
>>> frame.pack()
Make the frame visible.
>>>
>>>
>>>
...
...
>>>

and exceptions
frame.visible = 1
# make the frame visible
File input/output
# define the function that does the event handling
def button_clicked(event):
print "Hello from Java APIs!!!!"
button.actionPerformed = button_clicked
#set up the event handler
Figure 11-1 shows the output you get after clicking the button several times. Figure 11-2 shows the form we just
created.
Working
with11-1.
SQLOutput
and JDBC(TM)
Figure
from the Button Event
777
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Figure 11-2. JFrame Form
Java classes are pretty much like Python classes. Importing classes are the same in the two languages, except that
Java classes come from
packages
whereas with
Python
come
fromLibraries:
modules.AThere
are afor
few
other slight
Python
Programming
theclasses
Java(TM)
Class
Tutorial
Building
Web
differences, which we'll
cover
later,
that
don't
change
the
basic
similarities.
Java Types

In this section we're going to cover how Python handles the conversion from Java types when you pass
arguments to Java methodsPython
and when
those
methodsoperators,
return values.
though,namespaces,
let's briefly cover
theerrors,
Java basic
basics,
including
stringFirst,
formatting,
classes,
types:
and exceptions
boolean contains true or false
File input/output
char contains Unicode characters

byte contains 8-bit signed integers
short contains 16-bit signed integers
int contains 32-bit signed integers
long contains 64-bit signed integers
float contains 32-bit floating-point numbers

double contains 64-bit floating-point numbers

String contains
Unicode
charactersKit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
languagea string
and theofJava
Development
array contains arrays of objects or primitive types

777
Primitive versus Basic Types
Publisher:
I define as Java basic
types Addison
all of theWesley
primitive types plus any classes that have special operators or
literal notation. Thus,
for example,
can add String instances together using the + operator,
Pub Date:
June 28,you
2002
and you can create them
using
literals, so, by definition, strings are a basic Java type. I hope this
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
terminology catchesPages:
on. 640
Contents
Passing Arguments
Javaprogramming
Methods language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained to
a premier
One of the key differences
calling
methods
Java and calling
in Python
is that Java
expects Java
the twobetween
languages,
when
used inincombination,
idealthem
for Web
and distributed
enterprise
types. At first, this may
seem complex,
but Jython takes care of all of the conversion transparently. All you need
application
development.
to know is how a Java type maps to the corresponding Python type so that, for example, when you read the Java
API documentation you
which
Python
to pass
a particular
method.
Thisknow
tutorial
begins
with type
coverage
of to
some
of the basics
of Python programming. Using
Java has many more help
basicthose
typesnew
thantoPython
has. Fordevelop
example,
Python Float
is like the
double.
programming
anthe
understanding
of concepts
andJava
practical
Python has no Double
, so youFor
can experienced
use Floatprogrammers,
whenever youthe
need
a Java
double Python's
or float
.
techniques.
book
demonstrates
breadth
of
Again, Java has three ways to describe an integerbyte,short, and intwhich take up varying levels of
space. Python has just one integer type, Integer, that can take the place of any Java integer type. Fewer types
mean less to worry about
andProgramming
remember. with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
Table 11-1 shows the mapping from Java types to Python types for calling Java methods. Notice that eleven Java
types map to only five Python types. The Python Integer alone corresponds to four Java types ( boolean,
byte,short, and int).Fundamental
The Python String
type concepts,
corresponds
to threestatements,
Java types.expressions,
programming
including
Getting Return Values from Java Methods

and exceptions
Jython converts the values returned from Java methods to Python types. Table 11-2 lists these mappings. The
conversion also works withObject-oriented
Java primitive-type
object wrappers,
programming
conceptsas illustrated in Table 11-3.
File input/output
Let's use the Java class Float to demonstrate the Python conversion of basic Java data types. Float, from
thejava.lang package, converts
variousparsing,
Java basic
to a Java float
Formatting,
andtypes
manipulating
strings .
In particular, we'll look at the
following
Float
methods:
Interfacing
with
the Java
static Float valueOf(String str) converts a string to a float

float floatValue() gets the primitive float wrapped in a Float instance

static boolean isInfinite(float v) Boolean checks to see if the float is

infinite and returns
a primitive
In addition,
Table 11-1. Java/Python Type Mapping
777
Java
PythonPython
Web and
Enterprise
Applications
String
(must
have lengthwith
1) Jython
char
boolean
Integer (false = zero, true = nonzero)
byte,short,int, Publisher:
Integer
Addison Wesley
long
Long
(in the
Pub Date: June
28,range
2002 of Java long or integer)
float,double
Float
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
java.lang.String
String
Contents
byte[]
String
array[]
Jarray
remained
Table
11-2.
Java/Python
Type
Mappings
for Return
Values
This
tutorial
begins
with coverage
of some
of the basics
of Python
programming. Using
new to programming
Java Basic Type help those
Returned
Python Type
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
book
char
One-characterString"a" orthe
'a'
butdemonstrates
not "ab" Python's breadth of
boolean
Integer
(true = 1, false = 0)
application
development.
byte
Integer
Python
short
Integer
int
Integer
long
Long
Fundamental
float,double
Float
java.lang.String String
java.lang.Class Python
JavaClass
(org.python.core.PyJavaClass
)
basics, including
operators, string formatting, namespaces,
classes, errors,
and
exceptions
Instance
PyInstance (org.python.core.PyInstance)
ClassInstance[] Object-oriented
Array (contains
objects ofconcepts
class or subclass of ClassInstance)
programming
File input/output
Table 11-3. Java/Python Mappings for Object Wrappers
Java Object Wrapper Interfacing
Python with
Typethe Java APIs and working with Java Streams
java.lang.Char
String (with one character)
Using
java.lang.Integer Integer
java.lang.Boolean
Integer
Working
java.lang.Byte
Integer
and Java applets
java.lang.Short Python
Integer
java.lang.Long
Long
In addition,
java.lang.Double
languageFloat
and numerous
java.lang.Float
Float
Whether
youthat
are aa method
sophisticated
computer
to programming
a serious
Thestatic keyword
specifies
isn't bound
to a user
class new
instance;
that is, it canorbe
called without a
class instance being created. Static methods in Java are thus like functions defined in Python modules. If you're
confused, follow along with this quick example.
Import the Java class Float.
777
>>> from java.lang import Float
Python
Programming
with
the Java
Demonstrate a function
that returns
a Float
wrapper
object.Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
By Richard
Hightower
>>>
#valueOf
returns
a java.lang.Float
>>> myFloatObject = Float.valueOf("1.1")
>>> type(myFloatObject)
at -1329353172>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Notice
from640
valueOf() (stored in myFloatObject) is converted to a Python
that the value returned
Pages:
Contents
Float
.
Now let's use the isInfinite() method to demonstrate the return of a primitive. In this case,
isInfinite() returns
a primitive Boolean.
>>> myBooleanthe=two
Float.isInfinite(myFloatObject)
application
>>> type(myBoolean) development.
at -820007380>
plenty
of skill-building
programming
Before I can show you
an example
of floatValue()
, I need to explain
Java constructors.
application about
development.
A Reminder
Returning Types in CPython and
Python Programming with theJython
In CPython, types are returned as follows.
Return an Int.

>>> myint = 1
>>> type(myint)
<type 'int'>and exceptions
Return a Float. Object-oriented programming concepts
input/output
>>> myfloat File
= 1.1
>>> type(myfloat)
<type 'float'>
Here's how types are returned in Jython.
Return an Int.
>>> myint = 1
>>> type(myint)
<jclass org.python.core.PyInteger at -820007380>
Return a Float.
>>> myfloat=1.1
>>> type(myfloat)
<jclass org.python.core.PyFloat at -1329353172>

The followingapplication
will work developer,
the same inPython
both Python
and Jython.
IntType
and
Programming
withImport
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
FloatType
from
the
types
module.
>>> from types import IntType, FloatType
777
Test to see if myint is IntType. If so, print "Integer type".
>>> if(type(myint)==IntType):print
"Integer
Python Programming with the Java Class
Libraries: type"
Integer type
Test to see if myfloat is FloatType; if so, print "Float type".

>>> if(type(myfloat==FloatType)):print "Float type"

Float type Pub Date: June 28, 2002
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Java Constructors
All instances of Java classes are of type Instance ( org.python.core.PyInstance). Here I use a
constructor to create a date. In Java, as in Python, a constructor is a method in a class, so this example
demonstrates a method returning an instance of class Date.
>>> from java.util import Date

>>> date = Date()
>>> type(date)
<jclass org.python.core.PyInstance at -1204237921>

capabilities
and shows
ways in
thatJython,
Pythonhowever.
interfaces
with Java
for PyInstance
professional
Constructors don't behave
like regular
Java the
methods
Instead,
theyAPIs
convert
s
application
development.
of the class even if the class is a Java primitive wrapper. (Remember, methods that return primitive wrappers are
converted to the corresponding Python types.) In this context, the Integer and Float constructors return
PyInstances.
Import the Java primitive wrappers Integer and Float.

>>> from java.lang import Integer, Float
Create the Java primitive wrapper Integer with the constructor, and view its type.
and exceptions
>>> i = Integer(1)
>>> type(i)
File input/output
Create the Java primitive wrapper Float with the constructor, and view its type.
>>> f = Float(1.1)
>>> type (f)
As you can see, the primitive types don't come back as corresponding Python types but as PyInstances.
Conversely, the valueOf()
class
Integer
and class
Float returns the Java primitive object
Usingmethod
Pythonofand
Java
Swing to create
GUIs
wrappers Integer and Float, respectively, which are converted to corresponding Python types. In short, the
Working
SQL
and JDBC(TM)
rules that apply to Java methods
don'twith
apply
to Java
constructors.
Now back to floatValue()
Here's
anapplets
example of Python converting the Java return values of int and
Python. and
Java
float to Python Integer and Float:
>>> type(i.intValue())
at book
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and numerous code samples make this

>>> type(f.floatValue())
at -1329353172>
Convert the object wrapper instance java.lang.Float to PyFloat.
777
>>> type(Float.valueOf("1.1"))
<jclass org.python.core.PyFloat at -1329353172>
Convert the object wrapper

java.lang.Float
PyInteger
Pythoninstance
Programming
with the Java to
Class
Libraries: .A Tutorial for Building
>>> type(Integer.valueOf("1"))
<jclass org.python.core.PyInteger at -820007380>
By the way, instances of Java classes used to be of type JavaInstance

(org.python.core.PyJavaInstance), but that changed with the release of Jython 1.1.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
from org.python.core
import
Contents
>>>
PyJavaInstance
>>> type(b)==PyJavaInstance
0
the two
languages,
idealMinutiae
For
Beginners:
Why the
You can program

Python
without
how Python
takes of
care
of Java
types. However,
This in
tutorial
begins
withunderstanding
coverage of some
of the basics
Python
programming.
Using
when you dealplenty
with of
theskill-building
more advanced
Java APIs,
the minutiae
we're dealingsessions,
with here
may
exercises
and interactive
programming
this
book will
become important.
The good
news
is that Jython
takes an
care
of all Java type
conversion
help those
new to
programming
develop
understanding
of concepts
and practical
transparently,techniques.
so 95 percent
the time youprogrammers,
don't need to the
worry.
that other 5 Python's
percent that
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Forofexperienced
bookIt'sdemonstrates
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Java ArraysPython
and Programming
jarray with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
The closest thing to a Java array in Python is a tuple. Remember that a tuple is immutable and a list is mutable.
Like a list, a Java array is mutable but, like a tuple, it's of fixed length. You may think that a tuple or a list is a
likely candidate for an array, but that's not exactly the case. You see, an array is like a homogeneous tuple or
listevery item in it is of the same type; but a tuple is heterogeneousitems in it can be of different types. A lot
of Java methods have JavaPython
arrays as
arguments,
so when
you pass
anformatting,
array to a Java
method, Python
to
basics,
including
operators,
string
namespaces,
classes,has
errors,
guarantee that it will be homogeneously
typed.
and exceptions
Just a note: Because they'reObject-oriented
strongly typed, programming
Java arrays canconcepts
hold Java objects or primitive types.
Jython adds PyArray class support for Java arraysorg.python.core.PyArray to be exact.
File input/output
Instances of PyArray are returned from Java methods that return Java arrays. You need to create instances of
PyArray to pass to Java Python's
methodsintrinsic
that require
arrays. Python makes creating a PyArray painless with the
functions
jarray module, which defines two public functions, described in Table 11-4.
No Built-In Java Objects
A Java object is only an instance of a class. There are no other object types, so there are no built-in
Java objects as there are in Python. The closest things Java has to Python's built-in objects are
strings and arrays, which
special
syntax.
Pythonrequire
and Java
applets
Table 11-4. jarray Public Functions
Function
Description
give you insight
array(sequence,
Creates an array of a specific type with values from the sequence; the
array is the same size as the sequence
type)
777
zeros(length,
type)
Creates an empty array the length of the length parameter

Thetype argumentPython
for bothProgramming
zeros() andwith
array()
can be either a string or a Java class object. You can
use a single-character string typecode to specify that the array will hold primitive values. Table 11-5 shows the
typecodes and their primitive types.
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
Here's an example of creating
arrays
with the
array() and zeros() methods from the jarray module.
Create a Boolean array using

the array()
method.
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
from jarray import array, zeros
>>> seq = (1,0,1,0,1,0)
>>> booleanArray
= aarray(seq,
'z')language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained
premier programming
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>>> booleanArray
array([1, 0, This
1, tutorial
0, 1,begins
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boolean)
>>> print `booleanArray`

array([1, 1, techniques.
1, 1, 1,
0], boolean)
See what type it is.
>>> booleanArray
Programming
the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
array([1, 0, Python
1, 0,
1, 0], with
boolean)
>>> print `booleanArray`

array([1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 0],programming
boolean)concepts, including statements, expressions,
Fundamental
Typecode
'z'
'c'
'b'
'h'
'i'
'l'
'f'
'd'

Table 11-5. Typecodes and Primitive types
and exceptions
Primitive Type
Object-oriented programming boolean
concepts
char
byte
Python's intrinsic functions short
int
long strings
Interfacing with the Java APIs float
double
File input/output

Change its values.
>>> booleanArray[1]=1
>>> booleanArray[3]=1
>>> booleanArray
array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0], boolean)
and
numerousoncode
samples
thisonbook
a useful(alearning
You can use the same
operations
an array
that make
you use
a sequence
tuple orexperience.
a list). Here's an example:
Whether
>>> for boolean
inyou
booleanArray:
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developer,
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print `boolean`
give
you
insight
into
the
...
1
1
1
1
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1
0
>>> len(booleanArray)
6
Even though an array isPub

mutable,
it's still of fixed length; that means that you can't append to it as you can a
Date: June 28, 2002
Python list. If you try, you'll get an attribute error.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
booleanArray.append(1)
Contents
>>>
Characterized
by ease1,
of use,
File "<console>",
line
in richness
?
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for more than a decade, and
AttributeError: instance of 'org.python.core.PyArray'
hasis used
no by
attribute 'appen
Let's create an array the
withtwo
thelanguages,
zeros()when
method.
>>> IntArray = zeros(10,'i')

>>> print IntArray
of skill-building
interactive
array([0, 0, plenty
0, 0,
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0, 0,and0],
int)programming sessions, this book will
As the above example
shows, you
can
think of PyArray
essentially
as demonstrates
a Python built-in
type that's
specific
techniques.
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programmers,
the book
Python's
breadth
of to
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Jython
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for integrating
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Java, PyArray
s areJava
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shows
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interfaces with
APIs fortoprofessional
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(when returned fromapplication
a Java method).
Creating one is easy with Jython's jarray module.
Java Arraysand
and
Methods
Enterprise
Let's see some examples of using arrays to get values from and pass values to Java methods. We'll use three
Fundamental
programming
including
statements,
expressions, , and
methods of the Java String
class (from
the java.langconcepts,
package):
valueOf()
,getBytes()
interpreters,
compilers
getChar(), which are described
in and
Table
11-6.
Pythontakes
basics,
including
string
namespaces,
classes,
errors,
Since the valueOf() method
char[]
asoperators,
an argument,
weformatting,
need to create
an array of
primitive
type
and
exceptions
char. In Java the [] notation denotes an array.
Table 11-6. Example Java String Class Methods
File input/output
Method
Description
static String valueOf(char[] data)
Converts an array of primitive type
Formatting, parsing, and manipulating stringschar into a string
byte[] getBytes()
Returns
byte data associated
Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with
Java the
Streams
with a string
Using
Python and Java
to create GUIsCopies characters from the string
void getChars(int
srcBegin,
intSwing
srcEnd,
char [] dst, int dstBegin)
into a char array
Importjava.lang.String and jarray.array.

>>> from java.lang import String

>>> from jarray import array
and numerous
samples make
this bookJava
a useful
Create a sequence whose
items cancode
be converted
into primitive
type learning
char. experience.
user new'o',
to programming
or a serious
>>> seq = ('H','e','l','l',
'o', computer
' ', 'W',
'r', 'l'
, 'd')
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
>>> seq
give you
insight
into the
of Python
and the
know-how
put it to work.
('H', 'e', 'l',
'l',
'o',
' power
', 'W',
'o',
'r',
'l',to 'd')
Use the array() method to create a PyArray of primitive Java type char.
777
>>> data = array(seq, 'c')
>>> data #Display

just to show
you
what
in it.
Python Programming
with the
Java
Classis
Libraries:
array(['H', 'e',
'l',
'l',Applications
'o', ' ',
'W',
'o', 'r', 'l', 'd'], char)
Web and
Enterprise
with
Jython
ThevalueOf() method, which takes a char[]argument (a char array), takes the array of Java primitive
chars and turns it intoPublisher:
a Java string
.
Addison Wesley
>>> str = String.valueOf(data)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
print
of str
Pages:
640
Hello
World
Contents
ease of use,
Use getBytes()Characterized
to demonstratebyreturning
an array.
>>> hi = String("Hello
Cruel alike.
World")
>>> bytes = hi.getBytes()
>>> bytes
#display
what is in bytes
application
development.
array([72, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 67, 114, 117, 101, 108, 32, 87, 111, 114,
Thisbyte)
108, 100],
plenty
skill-building
and interactive
programming
sessions, to
this book
will
>>> chr(bytes[0])of #The
chr exercises
function
converts
an integer
a character
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
'H'
capabilities
and(Java
showsarray),
the ways
thatthe
Python
interfaces
APIs
for professional
In Java, you often supply
the buffer
which
method
fills withwith
the Java
output
results.
The
getChars() method
expectsdevelopment.
a character buffer (char array), but it doesn't matter what's in it because it's
application
only for output. Thus, we can use the jarray.zeros() method to create an empty, or zero-initialized,
buffer.
Importzeros() and String() .
Fundamental
>>> from jarray import
zeros
interpreters,
andString
compilers
>>> from java.lang
import
Create an instance of java.lang.String
. operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
>>> hi = String("Here we are now")

Use the zeros() method to create the char array, dst.
File input/output
>>> dst = zeros(10, 'c')

Use the getChars() method to fill dst.
>>> hi.getChars(0,10, dst, 0)

>>> print dst
array(['H', 'e', 'r', 'e', ' ', 'w', 'e', ' ', 'a', 'r'...], char)
Dealing with Java arrays in Python demonstrates how the Python language keeps things simple.
Bean PropertiesPython and Java applets

With Jython, you can use JavaBeans properties like instance attributes, which makes it easy to interact with Java
classes. You can also use them as keyword arguments to Java class constructors (like Tcl/Tk).
777
About JavaBeans
Addison
Wesley
JavaBeans have Publisher:
properties and
events,
much like ActiveX controls, which are a lot like OLE
Date:
28, 2002
controls (OCXs),Pub
which
areJune
like Visual
Basic controls (VBX). To make a short story long,
JavaBeans allow IDEISBN:
(Integrated
Development Environments) to do mundane things that you used
0-201-61616-5
Table of
to have to write codePages:
for. 640
Contents
ease of
use, richness
of expression,
Python
has
In Java, you need theCharacterized
set() and by
get()
methods
to define
a property. and
Let'sconcise
say thatsyntax,
you create
a property
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
calledname that you want to be both read and write. You can define two methods for it.
public void setName(String
the two languages, whenname)
public Stringapplication
getName()
development.
(By the way, void in
Java
meansbegins
that the
method
doesn't
returnofanything.)
wantprogramming.
name to be read-only,
This
tutorial
with
coverage
of some
the basicsIfofyou
Python
Using
define only the getName()
method.
In Python, you can access
the name
property as follows
(assuming
you defined
the methods
in abreadth
class called
techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
the book
demonstrates
Python's
of
myJavaClass). capabilities and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
>>> instance = myJavaClass()

>>> instance.name
= "Rick"with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python Programming
>>> print instance.name
Rick
You can also set name when
you call the
constructor. concepts, including statements, expressions,
Fundamental
programming
>>> instance = myJavaClass(name= "Rick")

>>> print instance.name
Rick
and exceptions
Object-oriented
We'll show some real examples
of this laterprogramming
in the chapter.concepts
Properties
File input/output

Sometimes properties are more complex than basic Java typesfor example, a property can be a type of class.
and
manipulating
You can set properties thatFormatting,
expect classparsing,
instances
with
tuples that strings
correspond to the constructor of the property
type. (This only works for things like java.awt.Dimension.)
An example of this is the setSize() method of javax.swing.JFrame. The size property expects
and Java
Swing
to create
GUIs integer arguments.
an instance of class Size,Using
whosePython
constructor
expects
width
and height
The following code recaps what we've learned so far about using properties. We'll show how to create a frame
and set its size property with a tuple, and we'll show the frame's visible property. Don't worry that you
don't know JFC/Swing. I'll walk you through it.
Import the JFrame class.
and numerousimport
code samples
JFrame
Create a JFrame instance.
>>> f = JFrame()
What happens? Nothing. That's because the default for creating a JFrame instance is that it be invisible. If we
want it to be visible, we can pass it the visible property keyword argument as follows, or we can just set the
property like any other instance attribute.
777
Python in
Programming
with the Java
Set the visible property
the constructor.
>>> f =

By Richard
Hightower
JFrame
(visible=1)
Set the visible property

as a property.
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
>>> f.visible = 0ISBN: 0-201-61616-5

of
>>> Table
f.visible
= 1
Pages: 640
Contents
As you can see, even though visible, the frame isn't very big. We can set the frame size by passing it a size
parameter.
novices and professionals alike.visible=1)
>>> f = JFrame(size=(250,250),
Now we have a big, application
blank frame,development.
which we can make even bigger.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
f.size = This
500,500
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f.background
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f.background
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f.background
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f.background
= 0,255,0
f.background = 255,0,0
Python Programming
f.background
= 0,0,255with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
No, I didn't forget to tell you what the above code does. I didn't want to tell you. I want to shame those of you
who aren't doing the examples into putting down the book and starting to program.
Event Properties

and exceptions
You can think of event properties
as properties that take methods as arguments. As a Java programmer, you can
think of them as a way to implement Java events. In Python, you set an event property so you can be notified
Object-oriented
concepts
when an event happens. Notification
comesprogramming
when the class
instance calls the method you passed to the property
when the event occurred.
File input/output
For example, JButton has an event property called actionPerformed, which represents the button
Python's
intrinsic
functions
being pressed. Whenever this
happens,
the method
passed to actionPerformed is called. This is much
easier to explain with code.
Import the JButton and JFrame classes from the javax.swing package, and create an instance of JFrame.
Set its size at 200,200 pixels, and make it visible.
>>> from javax.swing import JButton, JFrame

>>> f = JFrame(visible=1,
size=(200,200))
Working with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
Define an event handler forPython
JButton
. applets
and Java
>>> def Hello(event):

...
printlanguage
"Hello
World"
and the
...
Create an instance ofWhether
JButton
button, and
pass theuser
event
handler
as the actionPerformed
you called
are a sophisticated
computer
new
to programming
or a serious
property.
>>> button = JButton("Hello World", actionPerformed=Hello)
777
Add the button to the frame, and pack the frame with the components.
>>> f.getContentPane().add(button)
javax.swing.JButton[,0,0,0x0,invalid,layout=javax.swing.OverlayLayout,
alignmentX
...
>>> f.pack()
If you hit the "Hello World" button, you'll see "Hello World" print to the console. Note that the argument
the event handler needs is the event object passed to it.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
youContents
program in Java 1.1 or later, you know that AWT
If
(and JFC) components are handled by passing an
instance of a class that implements a specific event handler interface. In Jython, things are much easier because
Characterized
by ease
use,objects.
functions and methods
are considered
first of
class
Java Event Handling
Here's an example of Java event handling in Jython. It does the same thing the example in the previous section
This tutorial
did but in the Java (Jython)
way. begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
help those newimport
to programming
develop
JFrame,
JButton
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
>>> from java.awt.event import ActionListener
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
>>> class hello(ActionListener):
...
def actionPerformed(self,
event):
...
...
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
print "Hello"
f = JFrame()
b = JButton("Hello from Java Events")

hi = hello() Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
b.addActionListener(hi)
f.getContentPane().add(b)
f.pack()
f.visible = 1and exceptions
I think you'll prefer the more

Pythonesque way
of doing things
because it's brief and easy. Unfortunately,
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
however, you need to know the Java way to understand the Jython way. For example, the only way to know that
JButton supports an event
is to know that it supports the method addActionListener(),
Fileproperty
input/output
and that addActionListener() takes an instance of the ActionListener interface (an interface is
intrinsic functions has a method called actionPerformed(). In
a totally abstract class), andPython's
that ActionListener
other words, the inventors of Jython expect you to know the Java event model.
So then, Jython isn't really for beginners. To help in this regard, I've created a module to let you inspect the Java
with the Java
and
with
event model, and I've addedInterfacing
a section explaining
it inAPIs
detail
soworking
that when
youJava
readStreams
the Java APIs you'll know
how the events map.
Thejinfo Module Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)

andallows
Java applets
I've created a module calledPython
jinfo that
you to inspect Java class event properties. Let's look at JButton
(javax.swing.JButton).
language
andJButton
Import the jinfo module
and the
class.
>>> from jinfo import *

Whether you are
a sophisticated
import
JButton
give you insight
into the
power
Python
and the know-how
to put .it to work.
Use the getEventsInfo()
method
to view
theofevents
associated
with JButton
>>> getEventsInfo(JButton, 1)
>>>
777
Nothing happened here

because
the events associated
JButton
are defined
in JButton
's superclass.
Python
Programming
with the with
Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Thus, we need to find
out and
whatEnterprise
that superclass
is.
Web
Applications
with Jython
>>> JButton.superclass
<jclass javax.swing.AbstractButton
at 1250890579>
Now we can query its events.
>>>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
from javax.swing 640
import AbstractButton
Contents
>>> getEventsInfo(AbstractButton)
Characterized
by ease of use, richness offor
expression,
and interface
concise syntax, Python has
[<beanEventProperty
itemStateChanged
event
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
java.awt.event.ItemListener at -1327819950>,
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to Java(TM)
<beanEventProperty actionPerformed for event interface
jav makes
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
a.awt.event.ActionListener at -1284828334>,
application
development.
<beanEventProperty stateChanged for event interface
javax.swing.event.ChangeListener at -1331489966>]
of skill-building
interactive
The code above is a plenty
little hard
to read, so I'llexercises
show youand
another
way toprogramming
use the getEventsInfo()
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and practical
information.
>>> events = capabilities
getEventsInfo(AbstractButton)
>>> len (events)
3
>>> printEventProperty(events[0])
Event Property:
itemListener
Defined in:
java.awt.event.ItemListener
Event:
java.awt.event.ItemEvent
Event properties Python

for basics,
java.awt.event.ItemEvent:
itemSelectable
and exceptions Type: org.python.core.PyBeanProperty
stateChange
Type: org.python.core.PyBeanProperty
item
org.python.core.PyBeanProperty
Object-oriented Type:
programming
concepts
File input/output
Public Event fields
for java.awt.event.ItemEvent:
static final ITEM_FIRST
Type: int
intrinsic functions
static finalPython's
ITEM_LAST
Type: int
static final ITEM_STATE_CHANGED
Type: int
static finalFormatting,
SELECTED
Type: int
static finalInterfacing
DESELECTED
Type: int
Now you can look up the event information in the class's java.awt.event.ItemListener interface
andjava.awt.event.ItemEvent class in the Java API documentation. The properties that the event
passes to itemListener
are also
shown.
Working
with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
Let's do another example. We're
with
this event because we've used it in many of the previous examples.
Pythonfamiliar
and Java
applets
>>> printEventProperty(events[1])
Event Property:
actionListener
Defined in:
java.awt.event.ActionListener
Event:
java.awt.event.ActionEvent
Event properties
java.awt.event.ActionEvent:
give youfor
insight
modifiers
actionCommand
777
Public Event fields for java.awt.event.ActionEvent:
static
static
static
static
static
static
static
Table of
final
Type:
intA Tutorial for Building
PythonSHIFT_MASK
Programming with the Java Class
Libraries:
final
CTRL_MASK
Type: int
Web and
final
META_MASK
Type: int
By Richard
Hightower
final ALT_MASK
Type: int
final
ACTION_FIRST
Type: int
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
final
ACTION_LAST
Type: int
final ISBN:
ACTION_PERFORMED
Type: int
0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Contents
We can
use this information to determine which classes to look up in the documentation: ActionListener
andActionEvent. We can use the fields from ActionEvent in our event handler. The following code
uses this information to display the Modifiers and ActionCommand of ActionEvent:
import JButton,
JFrame
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
>>> f = JFrame(visible=1)
application
development.
>>> b = JButton("Hello")
>>> def hello(event):

...
print "Modifiers: " + èvent.modifiers`
...
print "ActionCommand: " + èvent.actionCommand`
...
>>> b.actionPerformed = hello
>>> f.contentPane.add(b)
javax.swing.JButton[,0,0,0x0,invalid,layout=javax.swing.OverlayLayout,`
alignmentX
...
...
>>> f.pack()
Try hitting the button a fewinterpreters,
times. You'll
seecompilers
that you can print out the attributes of the event based on the
and
information obtained using getEventsInfo() and printEventProperty(). If you want to know
basics,
including
string java.awt.event.ActionEvent
what the properties for the Python
event were
used
for, lookoperators,
them up under
and
exceptions
in the Java documentation.
Advanced Topic: The JavaBeans Event Model in Detail

File input/output
The Java 1.1 event model was introduced so that you would no longer have to subclass a GUI component in
Python's
intrinsic
functions
order to handle events, as you
did with
the Java
1.0 version. JFC, AWT, and JavaBeans use the version 1.1 event
model, which defines the following:
Interfacing
Source the origin of
the eventwith the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Using
Python
Javathat
Swing
to create
GUIs
Listener a class that
listens
for anand
event,
is, the
event handler
SQL and JDBC(TM)
Event informationWorking
about thewith
event
In this model, to define an Python
event you
subclass a class from EventObject, which contains event
andhave
Javatoapplets
information. One piece of information is the source property, which provides the event's origin. In our last
In addition,instance
the bookcalled
contains
instructions
downloading
and installing theinstance
Python passed
example, we had a JButton
b, which
was thefor
source
of the ActionEvent
Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
explanations,
to the event method language
handler (inand
thethe
lastJava
example
this method
was called
hello()definitions,
).
An event listener registers itself with the event source, which notifies the listener when the event happens by
you aremust
a sophisticated
computer
new tosource
programming
a serious
calling a method on Whether
it. All listeners
implement the
methoduser
the event
needs toor
call.
To do so they
have to implement aapplication
listener interface.
An interface is like an abstract Java class, so it can't be instantiated. It defines a contract between the event
source and the event listener. Classes that want to listen for ActionEvents, for example, must implement the
ActionListener interface. All listener interfaces must extend the java.util.EventListener
interface.
777
Python
Programming
the that
Java
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Classes that act as event
sources
must define with
methods
allow
event
listeners to
register themselves.
These
Web
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
methods typically take the form addXXListener(XXListener listener) and
removeXXListener(XXListener
listener), where XX is the event name. The class maintains a
list of listeners registered for that event. When the event occurs, the event source class has the code to notify
them.
The individual methods in the

listener
interface need only one argument, of type Event. For example,
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
XXListener
's methodsPages:
take one
argument of XXEvent. Let's say you've written a class that monitors stock
640
Contents
prices (we'll call it StockPriceChecker), which acts as an event source for an event called
StockPrice. AsCharacterized
the stock pricebyrises
falls richness
above orofbelow
certainand
levels,
the class
sends
out has
easeand
of use,
expression,
concise
syntax,
Python
StockPrice events
to all classes
thatprogramming
are registeredlanguage
to receive
remained
a premier
forthem.
more than a decade, and is used by
TheStockPriceChecker
class has
the following
methods forideal
registering
the two languages,
when
for WebStockPriceEvent
listener objects:
help those new to programming develop an understanding listener)
removeStockPriceListener(StockPriceListener
capabilities
andmight
shows
thethe
ways
that Python
interfaces
with Java
forStockPrice
professional
TheStockPriceEvent
class
have
following
methods
that provide
dataAPIs
on the
event:
addStockPriceListener(StockPriceListener listener)
getPrice()
returns a float
andEnterprise
getName() returns the name of the stock
Contained in StockPriceEvent
thecompilers
data that StockPriceChecker sends out to the
interpreters, isand
StockPrice event listeners.
TheStockPriceListener
interface can have the following methods, which define specific occurrences
and exceptions
of events:
priceDropped(StockPriceEvent
event)
File input/output
priceIncreased(StockPriceEvent
Python's intrinsic functions event)
Any class implementing theFormatting,
interface can
register
with
the event source,
parsing,
and
manipulating
strings StockPriceChecker, to receive
StockPrice events.
Design Patterns
Java is chockful of design

are ways to organize classes and objects to solve
Pythonpatterns.
and JavaThese
applets
recurring software engineering problems. The Java event model is an example of the
Observer/Observable
design
also known
as Publish
and Subscribe.
Itsinstalling
purpose is
reduce
In addition,
the pattern,
book contains
instructions
for downloading
and
thetoPython
coupling of the
source and the sink
listener). Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
language
Java (the
Development
Once you've mastered Python programming and read Object-Oriented Analysis and D esign with
Applications (Booch,
sure to readcomputer
Design Patterns
et al., 1995).
Whether1994),
you aremake
a sophisticated
user new(Gamma
to programming
or a serious
give you insight into the power
of in
Python
andyou
thedon't
know-how
put it to work.
Now, if you use the StockPriceChecker
class
Python,
have totoimplement
the
StockPriceListener interface and register an instance with StockPriceChecker.
StockPriceChecker has two event properties corresponding to the methods in the interface of
StockPriceListenerpriceDropped and priceIncreasedso you can pass an event
handler function that has one argument, which is passed as StockEvent.
777

If you're confused atPython
this point,
fear not. We'll do lots of examples using both Python and Java event handling
when we cover GUI programming in Chapter 13.
Technical Tip: Bean Introspection
Table of
Jython uses
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
640
the beanPages:
introspection
features
of Java, which provide the ability to inspect a bean's

properties, events, and methods. Any Java class can be a bean if it follows certain design patterns
Characterized
by ease of use,
richness of
expression,
andnaming
conciseconventions,
syntax, Python has
in method, interface,
and class-naming
conventions.
Also,
instead of
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
andtoisactions
used by
developers can define BeanInfo classes that describe the methods corresponding
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
such as event registration.
Subclassing Java Classes
You can subclass Java
classes
classes. Here's
an example
of subclassing
the Java
class
help
those like
newPython
to programming
develop
an understanding
of concepts
and
practical
java.util.Date
(from MyDate.py):
capabilities
and Date
from java.util
import
class MyDate(Date):
def __init__(self,
num=None):
if num is None:
Date.__init__(self)
else:
Date.__init__(self,
num)
interpreters,
and compilers
def __str__(self):
str Python
= Date.toString(self)
and
exceptions
str = "MyDate: " + str
return str
Working with JavaFile

Constructors
input/output
Python's
functions constructor, just as you do in regular Python. As we
When you subclass a Java class,
youintrinsic
call its superclass's
saw, the MyDate.py example subclassed the Date class from java.lang and defined two constructors that
calledDate's base class constructors.
with
the Java APIs and working
with
Java
As an exercise, look up theInterfacing
constructors
of java.lang.Date
in the
Java
APIStreams
documentation. You'll find
them in a section called Constructor Summary.
The constructor of Date is defined in Java as
Date ()
You call it from Python like this:

Date.__init__(self)
The second constructor of Date is defined in Java as
Date (long date)
You call it from Python like this:
777
Date.__init__(self, num)
Here's how to call both

Date
constructors: with the Java
Python
Programming
class

MyDate(Date):
def __init__(self, num=None):

ifPublisher:
num is
None:
Addison Wesley
Date.__init__(self)
else:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Date.__init__(self, num)
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
In Java, constructors are special language constructs that always have the same name as that of their class. In
Characterized
ease of
use, __init__
syntax,
Python, the constructor
is always a by
method
called
. You call and
Javaconcise
constructors
in Python
Python has
just as you
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
do Python constructors; however, you can only do so in your subclass's constructor.
Working with application
Java Methods
development.
When subclassing a This
Java tutorial
class, you
can call
methodsoffrom
Java
class
youprogramming.
can from a Python
begins
withall
coverage
somea of
thebase
basics
of that
Python
Usingbase
class. In our MyDate.py
example,
we subclass
Date and
and interactive
add a __str__
method.sessions, this book will
plenty
of skill-building
exercises
programming
def __str__(self):
str = Date.toString(self)
str = "MyDate:
" + str
return str
Unlike Python methods,
Java methods
can be overloaded,
which
essentially
means
that
a Java
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as: class can have
several methods with the same name. An example of this is java.io.OutputStream, which defines
threewrite() methods:
abstract void write(int b)

void write(byte[]
b)
and exceptions
void write (byte[]
b, int
off, concepts
int len)
Object-oriented
programming
As you can see, these methods
be called with different argument types.
File can
input/output
To subclass OutputStream
, weintrinsic
need a way
to override any or all of the write() methods. The following
Python's
functions
example shows how to do this. (Before we get started, however, read up on the OutputStream class in the
Java API documentation.) Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
from java.io import

OutputStream
Interfacing
import types
class OutputScreen (OutputStream):

Working with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
def write (self,
b=None,
off=None, len=None):
if (type(b) is types.IntType):
print b
elif
(off
is contains
None):
print
language and the Java b
else:
and
print b[off:off+len]
This code imports OutputStream
, a Java
classProgramming
from the java.io
OutputScreen
subclasses
Python
withpackage.
the Java(TM)
Class Libraries
will
OutputStream give
and overrides
its
write()
methods
(all
three
versions).
Thus,
each
clause
of
you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work. the if
statement in write() mimics a different overloaded signature of OutputStream'swrite()s.
777
Overloading
Publisher:like
Addison
Wesley
Strongly typed languages
Java, C++,
and Delphi allow method overloading. In other words,
June 28,
2002
they allow more Pub
thanDate:
one method
with
the same name but different signatures. The type of the
method's arguments defines
the signature. With overloaded methods, the signature determines
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
which method is actually
being
Pages:
640 invoked.
Contents
Python doesn'tCharacterized
allow methodbyoverloading
on type
signatures and
because
it isn't
a strongly
ease of use,based
richness
of expression,
concise
syntax,
Pythontyped
has
language. (Some
may say
it's loosely
typed; Pythonians
prefer
the term
To
remained
a premier
programming
language
for more
than"dynamically
a decade, andtyped.").
is used by
override a method
from
subclass in Python,
theparticular,
class mustitsdefine
method withtothe
same name.
novices
anda professionals
alike. In
closearelationship
Java(TM)
makes
To illustrate, the following
codedevelopment.
mimics the functionality of void write(int b) by determining that the
application
first argument, b, is of type Integer.
if (type(b) is
types.IntType):
plenty
print bhelp those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
This code mimics thecapabilities
functionality
voidthewrite(byte[]b)
by determining
that off
wasn't passed
andofshows
ways that Python interfaces
with Java APIs
for professional
(and that the first type
was
not
Integer
).
elif (off is Python

None):
print and
b Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
This mimics the functionality of void write (byte[]b, int off, int len) by a process of
elimination.
else:
print b[off:off+len]
and exceptions
Let's test each of these scenarios. Start the overload.py module from Jython with the i option and try the
following statements in an Object-oriented
from jarray import

array
File input/output
screenOut = OutputScreen()
screenOut.write(33)
seq = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0xA,0xB,0xC,0xD,0xE,0xF]
bytearray = array(seq,
'b')
Using Python
screenOut.write(bytearray)
screenOut.write(bytearray, 5, 14)

Essentially, we're calling all three write() methods. Here's the code step by step.
Import the array()
function
from
to create JavaKit
byte
arraysTerminology,
(byte[]). definitions, explanations,
language
and
the jarray
Java Development
(JDK).
from jarray import array

Create an OutputScreen
called
ScreenOut
.
applicationinstance
developer,
Python
Programming
screenOut = OutputScreen()
777
Invoke the first form of the write() method, void write(int b).
screenOut.write(33)
Python
Programming
with the
Class
Create a byte array for
an argument
for the second
and Java
third forms
ofLibraries:
write()A. Tutorial for Building
[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0xA,0xB,0xC,0xD,0xE,0xF]
seq =
bytearray = array(seq, 'b')
Invoke the second formPub

of write()
write(byte[] b).
Date: June,void
28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Invoke the last form of write(),void write (byte[]b, int off, int len) .
screenOut.write(bytearray,
5, 14) language for more than a decade, and is used by
The output should bethe two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
33
some
of the
basics
of Python
array([0, 1, This
2, tutorial
3, 4,begins
5, with
6, coverage
7, 8, of9,
10,
11,
12,
13, programming.
14, 15], Using
byte)
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this book will
array([5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], byte)
Advanced Topics
To understand what I'm going to talk about here, you should have some Java background and have read the API
Python Programming
documentation for OutputStream
. with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Overriding write()
Another way to override allinterpreters,
of write()
forms is to override only the abstract version and then just call the
and'scompilers
others. You can also use a variable number of arguments for write() and then just use the apply()
Python basics,
operators,
string
formatting,
namespaces,
method to execute the nonabstract
forms. including
Let me show
you what
I mean.
(The following
codeclasses,
is fromerrors,
and exceptions
Overload.py.)
class OutputScreen2
(OutputStream):
Object-oriented
def write(self, *args):
File input/output
# If the args length is greater than one or the first
# argument is not type IntType, use the apply method.
Python's intrinsic
if len(args)
> functions
1 or not type(args[0]) is types.IntType:
# Use the apply method to call other forms:

#
void
write(byte[]
b)Java Streams
Interfacing
with the
Java APIs
and working with
#
void write(byte[] b, int off, int len)
apply(OutputStream.write,
Using
Python and Java Swing to create GUIs (self,)+args)
# Otherwise just print the first argument
Working
SQL and
JDBC(TM) b).
# , with
i.e.,
write(int
else:
Python
and Java
applets
print
args[0]
addition,
the bookiscontains
instructions
for downloading 'sand
installingmethod
the Python
To determine which In
form
of write()
being invoked,
OutputScreen2
write()
checks if
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
the length of the args tuple is greater than 1 or if the first argument isn't an integer. If either isexplanations,
the case, void
samples make[]
thisb book
experience.
write(byte[] and
b)numerous
or void code
write(byte
inta useful
off,learning
int len)
is being called.
Otherwise,write(int b) is being called.
developer,
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM), although
Class Libraries
willis much
The code to test this application
(Overload.py)
looks like
the code
to test OutputScreen2
the output
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
different.
print "OutScreen2"
screenOut = OutputScreen2()
777
screenOut.write(33)
seq = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0xA,0xB,0xC,0xD,0xE,0xF]
bytearray = array(seq, 'b')
print "void write(byte[])"

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
print
"void write(byte[], int off, int len)"
screenOut.write(bytearray,
Characterized by ease of5,
use,5)
The Java API documentation states, "Applications that need to define a subclass of OutputStream must
always provide at least a method that writes one byte of output." Basically this means that, if you define void
write (int b), the default implementation of the other two write() forms calls void write
(int b), which is why the output is different. Essentially, write() is called for each item in the byte array
passed to void write(byte[])
and for
each byte
in theofrange
withinofthe
byte array
for voidUsing
This tutorial begins, with
coverage
of some
the basics
Python
programming.
write(byte[],plenty
intof off,
int
len)
.
Compiling Java
Classes
techniques.
application
To build applets, JavaBeans,
anddevelopment.
servlets, or to subclass Python classes in Java, you need to compile the classes
into*.class files. The Jython distribution includes a utility called jythonc to do this.
and Enterprise
Jython
covers
important
topics such
as:
If you execute jythonc
from the Applications
command linewith
with
the h
option,
it will describe
the command-line
options
for the compiler. Go ahead and try it. (If you're a Jython user, you can type jythonc instead of jpythonc .)
Fundamental
programming
The following options are used
with jythonc
:
basics,
including
operators,
string
formatting,
-p the packagePython
option;
puts the
compiled
classes in
the specified
package
and exceptions
-j the jarfile option; puts the compiled classes in a jar file

-d the deep option; compiles Python dependencies of the compiled classes (necessary for creating
input/output
applets that will run File
on most
browsers, including Internet Explorer)
Python's
intrinsic
functions
-c the core option;
compiles
all dependencies
and includes the core Jython libraries (necessary for
creating applets that will run in Netscape Navigator)
-a the all option; everything in the core plus the compiler and parser
-b the bean option; puts classes in the jar file and adds a manifest file for the bean (necessary for
creating JavaBeans) Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
SQLwhere
and JDBC(TM)
-w the workdirWorking
option; with
specifies
to compile the code (the default puts the code in a directory
under the current directory called jpywork)
We'll cover creating a JavaBean and an applet later. For now, using Overload.py, let's create a Python class that
can be subclassed in Java. Before we can do this with jythonc, we have to put the class in a module with the
same name, and the class has to subclass a Java class or interface. To compile the OutputScreen class, we
need to put it in a file called OutputScreen.py.OutputScreen already subclasses a Java class called
OutputStream.Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
Here's an exercise using the OutputScreen class:
from java.io import OutputStream

import types
777
# Class OutputScreen is a subclass of Java class OutputStream.
class OutputScreen
(OutputStream):
Python Programming
def write(self,
*args):
# Addison
If the
args
Publisher:
Wesley
Table of
Contents
length is greater than one or the first

#
argument
is
not type IntType, use the apply method.
if len(args)
>
1
or
not
type(args[0]) is types.IntType:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
# Use the apply method to call other forms:

# use, richness
void
write(byte[]
Characterized by ease of
of expression,
and concise b)
syntax, Python has
#
void
write(byte[]
b,and
int
off,
is used
by int len)
apply(OutputStream.write,
(self,)+args)
else:
# Overide the write (int) method.
print args[0]
Go to the DOS prompt
where
the source code
is located,
then enter
pythoncsessions,
dOutputScreen
plenty
of skill-building
exercises
andand
interactive
programming
this book will at
the command line. help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
development.
jythonc creates aapplication
directory called
jpywork, in which it places the Java source code and the compiled Java
C:\jpybook\chap11>jythonc -d OutputScreen.py
class.
C:\jpybook\chap11\jpywork>dir
Directory of C:\jpybook\chap11\jpywork
.
<DIR>
08-05-99 5:46p .
..
<DIR>
08-05-99 5:46p ..
OUTPUT~1 JAV
6,221including
08-05-99
OutputScreen.java
Python basics,
operators,5:46p
string formatting,
OUTPUT~1 CLA
3,305 08-05-99 5:46p OutputScreen.class
and exceptions
OUTPUT~2 CLA
3,224 08-05-99 5:46p OutputScreen$_PyInner.class
concepts
3 file(s)
12,750 bytes
2 dir(s)
2,432.67 MB free
File input/output
There should be one source file called OutputScreen.java and two class files.
The following listing shows part of the OutputScreen class.
import org.python.core.*;
public class OutputScreen extends java.io.OutputStream implements org.python.

...
...
//The overloaded write method
public void write(int
arg0)
throws java.io.IOException {
Python and
Java applets
PyObject inst = Py.jgetattr(this, "write");
try {In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
inst._jcallexc(new
Object[]
{Py.newInteger(arg0)}
);
Kit (JDK).
}
...
...
}
give you insight
//The write
method
public void write(byte[] arg0, int arg1, int arg2) throws java.io.IOException
PyObject inst = Py.jfindattr(this, "write");
if (inst != null) try {
inst._jcallexc(new Object[] {arg0, Py.newInteger(arg1),
777
}
...
Py.newInteger(arg2)}
); Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python Programming
with the Java Class
...
else super.write(arg0,
Pub Date: June 28, 2002arg1, arg2);
}
Table of
Contents
public
void
...
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
//The
write method
Pages: 640
write(byte[] arg0) throws java.io.IOException {
PyObject
inst by= ease
Py.jfindattr(this,
"write");
Characterized
of use, richness of expression,
if (inst
!=
null)
try
{
inst._jcallexc(new
);
novices and professionals alike.Object[]
In particular, {arg0}
to Java(TM) makes
}
else This
super.write(arg0);
}
The code for the write()
method
that takes only
one argument
thedemonstrates
Python instance
of breadth of
techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
thehas
book
Python's
OutputScreen capabilities
and gets theand
write
from
Then itinterfaces
executeswith
the method.
showsattribute
the ways
thatit.Python
First it defines void write(int).
public void write(int arg0) throws java.io.IOException {
Next it gets the write attribute from the Python instance of OutputScreen, called Py. The attribute is
stored in inst.
PyObject inst = Py.jgetattr(this, "write");

Then it executes the attribute.
and exceptions
inst._jcallexc(new Object[] {Py.newInteger(arg0)} );

Now the code has multiple arguments. The forms that were not overridden check to see if the Python instance of
File input/output
OutputScreen has a write() method. If it doesn't, the superclass OutputStream is called; if it
does, the write() method
of theintrinsic
Python instance
Python's
functionsis invoked, and the arguments are passed to it.
Next the code defines void
write(byte[]
arg0, intstrings
arg1, int arg2).
Formatting,
public void write(byte[]

arg0,
int
arg2)
throws
Interfacing with
the Javaint
APIs arg1,
and working
with
Java Streams
java.io.IOExceptio
Then it attempts to get the write()

method
from
the Py
instance.
Using Python
and Java
Swing
to create
GUIs
PyObject inst = Py.jfindattr(this,

"write");
If successful, it invokes thePython
methodand
with
theapplets
following arguments:
Java
if (inst != null)
try
{ contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
In addition,
the book
inst._jcallexc(new
Object[]
{arg0,
Py.newInteger(arg1),
Development
Kit (JDK).
Py.newInteger(arg2)}
); experience.
and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning
}
If not successful, it invokes
the superclass's
(OutputStream
write()
method.
application
developer, Python
Programming's)with
the Java(TM)
else super.write(arg0, arg1, arg2);
777
Now that we've explained a little bit of how compiled Python code works underneath, let's create some Java that
uses it.
Java Code That

Uses
a Jythonwith
Class
Python
Programming
Here'stestOutScreen.java
, which treats OutputScreen like any other
Java class:
public class testOutScreen{

public static
void
args){
Pub Date: June
28,main(String[]
2002
OutputScreen
os
=
new
OutputScreen();
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
byte [] bytes = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0xa,0xb,0xC} ;

try{ a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained
os.write(1);
os.write(bytes,
5, 5);
the two languages,
os.write(bytes);
}
catch(java.io.IOException
This
tutorial begins with coverage of some of e){
// do something
usefulprogramming
with this
exception
sessions,
this book will
} those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
help
}
}
The preceding code needs little explanation, as all it does is create an instance of OutputScreen and call all
three forms of the overloaded
write() method.
compileClass
and run
it, do this:
Python Programming
with the To
Java(TM)
Libraries:
C:\jpybook\chap11\jpywork>javac testOutScreen.java
C:\jpybook\chap11\jpywork>java
testOutScreen
Python
basics,Java
includingDefault
operators, string
The
Package
and exceptions
BothOutputScreen
and testOutScreen
in the Java default package, which is okay for
Object-oriented
programmingare
concepts
illustration. However, any experienced Java programmer knows that leaving anything there is impolite.
To put OutputScreen
in its own package use the p option.
File input/output
C:\jpybook\chap11>jythonc
-d p examples.chap11 OutputScreen.py
Summary
In this chapter, we coveredUsing

how toPython
integrate
Python.
Essentially,
andJava
Javaand
Swing
to create
GUIs Jython makes this integration easy
and, most of the time, transparent. The mappings from Java types to Python types for passing arguments and
returning values from JavaWorking
methods with
are straightforward.
SQL and JDBC(TM)
Jython has added the jarrayPython
module,
allows the creation of the built-in array type that maps to Java
andwhich
Java applets
arrays.jarray allows you to create both empty arrays and arrays initialized with the contents of a sequence. A
Java array is like a homogeneously
withfor
a fixed
length, soand
youinstalling
can use athe
Python
sequence
In addition, thetyped
book Python
containssequence
instructions
downloading
Python
operation on it.
CONTENTS

777
CONTENTS
Chapter 12. Working

with Java Streams
The Java Way of ISBN:

File Operations
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Text Streams Pages: 640
Contents
Binary Streams: InputStream and OutputStream
Characterized
DataInput and
DataOutput
The File Class
The RandomAccessFile
Class
the two languages,
The StreamTokenizer
Class
Persisting Objects with Java Streams
tutorial
Using Java This
Streams
to begins
Workwith
withcoverage
Memory
Summary

Abstract class
Helper class
and
Enterprise Applications with Jython covers
ASCII
Interface
autoexec.bat file
Java networking APIs
Buffering
Param eter

Caching
Parentformatting,
directory namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
Callable object
Polymorphism
Canonical path
Path separator
File input/output
Chaining
Prefetching
Character/byte stream
Separator
Class hierarchy
Single inheritance
Concrete class
Slice
Current directory
Stream (binary/text)
Debug utility
Source code
Design pattern
Source file
File descriptor
TokenTerminology, definitions, explanations,
language
and the Java Development Kit (JDK).
File path (relative/absolute)
Unicode
Flag
application
Streams are the Java programming language's way to support I/O. A stream can represent a file, a network
connection, or the access of a Web site. Learning to deal with Java streams is essential for understanding Java's
networking APIs.
777
Most of the time conversion to and from the Java type system is transparent. When it isn't, this chapter will
demonstrate how to Python

do low-level
type conversion
Programming
with straightforwardly.
As
If One
Publisher:
AddisonWay
Wesley Weren't Bad Enough
The joke is that thereISBN:

are always
two ways of doing things in Jython: the Python way and the Java
0-201-61616-5
Table
of
way.
For
example,
if
you
use
Python
to prototype for Java applications, you need to know how
Pages: 640
Contents
Java does it. You also need Java streams to do various forms of Java I/O, such as networking APIs.
The Java Way
ofand
File
Operations
novices
professionals
Interfaces and classes
for dealingdevelopment.
with files and other I/O types are in the java.io package. An interface is a class
application
that contains abstract methods. Classes in java.io form a class hierarchy.
The two main class types
are text exercises
oriented (character
streams)
and binary sessions,
oriented (byte
streams).
plentyinofjava.io
skill-building
and interactive
programming
this book
will
Subclasses of the Reader
andnew
Writer
classes aredevelop
text oriented;
those of theofInputStream
and
help those
to programming
an understanding
concepts and practical
OutputStream techniques.
classes are binary
oriented. programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
For experienced
InputStream and
OutputStream
are abstract; that is, they can't be instantiated directly. To use an
application
development.
abstract class you must subclass it and instantiate the subclass. The subclasses of InputStream and
OutputStream allow
reading of binary
dataJava(TM)
to and from
various
types A
ofTutorial
input and
suchWeb
as byte
Pythonthe
Programming
with the
Class
Libraries:
foroutput
Building
arrays (memory), files,
even network
sockets.with Jython covers important topics such as:
andand
Enterprise
Applications
Streams can be chained to provide extra functionality. For example, you can buffer a FileInputStream by
concepts,
including
chaining it to a BufferedInputStream
Then you
can chain
the BufferedInputStream
to an
and compilers
ObjectInputStreaminterpreters,
to read in whole
objects at one time. (This is similar to the pickle functionality in
Python.)
exceptions
Java 1.1's binary data inputand
streams
are complemented by somewhat equivalent text input streams. The parents of
these classes are the abstract classes Reader and Writer. Having an equivalent set of text-oriented character
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
stream classes allows the conversion
of Unicode
text. Reader
s and Writers, like streams, can be chained
together. For example, you can buffer a FileReader by chaining it to a BufferedReader. (Buffering
File input/output
will be explained shortly.)
I/O Classes to Be Covered

There are more than thirty I/O classes, not including interfaces and abstract classes. This seems like a lot, but if
Interfacing
with
the Java APIs and
working
with Java Streams
you understand how Reader
,Writer
,InputStream
, and
OutputStream
work, you can easily
understand the rest.
Reader and Writer subclasses deal with character streams, that is, text. InputStream and
OutputStream subclasses deal with binary streams. An easy way to remember this is, if you can read it, use
Reader and Writer; ifPython
you can't,
and OutputStream.
anduse
JavaInputStream
applets
For
Beginners:
Streams
and numerous
code samples Understanding
make this book a useful learning
experience.
Whether
are a file.
sophisticated
computer
programming
or read
a serious
Think of a stream
as anyou
abstract
Just as you
can readuser
andnew
writetoto
a file, you can
and write
application
developer,
Programming
theanJava(TM)
Classconnection,
Libraries will
to a stream. You
might use
a stream Python
for reading
and writingwith
with
RS-232 serial
a
give you
intolocation
the power
of aPython
and the
know-how
to put itsotoifwork.
TCP/IP connection,
or insight
a memory
(like
sequence).
A stream
is abstract,
you know
how to read and write to a file, you basically already know how to read and write to a memory
location or an RS-232 serial connection or, for that matter, a Web site. This is the art and magic of
polymorphism.
777
Text Streams
All of the text-oriented classes are derived from Reader and Writer. By understanding them, you'll have a
handle on dealing with Publisher:
their descendents.
Addison Wesley
Writer
Table of
Contents

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
TheWriter class writes character data to a stream. It has the following methods:
write(c) writes a single character to the text stream
the two
languages,
when used
in combination,
ideal
write(cbuf)
writes
a sequence
of characters
to the text
stream
write(cbuf, off, len) writes a sequence of characters to the text stream starting at the
tutorial
begins with
coverage
offset into the This
stream
and copying
to len
in the of
buffer
help
programming
develop
write(str)
those
writesnew
outto
a string
to the text
streaman understanding of concepts and practical
write(str,
off, and
len)
writes
out athat
string
frominterfaces
the givenwith
offset
to the
given
length
capabilities
shows
the ways
Python
Java
APIs
for professional
close() closes the text stream
flush()and
flushes
the content
of the text
stream;
used
if theimportant
stream supports
BufferedOutput
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
topics such
as:
Writer is the superclass of all character output streams, for example, FileWriter,
BufferedWriter,CharArrayWriter
,OutputStreamWriter
, and PrintWriter
expressions, .
Reader

and exceptions
TheReader class reads data from a stream. Reader is the superclass of all character input streams. It has the
following methods:
File input/output
read() reads in a single character

read(cbuf) reads in a sequence of characters

read(cbuf, iOff, iLen) reads from the current position in the file into the sequence at the
given offset
ready() determines
the buffer
data
UsingifPython
and has
Javainput
Swing
to ready
create GUIs
mark(int readAheadLimit)
sets
the read-ahead buffer size
Working with SQL
and
JDBC(TM)
markSupported()
returns
true
if the mark() method is supported
Python
and Java
applets
skip() skips
a certainthe
number
of characters
ahead in
text input stream
In addition,
book contains
instructions
forthe
downloading
reset()and
moves the file pointer to the marked position
close()Whether
closes the file
Pythonor
Programming
with the
Java(TM)
Class
will
I can't show you anyapplication
examples ofdeveloper,
using Reader
Writer because
they're
abstract
andLibraries
can't be instantiated
on their own. However, I can show examples of their subclasses, FileReader and FileWriter, which are concrete.
As an exercise, look up Reader and Writer in the Java API documentation, and compare their Pythonfriendly method definitions to the official Java versions. Notice the conversion from one type to another.
777
FileReader and
FileWriter
Python
Richard Hightower
FileReader andBy
FileWriter
read and write text files. They have
the same methods their base classes
have as well as the following constructor methods.

FileReader:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
__init__(strFilename) opens
the file specified by the string ( strFilename)
Characterized
by ease
of use,
richness
__init__(File)
opens
the file
specified
by of
theexpression,
file object and concise syntax, Python has
novices
professionals
alike. In
__init__(fd)
and
opens
the file specified
byparticular,
the file descriptor
FileWriter:
__init__(strFilename)
exercises
opens theand
file interactive
specified byprogramming
the string ( strFilename
) will
sessions, this book
__init__(strFilename,
bAppend) same as above, but optionally opens the file in append
mode
application
__init__(File)
development.
opens the file specified by the file object
PythonProgramming
the Java(TM)
Class
__init__(fd)
opens the filewith
specified
by the file
descriptor
As an exercise, look up FileReader and FileWriter in the Java API documentation. Then modify the
address book application from
Chapter 8programming
to use these classes.
Fundamental
Creating a File with FileWriter
The following interactive session
creates a file with FileWriter and writes some text to it. (Follow along.)
and exceptions
Import the FileWriterObject-oriented
class from the java.io
package.
programming
concepts
>>> from java.io File

import
FileWriter
input/output
Create an instance of it.
>>> fw = FileWriter("c:\\dat\\File.txt")
Write a single character to Interfacing
the output character
stream.
with the Java
>>> fw.write('w')Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs

Write out a string.
>>> fw.write("\r\nthis
string")
Python andis
Javaaapplets
Write out a sequenceInofaddition,
characters.
>>> characters
= ('\r','\n','a','b','c')
and numerous
>>> fw.write(characters)
Close the file.

>>> fw.close()
777
Here's what the file we just created, called c:\dat\file.txt, looks like. You can open it with Notepad or any other
text editor.
w
this is a string
abc
Finding the File Length
Table of
You can use
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
a java.io
file to640
see the length of c:\dat\file.txt. It should be 22 bytes.
Pages:
>>> from Characterized

java.io by
import
File
ease of use,
>>> f
= File("c:\\dat\\File.txt")
remained
>>> file.length()
22L f
Don't worry too much about what the File class does; we'll cover it later. For now, just think of it
as a way to specify
a file and
get its
properties.
This tutorial
begins
with
those new
Reopenc:\dat\file.txt help
in append
mode.
>>> fw = FileWriter('c:\\dat\\File.txt',
1)
Append some text.
>>> fw.write("\r\nAnother
String
appended
to thetopics
File")
with Jython
covers important
such as:
>>> fw.close()
We open the file in appendFundamental

mode by passing
a true (concepts,
1) to the second
parameter
of the
FileWriter
programming
including
statements,
expressions,
constructor. This means that
we
want
to
append
text.
You
can
see
from
the
following
example
(c:\dat\file.txt)
that the text has been added.
w
and exceptions
this is a string
abc
Another String appended to the File
File input/output
If we now write to the file and don't open it in append mode, all of the old text will be deleted.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
32L
fw = FileWriter(File)
Formatting,
and manipulating
strings
fw.write("Oops
whereparsing,
is all
the other
text")
fw.close()
f.length() Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Look at the file with a text editor. It should have text only in the last write statement.
By the way, the concepts just covered for working with FileWriter aren't much different from those for
working with the Python file object.
Reading a File with
FileReader
language
Now it's FileReader's turn with an interactive session. We'll open c:\dat\file\txt and read the text we wrote
Whether
to it with FileWriter
. you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
Import the FileReader
from
thethe
java.io
give youclass
insight
into
powerpackage.
>>> from java.io import FileReader

>>> File_Reader = FileReader("C:\\dat\\File.txt")
777
The tricky part is thatPython

the read()
method expects
you
to passClass
it a chars
array
that it canfor
fillBuilding
in, but the
Programming
with the
Java
Libraries:
A Tutorial
closest thing in Python
to and
a Java
array is a sequence
or list,
andJython
neither is close enough. So Jython has added a
Web
Enterprise
Applications
with
helper class, called PyArray
that passes primitive arrays to Java methods (see Chapter 11).
By Richard ,Hightower
Import the zeros() function
from the jarray module.
Date: June 28, 2002
>>> from jarrayPubimport
zeros
Table of
Usezeros()
Contents to
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
create
Pages: 640 .
a PyArray
>>> chars = zeros(4,

Characterized 'c')
Print the chars array
to theand
screen.
novices
>>> chars
array(['\x0', '\x0', '\x0', '\x0'], char)
The first argument toplenty
zeros()
tells it howexercises
big we want
our array. The
second argument
of skill-building
and interactive
programming
sessions,tells
thiszeros()
book will that
we want our array tohelp
be ofthose
type new
char
.
Now
zeros()
creates
an
array
in
which
all
of
the
values
are zeros.
When we call Filetechniques.
_Reader.For
read
,
the
read()
method
fills
in
the
empty
slots
with
characters
from
experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth
of the
file.
Here's our call to the read() method, which should read the first four letters of the file.
>>> File_Reader.read(chars)
4
As you can see, chars contains

the firstprogramming
four letters inconcepts,
our file, including
'O','o'statements,
,'p', and 's'
.
Fundamental
expressions,
>>> chars
array(['O', 'o', Python
'p',basics,
's'],
char)
including
and exceptions
This is nice but what we really want is a string object, 'Oops'. For this we need PyArray, which we can use
anywhere a sequence is suitable,
such as theprogramming
Python classconcepts
library.
Object-oriented
The Python string module File
has methods
for doing special things with strings. One method, joinfields(),
input/output
combines strings in a sequence to form a string object. Let's use joinfields() to convert chars to a
string.
Import the string module. Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
>>> import stringInterfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Use joinfields() to Using
turn the
chars
a Python
string.
Python
andarray
Javainto
Swing
to create
GUIs
>>> first_word = Working

string.joinfields(chars,
"")
Print the value of first_word
to the
screen.
Python and
Java
applets
>>> first_word
'Oops'
Notice that the second argument to joinfields() specifies the separator we want for the fields. Since we
don't want any separator,
we pass
string. computer user new to programming or a serious
Whether
you an
are empty
a sophisticated
Let's recap what we've
learned
to readinto
in the
once.
give
you insight
the whole
power c:\dat\file.txt
of Python andfile
theatknow-how
to put it to work.
>>> from jarray import zeros

# import the zeros to create an array of
primitives
>>> from java.io import FileReader, File # import the File to get the length
of the file
777
>>> from string

import
joinfields
# Class
import
the Ajoinfields
to convert arrays
Python
Programming
with the Java
Libraries:
to strings
>>> file = File("c:\\dat\\file.txt")
# create a java.io.File instance
>>> chars = zeros(file.length(), 'c')
# create an array to hold the
contents ofPublisher:
file.txt
Addison Wesley
>>> file_ReaderPub=Date:
FileReader(file)
# create a FileReader instance to read the
June 28, 2002
file >>> >>> ISBN:
file_Reader.read(chars)
# Read in the whole file
0-201-61616-5
Table
of
32
Pages: 640
Contents
That took only eight steps. Let's see the same thing with the Python file object.
remained
a premier programming language for more than a decade,
and isthe
used by
>>> python_file
= open("c:\\dat\\file.txt","r")
# open
file
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes of the file
>>> str = python_file.read()
# read the contents
>>> print strthe two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
development.
Oops where isapplication
all the
other text
This
tutorial
begins with
coverage of some
of thenow
basics
of Python
programming.
What took eight steps
with
the java.io
.FileWriter
instance
takes
two steps.
Which one Using
would you
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this book will
rather work with?
BufferedReader
and BufferedWriter
capabilities
TheBufferedReader class provides input buffering to the Reader stream. The BufferedWriter
class provides outputPython
buffering
to the Writer
stream.
Input Class
buffering
consists
prefetching
data and
caching
Programming
with the
Java(TM)
Libraries:
A of
Tutorial
for Building
Web
it in a memory queueand
so that,
for example,
not every
to the
read()
method
equates
Enterprise
Applications
withcall
Jython
covers
important
topics
suchtoas:a read operation on
the physical I/O. Output buffering applies writes to a memory image that is periodically written out to a character
stream. You want buffering support for input and output streams, especially large ones, to gain speed and
efficiency.
BufferedReader and BufferedWriter have all of the methods that Reader and Writer have, as
well as the following:
and exceptions
BufferedWriter:
File input/output
__init__ (Writer_in)
creates a BufferedWriter instance with the specified output
stream
__init__(Writer_in, iBufSize) same as above but specifies the size of the buffer
newLine() writes a newline character to the output stream
BufferedReader:
Working with
andaJDBC(TM)
__init__ (Reader_in)
SQL
creates
BufferedReader instance with the specified input
stream
__init__(Reader_in, iBufSize) same as above but specifies the size of the buffer
language
and
Java
Kit (JDK).
readLine()
reads
in the
a line
of Development
text from the input
streamTerminology, definitions, explanations,
Using the Buffering Classes
Let's have a short interactive session showing how to use our buffering classes. We'll also cover the
newLine() and readLine() methods.
777
Import the BufferedReader and BufferedWriter classes and the FileReader and
FileWriter classes.
>>> from java.io

BufferedReader,
BufferedWriter,
FileReader,
FileWrite
Pythonimport
Programming
with the Java Class
Libraries: A Tutorial for
Building
Create a FileWriter
instance
that creates a file called c:\dat\buf_file.txt.
By Richard
Hightower
>>> file_out = FileWriter("c:\\dat\\buf_file.txt")

Pub Date:
June 28,buffer_out
2002
Create a BufferedWriter
instance,
, passing it as an argument to the
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
BufferedWriter
constructor.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> buffer_out = BufferedWriter(File_out)

Write three lines of text
to the afile
using programming
write() to language
write the for
characters
andathen
newLine()
remained
premier
more than
decade,
and is used to
bywrite the
platform-specific newline
characters.
novices
>>> buffer_out.write("Line
application development.1"); buffer_out.newLine()
>>> buffer_out.write("Line 2"); buffer_out.newLine()

>>> buffer_out.write("Line
buffer_out.newLine()
This tutorial begins with3");
coverage
>>> buffer_out.close()
application
This code demonstrates
chainingdevelopment.
a BufferedWriter to a FileWriter, which adds buffering to file
Close the stream.
output.
and
with
covers
topics such as:
The next session uses
FileReader
to open the
fileJython
we created
inimportant
the last example.
Create a FileReader instance, and pass it to the BufferedReader constructor to create a
BufferedReader instance.
>>> file_in = BufferedReader(FileReader("c:\\dat\\buf_File.txt"))

andwith
exceptions
Read in all three lines at once
three method calls to readLine().
>>> line1, line2,Object-oriented
line3 = file_in.readLine(),
file_in.readLine(),
file_in.readLine()
File input/output
Print all three lines at once.

>>> print line1; print line2; print line3

Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
You may be wondering why there's a newLine() function in BufferedWriter. It's there because it
knows how to represent a newline
onand
whatever
operating system you happen to be writing your code
Workingcharacter
with SQL
JDBC(TM)
for. (We used "\r\n" in our FileWriter example, which won't work on UNIX or Mac.)
PrintWriter
PrintWriter provides
a print() and a println() function for all primitive types. These functions
convert primitive types to characters and then write them to the output stream. PrintWriter has all of
write() methods,Whether
as well as
youthese:
youout
insight
into data
the power
of an
Python
and
the know-how
to put
print()give
writes
primitive
types to
output
stream
(as readable
text)it to work.
println() same as above, but adds a newline character to the ouput
777
In the next example, you'll see how to use PrintWriter, how to chain output streams together, and how to work
with Java primitive types.

Python Programming
Import the classes

needed.
>>> from java.io import PrintWriter, FileWriter, BufferedWriter

Pub by
Date:
Juneit28,
2002
Create a PrintWriter
passing
a new
instance of BufferedWriter, which is created from a new
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
instance
of
FileWriter
.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> out = PrintWriter(BufferedWriter(FileWriter("pr.txt")))

Write three strings toremained
a file using
println()
.
a premier
programming
>>> out.println("Line1")
Use println() toplenty
writeof
a Python
Double
objectand
andinteractive
a Python Integer
object
to a file.
skill-building
exercises
programming
sessions,
this book will
>>> out.println(4.4)
>>> out.println(5)
application
development.
Write a Java Boolean
to the file.
Python Programming
>>> from java.lang
import with
Boolean
and
Enterprise
Applications
>>> out.println(Boolean(1))
>>> out.println(Boolean("true"))
Write a Java Byte to the file.
>>> from java.lang import Byte

>>> out.println(Byte(1))
and exceptions
Show how print() works.

>>> out.print("Line 9")

File input/output
>>> out.print("still line 9")
>>> out.close() Python's intrinsic functions
(It also works with primitive
types.) parsing, and manipulating strings
Formatting,
Now you know how to chain
stream classes
to add
functionality
youwith
want.
TheStreams
out instance, for example,
Interfacing
with the
Javathe
APIs
and working
Java
can write to files from FileWriter, work with output buffering from BufferedWriter, and work with
primitive types from PrintWriter
way,
the technique
of chaining Writer stream classes is known
Using Python. By
andthe
Java
Swing
to create GUIs
as the Decorator design pattern. To learn more about if read Design Patterns (Gamma et al., [1995]).
Binary Streams:Python
InputStream
and Java applets and OutputStream
theReader
book contains
instructions forisdownloading
installing
the Python
InputStream isIn
theaddition,
analog of
;OutputStream
the analog ofand
Writer
. Their
methods are
listed here.
InputStream:

read(byte_sequence)
reads
a sequence
of bytes
returns the to
actual
read
the power
of Python
and and
the know-how
put itbytes
to work.
read(byte_sequence, off, len) same as above but allows you to set the slice for the
777
sequence; returns the number of actual bytes read
read() reads one byte of data from the input stream
skip(n)Web
skips to a given offset in the file
close() closes the stream
Publisher:
reset() moves
the fileAddison
pointerWesley
to the marked position
mark(iReadlimit)
marks the file pointer
ISBN:0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
available() returns the number
of bytes available that can be read without blocking (similar to

theReader Characterized
class'sready()
method)
OutputStream :
close() application development.
tutorial
begins that
withis,coverage
of output
some of
the basics
of Python
programming.
Using
flush()This
flushes
the buffer,
forces the
buffer
to be written
to the
output stream
write(b)
writes
to the output
streaman understanding of concepts and practical
help
thosea single
new tobyte
programming
develop
write(byte_sequence)
writes
a sequence
of bytes
to the with
output
stream
the ways
that Python
interfaces
Java
write(byte_sequence, off, len) same as above, but specifies the slice

and and
Enterprise
FileInputStream
FileOutputStream
FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream extend InputStream and OutputStream,
respectively. They are the analogs to FileReader and FileWriter. Here are their methods.
FileInputStream:

and exceptions
__init__(strFilename) opens the file specified by the string (strFilename)
__init__(File) opens the file specified by the file object
File input/output
__init__(fd) opens the file specified by the file descriptor
FileOutputStream:
Interfacing with
Javathe
APIs
working
withstring
Java (Streams
__init__(strFilename)
the
opens
file and
specified
by the
strFilename)
Using Python and
Java Swingtosame
create
__init__(strFilename,
bAppend)
asGUIs
above, but optionally opens the file in append
mode
__init__(File) opens the file specified by the file object

__init__(fd) opens the file specified by the file descriptor
and the
Java Development Kitand
(JDK).
Terminology, definitions,
Reading and writinglanguage
to a file with
FileInputStream
FileOutputStream
are explanations,
a lot like reading
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
and writing to a file with FileReader and FileWriter. That being the case, I'm omitting much of the
detail in the following example (OutputStream 1.py) to avoid repetition.
Python Programming withclass
the Java(TM)
Libraries
will package
# First weapplication
importdeveloper,
the FileOutputStream
fromClass
the
java.io
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
from java.io import FileOutputStream
from jarray import array
777
# Next create an instance of the FileOutputStream

out = FileOutputStream("c:\\dat\\file.bin")
# Now write
a byte to the output binary stream
out.write(1) ByRichard Hightower
# Now write Publisher:

some more
bytes to the binary stream
Addison Wesley
out.write([2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16])
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
#Table
Next
of write out a string
Pages: 640
Contents
#out.write("\r\nthis
is a string") #Jython converts this automatically
# Here is the hard way

str = "\r\nthis is a string"
# First convert every character in the string into its ASCII equivalent
seq = map(ord, str)
# Now convert
sequence
into
Java programming
array of sessions,
the primitive
plenty ofthe
skill-building
exercises
and a
interactive
this book will type byte
bytes = array(seq,
'b')
# Now write
out this
string
file
as with
follows
capabilities
and shows
the waysto
thatthe
Python
interfaces
out.write(bytes)
out.close() Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
The code above may seem familiar at first, but as you examine it you'll notice a couple of strange things. First,
sincewrite() works only with bytes and byte arrays, we have to use the jarray module again. Second, Jython
converts a string into a byteFundamental
array automatically,
but if the
class has
two write()
methodsone
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
expressions, that takes a
andhave
compilers
string and one that takes a interpreters,
byte arraywe
to do some extra work to make sure that the correct method is
called. Thus, we have to convert the string to a byte array if we want the byte array method.
andord()
exceptions
Using the intrinsic functions
and map(), we'll see how to manually convert the string into a byte array
before passing it to the write() method.
ord()
File input/output
Remember from Chapter 9Python's

that the ord()
intrinsic function
functionstakes a single character from a string and converts it to its
ASCII equivalent (i.e., the number representation of the character stored in the file). Let's work with an
interactive example.
Convert"A","B", and "C"
to ASCII.with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Interfacing
>>> ord("A"), ord("B"),

Using Pythonord("C")
(65, 66, 67)
Convert"a","b", and "c" to ASCII.
>>> ord("a"), ord("b"), ord("c")

(97, 98, 99) In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
Figure the distance from
"a" to "z"
from "A"
"Z"
. a useful learning experience.
and numerous
codeand
samples
maketothis
book
>>> ord("z") Whether

- ord("a")
25
>>> ord("Z") give
- ord("A")
25
map()
777
The built-in map()Python

functionProgramming
deals with sequences,
asJava
we alsoClass
learned
in Chapter
9. It takesfor
two
arguments:
with the
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
first, a callable objectWeb
suchand
as aEnterprise
function or Applications
a method; second,
type of sequence like a string, list, or tuple.
withaJython
map() executes theBycallable
against every item in the sequence and then returns a list of the results.
Richardobject
Hightower
Thus,
>>> [ord("a"), Pub

ord("b"),
ord("c"), ord("d")]
Date: June 28, 2002
[97, 98, 99, 100]
is the
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
same as
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> map(ord,"abcd")
[97, 98, 99, remained
100] a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
Once we have a sequence,
can convert
it into
array using ideal
the array()
function
from enterprise
jarray (see the
the twowe
languages,
when
useda byte
in combination,
for Web and
distributed
section on FileReader
).array()
takes two arguments: the first is a sequence and the second is a
application
development.
character representing the Java primitive type you want the array to be. (This is an extra step; Jython
This
with
coverage
automatically converts
antutorial
integer begins
sequence
into
a byte array.)
new
This code creates anhelp
arraythose
full of
bytes:
>>> from jarray
import
array
capabilities
and shows
>>> seq = map(ord,
"abcd")
>>> array(seq, 'b')

array([97, 98,
99,
100], byte)
Python
Programming
The Debug Utility
Of course, having both binary data and text data makes the file difficult to read. We can at least read the text part
with a text editor, but besides the text there's only a lot of black boxes where our binary data should be. To see
the binary contents of the file,
we need
another
program.
Python
basics,
including
and exceptions
If you're running some variation of Windows or DOS, you can use the debug utility, C:\dat.debug\file.bin. As
shown below, the -d command
dumps some
of the file toconcepts
the screen, and the -q command quits the program.
Object-oriented
programming
You have to enter the commands the way you enter statements in Jython.
File input/output
C:\dat>debug
-d
0E7F:0100 01
0E7F:0110 0D
0E7F:0120 6E
0E7F:0130 49
0E7F:0140 DB
0E7F:0150 02
0E7F:0160 4E
0E7F:0170 89
-q
File.bin
02
0A
67
AC
F9
3C
32
0E
03 04 05 06 07 08-09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F
Formatting,
and69-73
manipulating
74
68 69parsing,
73 20
20 strings
61 20 73 74 72
2B DE 59 03 CB 8B-D6 C6 06 BB DB 00 E3
Interfacing
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working
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Java EB
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02 3A
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D7 D7 C3 BE BC DB-8B 4C 05 8B 74 09 E8
10
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ng+.Y..........1
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.........L..t...
What you have is three

main columns
of data.
To the
far left is for
the downloading
position of theand
fileinstalling
in hexadecimal
notation. In
In addition,
the book
contains
instructions
the Python
the middle is the value
of
the
binary
data,
also
in
hexadecimal
notation,
and
to
the
far
right
is
the
data's
ASCII
equivalent.

777
Hexadecimal
Addison
WesleyThis list shows some decimal numbers and their
Hexadecimal is aPublisher:
base 16 number
system.
hexadecimal equivalents:
Table of
Decimal
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Hexadecimal
1
2
remained a premier programming3language for more than a decade, and is used by
novices and professionals alike. In4 particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
5
6
7
8
9
A
B Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
capabilities and shows the ways that
C
D
E
and Enterprise Applications with FJython covers important topics such as:
Pages: 640
Here's the first line of binary

data. Everyprogramming
two digits represent
a single
byte. statements, expressions,
Fundamental
concepts,
including
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08-09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10

We wrote it the following calls:
and exceptions
out.write(1)
out.write([2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16])
File input/output
You can see that the bytes in
the fileintrinsic
increasefunctions
from 1 to 16 in hexadecimal.
Python's
Let's see how to read the file
back in byparsing,
readingand
in the
string.
Formatting,
manipulating
strings
ImportFileInputStream
, and then
an instance
refers to
c:\dat\file.bin.
Interfacing
withcreate
the Java
APIs andthat
working
with
Java Streams
>>> from java.io Using

import
PythonFileInputStream
>>> file = FileInputStream("c:\\dat\\file.bin")
Import the jarray buffer to create binary input buffers. The 'b' flag, the second argument to the zeros()
function call, signifies a byte
array.and
We'll
useapplets
input_buffer to read in the first 16 bytes of data.
Python
Java
Import the zeros()
the jarray
module.
In function
addition, from
the book
contains
>>> from jarray
importcode
zeros
and numerous
Create a byte input buffer
withyou
zeros()
.
Whether
are a sophisticated
>>> input_buffer
= zeros(16, 'b')
Read in the first 16 bytes to the buffer with the read() method, which returns the number of bytes read in.
777
>>> file.read(input_buffer)
16
Python Programming
Print the array of bytes
buffered.

>>> input_buffer
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16], byte)
Create a small buffer toPub

readDate:
"\r\n"
June .28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
of
>>> Table
input_buffer
= zeros
(2,'b')
Pages:
640
>>> Contents
file.read(input_buffer)
2
Read in "this is a string" from the file.
the two =languages,
ideal in
for Web
distributed
enterprise
>>> input_buffer
zeros(16,'b')
#read
theand
bytes
for
the string
application
development.
>>> file.read(input_buffer)
16
Since we read this in as bytes, the code shows the ASCII equivalents for the characters we want instead of the
actual characters of the string. We need to convert this byte array into a string sequence.
>>> input_buffer
application
development.
array([116, 104,
105,
115, 32, 105, 115, 32, 97, 32, 115, 116, 114,
105, 110, 103], byte)
Applications
with Jython
important
topics
such time
as: we append the
To do the conversionand
weEnterprise
create a sequence
and iterate
throughcovers
the byte
array. At
the same
results of executing the chr() built-in function against each byte array item. chr() is the reverse of ord();
it converts a number (ASCII
code) into aprogramming
character (i.e.,concepts,
a string with
one item).
Fundamental
including
interpreters,
and compilers
Lastly, we convert the sequence
into a string
with a call to string.joinfields().
string formatting,
namespaces,
classes, errors,
>>> seq = []
# create
an empty
sequence
and
exceptions
>>> for num in input_buffer:
# for every number in the input_buffer
...
seq.append(chr(num))
# append the results of chr(num) to the
# sequence
...
File input/output
>>> seq
# show what the sequence contains
['t', 'h', 'i',
's',
' functions
', 'i', 's', ' ', 'a', ' ', 's', 't', 'r', 'i',
Python's
intrinsic
'n', 'g']
>>> import string

# import the string module
Interfacing with the Java APIs
and#working
with the
Java Streams
>>> str = string.joinfields(seq,
"")
create
string from the sequence
>>> print str
# print out the string
Of course, a more Pythonesque way to convert the byte array into a string is with the built-in map() function.
>>> str = string.joinfields(map(chr,input_buffer),"")

>>> print str
this is a string
map()can be very useful; it takes one line of code to accomplish what previously took four.
BufferedInputStream
and
Whether you
are aBufferedOutputStream
give you insight
into the power of Python and theprovide
know-how
to putkind
it to of
work.
BufferedInputStream
and BufferedOutputStream
the same
support to
InputStream and OutputStream that BufferedReader and BufferedWriter provide to
Reader and Writer: input and output buffering to their respective derivations. As I said before, input
777
buffering entails prefetching data and caching it in memory so that read operations don't have to fetch the data
off a slow device. Output buffering applies write operations to a memory image that's periodically written out to
a stream.
BufferedInputStream
and BufferedOutputStream have all of the methods that
InputStream and OutputStream have plus the following:

BufferedInputStream:

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
__init__(InputStream)
Pages: 640 creates
Contents
an input buffer for the specified input stream
__init__(InputStream,
as above,
specifies
the size
of the
Characterized by ease iBufSize)
of use, richnessofsame
expression,
andbut
concise
syntax,
Python
hasinput
buffer
BufferedOutputStream:
__init__(OutputStream) creates an output buffer for the specified output stream
and interactive
sessions,the
this
book
willoutput
__init__(OutputStream,
iBufSize)
same asprogramming
above, but specifies
size
of the
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
buffer
the ways
that Python
withmethods
Java APIs
for professional
Themark(),markSupported()
,reset()
,skip()
, andinterfaces
flush()
provide
the buffering
support.
Python
Programming
with
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:example
A Tutorial
for Building
BufferedOutput
can be
chained to an
existing
stream, as
the following
shows.
Import Web
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
BufferedOutputStream and FileOutputStream.
>>> from java.io import BufferedOutputStream, FileOutputStream

interpreters, andinstance
compilers
Create a BufferedOutputStream
chained to a new FileOutputStream instance.
>>> out = BufferedOutputStream(FileOutputStream("bufout.bin"))
and exceptions
Write a sequence of bytes from 0 to 16 (0x0 to 0xF in hexadecimal).
>>> out.write([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16])

File input/output
Write a sequence of bytes from 17 to 31 (0x10 to 0x1F in hexadecimal).
>>> out.write([17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31])
Write 255 (0xFF hexadecimal) a few times.
>>> for index in xrange(0,16):

...
out.write(255)
...
Here's another way of writing out a string:
>>> str = "Hello"

addition,
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str:the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
language
...
out.write(ord(char))
and
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>>> out.close()
Whether
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0E7F:0100
0E7F:0110
0E7F:0120
0E7F:0130
00
10
FF
48
01
11
FF
65
02
12
FF
6C
03
13
FF
6C
777
04
14
FF
6F
05
15
FF
00
06 07-08
16 17-18
FF FF-FF
00-00 00
09
19
FF
00
0A
1A
FF
00
0B
1B
FF
00
0C
1C
FF
00
0D
1D
FF
00
0E
1E
FF
00
0F
1F
FF
00
................
................
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Using BufferedInputStream
Date: June 28, 2002

Now it's time for a smallPub
example
of BufferedInputStream. This one demonstrates the mark(),
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
skip()
,
and
reset()
methods.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Import the classes needed, and create the BufferedInputStream instance, chaining it to a
Characterized
FileInputStream
instance. by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
>>> from java.io
BufferedInputStream,
novicesimport
and professionals
alike. In particular, its closeFileInputStream
relationship to Java(TM) makes
>>> input = BufferedInputStream(FileInputStream("bufout.bin"))
Mark the position in the file we want to return to.
>>> input.mark(100)
Read in first three bytes.
(Remember,
we set the first
three bytesthe
to 0x0,
and 0x21,
2, andbreadth
3 in of
techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
book0x1,
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>>> input.read(), input.read(), input.read()

(0, 1, 2, 3) Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Use the skip() method to skip ahead twenty bytes in the file.
>>> input.skip(20)
20L
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the filebasics,
back to
the position
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withformatting,
the mark()
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happens
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of
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first
three
bytes
proves
this.
and exceptions
>>> input.reset()Object-oriented programming concepts

>>> input.read(), input.read(), input.read()
(0, 1, 2)
File input/output
Reset the file at the beginning.
Use intrinsic
the zeros()
function to create byte arrays to read in the first three lines.
Python's
functions
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>>>
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Using Python
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line1 = zeros(16,
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input.read(line1)
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input.read(line3)
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line 2explanations,
and 3
Development Kit (JDK). Terminology,
(16, 16)
>>> line1 #display
line1
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777
>>> line3 #display line3
array([-1, -1,
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A Tutorial
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Compare the output By

to Richard
the hexdump
we did with the debug program.
Hightower
Now let's read in the "Hello" string. This repeats the FileInputStream exercise, so we won't cover it
in the same detail as before.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Read in
the bytes from the "Hello"
string. (A better way would have been to create a Java array of bytes with
Table of
Pages:
640
jarray
, but I wanted to show this way.)
Contents
>>> binstr=input.read(),input.read(),input.read(),input.read(),input.read()
>>> binstr remained
#display
it
(72, 101, 108,
108,
111)
novices
and professionals
Convert the byte array
to a sequence
of characters.
application
development.
>>> char_seq This

= []
>>> for num in
binstr:
plenty
...
char_seq.append(chr(num))
...
Convert the sequence
of characters
to a string.
application
development.
>>> char_seq Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
['H', 'e', 'l',
'l', 'o']
and Enterprise
>>> import string
>>> str = string.joinfields(char_seq,
"")
>>> print str
Hello
and exceptions
DataInput and DataOutput
DataInput and DataOutput read and write primitive Java types from a stream. Since they're interfaces,
input/output
all of their methods, whichFile
follow,
are abstract and so do nothing until they're instantiated.
DataInput:
readBoolean()
readByte()
readFloat()
readChar()
readDouble()
readInt()language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
readShort()
readLong()
readLine()
777
readUTF()
readUnsignedByte()
readUnsignedShort()
readFully(byte_sequence)
readFully(byte_sequence,
off, len)
skipBytes(n)
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
DataOutput:
write (b)remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
writeBoolean(boolean)
writeByte(byte)
writeBytes(string)
writeChar(char)
writeChars(string)
writeDouble(double)
writeFloat(float)
writeInt(int)

and exceptions
writeLong(long)
writeShort(short)
writeUTF()
File input/output
DataInputStream and
DataOutput
Stream
Python's
intrinsic functions
manipulating
strings
The data stream classes, DataInputStream
and
DataOutputStream
, implement the DataInput
andDataOutput interfaces, respectively, reading and writing Java primitive types to a stream. Here are their
methods.
DataInputStream:
__init__ (InputStream) creates a buffered writer with the specified writer output stream
DataOutputStream:
numerous code samples
make
this bookreader
a useful
learning
experience.
__init__ and
(InputStream)
creates
a buffered
with
the specified
reader input stream

Using DataInputStream
give you insight into,the
power
the know-how
to put it to work.
To demonstrate DataInputStream
we'll
read of
in Python
the file and
we wrote
with DataOutputStream
in the
last interactive session.
777
Import the classes needed.
>>> from java.io

DataInputStream,
Pythonimport
Programming
with the Java ClassFileInputStream
Create a DataInputStream
instance that's chained to a new instance of FileInputStream.
>>> data_in = DataInputStream(FileInputStream("data_out.bin"))

Pub the
Date:
June 28, 2002
Read in a Boolean from
stream.
Table of
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Contents
data_in.readBoolean()
Pages: 640
1
Read in a Byte from
the stream.
remained
>>> data_in.readByte()
1
Read in a Char from
thetutorial
stream.begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
This
>>> data_in.readChar()
'\x1'

capabilities
Read in an Int from
the stream.and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
>>> data_in.readInt()
1
Read in a Long and a Short from the stream.
Fundamentaldata_in.readShort()
>>> data_in.readLong(),
(1L, 1)
Close the stream.

and exceptions
>>>data_in.close()
Using DataOutputStream
File input/output
Though not very creative, the
following
example
shows how to write the Java primitive types using
Python's
intrinsic
functions
DataOutputStream:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from java.io import DataOutputStream, FileOutputStream

data_out = DataOutputStream(FileOutputStream("data_out.bin"))
data_out.writeBoolean(1)
data_out.writeByte(1)
data_out.writeChar(1)
data_out.writeInt(1)
data_out.writeLong(1)
data_out.writeShort(1)
data_out.close()
Here's a hexdump listing of data_out.bin:
0E7F:0100 01 01 00 01 00 00 00 01-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 ................

0E7F:0110 00 01 FF FF FF FF FF FF-FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF ................
readUTF() and writeUTF()
777
Two methods that make life easier are readUTF() and writeUTF(), which read and write strings in
Unicode (UTF-8 transformation format).
Here's an example ofPython

writingProgramming
two strings:
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>

By Richard
Hightower
java.io
import
*
from
out = DataOutputStream(FileOutputStream("strs.bin"))
out.writeUTF("Hello
world")
Publisher: Addison
Wesley
out.writeUTF("
Hello
earth")
out.close() ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Here'sContents
an example of reading two strings:
>>> input = DataInputStream(FileInputStream("strs.bin"))

>>> input.readUTF()
'Hello world'
>>> input.readUTF()
' Hello earth'
>>> input.close()
As you can see, it is a lot easier to write strings with this technique than with the others we had to use without
DataInputStream and DataOutputStream.
The File Class
Python
Programming
with the
Libraries:
A It
Tutorial
The Java File class
is nothing
like the Python
fileJava(TM)
object, inClass
spite of
the name.
allows for
youBuilding
to checkWeb
the
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
following attributes of a file:
Read
Write
Size

and exceptions

Last modification date
File input/output
Directory or not a directory
Python's
intrinsic
functions
It also provides the methods
listed below
to view
a directory's contents, to create and delete directories, and to
delete directory files:
Interfacing
with the Java
APIs and
working
with Java Streams
canRead() determines
permission
and access
to read
the file
Using Python
and Java
to create
canWrite() determines
read-only
or Swing
read/write
accessGUIs
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
delete() deletes
the current
file referenced
by this file object
Python
and Java
applets
equals(File)
determines
if the
file referenced by this object is the same as the argument
In determines
addition, the
contains
exists()
if book
the file
exists instructions for downloading and installing the Python
getPath()and
gets
the filecode
pathsamples
(can be make
relative)
numerous
getAbsolutePath()
same
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but resolves
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Whether you are
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user
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getCanonicalPath()
getName() gets the file name
777
getParent() gets the parent directory
isAbsolute()
isDirectory()
determines
By Richard
Hightower if the file is a directory
isFile() determines if the file is a regular file
Pub Date:
June
2002
lastModified()
gets
the28,
date
the file was last modified
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
length()
gets Pages:
the length
640of the file
Contents
list() lists
the files in by
theease
directory
Characterized
list(filter)
and
listsprofessionals
the files in the
directory
with a filter
novices
alike.
In particular,
mkdir(dir) creates a directory
mkdirs() creates several directories
File
plenty
of skill-building
renameTo()
renames
the file exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
techniques.
programmers,
book demonstrates
Python's
of )
toString()
returnsFor
theexperienced
string equivalent
of the filethe
(toString
is inherited
frombreadth
Object
development.
Interactiveapplication
Session
Let's look at an example
of File. Import
the File
from
the java.io
package.
and Enterprise
Applications
with class
Jython
covers
important
topics such as:
>>> from java.io import File

Create an instance of the file
object thatand
refers
to the properties of the file (c:\\dat\\File.txt).
interpreters,
compilers
>>> file = File("c:\\dat\\File.txt")

and exceptions
Determine if the file is read-only by calling canWrite(). If canWrite() returns 1 (true), the file is
read/write. (If you change the
properties of programming
the file to read-only,
canWrite() returns 0, that is, false.)
Object-oriented
concepts
>>> file.canWrite()
File input/output
1
Determine if the file exists. If not, the exists() function returns 0.
>>> file.exists()
1
Get just the file name without
thePython
path. and Java Swing to create GUIs
Using
>>> file.getName()
'File.txt'
Get the file path.
>>> file.getPath()
'c:\\dat\\File.txt'
Get the path of the parent
directory.
Whether
>>> file.getParent()
'c:\\dat'
777
In the following code, we'll see if the file is a directory. Then we'll create a File instance that refers to the file's
parent directory and test if the directory is actually a directory.
Is the file a directory?

(1 means
yes; 0 meanswith
no) the Java
Python
Programming
>>>
0

file.isDirectory()
Create a File instance that refers to the file's parent directory, and then see if the directory is a directory.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
directory
= file(File.getParent())
of
Pages:
640
>>> Contents
directory.isDirectory()
1
>>> file.isFile()
1
Is the file a file?
Is the directory a file?

>>> directory.isFile()
0
ThelastModified() method returns the time, as a Long, which refers to the milli-seconds elapsed since
Jan. 1, 1970.
>>> file.lastModified()
934294386000L
You can convert the LongFundamental

to a date using
the following
technique.
Importstatements,
the Date expressions,
class, passing its last
programming
concepts,
including
modified value to its constructor.
>>>
>>>
>>>
Tue
from java.util
import
Date operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Python
basics, including
date = Date(File.lastModified())
and exceptions
print date
Aug 10 07:13:06
PDT 1999
Object-oriented
Get the length of the file. File input/output
>>> file.length()Python's intrinsic functions

63L
Is the class an absolute path (c:\dat\text.tx) or a relative path (..\..\text.txt)?
>>> file.isAbsolute()
1
with SQL
andlength.
JDBC(TM)
Delete the file and check toWorking
see if it exists;
get its
>>> file.delete()Python and Java applets

1
language and the Java #
Development
(JDK). Terminology,
>>> file.exists()
File noKitlonger
exist definitions, explanations,
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
0
user new is
to programming
or a serious
>>> file.length()
# Thus computer
its length
zero
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
0L
Create a new File instance that refers to the relative location of autoexec.bat.
777
>>> file = File ("..\\..\\..\\autoexec.bat")
Check to see if the file

exists.Programming
Python
>>>
1

file.exists()
Get the path (note that it's relative).
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
file.getPath()
of
Pages:
640
'..\\..\\..\\autoexec.bat'
Contents

Get the absolute pathCharacterized
(this looks weird).
>>> file.getAbsolutePath()
'C:\\book\\..\\..\\..\\autoexec.bat'
Get the canonical path (this looks better).
>>> file.getCanonicalPath()
'C:\\AUTOEXEC.BAT'
Path
Separators:
application
development. Sometimes \\, Sometimes/
theoperating
Java(TM)
Classyou're
Libraries:
Tutorial
Building
The path separator Python
can varyProgramming
depending onwith
what
system
using,A so
it's notfor
a good
idea Web
to
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
topics
such as:
hardcode it. On Windows
machines,
the path separator
is \,covers
but onimportant
Unix it's /
.
Given this situation, the proper way to create the directory string is
interpreters,
and compilers
>>> new_directory
= directory.getCanonicalPath()
+ File.separator \
...
not
+ "MyNewDir"
and exceptions
Object-oriented
>>> new_directory
= directory.getCanonicalPath()
\
+ "\\MyNewDir"
File input/output
File class instances can work

withintrinsic
directories
as well. Create a relative directory that points to the current
Python's
functions
directory.
>>> directory = File(".")

>>> directory.isAbsolute()
0
List the files in the current directory (an array of Java strings is returned).
>>> directory.list()
array(['TOC2.txt',
'readme.txt',
Python
and Java applets 'Silver', 'status.xls', 'TOC.txt', 'chap9',
'chap5', 'chap3', 'chap2', 'chap10', 'chap1', '~WRL1019.tmp', '~WRL0244.tmp',
In addition,
for downloading'chap6',
and installing 'scripts',
the Python
'~WRL2798.tmp',
'~WRL2319.tmp',
'Code Samples',
'Gold'],
java.lang.String)
Let's create a new directory called MyNewDir. First create the directory string.
>>> new_directory
= developer,
directory.getCanonicalPath()
+ "\\MyNewDir"
application
Show it.
777
>>> print new_directory

C:\book\MyNewDir
Create an instance ofPython

the directory
that will be
created.
Programming
with
the Java
>>> newDir

= By
File(new_directory)
Richard Hightower
See if the directory to which the instance refers already exists.


>>> newDir.exists()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
0
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Create the directory with the mkdir() method.

>>> newDir.mkdir()
1
See if it exists (it should).
>>> newDir.exists()
1
The RandomAccessFile
Class
application
development.
RandomAccessFile
both reads
and writes to binary output streams. It's most similar to the Python file
object and has the following methods:
__init__(strName, strMode) opens the file in the specified mode
Fundamental
programming
including
expressions,
__init__(File,
strMode)
same asconcepts,
above, but
passes astatements,
Java file object
getFD() gets the file descriptor

and exceptions
getFilePointer()
similar to the tell() method for the Python file object
concepts
length() getsObject-oriented
the length of theprogramming
file
seek() similar File

to theinput/output
seek() method for the Python file object
Python's intrinsic
functions
read(byte_sequence)
similar
to the read() method in InputStream
manipulating
read(byte_sequence,
off, and
len)
similar tostrings
the read() method in InputStream
Interfacing
withDataInput
the Java APIs: and working with Java Streams
The following abstract methods
are from
readBoolean()
readByte()
readFloat()
readChar()
readDouble()
readInt()application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
readShort()
777
readLong()
readLine()
readUTF()Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
readUnsignedByte()

readUnsignedShort()
readFully(byte_sequence)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
readFully(byte_sequence,
off, len)
write (b)novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
application
These abstract methods
are fromdevelopment.
DataOutput:
skipBytes(n)
writeBoolean(boolean)
writeByte(byte)
writeBytes(string)
writeChar(char)
writeChars(string)
writeDouble(double)
writeFloat(float)
and exceptions
writeInt(int)
writeLong(long)
File input/output
writeShort(short)
writeUTF(string)

Advanced
Note:
The
Shortcoming
of Single
Using Python
and Java
Swing
to create GUIs
Inheritance
Instead of RandomAccessFile
inheriting from both InputStream and
OutputStream, it inherits from DataInput and DataOuput (which are interfaces). Of
course, it could
inherited
fromcontains
these stream
classesfor
if they
were interfaces,
but because
In have
addition,
the book
instructions
downloading
and installing
the Python
RandomAccessFile
them, itKit
can't
chain Terminology,
to them.
language and doesn't
the Javasupport
Development
(JDK).
A while back I wanted a random access file that worked with ObjectOutputStream and
ObjectInputStream
. Toa sophisticated
get it I had to computer
write my own
extended from
Whether you are
user class
new tothat
programming
or a serious
ObjectOutput
and ObjectInput
and re-implement
streaming.
ThisLibraries
is a situation
application
developer, Python, Programming
withobject
the Java(TM)
Class
will
where the single
of power
Java falls
short. and the know-how to put it to work.
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you insightmodel
into the
of Python
777
RandomAccessFile Modes
TheRandomAccessFile
modes are r for
read
only,
which
is similar
to Python's
r, andfor
rwBuilding
for read/write,
Python Programming
with
the
Java
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
which is similar to Python's
r+Enterprise
. Working with
RandomAccessFile
isn't much different from working
Web and
Applications
with Jython
withDataInputStream
DataOutputStream. It's also not much different from working with the
By Richardand
Hightower
Python file object, as I said before. Since there are no truly new concepts here, this next interactive session is a
short one. (You still have
to followAddison
along, though.)
Publisher:
Wesley
ImportRandomAccessFile from java.io.
>>>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640 RandomAccessFile
from java.io import
Contents
bymode.
Create an instance ofCharacterized
it in read/write
>>> file = RandomAccessFile("c:\\dat\\rFile.bin",
"rw")
novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship
to Java(TM) makes
Create an array that can
be written
to the file; write it to the file.
application
development.
>>> import jarray

>>> byte_array
= ofjarray.array((0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10),
plenty
skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, 'b')
this book will
>>> print byte_array
array([0, 1, techniques.
2, 3, 4,
6, 7,programmers,
8, 9, 10],
byte)
For 5,
experienced
the book
>>> file.write(byte_array)
Write some strings toPython
the file.
>>> file.writeUTF("Hello")
>>> file.writeChars(" how are you")
>>> file.writeBytes("
fine
thanks")
Fundamental
programming

Get the location in the file.
>>> file.getFilePointer()
and exceptions
54L
>>> location = file.getFilePointer()
Object-oriented programming concepts# Save it for later
Move to the start of the fileFile
using
the seek() method.
input/output
>>> file.seek(0) Python's intrinsic functions

Create an empty array ( buffer
), andparsing,
read in the
from byte_array
(written a few steps back).
Formatting,
andvalues
manipulating
strings
Notice that buffer's values are the same as byte_array's values after the file.read() function call.
>>> buffer = jarray.zeros(11, 'b')

>>> file.read(buffer)
11
>>> print buffer Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10], byte)
Move to the saved location; show that it's the same place in the file.
>>> file.seek(location)
54L

application
developer,
Python
Write the buffer to the
file and show
its current
location.
>>> buffer[10] = 0xa

>>> file.write(buffer)
65L
777
>>> file.close()
Unicode
Unicode is a standard for working

with character sets from all common languages. It's essential for internationalizing
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
software.
Pages: 640
Contents
Are you the least bit curious about the differences between writeUTF(),writeChars(), and
writeBytes()? Here they are:
>>> file.writeUTF("Hello")
the two languages,
whenare
used you")
>>> file.writeChars("
how
application
development.
>>> file.writeBytes(" fine thanks")

withUnicode
coverage
of some of the
of Python
Using
In essence, writeChars()
writes the
representation
of basics
the characters
to programming.
the file; writeUTF()
and
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
will
writeBytes() write out the ASCII equivalents. (More precisely, writeUTF() writes in a Java-modified
UTF-8
helpread
those
newin
tothe
programming
of concepts and
practical
format, which you can
about
Java API documentation
under the DataInput
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In the previous
For experienced
interactive example,techniques.
UTF-8 equated
to ASCII.) programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
development.
The Unicode data inapplication
this example
is represented by two bytes, whereas the writeBytes() and writeUTF() data
is represented by one byte. Fire up a hexdump utility, and see for yourself (this is a hexdump of the rfile.bin file):
C:\dat>debugandrFile.bin
-d
1876:0100 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07-08 09 0A 00 05 48 65 6C .............Hel
1876:0110 6C 6F 00 20 00 68 00 6F-00 77 00 20 00 61 00 72 lo. .h.o.w. .a.r
1876:0120 00 65 00 20 00 79 00 6F-00 75 20 66 69 6E 65 20 .e. .y.o.u fine
1876:0130 74 68 Python
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1876:0150 58 C3 A1 D7 D7 8B 36 D9-D7 C6 06 1B D9 00 C6 06 X.....6.........
1876:0160 17 D9 Object-oriented
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1876:0170 56 5B 2B DE 59 03 CB 8B-D6 C6 06 BB DB 00 E3 31
V[+.Y..........1File input/output
Notice that the how are
you in
the right
column, which was written with writeChars(), has a period (".")
Python's
intrinsic
functions
between each character, while the Hello and the fine thanks don't. This shows that how are you is using 2Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
byte Unicode.
The StreamTokenizer
Class
StreamTokenizer breaks
up an
input
stream
into tokens and can be used to parse a simple file (excuse
Working
with
SQL
and JDBC(TM)
me, "input stream"). Read the Java API documentation on StreamTokenizer, and then compare what you
read to the following methods
__init__(Reader)
__init__(InputStream)
nextToken()
returns
the nextPython
token inProgramming
the stream with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
application
developer,
lineno() returns the current line number
777
lowerCaseMode(flag) returns all words to lowercase if passed a true value

parseNumbers() sets the parsing of floating-point numbers
Python
Programming
withonto
thethe
Java
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
pushBack()
pushes
the token back
stream,
returning
it to the
next nextToken()
method call

quoteChar(char) specifies the character string delimiter; the whole string is returned as a token
insval
resetSyntax()ISBN:
sets0-201-61616-5
all characters to ordinary so that they aren't ignored as tokens
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
commentChar(char) specifies
a character that begins a comment that lasts until the end of the
line; charactersCharacterized
in a commentbyare
not
returned
comment)
application development. allows recognition of /* */ to denote a comment
slashStarComments(flag)
slashSlashComments(flag) allows recognition of // to denote a comment (this is a Java
toString()
develop
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practical
whitespaceChars(low,hi)
specifies
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delimiters
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capabilitieshi)
and
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that Python
interfaces
ordinaryChar(char) specifies a character that is never part of a token (the character should be
returned as is)Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
ordinaryChars(low, hi) specifies a range of characters that are never part of a token (the
character should be returned as is)
eolSignificant(flag)
if end-of-line (EOL) characters are significant (they're
interpreters,
andspecifies
compilers
ignored if not, i.e., treated like whitespace)
StreamTokenizer's variables
are ttype (one of the constant values TT_EOF,TT_EOL,
and exceptions
TT_NUMBER, and TT_WORD) ;sval (contains the token of the last string read); and nval (contains the
token of the last number read).
File input/output
Using StreamTokenizer

Reading the documentation probably isn't enough to get you started with StreamTokenizer, so we're
Formatting,
and manipulating
going to work with a simple
applicationparsing,
that produces
a report on strings
the number of classes and functions in a
Python source file. Here's the source code:
class MyClass:
#This is my class
def method1(self):
pass
def method2(self):
passPython and Java applets
#Comment should
be ignored
In addition,
def AFunction():
pass and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
class SecondClass:
def m1(self):
print
"Hi into
Mom"
#Sayand
hitheto
mom to put it to work.
give
you insight
the power of Python
know-how
def m2(self):
print "Hi Son"
#Say hi to Son
777
#Comment should be ignored
def BFunction():
pass Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
Follow along with the next interactive session. Afterward we'll look at the code to count the classes and
functions.
Import the FileInputStream
class from java.io, and create an instance of it.
>>>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640 FileInputStream
from java.io import
Contents
>>> file = FileInputStream("C:\\dat\\ParseMe.py")

Import the StreamTokenizer
class,
and create anlanguage
instancefor
of more
it. Pass
its constructor
theis used by
remained a premier
programming
than
a decade, and
FileInputStream
instance.
novices
>>> from java.io
import
StreamTokenizer
application
development.
>>> token = StreamTokenizer(File)

CallnextToken()
to get
first token exercises
in the file and
(thatinteractive
is, class). programming sessions, this book will
plenty
of the
skill-building
>>> token.nextToken()
-3
As you can see, nextToken() returns a numeric value, although you may have been expecting a string value
containing"class"
. In fact,
nextToken()
the type
ofLibraries:
token, thatAis,Tutorial
a word,for
a number,
an EOL
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Programming
with thereturns
Java(TM)
Class
BuildingorWeb
or EOF (end-of-file)and
character,
so
-3
refers
to
TT-WORD
.
Thettype variable holds the last type of token read.
>>> token.ttype interpreters, and compilers
-3

Thesval variable holds the
last token read. If we want to check if the last token type was a word, we
andactual
exceptions
can write this, and, if it was a word, we can print it out.
>>> if token.ttype == token.TT_WORD:

...
print token.sval
File input/output
...
class
>>>

CallnextToken() again to get the next token, which is MyClass.
-3
>>> print token.sval
MyClass
CallnextToken() again; this time it should return the '#' token.

58

None
Since the token is a ':'StreamTokenizer doesn't recognize it as valid. The only valid types are
NUMBER,EOL,EOF, and WORD. So for ':' to be recognized, it has to be registered with the
wordChars() method.
777
>>> token.TT_NUMBER
-2
>>> token.TT_EOL
10
>>> token.TT_EOF ISBN: 0-201-61616-5

-1 Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
>>> token.TT_WORD
-3
If the type isn't one of these, the number corresponding to the character encoding is returned. Let's see what
nextToken() returns for the next character.
35
thoseyou
new
programming
develop ord()
an understanding
The35 refers to '#'help
, which
cantoprove
with the built-in
function. of concepts and practical
>>> ord('#') capabilities and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
35
Get the next token. Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
-3

interpreters,
and compilers
The token is a word (-3 equates
to TT_WORD
). Print sval to find out what the word is.
and exceptions
This
concepts
As you can see, the StreamTokenizer
instance is reading
text out of the comment from the first line. We
want to ignore comments, so we need to return the tokens we took out back into the stream.
File input/output
Push the token back into the stream.
>>> token.pushBack()

Attempt to push the token before the last one back into the stream.
>>> token.pushBack()

SetcommentChar() to ignore '#'. (commentChar() takes an integer argument corresponding to the
encoding of the character.)Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
>>> token.commentChar(ord('#'))
In addition,
Get the next token, and
print it out.
-3

This
Are you wondering why we still have the comment text? The pushback() method can only push back the
last token, so calling it more than once won't do any good. Let's start from the beginning, creating a new
FileInputStream instance and a new StreamTokenizer instance.
777
Python Programming
the Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Create the StreamTokenizer
instance with
by passing
its constructor
a new instance
of for Building
FileInputStream.
>>> file = fileInputStream("c:\\dat\\parseMe.py")

>>> token = StreamTokenizer(File)
Iterate through the source code,

printing
out the words in the file. Quit the while loop when the token type is
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
EOF. Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
>>> while token.ttype

Characterized by!=
easetoken.TT_EOF:
...
token.nextToken()
...
if(token.ttype
== token.TT_WORD):
...
print
token.sval
the two
languages,
Notice that the comment text isn't in the words printed out.
class
MyClass
def
method1
self
pass
def
method2
self
pass
def
AFunction
pass
...
...
and exceptions
Parsing Python with StreamTokenizer
File input/output
Okay, we've done our experimentation. Now it's time for the actual code for counting the classes and functions
in our Python source code. Python's intrinsic functions
Formatting,
strings
from java.io import
FileInputStream,
StreamTokenizer
with the
Java APIs andby
working
with Java
# CreateInterfacing
a stream
tokenizer
passing
a Streams
new
# instance of the FileInputStream
token = StreamTokenizer(FileInputStream("c:\\dat\\parseMe.py"))
# Set the comment character.

token.commentChar(ord('#'))
classList = []
functionList language
= [] and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
# Add an element to a list

Whether you are atoken):
def addToList(theList,
token.nextToken()
give you insight
if (token.ttype
== token.TT_WORD):
theList.append (token.sval)
777
# Adds a class to the class list

def parseClass(token):
global classList
addToList (classList,
token)
Web and Enterprise
# Adds a function to the function list

def parseFunction(token):
global functionList
addToList (functionList,
token)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents#
Pages: 640
Iterate through the list until the

# token
is ofby ease
type
TT_EOF,
end
of File
Characterized
of use,
richness of
expression,
while token.ttype
!=
token.TT_EOF:
token.nextToken()
if(token.ttype
token.TT_WORD):
the two ==
languages,
if (token.sval
== "class"):
parseClass(token)
elif(token.sval
== coverage
"def"):
parseFunction(token)
plenty
# Print
outFordetail
about
a function
or classPython's
list breadth of
techniques.
experienced
programmers,
def printList(theList,
type):
print "There
are "development.
+ `len(theList)` + " " + type
application
print theList
and Enterprise
# Print
the results.
printList (classList, "classes")
printList (functionList, "functions and methods")
Here's the output:
There are 2
['MyClass',
There are 6
['method1',


classes
and exceptions
'SecondClass']
functions and methods
Object-oriented
'method2',
'AFunction',
'm1', 'm2', 'BFunction']
File input/output
The main part of the code (where all the action is happening) is
Python's
intrinsic functions
# Iterate
through
the list until the
# tokenFormatting,
is of parsing,
type and
TT_EOF,
end of File
while token.ttype != token.TT_EOF:
token.nextToken()
if(token.ttype == token.TT_WORD):
if (token.sval
== Java
"class"):
Using Python and
parseClass(token)
Working with SQL
JDBC(TM)
elif(token.sval
== and
"def"):
Let's look at it step by step.
Java
If the token type isn'tlanguage
equal to and
EOFthe
, get
theDevelopment
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while token.ttype != token.TT_EOF:

token.nextToken()
If the token type is WORD
, insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
give you
if(token.ttype == token.TT_WORD):
777
check to see if the token is a class modifier. If it is, call the parseClass() function, which uses the
StreamTokenizer
instance
to extract the
class
andClass
put itLibraries:
on a list. A Tutorial for Building
Python
Programming
with
thename
Java
if (token.sval
== "class"):
By Richard
Hightower
parseClass(token)
If the token isn't a class modifier, check to see if it's a function modifier. If so, call parseFunction(),
which uses StreamTokenizer
to extract the function name and put it on a list.
Table of
elif(token.sval
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages:
640
==
"def"):
StreamTokenizer
is a good
way toprogramming
parse an input
stream.for
If you
understand
its runtime
remained
a premier
language
more
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In particular,
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to Java(TM) makes
you should from the novices
preceding
session),
be more its
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to relationship
use it.
The more astute among
you probably
noticed that functions and methods were counted together in the last
application
development.
example. As an exercise, change the code so that each class has an associated list of methods and so that these
methods are countedThis
separately.
Hint: You'll need to help
use the
resetSyntax()
method
of StreamTokenizer
to setand
all characters
those
new to programming
develop
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practical to
ordinary. Then you'lltechniques.
need to count
spaces (ord(")
) and tabs
(ord("\t")
) that
occur before
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experienced
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the book
demonstrates
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breadththeoffirst
word on a line. For this
you alsoand
needshows
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this exercise, I
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with
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professional
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As another exercise,Python
create aProgramming
stream that can
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file whose
contents
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a class of
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value
basics,
including
string formatting,
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Here's an example.
[Communication:Host]
File input/output
type = "TCP/IP" #Possible values are TCP/IP or RS-232
Python's
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functions
port = 978
#Sets
port of the TCP/IP
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type = "RS-232"
baudrate = 9600
baudrate = 2800 Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
baudrate = 19200
[Greeting:Client]
and Java
applets
sayHello = "Good Python
morning
Mr.
Bond"
[Greeting:Host]
language
and the Javasir"
sayHello = "Good
morning
Create a dictionary of dictionaries of dictionaries. The name of the top-level dictionary should correspond to the
Whether you are
a sophisticated
userbe
new
to programming
or a serious
section type (Communication
,Greeting
); its computer
value should
a dictionary
whose name
corresponds to
application
developer,
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Programming
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Libraries
the section names (Client
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values
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to another
dictionary.
names will
and values
give
you
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into
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put
it
to
work.
of the third-level dictionaries should correspond to the name values in the file (sayHello ="Good
morning Mr. Bond", type = "RS-232"). If, like baudrate , the name repeats itself, you
should create a list corresponding to the name baudrate and, instead of a single value inserted in the bottomtier dictionaries, put the list as the value.
777
The structure will look

like this:
Python
Programming

{}Communication{}
Client {} type = "rs-232"
|
|
|
|
|
- baudrate = [9600, 2800, 19200]
|
|
|
| Host {} type = "TCP/IP"
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
| Table of
|
Pages: 640
| Contents
- port = 978
|
Greeting -----{} - Client{} - sayHello = "Good morning Mr. Bond"
|
| Host sayHello = "Good morning sir"
Persisting Objects with Java Streams
exercises
and interactive
sessions,It this
book will for
ObjectOutputStream
writes out Java
class instances
(objects)programming
to an output stream.
accomplishes
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
Java what the pickle module does for Python. Only Java instances that have the Serializable class
For experienced
programmers,
the book demonstrates Python's
breadth
of
(interface) as a base techniques.
class (interface)
can be serialized
with ObjectOutputStream
. All Jython
objects
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
(class instances, functions, dictionaries, lists) implement Serializable.
Here's a short example. Import ObjectOutputStream and FileOutputStream from the java.io
package.
>>> from java.io import ObjectOutputStream, FileOutputStream

concepts,
expressions,
Create an instance of ObjectOutputStream
, passing
the constructor
a new instance
of
FileOutputStream.interpreters, and compilers
>>> oos = ObjectOutputStream(FileOutputStream("c:\\dat\\out.bin"))
and exceptions
Define a simple class.
>>> class MyClass:

File input/output
...
def __init__(self):
...
self.a
= "a"
...
Create an instance of the class.
>>> object = MyClass()

Write the instance to the output stream with the writeObject() method.
>>> oos.writeObject(object)
>>> oos.close() Python#From
and Javahere
applets
Now we can use ObjectInputStream

to read
the objectfor
back.
Import ObjectInputStream
instructions
downloading
and installing the Python and
FileInputStream
from
package
java.io.
>>> from java.io import ObjectInputStream, FileInputStream

Create an instance of ObjectInputStream.
>>> ois = ObjectInputStream(FileInputStream("c:\\dat\\out.bin"))
777
Read the object from the stream.
>>> object2 = ois.readObject()
Python
Programming
with as
the
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Show that the attribute
of object2
is the same
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attribute
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but
that object
and object2
aren't the same.
>>> print "The a attribute of object 2 is " + object2.a

>>> print "Are Publisher:
objectAddison
and Wesley
object2 the same? " + `(object is object2)`
As I said, object streams function

lot like the pickle module.
ISBN: a0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
As an Contents
exercise, modify the address book application from Chapter 8 to use object streams instead of pickle.
remained a premier
programming
language
Using Java Streams
to Work
with
Memory
the streams
two languages,
when used
in combination,
ideal
forprecisely,
Web andany
distributed
enterprise
We spoke earlier about
being abstract
metaphors
for files or,
more
type of input/output
application
development.
mechanism. With streams, for example, you can write data to a byte array, which is essentially a location in the
computer's memory. ByteArrayInputStream and ByteArrayOutputStream allow reading and
writing to and from memory. You might want to look them up in the Java API documentation.
those new
programming
understanding
concepts
andthe
practical
Instead of passing a help
file stream
to a to
stream
derivation,develop
you cananpass
a byte arrayofstream.
Here's
earlier
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth of
example showing this (the differences are in bold).
from java.io application
import development.
ObjectOutputStream, ByteArrayOutputStream
bytes = ByteArrayOutputStream()
oos = ObjectOutputStream(bytes)
class MyClass:
def __init__(self):
self.a interpreters,
= "a" and compilers
object = MyClass()
oos.writeObject(object)
and exceptions
oos.close()
print "Here is the
binary image
on concepts
a Jython class instance"
Object-oriented
programming
print bytes.toByteArray()
File input/output
from java.io import ObjectInputStream, ByteArrayInputStream

ois = ObjectInputStream(ByteArrayInputStream(bytes.toByteArray()))
object2 = ois.readObject()
print "The a attribute

2 is
" + object2.a
Interfacing of
with object
the Java APIs
and working
with Java Streams
print "Are object and object2 the same? " + `(object is object2)`
Note that, to create the ByteArrayInputStream instance, I passed the byte array returned by the
toByteArray() method
of the with
ByteArrayOutputStream
instance. In a later chapter, I'll show you
Working
SQL and JDBC(TM)
how to work with network streams.
As an exercise, read the Java API documentation on CharArrayReader and CharArrayWriter, and
In addition,
book
contains
instructions
downloading
write a simple program
that readsthe
and
writes
text strings
to andfor
from
a memory location.
Summary

Streams are Java's way
to support
I/O. TheyPython
can represent
a file, awith
network
connection,
or access
to awill
Web site.
application
developer,
Programming
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
In this chapter, we dealt
with file
because
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work withtoand
givemostly
you insight
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the power
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andeasy
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know-how
putdemonstrate
it to work. stream
fundamentals. Learning to deal with Java streams is essential for learning to use the Java APIs.
777
We covered some nonstream classesRandomAccessFile,File, and StreamTokenizer. As we

saw in the examples, RandomAccessFile works most like the Python file object. The Java File class
allows access to a file's

attributes:
Is the file read-only?
Is it a directory?
and so forth.
It alsofor
allows
the creation
Python
Programming
with the Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
of directories. The StreamTokenizer
class works with
text stream (a class derived from Reader) or
withany
Jython
binary stream (a classByderived
InputStream).
Richardfrom
Hightower
Streams work with more
than just files. We demonstrated the ByteArrayInputStream and the
ByteArrayOutputStream classes, which allow reading and writing to memory buffers.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 13. JFC

Fundamentals
Components and Containers

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
JFrame
Pages: 640
Contents
by easeEvents
The PythonCharacterized
Way of Handling
JPanel
JLabel
JComponent
JButton This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
JTextField
JCheckBoxtechniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
JRadioButton
List and JList
Summary
Fundamental
programming concepts,Menu
including
Abstract
Window Toolkit
(m enubar/popup)
Checkbox
Mnemonics
and exceptions
Container
Model View Controller
Data model
Packing
File input/output
Dropdown
list
Panel
Event Python's
object intrinsic functions
Polymorphism

strings
File path
Radio/Toggle
button
with Java Streams
FrameInterfacing with the Java APIs and working
Single inheritance
GUIs
gif/jpeg
Superclass
Working with SQL and JDBC(TM) Titlebar
Java APIs
Python and Classes/Swing
Java applets
Java Foundation
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In
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Layout
management
Vector
Listener
and
In this chapter, we'reWhether
going toyou
cover
construction computer
of Java GUI
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listboxes,
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arethe
a sophisticated
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In previous chapters,
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There are two ways to build GUIs in JavaAbstract Window Toolkit (AWT) and Java Foundation Classes
(JFC)/Swing, which are conceptually similar although very different in execution. JFC is the newer of the two
and is supported only by current browsers. AWT is supported by newer and older browsers, but our AWT tour
777
will include only its Python

post-Swing
incarnation. with the Java
Programming

AWT or JFC

If you can't control the

clientthat
is, what browser he's usingyou may want to use AWT. You'll
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table
of also use it when you're working with hand-held devices. Even so, JFC has many features
probably
Pages: 640
Contents
that have no AWT equivalent, so it's a better general-purpose tool.
Actually, JFCremained
encompasses
both AWT
and Swing,
but Swing
is thethan
newer,
so-called
a premier
programming
language
for more
a decade,
andlightweight
is used by
version of GUI
widgets
(components).
Basically,
Swing
widgets
have
no
operating
system makes
novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM)
counterpart. the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
Learning GUI programming in Java is a fairly tall order, especially when you factor in all of the advanced JFC
with
coverage
of some
of the
basicschapters,
of Python
programming.
controls such as treesThis
andtutorial
tables. begins
Covering
this
topic fully
will take
several
and
even then weUsing
can only
plenty
of more,
skill-building
interactive
sessions, thisisbook
will Java,
cover the basics. If you
want
there areexercises
plenty ofand
good
books outprogramming
there. One I recommend
Graphic
help 1998
those and
new1999),
to programming
develop
an understanding
concepts
practical
volumes 1 and 2 (Geary,
which provides
exhaustive
referencesofand
scores and
of code
examples.
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of
Geary documents components by their properties, which makes them easy for Jython users to read and work
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
with. Other good sources are the Java tutorial on JFC and the abundant, and free, Java API documentation.
Like most of the chapters in this book, this one is hands on. For example, we don't go into detail about the
Python
Programming
Java(TM)
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Webto
Model View Controller
(MVC)
architecturewith
thatthe
JFC
uses, butClass
we show
examples
that usefor
it. Building
If you want
and behavior
Enterprise
withtoJython
topics
understand the dynamic
ofApplications
MVC, you have
followcovers
along.important
Repeat after
me:such
Theas:
only way to learn
program ming is to program.
Components and
Containers
interpreters,
and compilers
Python basics,
including
operators,
string
namespaces,
classes,
errors,
In Java, you organize components
as nested
elements.
Typically
you formatting,
have a frame,
which contains
several
panels
and
exceptions
and maybe a toolbar and a menubar. In fact, each panel can contain other components such as text fields and
labels or even other panels, so a complete graphical user interface can consist of many nested elements. The JFC
and AWT containers are components themselves and can be contained in other containers. You can see this in
their class diagrams, whichFile
alsoinput/output
show their points of similarity.
Design
Patterns
and manipulating
strings
Interfacing
with thePublish
Java APIs
working
with Java Streams Decorator,
AWT and JFC use the
design patterns
and and
Subscribe,
Observer/Observable,
and Strategy, among others. These are described in Design Patterns (Gamma et al., 1995)a must
Using Python
andJava
JavaAPIs.
read for a deep understanding
of the
JFrame
addition,that
the pop
bookupcontains
instructions
and installing
the Python
Frames are top-levelIn
interfaces
as windows
and canfor
be downloading
resized and closed.
As containers,
they
language
and components,
definitions,
explanations,
typically contain panels
and other
for whichKit
they(JDK).
initiateTerminology,
layout management.
They
can also have an
associated menubar and icons.
Here's an example ofWhether
how a simple
works usingcomputer
JFrame
. new to programming or a serious
you areframe
a sophisticated
user
ImportJFrame from
javax.swing.
anpower
instance
of it, show
it, change
give
you insightCreate
into the
of Python
and it,
thesize
know-how
toits
puttitle.
it to work.
>>> from javax.swing import JFrame

>>> frame.show()
777
>>> frame.size
= 200,200
Python
Set the title to "Hello

JFC".Hightower
By Richard
>>> frame.title = "Hello JFC"

Setting the Frame'sISBN:

Mouse
Cursor
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
With a frame, as with all components, you can set the mouse cursor. You'll probably want to make the cursor
wait during a long operation
so it shows
a wristwatch
or hourglass
that lets
theconcise
user know
the Python
application
Characterized
by ease
of use, richness
of expression,
and
syntax,
has is busy.
In the example that follows,
set theprogramming
cursor to WAIT
,TEXT,for
andmore
HAND
. After
each and
command,
the
remainedwe'll
a premier
language
than
a decade,
is usedposition
by
mouse over the middle
of theand
frame,
and note the
image
the pointeritsbecomes.
novices
professionals
alike.
In particular,
close relationship to Java(TM) makes
ImportCursor from java.awt, and change the cursor three times.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from java.awt
import Cursor
frame.setCursor(Cursor.WAIT_CURSOR)
frame.setCursor(Cursor.TEXT_CURSOR)
frame.setCursor
= Cursor.HAND_CURSOR
Adding Components
the Frame
applicationto
development.
Python Programming
withwe'll
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:from
A Tutorial
Building
Web and
To illustrate adding components
to the frame,
import some
components
AWT. for
Then
we'll create
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
add a button, a label, a checkbox, and a text field.
>>> from javax.swing import JButton,

JLabel
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
>>> from javax.swing import JCheckBox, JTextField
Add a button component.

and exceptions
>>> frame.contentPane.add(JButton("Button"))
Add a label component.
File input/output
>>> frame.contentPane.add(JLabel("Label"))
Add a checkbox component.
>>> frame.contentPane.add(JCheckBox("Checkbox"))
Add a text field component.
>>> frame.contentPane.add(TextField("TextField"))
Working
SQL andsome
JDBC(TM)
You may think that our frame
shouldwith
be showing
components at this point, but it won't until we tell it to by
calling the pack() method.
>>> frame.pack()
777
A Reminder
Doing this:

>>> frame.contentPane.add(Button("Button"))
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
is equivalent to doing this:
Characterized
>>> button
= Button("Button")
remained
a
premier
>>> frame.contentPane.add(button)
two an
languages,
when
used inofcombination,
ideal
forit Web
distributed
The first way the
creates
anonymous
instance
Button and
adds
to theand
frame,
which isenterprise
okay
application
development.
since we don't need access to the button component for this example.
BorderLayout versus
plentyFrameLayout
techniques.
programmers,
theanswer
book demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of for
Only the last component
added toFor
theexperienced
frame shows
up. Why? The
lies in the default
layout
manager
FrameBorderLayout
laysthe
outways
components
along
the borders.
won'tAPIs
go into
detail about
capabilitieswhich
and shows
that Python
interfaces
withIJava
for professional
BorderLayout application
here (see Chapter
14 for that). Suffice it to say that we need to change to another manager,
development.
FlowLayout, which arranges the components from left to right as long as there's room.
I'll tell you more about
later. Forwith
now,Jython
we'll covers
import important
the FlowLayout
andFlowLayout
topics suchclass
as: from the java.awt
package and set the frame's layout property to a FlowLayout instance. Then we'll pack the frame, that is,
invoke the layout manager.
compilers
>>> from java.awtinterpreters,
importand
FlowLayout
>>> frame.contentPane.layout = FlowLayout()

>>> frame.pack() Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
Now all of the added components are visible.
JFrame's Lineage File input/output

intrinsic
functions
JFC frames work much likePython's
AWT frames
because
they're both cut from the same cloth. Let's examine
JFrame's lineage, which is easy to do from the interactive interpreter.
ImportJFrame from javax.swing.

Print out JFrame's superclass, which is java.awt.Frame.
>>> print `JFrame.superclass`

Python andat
Java227114466>
applets
<jclass java.awt.Frame
In addition,
the book
contains
instructions
This tells us that Frame
is an AWT
frame.
(Follow
along.) for downloading and installing the Python
>>> import java.awt.Frame
>>> JFrame.superclass is java.awt.Frame

1
give youbetween
insight Frame
into the power
of Python
andexample,
the know-how
to to
putadd
it toa work.
There are some differences
and JFrame
. For
if you try
component to
JFrame you get an exception. That's because components can be added only to JFrame's content pane.
777
JFrame's Design Flaw
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
One of the key benefits
of inheritance
is polymorphism, so you might think we could replace
Frame with JFrame
whenever
possible.
Pub Date:
June 28,
2002 That's not the case, however. According to the Java
API Documentation,ISBN:
JFrame
and java.awt.Frame are not fully compatible.
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
In my opinion, making JFrame'sadd() method throw an exception is a design flaw. Its correct
behavior should
be to add the
the content
pane and then
separate
methods
Characterized
bycomponent
ease of use,torichness
of expression,
and have
concise
syntax,
Python for
has
adding it directly
to JFrame
. Instead,
by redefining
the semantics
and afunction
add()
remained
a premier
programming
language
for more than
decade,of
and
is used, the
by
developers broke
the contract
of Frame
's interface.
novices
and professionals
alike.
The key to working with JFrame is not to do this:
jframe.add(component)
but to do this:
frame.contentPane.add(child);
SinceFrame is a subclass of java.awt.Frame, which is a subclass of java.awt.Window, you can
listen for window events with its event mechanism. Import the jinfo class to inspect the event properties of
Frame (JFrame's superclass).
>>> import jinfo

>>> from java.awtPython
import
basics, Frame
>>> jinfo.getEventsInfo(Frame)
and exceptions
[]
As you can see, Frame has no event properties, because its events are defined from its base class,
java.awt.Window. File input/output
>>> Frame.superclass
<jclass java.awt.Window at 228949474>
Therefore, we need to inspect Window's event properties.
>>> jinfo.getEventsInfo(Window)
Using windowIconified
Python and Java Swing tofor
createevent
GUIs interface
[<beanEventProperty
java.awt.event.WindowListener at 861240813>, <beanEventProperty
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
WindowActivated for
event
interface
java.awt.event.WindowListener at
863600109>, <beanEventProperty
windowClosing
for event interface
java.awt.event.WindowListener at 862551533>, <beanEventProperty windowClosed
for event interface
java.awt.event.WindowListener
atinstalling
862813677>,
In addition, the
book contains instructions for downloading and
the Python
<beanEventProperty
windowDeiconified
for
event
interface
at 861502957>, <beanEventProperty windowOpened for event interface
at computer
860978669>,
user new to<beanEventProperty
windowDeactivated
for
eventPython
interface
at
application
developer,
Programming
862289389>] give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
There's a lot of them. I've done a little formatting to make them more readable.
777
[<... windowIconified for event interface java.awt.event.WindowListener ...>,
<... WindowActivated
for event
interface
...>,
Python Programming
with the
Java Classjava.awt.event.WindowListener
<... windowClosing
for event
interface
java.awt.event.WindowListener ...>,
Web and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
<... windowClosed
event interface java.awt.event.WindowListener ...>,
By Richardfor
Hightower
<... windowDeiconified for event interface java.awt.event.WindowListener ...>
<... windowOpened
forAddison
event
interface java.awt.event.WindowListener ...>,
Publisher:
Wesley
<... windowDeactivated
for
event
interface java.awt.event.WindowListener
...>]
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
NoticeContents
that the getEventsInfo() function extracts all of the information needed to work with event
properties, but it's a little hard to read. Here's an easier way.
a premier
programming language
Import all of jinforemained
and import
java.awt.Window
.
the two
languages,
>>> from jinfo
import
* when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
application
development.
>>> from java.awt import Window
This tutorial
begins
with coverage
of some
of thefrom
basics
of Python
Use getEventsInfo()
to get
the sequence
of event
properties
Window
. programming. Using
>>> eProps = help
getEventsInfo(Window)
Use len() to determine
how many
properties
there that
are. Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
capabilities
and shows
the ways
>>> print `len(eProps)`

7
Once you know how many properties there are, invoke printEventProperty() to print out details
about the event.
>>> printEventProperty(eProps[0])
Event Property:
windowOpened
Defined in:
Event:
java.awt.event.WindowEvent
and exceptions
Event properties for java.awt.event.WindowEvent:
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
window
Type:
Public Event fields for java.awt.event.WindowEvent:
input/output
static finalFileWINDOW_FIRST
Type: int
static final WINDOW_LAST
Type: int
static final WINDOW_OPENED
Type: int
static finalFormatting,
WINDOW_CLOSING
Type: int
static final WINDOW_CLOSED
Type: int
static finalInterfacing
WINDOW_ICONIFIED
Type:
with the Java APIs and working
with int
Java Streams
static final WINDOW_DEICONIFIED
Type: int
Python and Java Swing to createType:
GUIs int
static finalUsing
WINDOW_ACTIVATED
Working
with
JDBC(TM)
printEventProperty()
tells
youSQL
threeand
important
things:
The name of the interface that defines the listenerjava.awt.event.WindowListener
The name of the
class that
theDevelopment
event object Kit
passed
to the
language
anddefines
the Java
(JDK).
listenerjava.awt.event.WindowEvent
The propertiesWhether
and fields
with the event
objectuser new to programming or a serious
youassociated
are a sophisticated
computer
Let's look at windowDeactivated
give you insight into:the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
>>> printEventProperty(eProps[6])
Event Property:
windowDeactivated
Defined in:
777
Event:
Python Programming java.awt.event.WindowEvent
Event properties
for
java.awt.event.WindowEvent:
Web and
Enterprise
window ByRichard Hightower
Public Event fields for java.awt.event.WindowEvent:
static final
WINDOW_FIRST
Type: int
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
static final
WINDOW_LAST
Type: int
static finalISBN:
WINDOW_OPENED
Type: int
0-201-61616-5
Table
of
static
final
WINDOW_CLOSING
Type: int
Pages: 640
Contents
static final WINDOW_CLOSED
Type: int
static final
WINDOW_ICONIFIED
Type:and
int
Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression,
static final
WINDOW_DEICONIFIED
Type:
int
remained a premier programming language for more than
static final
WINDOW_ACTIVATED
int
novices and
professionals alike. In particular, Type:
to Java(TM) makes
static final
WINDOW_DEACTIVATED
the two languages,
when used in combination,Type:
ideal forint
You might want to look up the rest of the event properties and traverse Frame's lineage until you reach a
superclass called Object
.
This tutorial
Twotechniques.
Ways For
to experienced
Look Up
Events with One Method
This one works best on Windows 98 because it pauses after each event:
>>> import
jinfo Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
and Enterprise
>>> from java.awt import Window

>>> jinfo.getEventsInfo(Window, 1, 1)
This one works bestinterpreters,
on Windowsand
NTcompilers
because you can scroll the DOS box to see the results:
>>> import jinfo

>>> from java.awt
import Window
and exceptions
>>> jinfo.getEventsInfo(Window, 1)
File input/output
Table 13-1. Frame, JFrame, and Window Events
windowOpened(WindowEvent e)
The window is first opened.
windowClosed(WindowEvent e)
The window is closed.
Using Python ande)
Java Swing
to create
GUIs
windowClosing(WindowEvent
The user
is requesting
to close the windowa good
time to see if the user wants to save any unsaved data.
Working with SQL e)
and JDBC(TM)
windowActivated(WindowEvent
The window is the active window; the window or one of
its contained components have the keyboard focus.
windowDeactivated(WindowEvent The window doesn't have keyboard focus.
e)
Kit when
(JDK).the
Terminology,
windowIconified(WindowEvent
e) Invoked
window is definitions,
minimized.explanations,
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
windowDeiconified(WindowEvent The window has been restored to its size before it was
iconified.
e)
Table 13-1 lists and describes the events supported by Frame,JFrame, and Window. All of the event
properties have a one-to-one correspondence to a method in their listener interface.
777
Event Handling for Frame and JFrame
The following example

demonstrates
Java event
for both
JFrame
andA Frame
. Itfor
also
shows how to
Python
Programming
withhandling
the Java
Class
Libraries:
Tutorial
Building
treat the two classes Web
polymorphically.
Create a Listener class by extending the java.awt.event.WindowListener interface.

from java.awt.event import WindowListener

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
class
Listener
(WindowListener):
Table
of
Pages:
640
def windowOpened(self,
windowEvent):
Contents
self.handleEvent("windowOpened",windowEvent)
def windowClosed(self,
windowEvent):
remained
a
premier
programming
language for more
self.handleEvent("windowClosed",
windowEvent)
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
def windowClosing(self, windowEvent):
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
self.handleEvent("windowClosing",windowEvent)
application
development.
def WindowActivated(self, windowEvent):
self.handleEvent("WindowActivated", windowEvent)
def windowDeactivated(self, windowEvent):
self.handleEvent("windowDeactivated", windowEvent)
def windowIconified(self, windowEvent):
self.handleEvent("windowIconified", windowEvent)
def windowDeiconified(self, windowEvent):
self.handleEvent("windowDeiconified", windowEvent)
def handleEvent(self,
event_name,
event):
the Java(TM) Class
print
"Event:
"
+
event_name
print "Event info: " + èvent.class`
print "Source: " + èvent.source.title`
print "----------------"

Adapters
and exceptions
In the Listener Object-oriented
code example, we
were interested
in all methods, so we used
programming
concepts
WindowListener. To save time you can derive the listener from WindowAdapter and
only override the events
that interest you.
File input/output
All listener classes have
corresponding
adapter classes. The best way to know if a particular event
Python's
intrinsic functions
listener interface has a corresponding event listener class is to check the Java API documentation.
Essentially we've created a class that implements java.awt.event.WindowListener. We handle
APIswhich
and working
with
Streams
every event by calling the handleEvent()
method,
prints out
theJava
event
name, a string denoting
which event occurred, the name
of
the
event
class
that
contains
information
regarding
the event, and the source's
title property.
Now we'll create two frames, javax.swing.JFrame and java.awt.Frame. Then we'll pass an
instance of the listener class
(listener
with addWindowListener to register the event listener with
Python
and Java) applets
the event source. To create and set up the frames, I've created a function called createFrame(), which
takes a class and a title
as arguments.
CreateFrame()
usesforthedownloading
class to create
instance the
of Frame
In addition,
the book
andaninstalling
Python and
then sets its size, title,
and visibility.
reason
we can use
that, JFrame
being
language
and theThe
Java
Development
KitcreateFrame()
(JDK). Terminology,isdefinitions,
explanations,
derived from Frame
, both
implement
same interface.
and
numerous
codethe
samples
Here's the createFrame()
(from WindowEventListener.py).
Whether youmethod
are a sophisticated
def createFrame(clazz,
title,
listener):
the power
frame = clazz()
frame.addWindowListener(listener)
frame.setSize(200, 200)
frame.setTitle(title)
777
frame.setVisible(1)
return frame
Note that the call to addWindowListener registers an instance of the Listener class with a frame.
Now we'll use the createFrame() function to create both a Frame and a JFrame.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
fromTable
java.awt
import
Frame
of
Pages:
640
fromContents
javax.swing import JFrame
...
...
listenerremained
= Listener()
the two
languages,Enter
when used
combination,
raw_input
("Press
toincreate
a ideal
JFC for
Frame")
application
development.
jfc_frame = createFrame(JFrame, "JFC Frame", listener)
This("Press
tutorial begins
with coverage
of some of
basicsFrame")
raw_input
Enter
to create
antheAWT
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
awt_frame = createFrame(Frame, "AWT Frame", listener)

techniques.
For experienced
the book
breadthfrom
of both.
Since the same listener
instance
is registeredprogrammers,
with both Frame
anddemonstrates
JFrame, itPython's
will get events
Run the WindowEventListener
class and, when it asks you to "Press Enter to create a JFC Frame," do
so. You should see the following in the DOS box:
Event: WindowActivated
Event info: <jclass java.awt.event.WindowEvent at 1384027101>

Source: 'JFC Frame'
----------------Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
Event: windowOpened
Source: 'JFC Frame'
and exceptions
----------------
When the window is first created, it sends the WindowActivated and windowOpened events.
File input/output
Now return to where you ran the script; you should get the following message:

Source: 'JFC Frame'
----------------
As you can see, the JFC frame is no longer active, so it sends out a windowDeactivated event.
Now that the DOS box is the active window, hit Return. You should get the following messages:
Event info: <jclass
at 1408756942>
Pythonjava.awt.event.WindowEvent
and Java applets
Source: 'AWT Frame'
----------------
Event: windowOpened
and numerous
code samples make this book a useful learning
experience.
Event info: <jclass
at 1408756942>
Source: 'AWT Frame'
----------------
give
of Python
andSelect
the know-how
totimes
put it(by
to work.
Move the AWT frame
so you
thatinsight
you caninto
seethe
thepower
JFC frame
as well.
each a few
clicking once on
their individual captions). As you go from one to the other, you should get the following messages:
777
Event: windowDeactivated
Event info: <jclass java.awt.event.WindowEvent
Source: 'JFC Python

Frame'
----------------
Source: 'AWT Frame'
----------------
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
Event
info:
<jclass
Pages: 640
Contents
Source:
'AWT Frame'
----------------
Event info: <jclass
Source: 'JFC the
Frame'
----------------
If you minimize the JFC
should
these messages
This frame,
tutorialyou
begins
withgetcoverage
of some inofthe
theDOS
basicsbox:
Event: windowIconified
Source: 'JFC Frame'
----------------
Event info: <jclass
Python Programming
Source: 'JFC and
Frame'
----------------
Fundamental
Event info: <jclass
Source: 'AWT Frame'
----------------
and exceptions
When the JFC frame is minimized,
it sends out a windowIconified event followed by a
windowDeactivated event. Since the AWT frame was the last active window, it becomes the active
Object-oriented
programmingevent.
concepts
window again and sends out
a WindowActivated
If you can maximize the JFC frame, you'll get the
following messages:
File input/output
Python's
intrinsic functions
Event info: <jclass
Source: 'AWT Frame'
----------------
Source: 'JFC Frame'
----------------
Event: windowDeiconified
Source: 'JFC Frame'
----------------
Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
First the AWT framelanguage
and thenand
the the
JFCJava
frame
are deactivated;
then the
JFC frame sends
a
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
windowDeactivated event. Close the JFC frame by clicking on its close control (on Windows 95/98/NT,
it's an X in the top right corner next to the caption). You should get the following messages:
Event: windowClosing
give you insight
Event info: <jclass
Source: 'JFC Frame'

----------------
777
Source: 'JFC Python

Frame'
----------------
Source: 'AWT Frame'
----------------
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
Now try
to close
the AWT frame using the same technique. What happens? Why?
Contents
Pages: 640
The JFC frame's default method of closing a window is hiding the frame. Since the AWT frame doesn't handle
Characterized
easetoofadd
use,
richnessand
of expression,
thewindowClosing
event, youby
have
a handler
do it yourself.
novices and
professionals alike. In particular,
its close
to Java(TM)
Unlike java.awt.Frame
,javax.swing.JFrame
responds
whenrelationship
a user attempts
to close amakes
window.
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
You can change the default behavior (hiding the frame) by invoking the
setDefaultCloseOperation()
method to make the frame exit the application. Look this up, as well
as other default operation-closing methods, in the Java API documentation.
The Complete Java Event-Handling Code
Here's the complete listing (WindowEventListener.py) for the Java way of handling events:
from java.awtapplication
importdevelopment.
Frame
from javax.swing import JFrame

from java.awt.event import WindowListener
class Listener (WindowListener):
def windowOpened(self, windowEvent):
self.handleEvent("windowOpened",windowEvent)
def windowClosed(self,
windowEvent):
self.handleEvent("windowClosed", windowEvent)
def windowClosing(self,
windowEvent):
and exceptions
self.handleEvent("windowClosing",windowEvent)
def WindowActivated(self, windowEvent):
self.handleEvent("WindowActivated",
windowEvent)
def windowDeactivated(self, windowEvent):
File input/output
self.handleEvent("windowDeactivated",
windowEvent)
def windowIconified(self,
windowEvent):
self.handleEvent("windowIconified", windowEvent)
def windowDeiconified(self,
windowEvent):
strings
self.handleEvent("windowDeiconified", windowEvent)
def handleEvent(self,
event_name,
event):
Interfacing with the
Java APIs and working
with Java Streams
print "Event: " + event_name
Using Python
and Java
to create GUIs
print "Event
info:
" Swing
+ èvent.class`
print "Source: " + èvent.source.title`
withProperties:
SQL and JDBC(TM)
#print Working
"Event
" + `dir(event)`
print "----------------"
def createFrame(clazz,
title,
listener):
instructions
frame
=
clazz()
frame.addWindowListener(listener)
frame.setSize(200, 200)
frame.setTitle(title)
frame.setVisible(1)
return
give youframe
def main():
listener = Listener()
777
raw_input
("Press with
Enter
to create
a JFCA Tutorial
Frame")
Python Programming
the Java
Class Libraries:
for Building
jfc_frame
= createFrame(JFrame,
"JFC Frame", listener)
Web and Enterprise
raw_input
("Press Enter to create an AWT Frame")
awt_frame = createFrame(Frame, "AWT Frame", listener)
if __name__
== "__main__":
Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
main() ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
The Python Way of Handling Events
The following brief interactive session highlights the Python way of handling events:
>>> def closing(event):
development.
...
printapplication
"windowClosing"
...
>>> def closed(event):
...
printplenty
"windowClosed"
help
those
...
techniques.
>>> def open(event):For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
...
printcapabilities
"windowOpened"
...
PythonanProgramming
Java(TM)
Import a JFrame, create
instance of it,with
andthe
configure
the Class
instance.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>

frame = JFrame()
frame.title =interpreters,
"JFrame
frame"
and compilers
frame.size = 200,200

Set the event properties of and
the frame
to the functions created.
exceptions
>>> frame.windowClosing
= closing
>>> frame.windowClosed = closed
>>> frame.windowOpened
= open
File input/output
Notice that the event properties
windowClosing
Python's
intrinsic functions,windowClosed, and windowOpened correspond
to the methods in the java.awt.WindowListener interface. Show the window for the first time to get
thewindowOpened event.
>>> frame.visibleInterfacing
= 1 with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
windowOpened
Close the frame using the Close button in the upper right corner to get the DOS box message.
windowClosing
Make the frame visible again. (You don't get another windowOpened event; that happens only when the
In addition,
thetime.)
frame becomes visible
for the first
>>> frame.visible
= 1 code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
and numerous
Call the frame's dispose()
method
to actually close
the window.
You'll
get a windowClosed
Whether you
are a sophisticated
computer
user new
to programming
or a serious event.
>>> frame.dispose()
windowClosed
777
As you can see, for just a few events you can define just a few event handlers and assign them to the event
property of the frame instance. The event properties always correspond to the event listener's methods.
Python's WindowEventListener
The following example illustrates the same functionality as in the WindowEventListener.py module, except that
everything is written using Python event properties and handlers instead of the more Java-centric way of doing
things. Read the code, and
see if you can pick out the differences.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
from java.awt import
Frame
Table of
from
javax.swing
import
Pages:
640 JFrame
Contents
def windowOpened(windowEvent):
handleEvent("windowOpened",windowEvent)
def windowClosed(windowEvent):
handleEvent("windowClosed",
windowEvent)
application
development.
def windowClosing(windowEvent):
handleEvent("windowClosing",windowEvent)
def WindowActivated(windowEvent):
handleEvent("WindowActivated",
windowEvent)
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
def windowDeactivated(windowEvent):
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's breadth of
handleEvent("windowDeactivated", windowEvent)
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for professional
def windowIconified(windowEvent):
handleEvent("windowIconified",
windowEvent)
def windowDeiconified(windowEvent):
Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class
handleEvent("windowDeiconified",
windowEvent)
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
def handleEvent(event_name, event):
print "Event: " + event_name
print "EventFundamental
info: "programming
+ èvent.class`
print "Source:
"
+
èvent.source.title`
#print "Event Properties: " + `dir(event)`
print "----------------"
and exceptions
def createFrame(clazz, title):

frame = clazz()
File input/output
frame.windowClosing
= windowClosing
frame.windowOpened = windowOpened
frame.windowClosed = windowClosed
frame.windowIconified
= and manipulating
windowIconified
strings
frame.windowDeiconified = windowDeiconified
frame.WindowActivated
= Java
WindowActivated
frame.windowDeactivated = windowDeactivated
frame.size = 200, 200

frame.title Working
= title
frame.visible = 1
return framePython and Java applets
def main():
raw_input ("Press Enter to create a JFC Frame")

jfc_frame
= createFrame(JFrame,
"JFC
Frame")
Whether
you are a sophisticated computer
user new
raw_input
Enter
to ofcreate
antheAWT
Frame")
give ("Press
you insight into
the power
Python and
know-how
to put it to work.
awt_frame = createFrame(Frame, "AWT Frame")
777
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
I find myself using the

PythonProgramming
way more often
thanthe
theJava
Java way,
mainly
because
have to import
fewer classes
Python
with
Class
Libraries:
A ITutorial
for Building
and have to remember
only
theEnterprise
name of theApplications
event handler,with
not every
method in the listener.
Web
and
Jython

For review, let's cover the class hierarchy of JFrame and then Frame. Start up the interactive interpreter and
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
followTable
along.ofTo get the superclass of JFrame, import JFrame, and then inspect its superclass property.
Contents
Pages: 640

>>> JFrame.superclass
remained a premier
<jclass java.awt.Frame
atprogramming
214168159>
two languages,
usedsuperclass
in combination,
idealsuperclass
for Web and distributed
enterprise
To find out Frame'sthe
superclass,
appendwhen
another
to it. Since
is an instance
of
application
development.
jclass and jclass has the property superclass, we can get the superclass of JFrame's superclass
like this:
>>> JFrame.superclass.superclass
<jclass java.awt.Window
at 217313887>
We can continue to do
this until and
we hit
Object
. that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
capabilities
shows
the ways
>>> JFrame.superclass.superclass.superclass
<jclass java.awt.Container
atthe219411039>
>>> JFrame.superclass.superclass.superclass.superclass
<jclass java.awt.Component at 221770335>
>>> JFrame.superclass.superclass.superclass.superclass.superclass
<jclass java.lang.Object at -1247546800>

exceptions language classes can only singly inherit from a superclass, so they
Unlike Python classes, Javaand
programming
have a narrow chain of superclasses. JFrame's class hierarchy looks like this:
Object
Component
Container
File input/output
Window
Frame
Window
Frame
JFrame
Frame's class hierarchy looks like this:
Object
Component
Container
What's revealed is that JFrame and Frame inherit functionality from Container,Component, and
Window. To find out more about these base classes and how they relate to JFrame and Frame, look them
up in the Java API documentation.
Working with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
Component Functionality
Inherited
from JFrame and Frame
Python
and Javathat
applets
Now let's look at some of the
functionality
JFrame and Frame get from Component. As always,
follow along. CreateIna frame.
language and the
Java Development
import
JFrame Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
and
numerous
code
samples
>>> frame = JFrame(visible=1,
size=(200,200))
developer,
Python
withscreen.
FromComponentapplication
comes the ability
to move
the Programming
frame around the

>>> frame = JFrame(visible=1, size=(200,200))
777
Thebounds() method
takes
four arguments:
thethe
x and
y positions
of the upper
left cornerfor
of Building
the frame and
Python
Programming
with
Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
the frame's width andWeb
height.
you want toApplications
change the location
of a frame without changing its width and
andIfEnterprise
with Jython
height, use setLocation()
.
>>> frame.setLocation(50,50)
>>> frame.setLocation(0,0)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
The background
property from
Component allows you to change the RGB (red-green-blue) value of the
Table of
Pages: 640
frame'sContents
background.
Characterized =
by ease
of use,
>>> frame.background
(255,
0 richness
, 0) of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
alike. In
= (0, 255,
0)particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
= (0, 0, 255)
with coverage
= (255,
255, of0)
thoseproperties
new to programming
develop
an understanding
Here are some otherhelp
familiar
that come from
Component
:
>>> frame.size
= 150,
capabilities
and 150
>>> frame.visible
= development.
1
application
>>> frame.visible
1
JPanel
interpreters,
compilers
Panels allow you to organize
portions ofand
a larger
user interface within a frame, a dialog, or a window. Like
frames (java.awt.Frame and javax.swing.JFrame), panels extend the
Python
basics,
operators,
formatting,
namespaces,
classes,they
errors,
java.awt.Container
class,
whichincluding
means that
they canstring
contain
other components.
However,
can't
and exceptions
exist on their own but must be in the context of a window, dialog, or frame, or in the context of another panel
contained in a top-level window (like Dialog,Frame, or Window).
Here's a JFC/Swing example of adding components with JPanel, in which every time the Add button is
File input/output
pressed another button is added to a panel. Import JPanel and JFrame from the javax.swing package.
>>> from javax.swing import JPanel, JFrame, JButton

Create a frame variable in the global space of the main module. Also, create an instance of JPanel called
pane, and initialize the count
to 0. with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
Interfacing
>>> frame = None Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
>>> pane = JPanel()
>>> count = 0
Define an add() functionPython
that takes
variables pane,count, and frame into its local namespace
and the
Javaglobal
applets
and adds a button to the panel called Pane. add() also increments the count variable, which keeps track of
In added.
how many buttons are
>>> def add(event):
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
global pane
Whether
global
count
application
global
framedeveloper, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
insight+into1 the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
countgive
= you
count
pane.add(JButton('Button' + `count`))
frame.pack()
777
Define a remove()
function
that removeswith
the last
method
uses the
count variable
(which is in
Python
Programming
thebutton.
JavaThis
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
the module namespace)
determine
the last
button removed.
Webtoand
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
>>> def remove(event):

...
global Publisher:
pane Addison Wesley
...
global Pub
count
Date: June 28, 2002
...
global frame
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table ofpane.remove(count-1)
Pages: 640
... Contents
count = count 1
...
frame.pack()
remained
premier
programming
language
more than
a decade,
and is
used
by a
Supply an Add button
(addB)ato
add a button
to the pane
and a for
Remove
button
(removeB
) to
remove
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
button. The event handler for the Add button is set to the add() function.
application("Add",
development.actionPerformed = add)
>>> addB = JButton
>>> removeB = JButton("Remove", actionPerformed = remove)

This tutorial pane.add(removeB)
>>> pane.add(addB);
plenty
of
skill-building
>>> count = 2

techniques.
experienced
programmers,
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of and
Create a frame, and set
its title toFor
"Panel
Demo." Set
the contentthe
pane
to the
pane instance
defined
earlier,
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
make the frame visible.
>>> frame=JFrame(title="Panel Demo", contentPane=pane, visible=1)

>>> frame.pack()
Hit the Add button twice to add a third and a fourth button to the panel. Hit it two more times to add a fifth and a
sixth button. Hit the Remove button twice to remove the fifth and sixth buttons. Hit the Add button a good 10 to
programming
20 times, and then you canFundamental
resize the frame
with the mouse.
JLabel

and exceptions
Labels are components for placing text in a container. From a user perspective, they're read-only, although their
text can be changed programmatically. Let's have a short interactive session that demonstrates using
javax.swing.JLabel
.
File input/output
Import the classes needed. Python's intrinsic functions

import JLabel, JFrame
Create a frame to hold the Interfacing
label.
>>> frame = JFrame(visible=1,

title="Label Demo")
Create the label, and add itWorking
to the frame;
the frame to make the label visible.
with then
SQLpack
and JDBC(TM)
>>> label = JLabel("Hello

World")#Create a label
>>> frame.contentPane.add(label) #add the label to the frame
>>> frame.pack()
For this next exerciseand
wenumerous
need to resize
window
with
mouse
so welearning
can readexperience.
all of the text in the frame
code the
samples
make
thisthe
book
a useful
caption (sometimes referred to as the titlebar). You can set the alignment of the label text for center, right, or left.
>>> label.horizontalAlignment
= JLabel.CENTER
>>> label.horizontalAlignment
= JLabel.RIGHT
>>> label.horizontalAlignment = JLabel.LEFT
777
JComponent
JLabel is derived Python

from JComponent
, which
is full
of functionality
such asAthe
ability for
to set
an icon or
Programming
with the
Java
Class Libraries:
Tutorial
Building
tooltip to a label. TheWeb
following
example illustrates
some with
of theJython
things you can do. Import the JLabel and
and Enterprise
Applications
JFrame classes. ByRichard Hightower
import JLabel, JFrame
Create a frame and a label; put the label in the frame's content pane.
>>>
Table of
frame
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
JFrame(visible=1,
=
title="JComponent/JLabel Demo")
>>> label = JLabel("JComponent/JLabel demo")
>>> frame.contentPane.add(label);
frame.pack()
novices
andforprofessionals
alike.
In particular,
We'll use the label just
created
the following
exercises
and examples.
Working with application
Tooltipsdevelopment.
The first JLabel we'll look at is toolTip, which provides help text about what a component does.
help those new to
develop
>>> label.toolTipText
= programming
"Tooltips
are ancool"
capabilities
that Python
with Java
APIs
for professional
If you go to the frame
and hover and
the shows
mouse the
overways
the JLabel
forinterfaces
a few seconds,
a little
window
pops up with
application
the message "Tooltips
are cool."development.
Color and the and

Opaque
Property
Enterprise
The opaque property allows a component to set its own background color rather than use the color of the
container's background (theFundamental
default). programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
>>> label.opaque
0
and exceptions
The0 (false) value tells us that the default is set, so the code above will change if we change the background.
>>> frame.contentPane.background = (255,0,0)

File input/output
However, just changing the label background won't do anything. When we execute the following code setting
intrinsic
the panel to green, the labelPython's
stays the
same: functions
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
strings
>>> label.background
= (0,
255,
0)
with the
Java APIs
working
with we'll
Java get
Streams
Instead, we have to set the Interfacing
opaque property
to true
( 1). and
Once
we do that,
the right label color when
the label background changes.
>>> label.opaque = 1

You can also set the foreground of a component.
>>> label.foreground = (255,255,255)
777
An Easier Way to Work with Colors
Publisher:the
Addison
Wesleyfor your common colors. The java.awt.Color class
You don't have to remember
RGB values
Date:
Junesimple
28, 2002
makes working withPub
colors
pretty
by defining the following constants:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Color.black
Pages: 640
Contents
Color.blue
Color.cyanCharacterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Color.darkGray
Color.graynovices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
Color.green
Color.lightGray
Color.magenta
Color.orange
Color.pinkplenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
Color.red help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
Color.white
Color.yellow
Try this short exercise:
>>> from java.awt
import
Color
#import
thetopics
color
class
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython covers
important
such as:
>>> label.background = Color.black

>>> label.foreground = Color.white
#set the background black

#set the foreground white

Now take a look at the interpreters,
frame that contains
your label.
and compilers
>>> label.foreground
= including
Color.black
thenamespaces,
foreground
Python basics,
operators, string #set
formatting,
classes,black
errors,
>>> label.background
= Color.white
#set the background white
and exceptions
Object-oriented
Unlike javax.swing.JLabel
,java.awt.Label
is pretty much always opaque and so has no opaque
property. However, the foreground and background properties work the same for both.
File input/output
Fonts
strings
JComponent has a fontFormatting,
property thatparsing,
allows and
you manipulating
to see what font
the label is using. It works essentially the
same in both java.awt.Label and javax.swing.JLabel.
>>> label.font
javax.swing.plaf.FontUIResource[family=dialog.bold,name=Dialog,style=bold,
size=12]
label.font also allows
you toand
setJava
the label
font.
Python
applets
>>> font = Font("Times
Newcontains
Roman",
Font.BOLD,
12)and installing the Python
instructions
for downloading
>>> label.font
=
font
777
Finding Fonts

ImportGraphicsEnvironment
.
>>> from java.awt

import GraphicsEnvironment
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
>>> ofge = GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment()
Pages: 640
Contents
Invokelen().
remained= a ge.getAllFonts()
>>> fontlist
novices
and
>>> len(fontlist)
the
two
languages,
98
application
development.
>>> for x in range (0, 10):
...
...
print
fontlist[x].name
Print the output.
and shows
Abadi MT capabilities
Condensed
Light
Arial
Arial
Arial
Arial
Arial
Arial
Arial
Arial
Arial
Black
Cursiva
Narrow
Narrow fed
NarrowFundamental
fed kursiv
Narrowinterpreters,
kursiv and compilers
Negreta
Negreta
cursiva
Python
and exceptions
To save space only the first ten fonts appear. To deal with large font lists we can start with the font
families, which group
fonts that haveprogramming
similar characteristics.
Object-oriented
concepts
>>> familiesFile
= input/output
ge.getAvailableFontFamilyNames()
>>> len(families)
62
parsing,
>>> for x inFormatting,
range (0,
10):
...
print families[x]
...
Abadi MT Condensed
Light
Using Python
Arial
Arial Black Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Arial Narrow
Book AntiquaPython and Java applets
Bookman Old Style
Calisto MT
Century Gothic
and numerous
Comic Sans
MS
Copperplate Gothic Bold

To find out more about fonts, look up java.awt.Font; then try to create an italicized font.
Icons
777
JLabel has an icon property that you can use to set an image in the label component.
Python
Programming
ImportImageIcon
from javax.swing.
>>> from

javax.swing
import ImageIcon
Create the image icon, and

assign Addison
it to the icon
property. (In this example, I used one of the images that ships
Publisher:
Wesley
with the JDK. You mayPub
haveDate:
to adjust
the
file
path
if you installed the JDK somewhere else or if you're using a
June 28, 2002
different JDK version.)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
label.icon = ImageIcon("c:\\jdk1.2.1\\demo\\jfc\\java2d\\images\\duke.gif
>>> frame.pack()
remainedconstructor
language
a decade,
anduse
is used
byor jpeg
Note that the ImageIcon
we're using takes
a file for
pathmore
to anthan
image.
You can
any gif
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
image. You also can change the position of the text relative to the icon.
>>> label.horizontalTextPosition
= JLabel.RIGHT
>>> label.verticalTextPosition = JLabel.TOP
and interactive programming sessions, this
will in
Look up setVerticalTextPosition
and setHorizontalTextPosition
forbook
JLabel
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
the Java API documentation; then move the label text to the bottom, to the right of the Duke icon.
Images make graphical
user interfaces
graphical.
JLabel
can easily
display
images
as icons,
but for
capabilities
and shows
the ways
that Python
interfaces
with
Java APIs
for professional
java.awt.Label
image display
is not so simple.
application
development.
Mnemonics
Mnemonics allow users to select a component for input with the keyboard and can be displayed with labels.
However, since labels can'tFundamental
do anything programming
other than display
text and
images,statements,
they need the
help of another
concepts,
including
expressions,
component to receive the input,
such asand
a container
or text field. Here's how to set a mnemonic:
interpreters,
compilers
>>> label.setDisplayedMnemonic('J')
and exceptions
The first J is underlined, which signifies it as the mnemonic. JLabel'slabelFor property allows you to set
the component that will receive
the input focus
when the concepts
mnemonic is pressed. On Windows, you activate the
Object-oriented
programming
mnemonic by pressing Alt-J; on most UNIX boxes, you press meta-J.
File input/output
UsinglabelFor , let's set up a few components and associate one of them with the label's mnemonic. Add
Python's
functions
two buttons to the frame, and
set theintrinsic
layout so
that the frame displays all of the components, that is, the two
buttons and the label.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from javax.swing import JButton

#import the JButton class
Interfacing
with Java
Streams
j = JButton ("J
button")
#create
two
buttons
b2 = JButton ("button 2")
frame.contentPane.add(j)
#add the buttons to the frame
frame.contentPane.add(b2)
from java.awt import FlowLayout
#import the FlowLayout class
frame.contentPane.layout
= FlowLayout() #set the layout
frame.pack()
#layout the components
Associate the label with
the j and
button.
language
>>> label.labelFor = j

When you press Alt-J,
the j button
will receive
theProgramming
input focus. You
becauseClass
its text
becomeswill
outlined
application
developer,
Python
withcan
the tell
Java(TM)
Libraries
in light gray. Now use
the
Tab
key
to
put
the
focus
on
the
b2
button
(the
one
with
"
button
2
").
Most
often,
labelFor is assigned a text field or some other component that is incapable of displaying a mnemonic.
JButton
777
We touched on buttons
in Chapter
11. They're
pretty
we'llLibraries:
cover themAhere.
Import
JFrame,
Python
Programming
with
thesimple,
JavasoClass
Tutorial
forthe
Building
JButton,Frame,Web
and Button
classes.Applications with Jython
and Enterprise
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from javax.swing import JFrame, JButton

button = JButton("J
Button")
frame = JFrame(visible=1)
frame.title = "JFC"
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
frame.contentPane.add(button)
Table
of
Pages: 640
Contents
frame.pack()
Java Event Handling

JButton
remained aand
premier
To demonstrate Javathe
event
we'll
create
a class
that implements
using
twohandling
languages,
when
used
in combination,
ideal ActionListener
for Web and distributed. Then,
enterprise
addActionListener
, we'll
register an instance of the Listener class to the button.
application
development.
Define the Listener
This class.
>>> from java.awt.event
import ActionListener
>>> class ButtonListener(ActionListener):
...
capabilities and shows the ways thate):
...
print
e.getSource().getText()
+ " was clicked"
...
Create an instance ofand
Listener
and register itwith
withJython
the button.
Enterprise, Applications
>>> listen = ButtonListener()

>>> button.addActionListener(listen)
Click the J button a few times to see the following message in the DOS box:
J button was clicked
and exceptions

File input/output
Python Event Handling
and JButton
Again, since we covered Java event handling in Chapter 11, we'll just quickly review it here, continuing with the
Java example. Define the event
handler,parsing,
which and
is just
a function with
an argument.
Formatting,
manipulating
strings
>>> def actionPerformed(e):

>>>
print "The Python event handler"
>>>
source = e.source
>>>
if source.class is JButton:
Working
>>>
print
source.text
+ " was clicked"
Python
and Java
applets
Assign the handler by setting
the button's
actionPerformed
event property to the actionPerformed
event.
>>> button.actionPerformed
= actionPerformed
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
>>> def actionPerformed(e):
>>>
print "The Python event handler"
>>>
source Whether
= e.source
application
developer,
>>>
if source.class
is JButton:
give
you
insight
into
the
power+of "
Python
>>>
print source.text
wasand
clicked"
>>> button.actionPerformed = actionPerformed
777
Try the event handler by pressing the button with the mouse pointer. If you haven't been following alongas you
should have beenread and run buttons.py in Chapter 12.
Button and JButton

Web andShared
EnterpriseProperties
Using the enabled(Boolean b) property, disable the AWT and JFC buttons.
>>> button.enabled
= June
0 28, 2002
Pub Date:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
You'll
noticeofthat the buttons' text is grayed out. If you click on them, you won't get any action event. To enable
Pages: 640
Contents
the buttons
again use:
Characterized
>>> button.enabled
= 1by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
novices
anddoprofessionals
alike. In particular, its close
relationship
to Java(TM) makes
There are some things
you can
with java.swing.JButton
that you
can't do with
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
java.awt.Button. For one, with the mnemonic (char mnemonic) property you can set
the button so
application
development.
that it receives input focus when you press a shortcut key.
This tutorial
with one
coverage
of some
the basics
Python
programming.
Using
You can set up the frame
to showbegins
more than
component
andofthen
add anof
extra
component
to it. Import
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
will
FlowLayout (we'll get into layout managers in Chapter 14).
>>> from java.awt
import
FlowLayout
techniques.
For experienced
Add a second buttonapplication
to each of the
frames.
development.
>>> frame.contentPane.add(JButton("second
button"))
Set the layout to FlowLayout so that the extra components are visible.
>>> frame.contentPane.layout
= FlowLayout
Pack the frames so that the layout takes effect.
>>> frame.pack() and exceptions
To see how the mnemonic Object-oriented
property works, programming
set it with JButton
concepts.
>>> button.setMnemonic('J')
File input/output
>>> button.mnemonic = ord('J')
#Does the same as above

Go to the JFC frame, and use the Tab key to select the second button. Now type in Alt-J (meta-J on UNIX or
apple-J on Mac). The resultFormatting,
is that JButton
input focus.
parsing,will
andhave
manipulating
strings
Want to try this with java.awt.Button
You APIs
can't.and
Mnemonics
JFC-only
feature. Another JFC
Interfacing with the?Java
working are
witha Java
Streams
exclusive is associating an image icon with a button. The icon property works just like its Jlabel counterpart.
icon (Icon defaultIcon)

Here's how you set an image in a button:
>>> from javax.swing import ImageIcon

>>> button.icon
= ImageIcon("c:\\jdk1.2.1\\demo\\jfc\\java2d\\images\\duke.gi
In addition,
>>> frame.pack()
You can also move the button's text in relation to its icon. Again, this works just like it does in JLabel, as we
saw in an earlier example.
As an exercise, lookgive
up the
forthe
the power
JButton
class;and
then
a button
youproperties
insight into
of Python
thecreate
know-how
to whose
put it toimage
work.changes when
the mouse rolls over it. Hint: Check out javax.swing.AbstractButton, the superclass of
JButton, particularly its setRolloverEnabled() and setRolloverIcon() methods.
AbstractButton contains much of the functionality for JButton. It's also a base class for
JCheckBox,JRadioButton,JMenuItem, and JToggleButton, which means that all of those
777
classes can be used interchangeably

(that is, polymorphically).
ManyLibraries:
of the methods
and properties
we use with
Python Programming
with the Java Class
A Tutorial
for Building
JButton we can also
with
any of AbstractButton
's subclasses.
Webuse
and
Enterprise
JTextField

JTextField allows you to edit text in text fields. It's pretty basic and can be explained with a simple
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
example.
Import
JTextField
and JFrame from the javax.swing package.
Table
of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> from javax.swing import JTextField

premier
and ishow
usedtobyset and
Create a frame and aremained
text field,a and
add itprogramming
to the frame.language
We'll usefor
thismore
text than
field atodecade,
demonstrate
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
read text. Create the frame.
Create the TextField
instance.
This tutorial
>>> textFieldhelp
= those
JTextField(20)
Add the instance to the center of the frame.
application
development.
>>> from java.awt
import
BorderLayout
>>> frame.add(textField, BorderLayout.CENTER)
Default Layout Manager

interpreters,
andframe
compilers
The default layout manager
for the
is BorderLayout, which essentially allows you to
add components to a frame's north, south, east, and west borders and its center region. We'll cover
Python
basics,
it and the other layout
managers
in including
Chapter 14.
and exceptions
Now we'll create a toolbar,Object-oriented
using a panel and
two buttons,concepts
that will allow us to work with the text field's
programming
properties. Import Panel, and create a panel for a toolbar.
File input/output
>>> from java.awt import Panel

>>> toolbar = Panel()
Create two buttons for setting

and reading
text field
text.
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
strings
>>> readText = JButton("Read

Text")
>>> setText = JButton("Set Text")
Add the buttons to the toolbar.
>>> toolbar.add(readText)
>>> toolbar.add(setText)
In north
addition,
the of
book
Add the buttons to the
border
the contains
frame. instructions for downloading and installing the Python
>>> frame.add(toolbar,
BorderLayout.NORTH)
and numerous code
Pack the frame to make
the component
layout visible.computer user new to programming or a serious
Whether
>>> frame.pack()
>>> frame.visible = 1
777
Set up the button event handlers to manipulate the text field. This one reads the text and prints it out to the
console window:
>>> def readTextClicked(e):

...
printWeb
textField.text
...
This one sets the text field
text: Addison Wesley
Publisher:
>>> def setTextClicked(e):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table oftextField.text
= "I really like Java and Python"
Pages:
640
... Contents
Characterized
of expression,
andthem
concise
syntax,
Python has
Associate the handlers
with the actionPerformed
event
by assigning
to the
button's
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used by
actionPerformed property.
>>> readText.actionPerformed
= in
readTextClicked
the two languages, when used
>>> setText.actionPerformed
application development. = setTextClicked
tutorial
begins
with
of button
some of
the basics
Enter in some text inThis
the text
field,
and hit
thecoverage
Read Text
a few
times of Python programming. Using
Hello how arehelp
you
Hello how aretechniques.
you
Hello how arecapabilities
you
Hit the Set Text, and then the Read Text button.
I really likeandJava
andApplications
Python with Jython covers important topics such as:
Enterprise
I really like Java and Python

I really like Java and Python

Work with the buttons andinterpreters,
the text fieldand
to verify
that the field is working like java.awt .TextField.
compilers
Most of the functionality for
JTextField
is in JTextComponent
. This is
an abstract classes,
class anderrors,
the
Python
basics, including
namespaces,
superclass of JTextField
JTextArea (the latter represents a multi line text field). JEditorPane
and and
exceptions
andJTextPane are subclasses of JTextComponent; they add the ability to view HTML and RTF (Rich
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
Text Format) text and to display
in-text components
and icons.
As an exercise, look up JTextField
and JTextComponent in the Java API documentation. Try
File input/output
creating an application that uses JEditorPane to view an HTML page.
JCheckBox
Interfacing
with the Java
and working
with
Java Streams
Checkboxes represent a true
or false condition.
Let'sAPIs
illustrate
them with
an example
application for choosing
pizza toppings (jfc_checkbox.py). Import java.awt .Checkbox , and create checkboxes that represent pizza
toppings.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
Workingimport
with SQLJCheckBox
and JDBC(TM)
from javax.swing
pepperoni = JCheckBox("pepperoni")
peppers = JCheckBox("peppers")
olives = InJCheckBox("olives")
anchovieslanguage
= JCheckBox("anchovies")
onions = and
JCheckBox
("onions")
numerous code
sausage = JCheckBox ("sausage")

Create a frame to putapplication
the checkboxes
in. Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
developer,
>>> from java.swing import JFrame

>>> frame = JFrame(title="Pick your topping", visible = 1)
777
Add the checkboxes to the frame.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
frame.contentPane.add(pepperoni)
frame.contentPane.add(peppers)
frame.contentPane.add(olives)
frame.contentPane.add(anchovies)
frame.contentPane.add(onions)
frame.contentPane.add(sausage)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of as the default.

Set pepperoni
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> pepperoni.selected = 1
remained
a premier
programming
language for .more
is the
usedcheckboxes
by
Remember that the default
layout
for a frame
is BorderLayout
If wethan
wanta decade,
to show and
all of
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
created, we need to reset the layout manager to FlowLayout.
>>> from java.awt
import
FlowLayout
application
development.
>>> frame.contentPane.layout = FlowLayout()

>>> frame.pack()
programming
an understanding
Set the event handlerhelp
for those
closingnew
thetoframe
to inspectdevelop
the checkboxes'
state.
>>> def frameClosing(event):
...
for checkbox
in frame.components:
...
if(checkbox.selected == 1): print checkbox.label
...
>>> frame.windowClosing
= frameClosing
Work with the checkboxes to select toppings; then press the Close button on the frame's top left border (for
Windows NT/9X).
pepperoni
onions
sausage

and exceptions
Putting Things Together with JCheck Box
File input/output
Here's the pizza topping application we just wrote. Follow along, and make sure to read the comments.
# Import JCheckBox and create checkboxes that represent pizza toppings.

from javax.swing Formatting,
import parsing,
JCheckBox
cb = JCheckBox
#cb is the JCheckBox class. Remember classes are first class objects in Pytho
pepperoni = cb("pepperoni")
checkboxes=(pepperoni,cb("peppers"),cb("olives"),cb("anchovies"),cb("onions")
,cb("sausage"))
# Import JFrame and create a frame to hold our checkboxes.

from javax.swing
import
JFrame
In addition,
the book
frame = JFrame(title="Pick
your topping",
visible =definitions,
1)
explanations,
# Import JPanel and set the frame's contentPane to a JPanel.

Whetherimport
from javax.swing
JPanel computer user new to programming or a serious
panel = JPanel()
give you insight
frame.contentPane
= panel
# Now add the checkboxes to the Panel
for a_checkbox in checkboxes:
panel.add(a_checkbox)
777
# Set the
pepperoni's state to selected.
pepperoni.selected
= 1
# Pack the frame

frame.pack()
def frameClosing(event):
forof checkboxISBN:
in 0-201-61616-5
checkboxes:
Table
Pages:
640
Contents if(checkbox.selected == 1): print checkbox.text
Characterized
frame.windowClosing
= byframeClosing
novices
and professionals
alike. means
In particular,
close
relationship
to Java(TM)
makes
Now we want to offer
a one-topping
special, which
that weits
have
to change
the program
so that
the
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
customer can select only one checkbox. (The changes are highlighted in bold.) Add each checkbox to a button
group.
tutorial begins
withone
coverage
frame.title =This
"Choose
your
Topping"
#Import help
thethose
ButtonGroup
techniques.
For experienced
from javax.swing import
ButtonGroup
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
group = ButtonGroup()
#Add each check box to the group.

Python
for a_checkbox
inProgramming
checkboxes:
and
Enterprise
Applications
group.add(a_checkbox)
# Now let's Fundamental
assume that
most concepts,
peopleincluding
want statements,
pepperoni.
programming
expressions,
pepperoni.selected
=
1
It doesn't work, does it? Read
on. basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Python
and exceptions
JRadioButton
With JFC, to make the buttons

look and behave like radio buttons, you have to use JRadioButton. Let's
File input/output
continue our one-topping example, using JRadioButton in a button group to allow only one checkbox to be
selected.
for a_checkbox inFormatting,

checkboxes:
panel.remove(a_checkbox)
group = ButtonGroup()
from javax.swing import JRadioButton

rb = JRadioButton
#rb is JRadioButton class.
#Remember classes
first class objects in Python.
Python andare
Java applets
pepperoni = rb("pepperoni")
radiobuttons=(pepperoni,rb("peppers"),rb("olives"),rb("anchovies"),
rb("onions"),rb("sausage"))
and
Whether you
for a_radiobutton
in are
radiobuttons:
group.add(a_radiobutton)
panel.add(a_radiobutton)
pepperoni.selected = 1
frame.pack()
777
Try these exercises: Python Programming

Change the event handler to work with JRadioButton, and then look up AbstractButton, the
superclass of JButton,JCheckBox, and JRadioButton. You might also try adding picture
icons to represent the different toppings.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
With the
Table
of technique we used to replace checkboxes with radio buttons, replace radio buttons with toggle
Pages:
640
buttons (javax.swing.JToggleButton
). Can you think of ways to switch between all three?
Contents
Hint:JToggleButton has the same properties that JCheckBox and JRadioButton have.
Characterized
by ease
of of
use,
of expression,
and concise syntax,, Python
Remember that
JButton gets
much
itsrichness
functionality
from AbstractButton
so all ofhas
its
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used to
byadd icons
propertiesicon, text, mnemonics, and so forthwork for these classes as well. If you want
or change text,novices
you doand
it inprofessionals
the same way.alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
List and JList
plenty of
skill-building
and interactivemode
programming
this book will
List components represent
choices.
They canexercises
be in single-selection
(one item)sessions,
or multi-selection
mode
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
(more than one item). Let's create an example list in the interactive interpreter.
import
capabilities and
shows theJList
>>> list_items
=
["Bruce",
"Darrell",
"Tony", "Debbie", "Karen"]
>>> list = JList(list_items)

Here's the interactiveand
session
to create
a frame: with Jython covers important topics such as:
Enterprise
Applications
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>

frame = JFrame("JList
example")
frame.contentPane.add(list)
frame.pack()
frame.visible=1
and exceptions
List Events
Now we want to do something

with our listthat is, handle the list eventsso we need to inspect JList's
File input/output
event properties (or look them up in the Java API documentation).
Here's the interactive session to inspect the list properties, with the output formatted to make it a little more
readable.
>>> getEventsInfo(JList)
[<beanEventProperty valueChanged for event interface javax.swing.event.ListSe
We can inspect the events more closely using getEventsInfo to print and pause.
>>> getEventsInfo(JList, 1, 1)
applets
Event Property: Python and Java
valueChanged
Defined in:
javax.swing.event.ListSelectionListener
Event:
javax.swing.event.ListSelectionEvent
Event properties for javax.swing.event.ListSelectionEvent:

lastIndex
valueIsAdjusting
Type:
Pythonorg.python.core.PyBeanProperty
firstIndex
give you insight intoType:
the power
If you look up the list properties in the Java API documentation, these are the ones you'll find:
777
LastIndex last row that may have changed
Python Programming
with
the Java
Class
ValueIsAdjusting
true if this
is multiple
change
events
By
Richard
Hightower
FirstIndex
first row
that may have changed
ListSelectionEvent
allows
handling
of an item selection event, either the Java way or the Python way.
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
Here's the Python way:

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
def ofeventListener(event):
Pages: 640
... Contents
list = event.source # get a reference to the list,
...
# theofevent's
source
expression, and
...
indexremained
= event.firstIndex
...
printnovices
list.model.getElementAt(index)
...
Now try selecting some list items.
I'm going to leave the Java way as an exercise. I'll give you two hints to help you, but don't read them unless you
get stuck. Hint1: Create a class that subclasses java.awt .event.ItemListener; then create an
instance of that class, and pass it to the list.addItemListener() method. Hint2: The subclass should
override the itemStateChanged() method with the arguments self and event.
JComboBox
and Enterprise
Applications
with
covers
important
topics
such
JComboBox is a combination
dropdown
list and
textJython
field that
comes
in handy
when
youas:
have limited real
estate on a panel. It's something of a cross between java.swing.JList and
javax.swing.JTextField. In fact, JComboBox looks a lot like javax.swing.JList, its only
real difference being that it uses the addItem() method to add items to the list.
Here's the JComboBox code:
and exceptions
# Import List, create
a list instance and populate the list instance.
from javax.swing import JComboBox

list = JComboBox()
list_items = ("Bruce",
"Darrell", "Tony", "Satesh", "Debbie", "Karen")
File input/output
for item in list_items:
list.addItem()()(item)
# Create a frame and add the list to the frame.

the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
from javax.swing Interfacing
import with
JFrame
frame = JFrame("Combobox Example")
Swing to create GUIs frame.pack()
frame.contentPane.add(list);
frame.visible=1;
# Handle item event.

from java.awt.event
ItemEvent
Pythonimport
and Java applets
def eventListener(event):
list = event.itemSelectable
item = event.item
print "Current
item
:" + make
ìtem`
and numerous
code samples
if (event.stateChange == ItemEvent.SELECTED):
Whether
are a sophisticated
print
" you
--selected
items--"
developer,
forapplication
item in
list.selectedObjects:
give print
you insight
theìtem`
" into
" +
list.itemStateChanged = eventListener
777
It's a little different from the JList version, but close enough.
As an exercise, try changing

the previous example
to make
theClass
combo
box editable.
Hint: Look
up the
Python Programming
with the
Java
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
JComboBox properties
and methods,
particularly
setEditable
Web and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython.
Working with JList

Pub Date:
June
28, 2002 splits the logic for the model, view, and controller into different
The Model View Controller
(MVC)
architecture
0-201-61616-5
class sets. For example, the ISBN:
JList
component constructor takes a reference to ListModel. Here's an
Table of
Pages:
640
example
of JList (JList.py)
that's
similar to our JComboBox example:
Contents
# ImportCharacterized
List, create
list
instance
and
list
by ease ofause,
richness
of expression,
and populate
concise syntax,the
Python
has instance.
from javax.swing
import
remained
a premierJList
list_items = the
("Bruce",
"Tony",ideal
"Debbie",
two languages,"Darrell",
for Web and "Karen")
# Create a list with a default model that uses the above list items
list = JList(list_items)
new to
programming
develop
# Createhelp
a those
frame
and
add the
listan understanding
to the frame.
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's breadth of
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for professional
frame = JFrame("JList Example")
application development. frame.visible=1; frame.pack()
frame.contentPane.add(list);
Programming
with the Java(TM)
# ImportPython
this
for selection
constants
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
from javax.swing import ListSelectionModelimportant topics such as:
list.selectionMode = ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION
# Handle item
event.
interpreters,
and compilers
from java.awt.event import ItemEvent
list = event.source
and exceptions
print "Current item :" + list.selectedValue
if (list.selectionMode
== ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION
concepts
print " --selected items--"
File input/output
for item
in list.selectedValues:
print " " + ìtem`
list.valueChanged = eventListener
I said that JList was similar to JComboBox, but there are differences (highlighted in bold). First, JList
has no addItem() (or equivalent) method to add items to the list, so we have to pass list_item to the
constructor (we could haveUsing
passedPython
it to the
constructor).
Second, we have to import
andjava.awt
Java Swing.List
to create
GUIs
javax.swing.ListSelectionModel to get access to the constants to set selectionMode.
selectionMode allows
three types
selection:
single (one item), single contiguous range (a set of items
Working
withof
SQL
and JDBC(TM)
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'Tony' Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
'Karen' Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
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Richard Hightower
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ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Try toContents
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by ease
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tutorial
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# Import List, create a list instance and populate the list instance.
Python Programming
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from javax.swing
import JList,
list_items = ("Bruce", "Darrell", "Tony", "Satesh", "Debbie", "Karen")

# Create a list with an empty default model

list = JList(DefaultListModel)
model = list.getModel()
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again, without
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, and
and
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code
samples
make
this
book
a
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learning
experience.
pass it to the JList constructor. What happens? Why? Hint: Look up AbstractDefaultListModel,
and inspect the class hierarchy returned from the getModel() method.
Advanced MVC
JListinto the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
giveand
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The real advantage to using MVC is that you can have multiple views of the same data model. When the data
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Python
Java
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changes in the list we
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Web
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Applications
with
Jython
compatible with JList
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By Richard
Hightower
For brevity, we're goingPublisher:
to create aAddison
very small
subset of the Address and AddressBook classes that
Wesley
highlights the MVC list.Pub Date: June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
What Table
we'll do
of is define an address class that implements the toString() method from
Pages:
java.lang.Object
so that it640
can be displayed in the listbox. Next we'll define an AddressBook class
Contents
that contains instances of Address and acts as a data model. It will have to extend ListModel to work
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by easewe'll
of use,
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expression,
and concise
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withjavax.swing.JList
. Finally,
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an of
address
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sample
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
addresses.
MVC in JTree and JTable
The techniques I'm showing you in the MVC example are the same ones you use with JTree and
JTable. You
have to master them if you want to use advanced Swing components.
MVC, along with the related design patterns (e.g., Observer/Observable), is explained in Design
Patterns (Gamma et al., 1995). Reading this book will make you appreciate why MVC was picked
for JList,JTable, and JTree.
JList_AddressModel.py
Here's the complete code for
JList_AddressModel.py.
interpreters,
and compilers
from
from
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# Define an File
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class to hold an address
class Address(Object):
Python's intrinsic
functions
def __init__(self,
name,
phone):
self.name = name
self.phone = phone
def __str__(self):
return ljust(self.name,35) + ": " + self.phone
def toString(self):
return self.__str__()
def __repr__(self):
# Define an address book to hold addresses

class AddressBook(ListModel):
def __init__(self):
# Fill in some initial data

self.list_items = [Address("Darrell", "555-1212")]
self.list_items.append(Address("Bruce", "555-1212"))
self.list_items.append(Address("Karen", "555-1212"))
self.list_items.append(Address("Tony", "555-1212"))
self.list_items.append(Address("Chris", "555-1212"))
777
self.listeners
= []
# ToClass
hold
listeners
Python Programming
with the Java
Libraries:
# public
int getSize()
# Returns the length of the list.
def getSize(self):
return
len(self.list_items)
Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
#
public
Object getElementAt(int index)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of # Returns the value at the specified index.
Pages: 640
Contents
def getElementAt(self, index):
return
self.list_items[index]
Characterized
# public
addListDataListener(ListDataListener
l)
novices andvoid
professionals
# Add
a languages,
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def addListDataListener(self,
plenty of skill-building exercises and listener):
print
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is listening:
" + `listener.class`
help those
new to programming
self.listeners.append(listener)
# public
RemoveListDataListener(ListDataListener l)
applicationvoid
development.
# Removes a listener
# Parameters:
# land-Enterprise
the ListDataListener
def RemoveListDataListener(listener):
print "somebody is ignoring: " + `listener.class`
self.listeners.remove(listener)
# AddAddress()
# Adds and
anexceptions
address to the address book
def AddAddress (self, name, number):
self.list_items.append(Address(name,
number))
# File
Notify
each listener that our data has changed.
input/output
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intrinsic
functions
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update
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view to reflect the changes
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start
= len(self.list_items)
end = len(self.list_items)
type = ListDataEvent.INTERVAL_ADDED
event
= ListDataEvent(self,
Using Python
and Java Swing to create GUIstype, start, end)
each_listener.intervalAdded(event)
AddressBook = AddressBook()
# Create 2 lists using our address book list model

list = JList(AddressBook)
list2 = JList(AddressBook)
# Create a frame and add the lists to the frame.

Whetherimport
from javax.swing
JFrame computer user new to programming or a serious
application
developer,
from java.awt import FlowLayout
give
you
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frame = JFrame("JList Custompower
Data
Model
frame.contentPane.layout = FlowLayout() #Added to show both lists
frame.contentPane.add(list); frame.contentPane.add(list2)
frame.visible=1; frame.pack()
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#Import Python
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Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
from javax.swing
import
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list.selectionMode
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#Handle item
event.
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
from java.awt.event
import
ItemEvent
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of = event.source
list
Pages: 640
Contents
print "Current item :" + `list.selectedValue`
if (list.selectionMode
== richness
ListSelectionModel.MULTIPLE_INTERVAL_SELECTION
print
"
--selected
items--"
fornovices
itemandin
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professionals
print
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+ ìtem`
the two
languages,
list.valueChanged = eventListener
def addNames():
AddressBook.AddAddress("Geoff",
help those new to programming develop "555-1234")
AddressBook.AddAddress("Bill",
"555-1235")
AddressBook.AddAddress("Robert",
"555-1257")
Run the following in the interactive interpreter:
>>> addNames()
>>> frame.pack()
First, we define the Address

class. programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
Fundamental
# Define an address class to hold an address

class Address(Object):
def __init__(self,
name, phone):
and exceptions
self.name = name
Object-oriented
self.phone
= phone
def __str__(self):
input/output
return File
ljust(self.name,35)
+ ": " + self.phone
def toString()(self):
intrinsic functions
return Python's
self.__str__()
def __repr__(self):
Address defines three methods: __str__,__repr__ , and toString().__str__creates the string

representation of Address
for Python;
toString()
its Java
equivalent. We need to make Address a
Using
Python and
Java Swing toiscreate
GUIs
string because the listbox uses toString() to display the method. __repr__ displays the string in Python
when the object is referenced
with back
ToJDBC(TM)
override toString(),Address uses
Working
withquotes.
SQL and
java.lang.Object as its base class.
Next we define the custom list model, which presents an interesting opportunity to demonstrate events. In
In addition,
thewas
book
contains
instructions
for downloading
installing
the itPython
previous event examples,
our code
geared
to listening
for (handling)
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In this
example,
publishes
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the source).
Java Development
Kit (JDK).
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is anand
event
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JList will
be registering
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andtonumerous
samples
book
withAddressBook
listen for code
events
that tellmake
it thatthis
data
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Whether you
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newa to
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AddressBook implements
ListMode
;AddressBook
is thus
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of
ListModel.
# Define an address book to hold addresses

class AddressBook(ListModel):
777
AddressBook has to override all of ListModel's methods, which are
int getSize()
Object getElementAt(int index)

void addListDataListener(ListDataListener
l)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
void RemoveListDataListener(ListDataListener
l)
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
In the code that follows, be sure to read all of the comments before each AddressBook method, since they
show which ListModel
methodbyisease
being
andofwhat
it does. and concise syntax, Python has
Characterized
ofoverridden
use, richness
expression,
# publicnovices
int and
getSize()
# Returns
thelanguages,
length
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list.
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when
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return len(self.list_items)
# publicplenty
Object
getElementAt(int
index)
of skill-building
# Returns
value
at the specified
index. of concepts and practical
helpthe
those new
to programming
def getElementAt(self,
index):programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
return self.list_items[index]
# public void addListDataListener(ListDataListener l)

Programming
the Java(TM)
Class when
Libraries:
A Tutorial
# Add a Python
listener
thatwith
gets
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list for Building Web
and
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with
Jython
covers
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# data model gets changed
# Parameters:
# l - the ListDataListener
def addListDataListener(self, listener):
print "somebody is listening: " + `listener.class`
and exceptions
# public void RemoveListDataListener(ListDataListener l)

# Removes a Object-oriented
listener programming concepts
# Parameters:
# l - the ListDataListener
File input/output
def removeListDataListener(listener):
Python'sis
intrinsic
functions " + `listener.class`
print "somebody
ignoring:
addListDataListener and removeListDataListener register and unregister listeners for

with the Java
APIs
and remember,
working with
Java
Streams
ListDataEvents fromInterfacing
AddressBook
(which,
you'll
is an
event
source, which means that it
publishes events when they occur). addListDataListener prints out a listener's registration. When you
set a model, JList registers listeners to it; when you remove a model, JList unregisters those listeners.
TheAddressBook class has the AddAddress()method, which adds a new address to list_items
and then notifies each listener
by calling
its applets
intervalAdded() method. AddAddress() first creates a
Python
and Java
ListDataEvent instance to pass to the listener's intervalAdded() method.
Rest of language
85, 86,
top
AddAddress()
and the
Java87#
Development
# Adds an
address
to
the
address
book
and numerous code samples make
this book
def AddAddress(self, name, number):

number))
Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new
# Notifygive
each
listener
thatof our
changed.
you insight
into the power
Pythondata
and thehas
know-how
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# Being aware that our data changed, they can
# update their view to reflect the changes
for each_listener in self.listeners:
start = len(self.list_items)
777
end = len(self.list_items)
type = ListDataEvent.INTERVAL_ADDED
event = By
ListDataEvent(self,
type, start, end)
Richard Hightower
each_listener.intervalAdded()(event)
Now we'll create an instance of AddressBook. Then we'll create two JFC lists, passing the instance to them.
At this point, the JList instance will call addDataListener to register listeners with the model. You
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Tablethis
of with the console output.
can verify
Pages: 640
Contents
AddressBook = AddressBook()
by ease ofour
use, richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax, Python has
#Create Characterized
2 lists using
address
book list
model
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and is used by
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM) makes
development.
The rest of the code application
for this example
is pretty much the same as that for the earlier ones. As a final step, we'll
define a function called addNames() that adds three addresses to the AddressBook list model.
def addNames():
help those new to programming develop "555-1234")
AddressBook.AddAddress("Geoff",
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
AddressBook.AddAddress("Bill", "555-1235")
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
AddressBook.AddAddress("Robert", "555-1257")
AddAddress()notifies all the listeners that an address has been added. (The listeners are the two JList
components.)
To run this example from the interactive interpreter, start JList_AddressModel.py with the i option. Then call
AddAddress() from the interactive interpreter.
>>> addNames() interpreters, and compilers
>>> frame.pack()

and
exceptions
Both of the lists are updated
because
they use the same example. (You have to call the frame.pack()
method to resize JList so that all of the items appear. We'll fix this in the next example).
As an exercise, look up javax.swing.ListModel,javax.ListDataEvent, and
File input/output
javax.ListDataListener
.
Python's
intrinsic
functions
Essentially, JList registers
for (that
is, subscribes
to) events in ListModel. When the model data changes
(that is, when addresses are added to the address book), all registered views are notified and thus updated.
In the previous example, both views are JList components; however, in a real MVC application the same
model may have more than one view type. For example, a spreadsheet application may have data mapped to a
spreadsheet view and a graph
view,
both and
of which
changetowhen
model for the spreadsheet view changes.
Using
Python
Java Swing
createthe
GUIs

777
An Easier Way to Create the Address Book
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
An easier way to create
the address
book
is to use the AbstractListModel class, which
Pubmethods
Date: June
2002 event listeners and notifying them of changes. Here's the
implements all of the
for 28,
registering
changedJList_AddressModel
(JList_AddressModel2.py), which uses
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
AbstractListModel
Pages: for
640the superclass of AddressBook.
Contents
class AddressBook(AbstractListModel):
def remained
__init__(self):
# Fillwhen
in used
some
sample data
the two languages,
in combination,
self.list_items
application
development. = [Address("Darrell", "555-1212")]
...
...
This
self.list_items.append(Address("Chris",
"555-1212"))
plenty
of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions,
this book will
# public
int getSize()
techniques.
For experienced
# Returns
the the
length
the
list.with Java APIs for professional
capabilities
and shows
ways thatof
Python
interfaces
def application
getSize(self):
development.
return len(self.list_items)
and
with Jython covers important
topics such as:
# Enterprise
public Applications
Object getElementAt(int
index)
# Returns the value at the specified index.

return self.list_items[index]
def AddAddress(self,
name,
number):
operators,
number))
and exceptions
start = len(self.list_items)
endObject-oriented
= len(self.list_items)
fireIntervalAdded(self, type, start, end)
File input/output
Notice that the code to implement AddressBook ( ListModel) is now significantly shorter. I recommend
Python's intrinsic
functions
using the AbstractListModel
class instead
of the ListModel interface, which I used simply to
explain MVC.
Interfacing with
JavaDecorator
APIs and working
with Java
Streams
Working with JScrollPane
andthethe
Design
Pattern
Using Decorator
Python anddesign
Java Swing
GUIs which essentially adds a JFC frame
TheJList class uses Gamma's
patterntotocreate
add scrolling,
to a scroll pane by passing a JList instance to JScrollPane's constructor. Thus, the code changes from
this:
to this:
list = JScrollPane(JList(AddressBook))
list2 = JScrollPane(JList(AddressBook)
you insight
the power
of Python
and theand
know-how
to. put
it toyou
work.
That's all. The same give
technique
worksinto
for adding
scrolling
to JTree
JTable
When
run this in the
interactive interpreter, you don't have to call frame.pack() after you call addNames(). The names
show up automatically, and so do the scrollbars.
777
Now start JList_AddressModel2.py with the i option. Then call the AddAddress() method from the
interactive interpreter.
Python Programming

addNames()
>>>
>>> frame.pack()
Summary
Table of
In thisContents
chapter,

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
640of
we coveredPages:
the basics
AWT and JFC components, some of which are polymorphically related.

We also covered MVC, which, although advanced, is essential for working with some of the more interesting
byisease
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There's a lot more tothe
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JFC and AWT,
but we've
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get started.
We'll learn
application
development.
more in coming chapters.
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 14. First

Swing Application, Layout, and Menus

with Basic Java GUIs
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Adding an Input Form
Pages:for
640an Address Entry: The Prototype
Contents
Adding an Input Form for an Address Entry: First Cut
Characterized
ease
use, richness
of Application:
expression, andPrototype
Adding a Main
Windowbyfor
theofAddress
Book
Adding a Main Window: First Cut
Adding a Toolbar
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the two languages,
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used
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Menus
Layout Managers
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A GridBagLayout
Example
Putting Things Together: Adding GridBagLayout to the Address Application
Summary techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
Python
Libraries:
AbsoluteProgramming
positioning with the Java(TM) Class
Layout
managerA Tutorial for Building Web
Dialog
Main window
programming concepts,Modal
HelperFundamental
function
Index
Separator
and exceptions
In the last chapter, we covered
Swing with short code snippets; in this chapter, we'll build an example Swing
application. Snippets are great for learning how to use an API, but to see how things really come together you
need a more involved example.
File input/output
We'll continue with the address
book application, but we'll start off with minimal features and add more as we
put the application together, gradually showing more of Java GUI programming like menus and layout
managers. Before we add any features, though, we'll do a prototype in an interactive session to give you handson, instant gratification. Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
Interfacing with with
the Java Basic
APIs and working
Java Streams
Java with
GUIs
As promised, we're going to extend the address book application with a GUI front end. For this extension we'll
useAddress5.py ,which is based
on Address4.py
from
Chapter 8 with a few changes, all within the
Working
with SQL and
JDBC(TM)
readAddresses() and writeAddresses() functions. One change is the use of
Python
andof
Java
ObjectOutputStream
instead
theapplets
Python pickle module; another is the introduction of the
__repr__ method for the Address class, which allows us to create address objects with eval and makes
In addition,
the printing of dictionaries
more the
meaningful.
andtext_read_write()
numerous code samples make
this book
As an exercise, run the
function
in readAddresses()
and
writeAddresses() in both files. What differences do you notice in the output? How are these differences
Whether
are a sophisticated
computer
user new
to programming
or a serious
related to __repr__
? Alsoyou
try creating
one instance
of Address
using
the eval function
and the return
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
value from __repr__ of another instance.
Adding an Input Form for an Address Entry: The Prototype
777
In an interactive session, let's create a GUI form that can edit an address entry. We want a frame that holds text
field components, which

willProgramming
be used to gather
thethe
address
information.
We alsoAwant
an OK
which
Python
with
Java
Class Libraries:
Tutorial
forbutton,
Building
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is done
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Applications
To get the layout for the frame components, we'll use a technique that layers components in a container. For this
we'll put the text fields Publisher:
in one panelAddison
and theWesley
OK button in another. The panels themselves are components that
we'll put in the frame. Pub Date: June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
The first
thing
Table
of we need to do is import the JFrame,JButton, and JTextField classes from
Pages: 640
javax.swing.
Contents
Characterized import
by ease of use,
JFrame
remained
a
premier
programming
language
>>> from javax.swing import JButton,
JTextField
the with
two languages,
in combination,
ideal
andand
distributed
enterprise
Next we create a frame
the titlebarwhen
set to used
"Address
Entry," create
an for
OKWeb
button
a panel to
hold it, set
the frame's layout to application
BorderLayout
, and add the panel to the south region of the frame. Then we pack the
development.
frame and look at the results.
>>> frame = JFrame("Address
Entry",
visible=1)
and interactive
>>> okay = JButton("OK")
import
JPanel
techniques. For
experienced
>>> buttonbarcapabilities
= JPanel()
>>> buttonbar.add(okay)
>>> from java.awt import BorderLayout

Python Programming with the Java(TM)BorderLayout.SOUTH)
>>> frame.contentPane.add(buttonbar,
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
>>> frame.pack()
Adding Text FieldsFundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,

Now we want to add text fields to the frame. There may be many of them, and the frame is using
basics,
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string
formatting,
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errors,
BorderLayout, whichPython
can hold
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(EAST
,WEST
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).
and
exceptions
Therefore, we add the fields to another panel, which we place in the CENTER region of the frame. We'll use
GridLayout for the layout manager of the panel, which will lay the components out in a grid. As we add
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
fields, we'll label them so that
the user knows
what each one
represents. We'll do this by adding instances of the
Label class near the corresponding text field.
File input/output
ImportGridLayout, and create an instance of it that lays out components in a 2-by-2 grid. Create a panel to
hold the text fields called contentPane. Set the layout of contentPane to the GridLayout instance.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from java.awt import GridLayout

grid = GridLayout(2,2)
contentPane = JPanel()
contentPane.setLayout(grid)
Create a JTextField instance

nameand
. Import
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Workingcalled
with SQL
JDBC(TM)
contentPane. Add the name JTextField to the panel. Then pack the frame, and look at the results.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
name = JTextField()
from java.swing
import
JLabel
In addition, the
book contains
contentPane.add(JLabel("Name"))
contentPane.add(name)
frame.pack()
Whether you are a sophisticated computer user
frame.contentPane.add(contentPane,
BorderLayout.CENTER)
frame.pack()
Now use the same technique to add phone number and email text fields.
777
Add the phone number field.
>>> phoneNumber
= Programming
JTextField()
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>>> contentPane.add(JLabel("Phone
Web and Enterprise ApplicationsNumber"))
with Jython
>>> contentPane.add(phoneNumber)
Add the email field.

>>> email = JTextField()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>>of contentPane.add(JLabel("eMail"))
Table
Pages:
640
>>> contentPane.add(email)
Contents
>>> frame.pack()
Adding Event novices
Handlers
We could improve our
form by setting
the labels' alignment to the right, but pretty interfaces are only the start.
application
development.
For the form to be useful, we need to set up the event handlers. This is just the prototype, so the event handlers
will access the text field
datawith
but only
print of
it to
the console.
Thiscomponent
tutorial begins
coverage
some
To set up the event handler
for the
button, we need
to define
an event handler
that takesand
onepractical
argument to
help those
newOK
to programming
develop
an understanding
of concepts
hold the event.
Create a function thatapplication
acts as an development.
event handler for the OK button.
>>> def okayHandler(event):

...
global
name, email, phoneNumber
...
print (name.text, email.text, phoneNumber.text)
...
Register the okayHandler()
function
with the OK button's actionPerformed event property.
interpreters,
and compilers
>>> okay.actionPerformed
okayHandler
Python basics, =
including
and exceptions
Now we have a working prototype. Try it out by entering a name, a phone number, and an email address, and
then hit the OK button. Object-oriented programming concepts
input/output
Adding an InputFileForm
for an Address Entry: First Cut
At this point, you probably feel comfortable with the concepts the prototype introduces. To incorporate these
concepts into the address book
program,
let's organize
our code into
a class called AddressForm. This class
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
strings
extends the javax.swing.JFrame class, which makes it a JFrame.
AddressForm is passed an instance of the Address class in its constructor. okayHandler()
Using Python
and Java
Swing from
to create
GUIs
populates the fields of the instance
with values
extracted
AddressForm
's text fields. Look at
Address6.py below and make sure to read all of the comments.
from javax.swing import JFrame, JButton, JTextField, JLabel, JPanel

Python and
Java applets
BorderLayout,
GridLayout
# AddressForm Class.
# This class is used to edit an instance of the Address class
class AddressForm(JFrame):
def __init__(self,
address):
"""Constructor
for Programming
the AddressForm
classClass
\nLibraries
""" will
application developer, Python
with the Java(TM)
#
Call
constuctor
JFrame.__init__(self, "Address Entry", visible=1)
777
# Declare private variables

self.__address = address #hold address to be edited
self.__name
= NONE
theLibraries:
private
name for
textfield
Python Programming
with the #hold
Java Class
A Tutorial
Building
self.__email
NONE
#hold
the private email textfield
Web and Enterprise=Applications
with Jython
self.__phoneNumber
= NONE #hold the private phone# field
self.__init__CreateButtonBar()
self.__init__CreateTextFieldPanel()
Table
of
def
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
__init__CreateButtonBar(self):
Pages: 640
""" Create okay button, a panel for the button. \n """
"""
Add bythe
button
panel
to this
"""
Characterized
ease of
use, richness
of expression,
and frame.
okay
=
JButton("OK")
buttonbar
= JPanel()
buttonbar.add(okay)
self.contentPane.add(buttonbar,
BorderLayout.SOUTH)
Set with
thecoverage
eventof handler
for of
the
okay
button.
This tutorial# begins
some of the basics
Python
programming.
Using
okay.actionPerformed
= self.__okayHandler
plenty of skill-building exercises and
def __init__CreateTextFieldPanel(self):
"""
Set and
up shows
the the
email,
andJava
name
fields """
capabilities
ways thatphoneNumber
Python interfaces with
APIs text
for professional
# Create the panel and set the grid layout.

Python Programming
with thehas
Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
# The grid
a layout
of a A Tutorial for Building Web
and Enterprise
Jython covers
# 3Applications
row by with
2 column
grid.
editPane = JPanel()
editPane.setLayout(GridLayout(3,2))
Fundamental programming concepts, including
self.contentPane.add(editPane,
# Create the name textfield and add it and its

# associated label to the contentPane.
and exceptions
# Note that name is a member of AddressForm

self.__name
= JTextField()
Object-oriented
editPane.add(JLabel("Name"))
editPane.add(self.__name)
File input/output
Python's
intrinsic functions
# Create
the phoneNumber textfield and add it and its

Formatting,
parsing,
andphoneNumber
# Note
that
is a member of AddressForm.
self.__phoneNumber = JTextField()
editPane.add(JLabel("Phone Number"))
editPane.add(self.__phoneNumber)
# Create
email textfield and add it and its
Working
with SQLthe
and JDBC(TM)
# and
Note
Python
Javathat
applets email is a member of AddressForm.
self.__email = JTextField()
editPane.add(JLabel("eMail"))
editPane.add(self.__email)
self.pack()
Whether you are
a sophisticated
computer user
to programming
or a serious
#Defines
the
event handler
fornewthe
okay button
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
def __okayHandler(self, event):
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
"""Event handler for the okay button"""
print (self.__name.text, self.__email.text,
self.__phoneNumber.text)
Address.__init__(self.__address, self.__name.text,
self.__phoneNumber.text, self.__email.text)
777
print
self.__address
Python Programming
Try adding the abilityBytoRichard

edit theHightower
address lines of the Address class and to right-align the labels that describe
the text fields.
Date: June 28,
2002
Adding a MainPubWindow
for
the Address Book Application:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Prototype
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
The main window will

have a list of
address
As youand
select
a name
fromPython
the list,has
an
Characterized
bynames
ease offrom
use,the
richness
of book.
expression,
concise
syntax,
AddressForm instance
pops
up
in
which
you
edit
the
Address
instance
corresponding
to
that
name.
As a rule, code written to access data shouldn't be in the same module with code written to build GUIs, so first
we have to break our code into separate modules:
This tutorial
begins
with
coverage
AddressForm.py
holds the
AWT
version
of AddressForm
those
to programming
Address7.pyhelp
holds
the new
address
data code develop an understanding of concepts and practical
capabilities
andmain
shows
the ways
thatcode
AddressMain.py
holds the
window
of the
AddressFormPane.py holds the AWT panel version of AddressForm
The first step is creating
a frame thatApplications
acts as the main
and then
addingtopics
a list tosuch
it. Then
and Enterprise
with window
Jython covers
important
as: we pack the
frame and make it visible.
ImportJFrame and JList
from javax.swing.
Fundamental
>>> from javax.swing import JFrame, JList

Create instances of JFrame
DefaultListModel, and create a JFC list using an instance of it.
and. Import
exceptions
Add the instance to the frame container.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
frame = JFrame("Main Frame")

from javax.swing
import DefaultListModel
File input/output
addresses = JList(DefaultListModel())
frame.contentPane.add(addresses)
Pack the frame, and make itFormatting,

visible. parsing, and manipulating strings
>>> frame.pack() Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
>>> frame.visible=1
Adding Names
applets For this next part, we're going to add names to our list from
A list with no items is like Python
a pizza and
withJava
no toppings.
the dictionary that holds a collection of address entries.
language
and the(Run
Java itDevelopment
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
explanations,
Import everything from
address7.py.
as a main module
to create
a clean setdefinitions,
of data files.)

Use the readAddresses()
function toPython
open the
testaddr.datwith
file,the
which
is full Class
of address
entries.
Programming
Java(TM)
Libraries
will
>>> fname="c:\\dat\\testaddr.dat"
>>> dict = readAddresses(fname)
777
Iterate through the keys of the dictionary of address entries returned by readAddresses(), and add the
keys as names in thePython

list.
Programming

name By
in
dict.keys():
Richard
Hightower
>>> for
... addresses.model.addElement(name)
...
>>> frame.pack()
0-201-61616-5
Now our
listofhas the names ISBN:
from our
address application. The frame should look like Figure 14-1.
Table
Contents
Pages: 640
Figure 14-1. Address Book Names List

Adding
Event capabilities
Handlers
Next we need to add some functionality to our list. First we'll make the AddressForm instance pop up when
we select an item, so we need to define a list event handler. How do we know which one? Remember that you
can use the jinfo module to inspect a component's event properties. Or, if you remember which event listener a
component handles, you can inspect it.
For example, you may remember
that JList
handles ListSelectionListener, or you may haved
interpreters,
and compilers
looked up JList in the Java API documentation and seen the addListSelectionListener()
method, which is a dead giveaway.
Let's say
that weoperators,
remembered,
soformatting,
we can do namespaces,
the following:classes, errors,
Python basics,
including
string
and exceptions
ImportListSelectionListener from the javax.swing.event package.
>>> from javax.swing.event import ListSelectionListener

File input/output
Use the dir() function to list ListSelectionListener's methods.
>>> dir(ListSelectionListener)
['valueChanged'] Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
Let's also say that we remember

that allwith
methods
of aAPIs
givenand
XListener
take an XEvent argument,
Interfacing
the Java
working withinterface
Java Streams
so we can inspect the interface of the event object that will be passed to our event handler.
As an exercise look up the ListSelectionListener interface and the ListSelectionEvent
class in the Java API documentation.
ImportListSelectionEvent
and inspect its attributes with the dir()
Python andfrom
Javajavax.swing.event,
applets
function.
>>> from javax.swing.event
import ListSelectionEvent
>>> dir(ListSelectionEvent)
['firstIndex', 'getFirstIndex', 'getLastIndex', getValueIsAdjusting',

'valueIsAdjusting']
Now that we understand
properties
for List
, we can
setthe
upknow-how
our event handler
up an
give the
youevent
insight
into the power
of Python
and
to put ittotopop
work.
AddressForm instance when an item in the list is clicked.
777
ImportAddressForm from the AddressForm module.
>>> from AddressForm

import with
AddressForm
Python Programming
Create an event handler

that gets
the selected item from the list, looks up the corresponding Address instance
By Richard
Hightower
in the dictionary, and passes it to the AddressForm instance, where it can be edited.
>>> def itemSelected(event):

Date: June 28, 2002
...
list = Pub
event.source
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table ofname = list.selectedValue
640
... Contents
address =Pages:
dict[name]
...
form = AddressForm(address)
...
novices
andthe
professionals
alike.
Register the event handler
with
event property
ofIn
theparticular,
list.
>>> addresses.valueChanged
application development.= itemSelected
coverage
ofpops
someupofthat
the lets
basics
Python
programming.
Now, every time youThis
clicktutorial
on thebegins
listbox,with
a new
window
youofedit
the address.
So far, Using
so good,
plenty
of skill-building
andfiles
interactive
programming
but we've left out a few
things,
like reading exercises
and writing
and closing
the main window.
Adding a Main
Window: First Cut
We're going to create the main window for the address book application, which will have the list on the left side
of the framewhen Python
the userProgramming
selects an item,
it appears
in the Class
AddressForm
right side.
with
the Java(TM)
Libraries: A instance
Tutorial on
forthe
Building
Web To do
this we'll convert AddressForm
so that it extends
java.awt.Frame
.
with java.awt.Panel
Jython covers importantinstead
topics of
such
as:
We'll also need to add some code to initialize the text fields in the AddressForm class (in AddressForm.py)
so that every time an address is passed to AddressForm (that is, when the user selects a name in the list),
Fundamental
AddressForm shows that
Addressprogramming
instance. concepts, including statements, expressions,
Here is a listing of AddressForm in AddressFormPane.py:
and exceptions
from Address7 import
Address
...
Object-oriented
# AddressForm
Class. programming concepts
# This class is used to edit an instance of the Address class
File input/output
class AddressForm(JPanel):
...
...
def set(self,
address):
Formatting,
"""Used to put a new address in this form
Initializes
all
text fields
with
Javaof
APIsthe
and working
with Java Streams
the attributes from self.__address.
""" Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
self.__address = address
Working with SQL and
self.__name.text
= JDBC(TM)
address.name()
self.__email.text = address.email()
self.__phoneNumber.text = address.phoneNumber()
... In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
... language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
"""
Set
email,computer
phoneNumber
and name ortext
fields """
Whether
youup
are athe
sophisticated
a serious
...
...
777
# Create the name textfield and add it and its

# Note that
is Class
a member
ofA Tutorial
AddressForm
Python Programming
withname
the Java
Libraries:
for Building
self.__name
= Applications
JTextField(self.__address.name())
Web and Enterprise
with Jython
editPane.add(JLabel("Name"))
Table of
Contents
editPane.add(self.__name)
# Create
the phoneNumber textfield and add it and its
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
#
associated
Pub Date: June 28, 2002 label to the contentPane.
# Note
that phoneNumber is a member of AddressForm.
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
self.__phoneNumber=JTextField(self.__address.phoneNumber())
Pages: 640
editPane.add(JLabel("Phone Number"))
editPane.add(self.__phoneNumber)
# aCreate
the email
textfield
and
add and
it isand
its
remained
premier programming
language
for more than
a decade,
used by
#
associated
label
to
the
contentPane.
Note that
email
is a member
of and
AddressForm.
the two #languages,
when used
in combination,
ideal for Web
print
self.__address.email()
application
development.
self.__email = JTextField(self.__address.email())
editPane.add(JLabel("eMail"))
editPane.add(self.__email)

Notice that I've added
extra functions
to the Address
classthe
email()
,name(), Python's
and
techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
book demonstrates
breadth of
phoneNumber()capabilities
to allow and
access
to the
variables
the Address
instance.
shows
theprivate
ways that
Pythonofinterfaces
with Java
Moving Things Around

Enterprise
with Jython
covers
Now let's change theand
application
so Applications
that the list shows
up on the
left important
side of thetopics
screensuch
and as:
the information shows
up on the right side. The next example, from AddressMain.py, shows the AddressMain class. Much of its
code was covered in the prototype
from programming
the last section.concepts, including statements, expressions,
Fundamental

andDon't
exceptionsOverdo the Comments
Object-oriented
I don't recommend using
comments programming
as I have here concepts
when you're writing real code. For more on
writing comments and maintainable code, read Enough Rope to Shoot Yourself in the Foot (Holub,
File input/output
1995).
from
from
from
from
javax.swing Python's
import
JFrame,
intrinsic
functionsJList, DefaultListModel
java.awt import BorderLayout
address7 import
* parsing, and manipulating strings
Formatting,
AddressFormPane import AddressForm
class AddressMain(JFrame):
def __init__(self):
# Call the base class constructor
JFrame.__init__(self, "Main Frame")
# Create a list.
= JList(DefaultListModel())
Inself.addresses
addition, the book contains
# code
Addsamples
the make
addresses
to the
and numerous
this book alist
useful learning
experience.
# container, on the left side

Whether
you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming
or a serious
self.contentPane.add(self.addresses,
BorderLayout.WEST)
give you insight
into theup
power
of Python
# Open
the
file.
self.fname="c:\\dat\\testaddr.dat"
self.dict = readAddresses(self.fname)
# Populate the address list.
for name in self.dict.keys():
777
self.addresses.model.addElement(name)
Python Programming
# Set the event handler for the addresses.
self.addresses.valueChanged = self.__itemSelected
Table of
Contents
Create
Pub Date:#June
28, 2002the AddressForm and add it to the EAST.
self.form
=
AddressForm()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
self.contentPane.add(self.form,
BorderLayout.EAST)
Pages: 640
# byPack
frameofand
makeand
itconcise
visible.
Characterized
ease ofthe
use, richness
expression,
syntax, Python has
self.pack()
self.visible=1
novices
self.windowClosing
= self.__windowClosing
application
development.
def __itemSelected(self,
event):
nameof =
event.source.selectedValue
plenty
skill-building
address
help
those new=toself.dict[name]
#Notify
the
panel that
the
address
has breadth
changed
techniques. For
experienced
programmers,
the book
demonstrates
Python's
of
self.form.set(address)
capabilities
def __windowClosing(self,event):
Python
writeAddresses(self.fname,
self.dict)
and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
from
java.lang
import
System
System.exit(0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
mainWindowFundamental
= AddressMain()
If you run AddressMain.py, you should get a frame that looks like Figure 14-2. Notice that, when you click on a
name in the list, its fields are displayed in the form. You can edit the fields and then hit the Apply button. Also
and exceptions
notice that, when you change the names and then reload the application, the changed values are displayed.

Figure 14-2. Address Main Frame
File input/output
Changes in AddressMain.py

As for what's different in AddressMain.py, the most obvious thing is that all of the code is contained in a class.
In addition,
the book contains
instructions
downloading
We created an instance
of AddressForm
and added
it to thefor
main
frame. and installing the Python
numerous
code samples make
book
learning
experience.
# Createandthe
AddressForm
and this
add
ita useful
to the
EAST.
self.form = AddressForm()
self.container.add(self.form,
BorderLayout.EAST)
give youininsight
thehandler.
power of
and thewe
know-how
putinstance
it to work.
Another difference appears
the listinto
event
InPython
the prototype,
created atonew
of
AddressForm and passed its constructor an address instance from the dictionary. Here we passed the
address instance from the dictionary to AddressForm'sset() function. The set() function changes
theaddress attribute of the AddressForm instance and initializes the text fields.
777
class AddressMain(Frame):
...
def __itemSelected(self,
event):
if (event.stateChange == event.SELECTED):
=Wesley
event.itemSelectable.getItem(event.item)
Publisher:name
Addison
address
= self.dict[name]
#
Notify the panel that the address has changed
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
class AddressForm(Panel):
... remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
... novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
def set(self,
address):
the two languages,
"""Used
to put a new address in this form
application
development.
Initializes all of the text fields with
the
attributes
from ofself.__address.
This
tutorial
"""of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
plenty
self.__address
= address
help
self.__name.text
= address.name()
techniques.
self.__email.text
capabilities
and shows the ways =
thataddress.email()
self.__phoneNumber.text
= address.phoneNumber()
application
development.
and Enterprise
Applications
Jython
covers
Where
to with
Find
the
Example
Throughout this chapter
and into the
next, we'll concepts,
return to this
AddressMain.py
make
Fundamental
programming
including
statements,and
expressions,
improvements to it. interpreters,
We'll put each
improvement
in
a
new
directory
within
the
current
chapter
and compilers
directory, so the next improvement will be in the One directory within the Chap14 directory of the
Web site's ExamplesPython
directory
(i.e.,including
C\JYTHONBook\Examples\Chap14\One).
basics,
and exceptions
We've created a GUI application that wins no prizes for beauty and grace but gets the job done. Now, as all good
programmers do, let's muckObject-oriented
with it.
File input/output
Adding a Toolbar and a Dialog for the Address Book Application

We want to be able to add new addresses to the address list. Essentially, that means two new buttons, Add and
Remove, which we'll put in a new panel in the north region of the main frame. (See Figure 14-3.) When the user
presses the Add button a dialog
pops up.
A the
dialog
like aand
frame,
except
thatJava
it's modal
(i.e., you have to close it
Interfacing
with
JavaisAPIs
working
with
Streams
before you can continue using your application).
Figure 14-3. The Add and Remove Buttons

777
The Dialog Class
The dialog class, AddAddressDialog

is in the
module
AddressMain
andfor
contains
an
Python Programming, with
thesame
Java
ClassasLibraries:
A Tutorial
Building
instance of the AddressForm
panel. It extends
java.awt.Dialog
.
Web and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
from java.awt import Dialog

class AddAddressDialog(Dialog):
...
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
AddAddressDialog
gets most
of its functionality from
Contents
AddressFormPane, which it contains, and

adds two buttons, OK and Cancel, which appear on a panel that acts as a toolbar. (See Figure 14-4.) The toolbar
easeThe
of use,
and concise
syntax,
Python
is placed in the southCharacterized
region of the by
panel.
AddressFormPane
instance
is placed
in the
centerhas
region.
Figure 14-4. The Okay and Cancel Buttons
class AddAddressDialog(JDialog):
...
...
def __init__(self, frame):
... Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
... and exceptions
# Create
a dialog
box and add the AddressForm to it.
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
self.contentPane.add(self.__form, BorderLayout.CENTER)
File input/output
# Create a toolbar with two buttons and

Python's
intrinsic
# add
itfunctions
to the south part of the dialog
toolbar = Panel()
ok = Button("OK")
cancel
= Button("Cancel")
Interfacing
toolbar.add(ok)
toolbar.add(cancel)
ok.actionPerformed = self.__okEventHandler
cancel.actionPerformed
= self.__cancelEventHandler
self.contentPane.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.SOUTH)
Pressing the OK button hides the dialog, saves its state, and invokes a commit() method that commits the
In addition, the
changes to the AddressForm
instance.
OK = 0
CANCEL Whether
= 1 you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
...
...
def __okEventHandler(self,event):
self.visible = 0
self.__state = AddAddressDialog.OK
self.__form.commit()
777
class AddressForm(Panel):
...
...
def commit(self):
self.__address.__init__(self.__name.text,
self.__phoneNumber.text,
self.__email.text, [])
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
Pressing
theofCancel button hides the dialog and saves its state.
Contents
Pages: 640
OK = 0Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
CANCELremained
= 1 a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
novices
... and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
the
...
application
development.
def __cancelEventHandler(self,event):
self.visible = 0
self.__state = AddAddressDialog.CANCEL
help those
to programming
develop an ,understanding
concepts
practical
AddAddressDialog
has anew
method
called GetState()
which returns of
whether
theand
dialog
was closed
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
of
with OK or Cancel, and a method called getAddress(), which returns the new addressbreadth
instance.
OK = 0
CANCELPython
= 1Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
and
...
def GetState()(self):
return
self.__state
Fundamental
def getAddress()(self):
return
Pythonself.__address
and exceptions
Here is the complete listing for AddAddressDialog (from One\AddressMain.py):
from java.awt import BorderLayout

from javax.swing File
import
JFrame, JList, DefaultListModel, JPanel, JDialog,
input/output
JButton
Python's
from address import
* intrinsic functions
from AddressFormPane import AddressForm
OK = 0
CANCEL = 1Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
def __init__(self, frame):

JDialog.__init__(self,
frame, "Add a new address")
self.__address
= Address() #hold the address to be added.
self.__form = AddressForm(self.__address)
language and#theCreate
Java Development
Kit (JDK).
definitions,
explanations, to it.
a dialog
box Terminology,
and add the
AddressForm
and
numerous code samples make this book a useful learning
experience.
self.contentPane.add(self.__form,
Whether you#areCreate
a sophisticated
computer user
new two
to programming
serious
a toolbar
with
buttonsor aand
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
# add it to the south part of the dialog will
give
you
insight
toolbar = into
JPanel()
ok = JButton("OK")
cancel = JButton("Cancel")
toolbar.add(ok)
toolbar.add(cancel)
777
ok.actionPerformed
= Java
self.__okEventHandler
Python
cancel.actionPerformed
= self.__cancelEventHandler
Web
and Enterprise Applications with
Jython
self.contentPane.add(toolbar,
BorderLayout.SOUTH)
By
Richard Hightower
Table of
Contents
PackWesley
it, make it modal, and show it
Publisher:#Addison
self.setModal(1)
self.pack()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
self.show()
Pages: 640
def __okEventHandler(self,event):
self.__state
= AddAddressDialog.OK
remained
self.__form.commit()
def __cancelEventHandler(self,event):
self.visible = 0
self.__state
= coverage
AddAddressDialog.CANCEL
This
tutorial begins with
def GetState(self):
return For
self.__state
techniques.
def getAddress()(self):
return self.__address
Adding the
Toolbar
Remember that the dialog is

opened in response
to a click
of the including
Add button.
Let's takeexpressions,
a look at Add in a partial
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
statements,
listing of AddressMaininterpreters,
with the toolbar
added.
and compilers
class AddressMain(JFrame):
def __init__(self):
and exceptions
# Call the base class constructor
JFrame.__init__(self,
"Main Frame")
... File input/output
...

self.__init__toolbar()
...
... Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
def __init__toolbar(self):
# Create
the
toolbar panel and
Working
with SQL and
JDBC(TM)
# add it to the NORTH border of the container.
Python and
Java applets
toolbar
= JPanel()
self.contentPane.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.NORTH)
Java Development
two buttons
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
addAddress = JButton("Add")
removeAddress = JButton ("Remove")

# Add the buttons to the toolbar
toolbar.add(addAddress)
toolbar.add(removeAddress)
777
# Registers the buttons event handler
addAddress.actionPerformed=self.__addAddress_Clicked
Python
removeAddress.actionPerformed=self.__RemoveAddress_Clicked
Web
def __addAddress_Clicked(self,event):
dialog
AddAddressDialog(self)
Publisher:=Addison
Wesley
ifPubdialog.GetState()
== AddAddressDialog.OK:
Date: June 28, 2002
addr
=
dialog.getAddress()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
self.dict[addr.name()] = addr
Pages: 640
Contents
self.addresses.add(addr.name())
else:
printprogramming
"Cancel language
Add: "
`dialog.getAddress()`
remained a premier
for +more
def __RemoveAddress_Clicked(self,event):
index =development.
self.addresses.selectedIndex
application
key = self.addresses.selectedItem
deltutorial
self.dict[key]
This
self.addresses.remove(key)
plenty
# Get
the programmers,
index of the
the
item
before
thisbreadth
one.of
techniques. For
experienced
book
demonstrates
Python's
# Unless
the that
index
the with
item
removed
is 0.
capabilities and
shows the ways
Pythonof
interfaces
Javawe
APIs
for professional
if index-1 < 0: index = 0

else:
index =with
index
-1 Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
Programming
the Java(TM)
# Select the index of the adjacent item.
if len(self.dict.keys()) > index:
Fundamental
printprogramming
self.dict.keys()[index]
interpreters,
and compilers
self.addresses.select(index)
# set the form to the index
# that we selected in the list
and exceptions
address = self.dict[self.dict.keys()[index]]
Object-oriented
The__init__toolbar
method
creates a toolbar and adds it to the north region of the main frame. Then it
File
input/output
instantiates two buttons and adds them to the toolbar. The Add and Remove buttons are registered with the event
handler methods. __addAddress_Clicked
and __RemoveAddress_Clicked .
Interfacing
with thethe
Java APIs
and working
with and
Java Streams
# Create
toolbar
panel
# add it to the NORTH border of the container.

Using =Python
toolbar
Panel()
self.container.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.NORTH)
# and
Create
two buttons
Python
Java applets
addAddress = Button("Add")
removeAddress
= Button
("Remove")
instructions
# Add
the buttons
to athe
and numerous
code samples
make this book
usefultoolbar
toolbar.add(addAddress)
toolbar.add(removeAddress)
# Registers
buttons
event handler
give you insight
into the powerthe
of Python
and the know-how
to put it to work.
addAddress.actionPerformed=self.__addAddress_Clicked
removeAddress.actionPerformed=self.__RemoveAddress_Clicked
777
Adding and Removing Addresses
The__addAddress_Clicked
event Applications
handler is where
theJython
AddAddressDialog class is used. It
Web and Enterprise
with
creates an instance ofByAddAddressDialog
called
dialog
. After the user opens the dialog to enter an
Richard Hightower
address (or not), the method checks to see if the OK button was pressed by calling dialog'sGetState()
method. If the OK state Publisher:
is set, the address
added to the address dictionary ( dict) and the address list
AddisonisWesley
(addresses).
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
def Table
__addAddress_Clicked(self,event):
of
Pages: 640
Contents
dialog = AddAddressDialog(self)
if dialog.GetState() == AddAddressDialog.OK:
addr = dialog.getAddress()
self.dict[addr.name()] = addr
self.addresses.add(addr.name())
else:
print "Cancel Add: " + `dialog.getAddress()`
Clicking the Remove button calls __RemoveAddress_Clicked(). This method is a little long, so we'll
go through it step by step.
techniques.
For experienced
breadth
First, we get the index
of the selected
item in the programmers,
address list (addresses
). Then wePython's
get the value
of of
the
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
string at that index, which is the name of the person in the address entry.
index = self.addresses.selectedIndex
key = self.addresses.selectedItem
Now we can remove the person from the address dictionary (dict) and from the address list.
del self.dict[key]
self.addresses.remove(key)
Python
basics,
including
string
formatting,
errors,
Next we need to select another
person
in the
list andoperators,
reinitialize
the address
formnamespaces,
so that both classes,
are synchronized.
and
exceptions
This means that we have to get the index of the item before this one, unless the index of the item we removed is
0.

File input/output
else: index = index -1
Then we select the index of the adjacent item in the list and the form. We also do some sanity checking to see if
the dictionary has enough items
in itthat
is, that
index value strings
is no greater than the number of items in the
Formatting,
parsing,
andthe
manipulating
dictionary.
if len(self.dict.keys()) > index:

Select the address in the list.
self.addresses.select(index)

Get the address instance from the dictionary; then select the address in the form.
The following line ofWhether
code does
lot and
may be hardcomputer
to understand:
youa are
a sophisticated
Essentially, it's equivalent to writing these three lines of code:
777
listAddressNames = self.dict.keys()
currentAddressKey = listAddressNames[index]
address = self.dict[currentAddressKey]
Here's what it meansBy

step
by step:
Richard
Hightower
Get the dictionary keys, which act as a list of names from address instances.
Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
listAddressNames
= self.dict.keys()
Table of
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Get the
name corresponding
to the640
value of the index, which is the address closest to the address just removed.
Pages:
Contents
currentAddressKey
= listAddressNames[index]
Characterized
Use that name as a key
into the
to getalike.
the address
instances
the address
that was
novices
anddictionary
professionals
In particular,
its closecorresponding
relationship totoJava(TM)
makes
next to the address just
the removed.
address = self.dict[currentAddressKey]
Set the AddressForm instance, form, to the new address.
and showsofthe
ways
thatand
Python
interfaces
withrun
Java
Now that you have acapabilities
good understanding
how
to add
remove
addresses,
AddressMain.py,
and try
these exercises:
Add and remove
couple of address
entries.
GetJython
the feel
for how
the program
because you'll need it
andaEnterprise
Applications
with
covers
important
topics works
such as:
for the rest of the exercises.
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
expressions,
Add a company fieldFundamental
and a title field
to the Address
class.
You'll need
an extra
text field in the
interpreters,
AddressForm class
for this. and compilers
basics, including
operators,
string
namespaces,
classes,
Add a flag argumentPython
called isDialog
in the
constructor
of formatting,
AddressForm
that allows
youerrors,
to forgo
and
exceptions
adding the Apply button to the form. This flag will be used when the form acts as a dialog. Also, change
the background color of the dialog to match the background color of the address form.
Add two buttons to the toolbar of MainAddressForm. The Copy button (copyAddress) should
File input/output
copy the current selected
address. The Insert button (insertAddress) should insert the address into
the list.
Menus
In Java there are two types of menus: menubar and popup. The following section shows how to add a menubar
to a frame.
JMenu Bar

Import the JMenuBar class from java.swing.
Create an instance ofand
it. numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
>>> from javax.swing import JJMenuBar

>>> bar = JJMenuBar()
you insight
into the
Import and create angive
instance
of JFrame
. power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.

777
Set the JMenuBarPython

propertyProgramming
of the frame towith
the JMenuBar
instance.
the Java Class
>>> frame.JJMenuBar
= bar
>>> frame.visible=1
Now that we have a menubar added in the frame, we need to add a menu to it. Create a menu ( JMenu), and
add it to the menubar.
>>>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
from javax.swing 640
import JMenu
Contents
>>> fruitMenu = JMenu("Fruit")

>>> bar.add(fruitMenu)
>>> frame.pack()
themenu.
Add menu items to the
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from javax.swing import JMenuItem

fruitMenu.add(MenuItem("Apple"))
fruitMenu.add(JMenuItem("Pear"))
fruitMenu.add(JMenuItem("Peaches"))
Menus Event

Handling
The menu just created

should
look like the with
one in
14-5Class
(if not,
try manually
resizingforthe
frame).Web
It's pretty,
Python
Programming
theFigure
Java(TM)
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
but it doesn't do anything.
We
need
to
handle
events
from
the
menu
or
menu
items.
Figure 14-5. The Fruit Menu

and exceptions
File input/output
Define an event handler.
>>> def actionPerformed(event):

...
print event.source
...
print event.paramString()
...
print event.actionCommand
...
Get the Apple menu from the Fruit menu. It's the first one, so it's at index 0.
>>> appleMenu = fruitMenu.getMenuComponent(0)
language andevent
the Java
Development
Set the actionPerformed
property
to actionPerformed
.
>>> appleMenu.actionPerformed = actionPerformed

application
developer,
Python
Programming
with the
Classoutput
Libraries
Try selecting the Apple
menu item
in the Fruit
menu
again. You should
getJava(TM)
the following
fromwill
the event
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
handler we just defined:
javax.swing.JMenuItem[...]
ACTION_PERFORMED,cmd=Apple
Apple
777
Python Programming
with
the Java
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Notice that actionCommand
is a string set
to Apple
. Now
try selecting
Pear
and Peaches
. Nothing
Web
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
happens because we didn't register event handlers for them.
Set the event handlers for all menu items.

>>> for menuItem

in fruitMenu.menuComponents:
Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
...
menuItem.actionPerformed
= actionPerformed
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
SelectPear and Peaches again.

premiermenu
programming
language
for more
thanThen
a decade,
is useditems
by to it and
In this next exampleremained
we'll add aanother
to JMenuBar
called
Veggies.
we'll and
add menu
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
handle events from specific items instead of from the menu as a whole.
Create the Veggies menu.
This tutorial
>>> veggiesMenu
= JMenu("Veggies")
Create three menu items.
>>> spinach =capabilities
JMenuItem("Spinach")
>>> carrots =application
JMenuItem("Carrots")
development.
>>> peas = JMenuItem("Peas")

Define event handlers
forEnterprise
each menuApplications
item and register
them. covers important topics such as:
and
with Jython
>>> def spinachEvent(event):

...
print "You Fundamental
Picked Spinach"
>>> spinach.actionPerformed = spinachEvent

>>> def carrotEvent(event):
and exceptions
...
print "What's
up DOC?"
>>> carrots.actionPerformed = carrotEvent
>>> def peaEvent(event):

File input/output
...
print "Yuck!"
>>> peas.actionPerformed
= functions
peaEvent
Python's intrinsic
Add the menu items to the Formatting,
Veggies menu.
>>> veggiesMenu.add(spinach)
>>> veggiesMenu.add(carrots)
>>> veggiesMenu.add(peas)
Add the Veggies menu to the
menubar.
Working
>>> bar.add(veggiesMenu)
>>> frame.pack()
Select each menu item;
noticeand
thatthe
its handler
is called. Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
language
Java Development
You Picked Spinach

What's up DOC?
Yuck!
Now we'll add cooking options to the Veggies menu so that, once the user selects an option (Fry, Broil, Boil,
Roast), he can select the Cook menu item to prepare the veggies accordingly. The exercise that follows will use
separators and checkboxes.
777
Add a separator to the

end ofProgramming
the Veggies menu
using
addSeparator()
Python
with
the the
Java
Class Libraries: A method.
>>> veggiesMenu.addSeparator()
Add a submenu to Veggies by creating cookMenu and adding it to veggiesMenu.
Date: June 28, 2002

>>> cookMenu = Pub
JMenu("Cooking")
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
veggiesMenu.add(cookMenu)
of
Contents
Pages: 640
Add a menu item to cookMenu called Cook.

>>> cookMenuItem
= aJMenuItem("Cook")
remained
>>> cookMenu.add(cookMenuItem)
>>> cookMenu.insertSeparator(cookMenu.itemCount)
Now we'll demonstrate creating and using checkboxes.
ImportJCheckboxMenuItem
from javax.swing.
>>> from javax.swing import JCheckBoxMenuItem
and shows
the waystothat
interfaces
with
JavatoAPIs
for professional
Create a list of item capabilities
names, and create
a dictionary
holdPython
mappings
from the
items
the names.
>>> cookItems = ('Fry', 'Broil', 'Boil', 'Roast')

>>> dict ={} Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Add each item in the above list to the Cook menu (cookMenu ). In addition, add the item to the dictionary so it
can be found easily.
>>> for item in cookItems:
...
...
...
cb = JCheckBoxMenuItem(item)
dict[item]=cb
and exceptions
cookMenu.add(cb)

Now let's set up the event handler, cookOptionEvent, to handle these checkbox menu items. For clarity,
let's go through it step by step.
currently selected menu item's caption is equal to event.item. If it's
File The
input/output
Broil, event.item is Broil.
...
if event.item in cookItems:

Iterate through each item in cookItems, which you'll recall holds all of the possible cooking options.
...
for item in cookItems:

If the item in cookItemsisn't the current item, make sure its checkbox isn't selected.
...
...
...
if (item != event.item):
cb Python
= dict[item]
and Java applets
cb.state = 0
The statement cb =language
dict[item]
looks
up the JCheckboxMenuItem
in theexplanations,
dictionary that
and the Java
Development
Kit (JDK). Terminology,instance
definitions,
contains mappings ofand
strings
to
menu
items.
The
statement
cb.state
=
0
sets
the
state
of
the
JCheckBoxMenuItem instance (cb) to false, which removes its check.
Now we need to set application
up the eventdeveloper,
handler forPython
cookMenuItem
Programming. with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
>>> def cookEvent(event):

...
for item in cookItems:
...
if dict[item].state:
...
print "I will " + item + " your veggies"
777
>>> cookMenuItem.actionPerformed
cookEvent
Python Programming with the =
Java
At this point, the menu

in your Hightower
frame should look like the one in Figure 14-6. If it doesn't, try resizing it.
By Richard
Figure
14-6.Addison
The Veggies
Publisher:
Wesley Menu with the Cooking Submenu
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
and exceptions
Now try selecting Fry and then
Cook. You programming
should get theconcepts
following output:
Object-oriented
I will Fry your veggies

File input/output
Then try Broil and Boil.
I will Broil yourFormatting,

veggies
I will Boil your veggies
Here are some more things to try:
Convert the previousWorking
interactive
session
into JDBC(TM)
a class that contains all of the functionality derived from
with
SQL and
Frame. Remember how we converted an earlier interactive session that worked with Frame into a
class.
Change the code
to use JRadioButtonMenuItem
. Remember
fromand
Chapter
13 that
In addition,
downloading
installing
theJMenuItem
Python
andJRadioButtonMenuItem
inherit
functionality
from
AbstractButton
.
Hint:
Add all of
theJRadioButtonMenuItem
s
to
ButtonGroup
.
Add icons to the
variousyou
menu
Whether
are items.
Set the mnemonics
of the
JFC into
menutheitems.
give you
insight
JPopupMenus
777
Popup menus are context-sensitive. Typically, they appear when you right-click an icon or component. The
following example demonstrates

popup menus.
Using
JFC creates
frame with Atwo
buttons:for
Switch
and Pop.
Python Programming
with
the Java
Classa Libraries:
Tutorial
Building
ImportJPopupMenu
and all Hightower
of its support classes from javax.swing.
By Richard
>>> from javax.swing import JPopupMenu

>>> from javax.swing import JFrame, JButton, JPanel, JLabel
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
CreateTable
instances
of of the popup menu.
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> popup = JPopupMenu("JFC Popup")

Put some menu itemsremained
in it. a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
>>> fruits = the
("Apple",
"GrapeFruit",
"Grapes")
two languages,"Oranges",
ideal for Web
>>> for fruitapplication
in fruits:
development.
...
popup.add(fruit)
Create a frame, a pane,
andofa skill-building
label. The label
holds a and
string,
which shows
the state sessions,
of the current
popupwill
plenty
exercises
interactive
programming
this book
menuJFC.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
frame = JFrame(size=(200,200))
pane = JPanel()
label = JLabel("JFC Popup Menu")
pop = JButton("Pop")
Add the popup menu to the pane.
>>> pane.add(popup)
Add the label and pop components to the pane. Add the pane to the frame.
>>> pane.add(pop)
and exceptions
>>> pane.add(label)
>>> frame.contentPane.add(pane)
Create an event handler forFile

pop
that pops up the current menu at the x, y location20,10 in the pane.
input/output
>>> def popEvent(event):

...
global popup, pane
...
popup.show(pane,
20, 10)
Register the event handlersInterfacing
with the corresponding
with the Javabuttons.
>>> pop.actionPerformed
popEvent
Using Python=and
Pack the frame, and show itWorking
off.
>>> frame.pack() Python and Java applets

>>> frame.visible=1
Putting Things
Together
with
Menubar
Menus
and Popup
Menusthe Python
In addition,
the book
contains
instructions
for downloading
and installing
Adding
code samples
Menusand
tonumerous
the Address
Application

Let's add a menubar application
menu and adeveloper,
popup menu
to ourProgramming
address application.
we'll set
the menubar
Python
with theEssentially,
Java(TM) Class
Libraries
will
property of AddressMain to a JMenuBar instance. Then we'll add the Address menu to the menubar and
give it two items, Add and Remove. The actionPerformed event properties of these items are set to the
same handler as for the Add and Remove buttons.
777
All of this is done from the constructor of AddressMain. It's rather long, so we'll break out the functionality
of adding the menu to a method called __init__menu(). Here's the code (from class AddressMain in
Two\AddressMain.py):
Python Programming
def

__init__(self)
...
self.__init__menu()
...
def __init__menu(self):
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
# Create the JMenuBar and

# add it to the addressMenu.
jmb = JMenuBar()
self.JMenuBar = JMenuBar
addressMenu = JMenu("Address")
# Create two menu items.

addAddress
= with
JMenuItem("Add")
removeAddress
JMenuItem("Remove")
plenty of skill-building=exercises
# Add
the programmers,
menu items
to the
menu.Python's breadth of
techniques. For
experienced
the book
demonstrates
# then
add
menu interfaces
to thewith
menu
bar for professional
capabilities and
shows the
waysthe
that Python
Java APIs
addressMenu.add(addAddress)
addressMenu.add(removeAddress)
JMenuBar.add(addressMenu)
# Register the menu items event handler

addAddress.actionPerformed = self.__addAddress_Clicked
removeAddress.actionPerformed=
self.__RemoveAddress_Clicked
We also want to add a popup menu to our application that appears when the user clicks the address list. The
Python
basics,toincluding
operators, ,string
formatting,
namespaces,
errors,
__init__popup method
is similar
__init__menu
the only
difference
being that classes,
the
and
exceptions
mousePressed event is handled for addresses. Notice that, if event.metaDown (in the event handler
for mousePressed) is true ( 1), the right mouse button was clicked.
def __init__(self)
File input/output
...
self.popup = NONEPython's#to
hold the popup menu
intrinsic functions
self.__init__popup()
self.addresses.mousePressed
self.__popupEvent
Formatting, parsing,=and
...
def __popupEvent(self, event):

to create GUIs
if event.metaDown
== 1:
self.popup.show(self.addresses, event.x, event.y)
def __init__popup(self):
self.popup = JPopupMenu("Address")
Inself.addresses.add(self.popup)
two menu
items.
Java Development
Kit (JDK).
addAddress
=
JMenuItem("Add")
removeAddress = JMenuItem("Remove")
# Add the
itemswith
tothethe
menu.
Pythonmenu
Programming
Java(TM)
self.popup.add(addAddress)
self.popup.add(removeAddress)
777
# Register the menu item's event handler

addAddress.actionPerformed = self.__addAddress_Clicked
removeAddress.actionPerformed=
self.__RemoveAddress_Clicked
Python
Programming with the Java Class Libraries:
and
then remove
an address entry with the Add and Remove menu items on JMenuBar .
By Richard
Hightower
As an exercise, add
Do it again with JPopupMenu. Also create a duplicate menu item for both the menubar menu and the popup
menu that allows an address
to be Addison
duplicated,
that is, copied and pasted into the list.
Publisher:
Wesley
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Layout
Managers
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
If you've worked with Visual Basic or any other tools that support GUI code generation, you may be accustomed
Characterized
ease
of use, richness
of and
expression,
concise
has The
1/20 inch.)
to laying out components
on a formbyand
specifying
their size
position and
in pixels.
(Asyntax,
pixel isPython
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
problem is, of course, that you may develop your application on a 25-inch monitor, and then someone will try to
novices leaving
and professionals
alike.
its close
relationship
Java(TM)
makes
use it on a 12-inch monitor,
half the GUI
off In
theparticular,
screen. This
problem
becomes to
even
more pronounced
if
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
you have no control over the type of display your GUI will be used on. For these reasons, Java needs a flexible
applicationondevelopment.
way to display user interfaces
a variety of platforms.
This tutorial
with
coverage of
of thewith
basics
of Python
programming.
Using
Layout managers provide
a way tobegins
lay out
components
in asome
container
great
flexibility,
but with flexibility
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
comes greater complexity, and sometimes there's just no substitute for absolute positioning. Even so, inwill
most
those
new to programming
develop
an understanding
of concepts
cases you should usehelp
layout
managers,
and if you do use
absolute
positioning, make
sure it'sand
in apractical
container whose
container is a layout techniques.
manager. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
application on
development.
The positioning of components
the screen is decided by the order in which they're added to the container, the
constraints passed to the container's add() method, and the layout manager properties the container is using.
andhas
Enterprise
Applications
Jython
covers
important
topics such as: and
Each type of container
its own default
layout with
manager.
For
example,
java.awt.Frame
javax.swing.JFrame use BorderLayout whereas Panel and JPanel use FlowLayout.
However, you can change the default so that a frame can use FlowLayout and a panel can use
BorderLayout.
In one GUI, you'll usually have many layout managers. Nested containers with different layout managers will
basics,
operators,
string formatting,
namespaces, classes,
errors,
give you the desired result,Python
as we saw
withincluding
the address
book application.
There AddressMain
used
and
exceptions
BorderLayout;ToolBar, which contains the Add and Remove buttons, used FlowLayout; and
editPane used GridLayout
(to arrange the labels and text fields used to edit the addresses).
The key to understanding layout
managers is using them, so we'll be doing plenty of interactive examples and
File input/output
exercises. I've also provided a tutor application (Layout3.py) that works with FlowLayout,
BorderLayout,GridLayout
, and GridBagLayout
. Feel free to fire up Layout3.py and experiment
Python's intrinsic
functions
with layout managers at any time.
Strategy Design Pattern
The layout manager approach uses the Strategy design pattern developed by Gamma and his
colleagues (Design Patterns, 1995). This is another reminder to read Gamma, but first read ObjectOriented Analysis and
Design
(Booch, 1994).
Python
andwith
JavaApplications
applets
TheFlowLayout class is the simplest of the layout managers. (Actually, it's the second simplest; I'll explain
later.) As components
are added
a time to the container,
they're
positioned
from leftortoaright
and from top
Whether
youone
are at
a sophisticated
computer user
new
to programming
serious
to bottom. When oneapplication
row fills up,
the components
begin filling upwith
the the
nextJava(TM)
row. YouClass
can set
the alignment
developer,
Python Programming
Libraries
will of
each row so that the give
components
caninto
be centered
or of
leftor right-aligned.
you insight
the power
Python
FlowLayout
Here's an interactive FlowLayout example. Import the FlowLayout class and some container and
component support classes.
777
>>> from java.awt

import FlowLayout
Python Programming
import
JFrame,with
JButton,
JTextField, JLabel
Web and Enterprise
Applications
Jython
Create an instance of Frame, and set its layout to FlowLayout, that is, an instance of the FlowLayout
class. Remember that the
frame is Addison
a container.
Publisher:
Wesley
>>> frame = JFrame("FlowLayout",
size = (200, 200), visible=1)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
frame.contentPane.layout
=
FlowLayout()
of
Contents
Pages: 640
Add a label to the frame, and validate the frame. (validate() forces the frame to redraw itself, which
makes the label just Characterized
added visible.)by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
>>> frame.contentPane.add(JLabel("Name"))
javax.swing.JLabel[...text=Name,...verticalTextPosition=CENTER]
>>> frame.validate()
This
tutorial
with
Add a text field to the
frame,
andbegins
validate
the coverage
frame. of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
>>> frame.contentPane.add(JTextField(20))
Remember, if the component
doesn't
fit on the current row, it's added to the next row. If we eyeball the
application
development.
components, they look like they almost fit. To be sure, we have to check their width.
>>> frame.contentPane.components[0].width
+
topics such as:
frame.contentPane.components[1].width
253

The first component's widthinterpreters,
( frame.contentPane.components[0]
) plus the second's width
and compilers
(frame.contentPane.components[1]) is 253. Take a look at the call to the constructor to see what
the frame width is.
and exceptions
>>> frame.width
200
File fit
input/output
Clearly both components can't
on the same row. (We'll make them fit later.)
Python's
intrinsic
Let's make this example more
interesting
andfunctions
add eight more components to the container (frame). Create a tuple
of strings and iterate through it, creating buttons with the strings and adding them to the frame.
>>> blist = ("one", "two", "three", "four", "five", "six", "seven", "eight")
>>> for label in Interfacing
blist: with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
...
frame.contentPane.add(Button(label))
...
The frame should now look like Figure 14-7. Notice that the components in each row are centered, which is the
default row alignment with FlowLayout ( FlowLayout.CENTER). We'll change the alignment to the
left and then to the right.
Then we'll
change
the vertical
and horizontal
spacing between
the components.
In addition,
the book
contains
instructions
for downloading
and installing
the Python
Figure
14-7.
Center
Alignment
of Components
( FlowLayout
's Default)
and
numerous
code
samples make
this book a useful
777
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
twotolanguages,
Set the layout of the the
frame
the left. when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
>>> frame.contentPane.layout.alignment = FlowLayout.LEFT

>>> frame.contentPane.doLayout()
help those
to programming
developare
analigned
understanding
of left
concepts
and
It should look like Figure
14-8.new
Notice
that the components
along the
border.
If practical
we change the
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth of
layout to right alignment, the frame should look like Figure 14-9.
application
development.
Figure
14-8.
Left Alignment of Components with FlowLayout
and exceptions
File input/output
Figure 14-9. Right Alignment of Components with FlowLayout
and numerous code samples make this book=a useful
>>> frame.contentPane.layout.alignment
FlowLayout.RIGHT

application
developer,
Python
with
the Java(TM)
Libraries
will bigger
Recall that the first two
components
didn't fit
on theProgramming
first row. What
would
happen ifClass
we made
the frame
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
than the 253 pixels that make up the width of the label plus the width of the text field? Change the width of the
frame to 275 pixels.
777
>>> frame.size = 275, 200

The frame should now

look likeHightower
Figure 14-10.
By Richard
Figure 14-10.
Effect
of
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
Resizing on Component Layout
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Let's set the spacing between the components with the vgap property, which controls vertical spacing, and the
hgap property, which controls horizontal spacing. Set vgap and hgap to 0 so that your frame will look like
the one in Figure 14-11.
Figure 14-11.
Vertical
Horizontal
Gap Set
to 0such as:
and Enterprise
Applications
withand
Jython
covers important
topics
and exceptions
File input/output
>>> frame.contentPane.layout.vgap=0
>>> frame.contentPane.layout.hgap=0
Now set vgap and hgap to 10 pixels.
>>> frame.contentPane.layout.vgap=10
>>> frame.contentPane.layout.hgap=10
Finally, we want to pack
the frame
with
FlowLayout
if the
container
is an instance
of JFrame
,
language
and the
Java
Development Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
JDialog, or Window
.FlowLayout
lays out
the components'
preferredSize
property (if you try to
and numerous
code samples
make
this book a useful
resize a component yourself, FlowLayout will change it back) and adjusts the width of the frame to the
user
new to programming
or a serious will try
cumulative width of Whether
all of its components.
If you packcomputer
the frame
(frame.pack()
),FlowLayout
application
developer,
Programming
to fit all of the components
on the
top row, Python
as in Figure
14-12. with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
Figure 14-12. Result of Packing the Frame
777
Surprise

All of you who weren't following along (and you know who you are), fire up layout4.py, which lets you adjust
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
properties
Tablefor
of all of the layout managers that we discuss in this chapter. It looks like Figure 14-13. Notice, in the
Pages: 640
frame Contents
at the left, that you can adjust the properties of the current layout and those of the components (or those of
theconstraint objects associated with a component). Play around with it:
a premier
programming
1. Set the layout remained
manager to
FlowLayout
.
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
relationship
Java(TM)
makesthe
2. Align the components on the left by selecting theparticular,
LEFT itemitsinclose
the alignment
listtoand
then clicking
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
Apply button.
application
development.
3. Align the components
on the
right.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Change the vertical gap to 0 by editing the vgap text field to 0 and then hitting the Apply button.
Change the horizontal gap to 0.
Change the vertical and horizontal gaps to 20.
Size the frame with the mouse so that it's half its original size.
Hit the Resize button on the control frame.
Hit the Pack button to resize the frame.
Try all of the available layout managers.
Figure
14-13. Layout4.py
Playing
with
It such as:
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jythonafter
covers
important
topics
and exceptions
File input/output
There are four versions of the layout program, Layout.py,Layout2.py,Layout3.py, and Layout4.py, which
increase in complexity. To understand what's going on, examine Layout.py without looking at Layout4.py,
which, since it supports all of the layout managers, is pretty long.
777
BoxLayout
Richard
Hightower
You may remember By
that
I referred
to FlowLayout as the second simplest layout manager. It used to be the
easiest, but that was before BoxLayout, which was added as part of JFC/Swing. BoxLayout can be used
Addison
with AWT components,Publisher:
but it works
betterWesley
with the JFC variety.
BoxLayout has only oneISBN:

parameter,
AXIS, and there are only two choices: X and Y. Here's a short
0-201-61616-5
Table of
interactive
example.
Contents
Pages: 640
ImportBoxLayout
,JFrame, and
javax.swing.
Characterized
byJButton
ease of use,from
richness
the two
languages,
Create a frame, and add
some
buttons towhen
it. used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
>>> from javax.swing import BoxLayout, JFrame, JButton
>>> frame = JFrame("BoxLayout Example", size = (300,200), visible=1)

This tutorial begins with coverage"four"]
>>> list = ["one","two","three",
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
>>> for button in list:
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
...
frame.contentPane.add(JButton(button))
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
...
development.
Change the layout ofapplication
the frame to
BoxLayout, which uses X_AXIS. (invalidate() tells the frame that
something has changed and that the window needs to be redrawn; validate() tells the frame that it's time to
Python
Programming withand
the then
Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
Tutorial
forcall
Building
Web .)
fix any problems. Calling
invalidate()
validate()
forcesAthe
frame to
doLayout
>>> frame.contentPane.layout=BoxLayout(frame.contentPane, BoxLayout.X_AXIS)

>>> frame.invalidate()
Look at Figure 14-14, and notice that BoxLayout has arranged things from left to right along the x axis. Now
arrange the layout along the y axis (Figure 14-15).
and exceptions
FigureObject-oriented
14-14. Components
Laid concepts
Out Left to Right on the x Axis
programming
File input/output
InFigure
addition,
the book
downloading
and yinstalling
14-15.
Components
Laid Outfor
Vertically
on the
Axis the Python
777
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributedBoxLayout.Y_AXIS)
enterprise
>>> frame.contentPane.layout=BoxLayout(frame.contentPane,
application
development.
of skill-building
exercises
and interactiveproperty.
programming
sessions,
will
LikeFlowLayoutplenty
,BoxLayout
uses the
preferredSize
It simply
spacesthis
thebook
components
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
evenly against a given axis. Try this exercise using BoxLayout from Layout4.py. Explain what happens in
each step.
development.to hit the Apply button on the control frame.)
1. Set the axis toapplication
X_AXIS. (Remember
2. Reduce the size of the frame to half and then half again along the x axis.
3. Hit the ResizePython
button Programming
on the control with
frame.
and
Enterprise
Applications
with is
Jython
covers
important
topics such as: .)
4. Hit the Pack button on the control frame. (This
the same
as calling
frame.pack()
5. Set the axis to Y_AXIS.
6. Hit the Resize buttonFundamental
again to set the
frame to the
default starting
size.
programming
concepts,
including
7. Reduce the size of the
layout
frame
by
half
and
then
by
half
again
along
the y axis.
8. Hit the Pack button again.
and exceptions
GridLayout
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
TheGridLayout manager
lays out components
in a grid.
We used it in the address application for
editPane . Like FlowLayout,GridLayout has the vgap and hgap properties that set the vertical
File input/output
and horizontal spacing between components.
GridLayout also has properties that specify the rows and columns of the grid. The row property is dominant.
The only component property
that GridLayout
any attention
to is minimumSize. If you pack the
Formatting,
parsing, and pays
manipulating
strings
container (frame.pack()), it uses minimumSize to create the smallest components that are all the same
size. It ignores preferredSize
width
heightwith
of the
components
Interfacingand
withstretches
the Javathe
APIs
andand
working
Java
Streams so that they all have
the same area and fill the container (if possible). Here's an example.
Import the classes needed.
>>> from java.awt import GridLayout

Python and
Java applets
import
JFrame, JButton
In addition,
the book contains
Create a frame and add
some components
to it. instructions for downloading and installing the Python
>>> frame = JFrame("GridLayout
Example",
size=(300,300),
this book a useful
learning experience. visible=1)
>>> blist = ("One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five", "Six", "Seven", "Eight")
>>> for labelWhether
in blist:
...
frame.contentPane.add(JButton(label))
...
Create a grid layout that lays out components in a 2-by-4 grid.
777
>>> frame.contentPane.layout = GridLayout(2,4)
Your frame should look

like Figure
14-16. Notice that neither the width nor the height is observed from
By Richard
Hightower
preferredSize. With the mouse, drag the right corner of the frame so that it's twice its original size, which
doubles the width and height
of theAddison
components
as well. Now return the frame to its original size.
Publisher:
Wesley
Figure 14-16. A 2-by-4 Component Layout with GridLayout
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Set the row property of theinterpreters,
GridLayout
instance to 3.
and compilers
>>> frame.contentPane.layout.rows=3
and exceptions
Your frame should now look like Figure 14-17. Although we didn't change the columns to 3, only three columns
show up. That's because GridLayout
the number
of columns to fit the desired number of rows. Also,
Object-orientedadjusts
programming
concepts
the grid is 3 by 3 and, since we only have eight components, the last cell is left blank.
File input/output
Figure 14-17. A 3-by-3 Layout (with the Last Cell Blank)
777
Now set the rows to four. Then print out the row and column properties (layout.rows and
layout.columns).
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
4 4
frame.contentPane.layout.rows=4
frame.contentPane.doLayout()
layout=frame.contentPane.layout
print layout.rows, layout.columns
0-201-61616-5
Your frame should look likeISBN:
Figure
14-18. Again, the number of columns has changed to accommodate the
Table of
Pages:
640 property is still set to 4 because, as I said earlier, the row property is
number
of
rows;
however,
the
column
Contents
dominant.
remained a premierFigure
programming
14-18.language
A 4-Rowfor
Layout
and exceptions
Setvgap and hgap of frame.layout
to 3. Look atconcepts
the frame, and then set these properties to 7.
>>> layout.vgap, File

layout.hgap
= 3,3
input/output
Look at the frame.
>>> layout.vgap, layout.hgap = 7,7

>>> frame.invalidate();frame.validate()
It should look like Figure 14-19.
the components and not between the
Using Notice
Python that
and the
Javaspacing
Swing istobetween
create GUIs
components and the edges. (If you want to set the area between the components and the edges, you need to set
theinsets of the frame.)Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Python
Java Horizontal
applets
Figureand
14-19.
and Vertical Gap Set to 3
777
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Set the layout back totechniques.
the way it For
was.experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
application
development. = 0,0
>>> layout.vgap,
layout.hgap
>>> frame.contentPane.layout = GridLayout(2,4)
and Enterpriseuses
Applications
with Jython
covers
topics It
such
As we discussed, GridLayout
minimumSize
when
youimportant
pack the frame.
laysas:
out all components
with the same size by checking the minimum size for each one and then setting all of them to the largest size it
finds. Pack the frame. It should look like Figure 14-20.
Figure 14-20. Packed Frame
and exceptions
File input/output
>>> frame.pack() Python's intrinsic functions

Formatting,and
parsing,
andmaximum
manipulating
strings
Now let's go through the components
find the
minimumSize
. First we'll create two lists to
collect the widths and heights from the components.
>>> widths, heights = [], []
Iterate through the components in the frame, and collect the widths and heights in the widths and heights lists.
>>> for component in frame.contentPane.components

...
widths.append(component.minimumSize.width)
...
heights.append(component.minimumSize.height)
Print the maximum minimumSize
width.
>>> print "Minimum width " + `max(widths)`

Minimum widthWhether
48 you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
Print the maximum minimumSize
height.
>>> print "Minimum height " + `max(heights)`

Minimum height 23
777
Print the actual size of

the components.
(Remember
that
with GridLayout
components
the same
Python
Programming
with the
Java
Class Libraries:all
A Tutorial
for are
Building
size.) Notice that theWeb
widthand
andEnterprise
height match
the maximum
minimumSize
.
Applications
with
Jython
>>> print "Size of all of the components " + `frame.components[0].size`

Size of all of Publisher:
the components
java.awt.Dimension[width=48,height=23]
Addison Wesley
Try this exercise with layout4.py:

1.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
SelectGridLayout from640
the layouts list in the
Contents
control pane.
2. Hit the Pack button. You should have a frame that looks like Figure 14-21.
remained a premier
programming
language
for more thanFrame
Figure
14-21. Packed
GridLayout
Programming
thehit
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Web143. ChangehgapPython
and vgap
to 5 pixels.with
Then
the Apply
button.
The frame
should for
lookBuilding
like Figure
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
22.
Figure
14-22.programming
Frame with concepts,
Horizontal
and Vertical
Gaps
of 5
Fundamental
including
statements,
expressions,

and exceptions
File input/output
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Hit the Pack button again.
Change the number Interfacing
of columns with
to 100.
happens?
theWhat
Java APIs
Set the number of columns to 0. What happens?
Set the number of columns
back toand
5. What
happens?
Using Python
Java Swing
to create GUIs
Set the rows from 4 to 6. Then hit Pack. Notice that the last two rows are empty (Figure 14-23).
Figure 14-23. Six-Row Packed Frame with Last Two Rows Empty
777
9. Increment the rows by 1 until you reach 10. Be sure to hit Apply each time, and then repack the frame
with Pack.
9.
BorderLayoutWeb and Enterprise Applications with Jython

BorderLayout works well with top-level containers. It can have at most five components, so the
Wesley
components added to itPublisher:
are usuallyAddison
containers
themselvesthat is, panels.
The five regions of BorderLayout

are north, south, east, west, and center. What you put in them is up to
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
you and is application-specific.
North
Pages:
640is used mainly for toolbars (panels with buttons or similar components);
Contents
south, usually for status windows (panels with labels that show the status of an application). West can be used
for tree views, lists, and
the like; east,
for toolboxes
(panelsofwith
buttons and
text fields).
Center
Characterized
by ease
of use, richness
expression,
and property
concise syntax,
Python
has is
usually the main view
of the application,
perhaps wherelanguage
the text for
fields
forthan
editing
an object
located.
remained
more
a decade,
andare
is used
by
The north and south the
regions
span the fullwhen
width
of the
parent container.
height
the preferred
height of the
two languages,
used
in combination,
idealTheir
for Web
andisdistributed
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largest
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>>> f = JFrame("BorderLayout", size = (300,300), visible=1)

>>> f.contentPane.layout
BorderLayout()
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Add a button to the north region, and force the frame to lay out the components (Figure 14-24).
Figure 14-24.
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>>> f.contentPane.add(JButton("NORTH"),BorderLayout.NORTH)
>>> f.contentPane.doLayout()
Notice that the button's width is stretched to the full width of the container. Add a button to the east region
(Figure 14-25).
Figure 14-25. BorderLayout Frame with a Button Added in the East Region
777
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
techniques. For experienced programmers, the
book demonstrates Python's breadth of
>>> f.contentPane.add(JButton("EAST"),
BorderLayout.EAST)
capabilities
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Notice that its height is the full height of the container minus the height of the button added to the north region.
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Figure 14-26. BorderLayout Frame with a Button Added in the West Region

and exceptions
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>>> f.contentPane.add(JButton("WEST"), BorderLayout.WEST)

and numerous
code samples
Add a button to the south
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14-27). make this book a useful learning experience.
Whether
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Figure 14-27.
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Framecomputer
with a Button
in the South
Region
777
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
techniques. For experienced programmers, theBorderLayout.SOUTH)
>>> f.contentPane.add(JButton("SOUTH"),
capabilities
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the
ways
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the center region (Figure
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Figure 14-28. BorderLayout Frame with a Button Added in the Center Region

and exceptions
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>>> f.contentPane.add(JButton("CENTER"), BorderLayout.CENTER)

Notice that it gets alland
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Get the preferred size and the actual size of the component added to the east region.
>>> f.contentPane.components[EAST].preferredSize
>>> f.contentPane.components[EAST].size
Get the preferred size and
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the component added to the west region.
Publisher:
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>>> f.contentPane.components[WEST].preferredSize
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
>>> Contents
f.contentPane.components[WEST].size
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application
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with the Java(TM)
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in the basics,
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direction list.
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several
times.
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exceptions
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13. Change the horizontal
and vertical gap
properties toconcepts
5, and hit the Apply button.
Object-oriented
programming
If you've followed along the
layout
frame should look like Figure 14-29.
File
input/output
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GridBagLayout
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GridBagLayout is the most complex and most feared layout manager. It's also the most hated and yet the
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Addison
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container; the other twoPub
columns
can span a quarter of the width.
Date: June 28, 2002
0-201-61616-5
UnlikeTable
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components don't have to span the width and height of the
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cells, so
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cell width or height. You can also specify that the component be anchored in the center, north, south, east, or
west region of a cell.Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
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constraint if no rows or columns are blank. Say you specify a particular cell location as gridx=5,gridy=5.
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or column
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specifies that the component
not stretch
in Wesley
either direction, so that it remains its preferred size in the cell.
Publisher:
Addison
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
A GridBagLayout
Example
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Theory is good, but we need to put some code behind these abstract concepts. The following example, from
GridBag.py, takes us step by step through the layout of components with GridBagLayout. At first we'll use
only buttons; then we'll graduate to other components such as text fields and labels. To start, import the classes
needed.
import JButton, JTextField, JFrame, JButton, JPanel, JLa
>>> from java.awt import GridBagLayout, GridBagConstraints
Constraints help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
Define a helper function
for creating
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justification
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fill=GridBagConstraints.NONE,
insets=Insets(0,0,0,0),
ipadx=0, ipady=0
):
and exceptions
return
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fill,insets, ipadx, ipady)
File input/output
Import the helper method to create GridBagConstraints without specifying all of its parameters.
>>> from GridBag import makeConstraint

Create a GridBagLayout instance. Then create a panel that has its layout manager property set to the
GridBagLayout instance.
>>> gbag = GridBagLayout()

>>> contentPane = JPanel(layout=gbag)
>>> frame = JFrame(contentPane=contentPane)
Python
andfirst
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applets the top left region.
Create a 2-rowby2-column
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makeConstraint(0,0,1,1,
weightx=20,
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installing the Python
fill=GridBagConstraints.BOTH)
Notice that gridx and gridy are both set to 0, so this component will be in the top left, or the first row, first
column of the grid. Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
Define the top right region.
>>> top_right = makeConstraint(1,0,1,1, weightx=80,

777
Notice that gridx is set to 1 and gridy is set to 0, which means that this region equates to the cell located at
the first row, secondPython

column Programming
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left
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>>> bottom_left = makeConstraint(0,1,1,1, weighty=50,

0-201-61616-5
gridx
is set to 0, so this isISBN:
the first
column. gridy is set to 1, so this is the second row.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> bottom_right = makeConstraint(1,1,1,1,fill=GridBagConstraints.BOTH)

Notice that weightx
of cell atop_left
(0,0) is setlanguage
to 20 andfor
weightx
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premier programming
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and is used (1,0)
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top left
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novices
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The fill is set so that the components fill the full height and width of the cell.
Components plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
Now that we've set the dimensions of the cells, let's create some components and add them to the containers.
development.
Define some sampleapplication
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>>>
>>>
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tl
tr
bl
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JButton("Top
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JButton("Bottom Left")
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>>>
>>>
>>>
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contentPane.add(tl,
top_left)
and
exceptions
contentPane.add(tr, top_right)
contentPane.add(bl,
bottom_left)
contentPane.add(br, bottom_right)
File input/output
Size the frame and show it.
>>> frame.size=(400,200)
>>> frame.visible=1
If you've been following along, your frame should look like the one in Figure 14-30. Now change the size of the
container to 600,100.
Working Figure
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
14-30.
GridBag.py Example
777
>>> frame.size=(600,100)
Notice that the 80:20 ratio between the top left and top right widths remains consistent. So does the 50:50 ratio
between the top left andPublisher:
bottom left
heights.
Your frame should look like the one in Figure 14-31.
Addison
Wesley
Table of
Contents
Figure 14-31.
GridBag.py Example with a Container Size of 600,100
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Let's change the size to 500,500 so you can get the true feel of things.
>>> frame.size=(500,500)
capabilities
the ways
Try packing the frame.
What do and
you shows
think will
happen?
>>> frame.pack()
Adding and Removing Components
Fundamental
concepts,
includingafter
statements,
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For this next set of exercises,
we're goingprogramming
to remove and
add components
each step.
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and
compilers
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def addComponents(contentPane,
Python basics, includingcomps):
for (component,
constraint) in comps:
and exceptions
contentPane.add(component, constraint)
def removeComponents(contentPane):
input/output
#RemoveFilethe
components
for x in range (0,contentPane.componentCount):
contentPane.remove(0)
Import the addComponents() and removeComponents() functions.
>>> from GridBag import addComponents, removeComponents

Group component/constraint pairs into a list.
>>> comps = [(tl, top_left),(tr, top_right),(bl, bottom_left),(br,

bottom_right)]
We've essentially defined
a list ofthe
tuples,
of which
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WePython
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to iterate through thelanguage
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contentPane.add(component,
Whether you are a sophisticated constraint)
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resize the frame to 600,100, and add and remove the components from the container. (See Figure 14-32.)
777
Figure 14-32. Modified GridBag.py Example
>>> top_left.ipadx, top_left.ipady, top_left.fill = 10, 10,

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
GridBagConstraints.NONE
Table of
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
top_right.ipadx, top_right.ipady, top_right.fill = 10, 10,
GridBagConstraints.NONE
>>> removeComponents(contentPane)
>>> addComponents(contentPane,
comps)
novices
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alike.
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>>> frame.size=(600,100); frame.validate()
application
development.
Notice that the top left
and top right
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CENTER. Remember that the anchor property moves the component to a particular anchor or justification
within a cell.
helpfor
those
to programming
Set the anchor to EAST
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top left
and top right develop
constraints.
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>>> top_left.anchor
= GridBagConstraints.EAST
>>> top_right.anchor
= GridBagConstraints.EAST
>>> removeComponents();addComponents()
Notice that the top left and top right components are lined up along the east borders of their cells (Figure 14-33).
Figure 14-33. Modified GridBag.py Example with anchor Set to EAST

and exceptions
File input/output
The Prototype

Now let's prototype a real application that subsets to the components the address form needs. First, though, we
need to clean house.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
frame.visible=0
frame.dispose()
frame = NONE Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
contentPane = NONE

Define some convenience variables for CENTER,WEST, and EAST.
>>> CENTER=GridBagConstraints.CENTER
>>> WEST=GridBagConstraints.WEST
>>> EAST=GridBagConstraints.EAST

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>>> bottom_left
weighty=33,
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>>> bottom_right
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anchor=WEST)
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Define some sample components:
labels, text
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Publisher: Addison
Wesley
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>

tl = JLabel("Name",
JLabel.RIGHT) #Top Left component
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
tr
=
JTextField(20)
#Top Right component
Table of
Pages: 640
bl = JLabel("eMail",
JLabel.RIGHT) #Bottom Left component
Contents
br = JTextField(30)
#Bottom Right component
okay = JButton("Okay")
novices
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>>> contentPane
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>>> frame = JFrame(contentPane=contentPane)
Add the sample components
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addComponents()
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OK
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>>> comps = [(tl,
top_left),(tr,
top_right),(bl,
bottom_left),(br,
and Enterprise
covers important topics
such as:
bottom_right),(okay,last)]
>>> addComponents(contentPane, comps)
andframe
compilers
Size the frame, and make itinterpreters,
visible. Your
should look like the one in Figure 14-34.
Python Prototype
basics, including
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Figure 14-34.
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Address
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Entry Form
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Figure 14-35. A Better-Looking Version of the Name/Email Address Book Entry Form
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
>>> frame.pack()
Changeipadx and ipady for top_left . Space is added only to the first column, and there's more space
between the components.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
top_left.ipadx, top_left.ipady = 20,20

removeComponents()
addComponents()
contentPane.add(okay, last)
frame.pack()
ExperimentingPython Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
GridBagLayout takes some up-front planning and a lot of messing around with constraints to get what you
want, but the reward is a good-looking GUI that can be resized and still display a reasonable layout.
InLayout4.py, try this exercise:
Python
basics, including .operators,
string
formatting,
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GridBagLayout
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a 3-by-3
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Apply button. What happens?
5. Try all possible combinations
with anchor
Publisher: Addison
Wesley on several components. Then exit, and restart Layout4.py.
6. Hit the Pack button.
Select
All
from
components list. Change the fill from NONE to BOTH, and hit the
Pub Date: June 28, the
2002
Apply button. Notice ISBN:
that the0-201-61616-5
anchors for center right and top right no longer have any effect. What
Table of
happens?
Pages: 640
7. Contents
Hit Pack, and resize a few times.
8. Change the fillCharacterized
type to HORIZONTAL
; thenrichness
hit the of
Apply
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happens?
10. Select the top novices
left component,
and set itsalike.
gridx
to 3. Whatitshappens?
Hit the Apply
button. What
and professionals
In particular,
close relationship
to Java(TM)
makes
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11. Select the top application
right component,
and set its gridx to 4. What happens? Hit the Apply button. What
development.
happens? Why?
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middle
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capabilities until
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Putting Things
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Application and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
In our last iteration of the address book application we used GridLayout for the address form pane so that
all of the text fields were the
same size.and
That's
okay for the name field, which should be about 20 characters, but
interpreters,
compilers
what about the phone number field, which should be only 13 characters? Left alone, it's about seven characters
wider than it needs to be, which
sloppy,including
not to mention
ugly.string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Pythonis basics,
operators,
and exceptions
To fix the address form pane so that the text fields vary in length but are still flexible across displays, we'll use
GridBagLayout to create
a 3-by-3 grid.
The code toconcepts
do this is nearly identical to the interactive session
Object-oriented
programming
explainingGridBagLayout, so you should be able to follow along without much trouble. In case of
confusion, I've added numerous
comments.
File input/output
Review the code (from three\AddressFormPane.py),
Python's intrinsic functionsand then look at the new address book application in Figure
14-37. Also run this version of the application, and try resizing the frame to see what happens to the components.
Figure 14-37. Address Book Entry Form with Varying-length Fields

""" Set up the email, phoneNumber and name text fields """
# Create the panel and set the grid layout.
# The grid has a layout of a 3 rows by 2 columns.
777
editPane
= JPanel()
Python Programming
self.cadd(editPane,
with Jython
editPane.setLayout(GridBagLayout())
Table of
Contents
# Set
up Wesley
some constants for the anchor.
Publisher:
Addison
CENTER=GridBagConstraints.CENTER
WEST=GridBagConstraints.WEST
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
EAST=GridBagConstraints.EAST
Pages: 640
# Now let's create a 2 column by 3 row grid.
# This
will
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almost
identical
to the
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novices and professionals alike.#Inx,y,w,h
top_left=makeConstraint(0,0,1,1,weightx=20,weighty=33,anchor=EAST)
top_right
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CENTER_left = makeConstraint(0,1,1,1,weighty=33,anchor=EAST)
CENTER_right
makeConstraint(1,1,1,1,anchor=WEST)
This tutorial begins=with
bottom_left
= makeConstraint(0,2,1,1,weighty=33,
anchor=EAST)
exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book
will
bottom_right
= makeConstraint(1,2,1,1,anchor=WEST)
# Create
the programmers,
name textfield.
Then add
it and
techniques.
For experienced
Python's
breadthits
of
# associated
label
to the
contentPane.
capabilities
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that Python
interfaces
# Add
the label to the top_left and the __name
application
development.
# textField to the top_right.
Python Programming
with the Java(TM) Class
self.__name
= JTextField(22,
text=self.__address.name())
and Enterprise Applications with Jython ",
covers
editPane.add(JLabel("Name
JLabel.RIGHT),
top_left)
editPane.add(self.__name, top_right)
# Create the phoneNumber textfield. Then add it and
Fundamental
programming concepts,
including
expressions,
# its corresponding
label
to statements,
the contentPane.
interpreters,
and compilers
# Add the
label to the CENTER_left. Add the
#
__phoneNumber
textfield to the CENTER_right.
self.__phoneNumber=
and exceptions
JTextField(13,text=self.__address.phoneNumber())
editPane.add(JLabel("Phone
Number ", JLabel.RIGHT), CENTER_left)
editPane.add(self.__phoneNumber, CENTER_right)
# input/output
Create the email textfield. Then add it and its
File
Python's
# Addintrinsic
the functions
label to the bottom_left. Add the __email
# textfield to the bottom_right.
self.__email
= JTextField(30,
text=self.__address.email())
editPane.add(JLabel("eMail ", JLabel.RIGHT), bottom_left)
editPane.add(self.__email, bottom_right)

CompareFigure 14-37 to Figure 14-17, which uses GridLayout for the address form instead of
GridBagLayout. Which
do youwith
thinkSQL
looks
Working
andbetter?
JDBC(TM)
Summary
In this chapter, we used
the things
we've
learned
about Java
to Terminology,
add a GUI to our
address explanations,
book application.
language
and the
Java
Development
KitGUIs
(JDK).
definitions,
Along the way, we added
other
things:
a
list
to
select
address
entries
based
on
a
person's
name,
and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience. a toolbar,
menubar, and popup menus.
With the address book
application,
we worked
withProgramming
GridLayout
,GridBagLayout
application
developer,
Python
with,FlowLayout
the Java(TM) Class
Libraries will ,
andBorderLayout
.
We
also
covered
the
ins
and
outs
of
Java
menuing
systems
and
layout
managers.
777
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Chapter 15. Graphics

and Events
A Quick GraphicsISBN:
Tour0-201-61616-5
Table of
A Quick Tour of Pages:
Common
640 Events
Contents
Putting Things Together: A Drawing Program
Characterized
by ease
of use, richness
The Complete
Shapes and
DrawShapes
Modules
Summary
This
tutorial begins with coverage of someInput
of thefocus
basics of Python programming. Using
Coupling
Encapsulation
help
those new to programming develop anModularity
Event-drivenand
programming
capabilities
shows the ways that PythonPolyline
Event model
Scaffolding code
Graphics
objectApplications with Jython covers
Staticimportant
versus interactive
m ode
and
Enterprise
topics such
as:
Hit testing
Unit level test
In this chapter, we'll learn the
basics of and
events
and graphics. These are the things you'll need to know when you
interpreters,
compilers
write your own graphical components. In particular, you'll need to understand the event model and some
rudimentary graphics programming.
In a later
chapter,
we'll seestring
how formatting,
to package namespaces,
your component
in a Java
bean
Python basics,
including
operators,
classes,
errors,
so you can distribute it to the
andunsuspecting
exceptions world. We're just scratching the surface of graphics in this book.

A Quick Graphics
Tour
File input/output
Every AWT component has a method called getGraphics(), which returns the instance of the graphics
Python's
intrinsic
object associated with it. The
graphics
objectfunctions
allows you to draw on the component. With the
java.awt.Graphics object you can draw arcs, images, lines, ovals, polylines, and such. We can't cover
parsing,
manipulating
strings
all of the possibilities, onlyFormatting,
enough to whet
yourand
appetite.
Later we'll
build a drawing package that works with
text, rectangles, circles, and ovals. For now, let's do an interactive session that introduces drawing on a
component.
Python
Java use
Swing
GUIs
Import a frame, and create Using
an instance
ofand
it. We'll
it totodocreate
our drawing.
Workingimport
with SQLJFrame,
and JDBC(TM)
JPanel
>>> frame = JFrame("Drawing", size=(400,400), visible=1)
>>> graphics In=addition,

frame.contentPane.graphics
Get the graphics instance from the frame, and draw a line, but first make sure that no other window is
obscuring the frame. You may have to reduce the size of the window that contains the Jython prompt for this.
Draw a line with starting coordinates of 50,50 and ending coordinates of 200,200 (in pixels).
>>> graphics give
= frame.getGraphics()()
>>> graphics.drawLine(50, 50, 200,200)
777
Draw a circle (actually an oval with equal width and height).
>>> graphics.drawOval(50,50,300,300)
To put text on the frame,

pass the
starting coordinates and the string you want to draw to the graphic's
By Richard
Hightower
drawString() method. The string will be in the component's current font. Draw a string with starting
coordinates of 50,50. Publisher: Addison Wesley
>>> graphics.drawString("Hello
World", 50,50)
Table of
a string with
Draw
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
640
startingPages:
coordinates
of 75,75.
>>> graphics.drawString("I
75,75)
Characterized by ease ofam
use,late
richnessagain",
of expression,
Draw a string with starting
of 200,200.
novicescoordinates
and professionals
>>> graphics.drawString("Hello
Cruel World", 200, 200)
We can draw filled shapes
as wellbegins
as outlines.
We can also
change
color
by setting
the graphics
color property.
This tutorial
with coverage
of some
of the
basics
of Python
programming.
Using
Draw an oval.

Draw a blue oval. capabilities and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
>>> graphics.fillOval(150,150, 50, 100)
>>> from java.awt import Color

Python Programming
>>> graphics.color
= Color.blue
and
Enterprise
Applications
Jython50)
>>> graphics.fillOval(150,150,with
100,
Dispose of the graphics resource. You must always do this when you're done with your drawing.
>>> graphics.dispose()
Python
basics,
operators,
stringorformatting,
Your frame should look like
Figure
15-1. including
Notice that,
if you resize
obscure thenamespaces,
frame with classes,
another errors,
window,
and
exceptions
the image is erased. This simply won't do. We need something a little less transitive, which gets us back to eventdriven programming. Enter the paint() method, which will tell us when the window needs to be redrawn so
that we can take the necessary action.
File input/output
Figure 15-1. Outlined and Filled Shapes
777
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
A component (window, frame, panel, etc.) is notified that its window needs to be redrawn via the paint()
method. paint() is passed
a Graphics
class instance
that refers
to the
current component.
With
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
expressions,
paint(), you don't dispose
of
this
instance
when
you're
done.
Here's an example of the paint()
method
(class operators,
DrawPicture
from draw2.py)
showing
how iterrors,
redraws
Python basics,
including
string formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
the image we created in ourand
first
session. This time we'll be able to resize and obscure the window, and it will
exceptions
always redraw the picture properly.

Color
File input/output
class DrawPicture(JFrame):
def __init__(self):
Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings size=(400,400), visible=1)
JFrame.__init__(self,"Drawing",
def closing(event):
from java.lang import System
Using System.exit(0)
self.windowClosing = closing
def paint(self,graphics):
line and a circle.
Python#Draw
and Javaaapplets
graphics.drawLine(50, 50, 200,200)
Ingraphics.drawOval(50,50,300,300)
and numerous
code samples
#Draw
somemake
strings
graphics.drawString("Hello World", 50,50)
Whether
new again",
to programming
or a serious
graphics.drawString("I
am user
late
75,75)
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
will
graphics.drawString("Hello Cruel World", 200,
200)
#Draw an Oval
graphics.fillOval(150,150, 50, 100)
777
#Draw a Blue Oval
graphics.color
Color.blue
Python Programming =
with
graphics.fillOval(150,
150,
100, 50)
Jython
if __name__ ==
'__main__':
By Richard
Hightower
d = DrawPicture()
The frame should now look

like Figure 15-2. Notice that you can resize it and obscure it with other windows.
Every time you return to the picture, it will be just like it was when you left it.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Figure 15-2. Figure 15-1 Redrawn with the paint() Method
and exceptions
File input/output
That was a painless introduction to graphics programming. Look up java.awt.Graphics in the Java API
documentation; you'll see that we've covered only a fraction of what you can do with it. You may also want to
learn about the 2D and 3D Formatting,
APIs.
with the
A Quick Tour ofInterfacing
Common
Events
Table 15-1 lists common events and their corresponding event properties. Table 15-2 lists common events and
the first component in the class
hierarchy
to which
each event maps. The first thing you may notice in Table 15-2
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
is that some components are missing, such as JFrame and, for that matter, Frame. Remember, though, that
Python ,and
JFrame is a subclass of Frame
andJava
thatapplets
Frame is a subclass of Window. Thus, JFrame publishes
window events through the Window's interface, WindowListener.
and numerous
code samples
makeEvents
this bookand
a useful
Table
15-1. Common
Graphics
Theirlearning
Eventexperience.
Properties
777
Event
Listener Interface
PropertyA Tutorial for Building
Python Programming
Web and Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
ActionListener
actionPerformed
ActionEvent
AdjustmentEvent
AdjustmentListener
ComponentEventPublisher:
ComponentListener
Addison Wesley
Table of
Contents
adjustmentValueChanged
componentHidden
componentMoved
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
componentResized
componentShown
Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression,
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
ContainerEvent
ContainerListener
componentAdded
the two languages, when used in combination, ideal
componentRemoved
application
development.
FocusEvent
FocusListener
focusGained
ItemEvent
KeyEvent
This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics

focusLost
ItemListener
itemStateChanged
keyPressed
techniques. KeyListener
For experienced programmers, the book
keyReleased
MouseEvent
MouseListener
mouseClicked
and Enterprise
Applications with Jython covers important
topics such as:
keyTyped
mouseEntered
mouseExited
mousePressed
and exceptions
MouseEvent
Object-oriented
MouseMotionListener
File input/output
TextEvent
WindowEvent
TextListener
WindowListener
mouseReleased
mouseDragged
mouseMoved
textValueChanged
windowActivated
windowClosed
windowClosing
windowDeactivated

windowDeiconified
windowIconified
windowOpened
Table 15-2.
Common
Graphic
Events
and Their
Hierarchy
give you
insight into
the power
of Python
and theClass
know-how
to put itMappings
to work.
777
Component
Event Published
Listener
MeaningA Tutorial for Building
Python Programming
withthrough
the Java
Class Libraries:
Web
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
AbstractButton
ActionEvent,
User clicked button
By Richard
Hightower
ActionListener
JButton
ActionEvent,
ActionListener
JCheckBox
ItemEvent, ItemListener
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
JCheckBoxMenuItem
ItemEvent,
ItemListener
Pages:
640
Contents
Component
Container
User clicked button

User selected or unselected checkbox
User selected or unselected
CheckboxMenuItem
ComponentEvent,
Component
moved,
shown, or
Characterized
by ease of use, richness of expression,
and concise
syntax,resized
Python has
hidden
remainedComponentListener
a premier programming language for more
novices and
professionals alike. In particular, its close
relationship
FocusEvent,
Component
losttoorJava(TM)
got focusmakes
the two languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
FocusListener
application
development.
MouseEvent,
User clicked, pressed, and released
mouse, and mouse cursor entered or
MouseListener
exited component
MouseEvent,
User moved
mouseand
in component,
help those new to programming develop an understanding
of concepts
practical
and dragged mouse, i.e., pressed
MouseMotionListener
button while moving mouse cursor
ContainerEvent,
Component added or removed
application
development.
ContainerListener
JComboBox
JList
JMenuItem
JScrollBar
JTextField
Window
Python Programming
with the Java(TM) Class Libraries:
ActionEvent,
Item double-clicked
and Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such as:
ActionListener
ItemEvent, ItemListener Item selected or unselected

ListSelectionEvent,
Itemstatements,
double-clicked
Fundamental
programming concepts, including
expressions,
ListSelectionListener
ItemEvent, ItemListener Item selected or unselected
ActionEvent,
Menu item selected
and exceptions
ActionListener
AdjustmentEvent,
User moved scrollbar
Object-oriented
AdjustmentListener
File
input/output
ActionEvent,
User pressed Enter in text box
ActionListener
WindowEvent,
Window was opened, closed,
iconified, restored, or a close was
WindowListener
Formatting,
requested
It doesn't stop there. Window is a subclass of Container, so JFrame publishes container events through
Usinginterface
Python and
JavaAnd,
Swing
toother
createcomponents,
GUIs
theContainerListener
as well.
like
JFrame is a subclass of
Component, so it publishes component events through the ComponentListener interface, focus events
Working
with SQL
JDBC(TM)
through the FocusListener
interface,
andand
mouse
events through the MouseListener and
MouseMotionListener interfaces (Container is a direct subclass of Component). The point is
that a component doesn't just publish the events it defines; it publishes all events from its hierarchy of
superclasses.
Another example of this is JButton, which is a subclass of AbstractButton, which is a subclass of
JComponent, which is a subclass of Container, which is a subclass of Component. As such, it
publishes all of the events
thatyou
its superclasses
define.computer user new to programming or a serious
Whether
are a sophisticated
An Event Frame
Let's create a frame that handles every possible eventthat is, essentially, one frame that handles every event
mentioned in the last section that Frame supports. We'll use the Frame class in java.awt (from which Swing
gets much of its behavior and design). Examine the source code closely (it's from FrameEvents.py). Later we'll
777
break it down.
from
java.awtByRichard
import
Frame, List, Panel, Button, FlowLayout, BorderLayout
Hightower
class EventFrame(Frame):
def __init__(self,
event_viewer):
Frame.__init__(self, "Event Frame")
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
self.event_viewer = event_viewer
self.layout = FlowLayout()
#ComponentEvent publishes to ComponentListener
self.componentHidden = self.__handle_event
self.componentMoved = self.__handle_event
self.componentResized = self.__handle_event
self.componentShown
= ofself.__handle_event
publishes
to ContainerListener
help those#ContainerEvent
new to programming develop
an understanding
self.componentAdded
=
self.__handle_event
self.componentRemoved
self.__handle_event
capabilities and shows the ways that=Python
#FocusEvent publishes to FocusListener

self.focusGained
= self.__handle_event
self.focusLost
#KeyEvent publishes to KeyListener
self.keyPressed
self.keyReleased
self.keyTyped = self.__handle_event

and#MouseEvent
exceptions
publishes to MouseListener
self.mouseClicked
self.mouseEntered = self.__handle_event
self.mouseExited
File input/output
self.mousePressed = self.__handle_event
self.mouseReleased
Formatting,
parsing, andpublishes
# MouseEvent
to MouseMotionListener
self.mouseDragged = self.__handle_event
Interfacing with the=Java
self.mouseMoved
self.__handle_event
# WindowEvent publishes to WindowListener

self.windowActivated
self.windowClosed = self.__handle_event
self.windowClosing
Python and Java applets = self.__handle_event
self.windowDeactivated = self.__handle_event
self.windowDeiconified
self.windowIconified
= Kit
self.__handle_event
self.windowOpened
Whether
self.size=(100,100)
self.visible=1
#handles all of the events in this demo

def __handle_event(self, event):
self.event_viewer.addEvent(event)
777
. . .
. . .
class EventViewer(Frame):
def __init__(self,
close):
Publisher: Addison
Wesley
Frame.__init__(self,"Event
Viewer")
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
# Create a list to display events

self.__list = List()
self.add(self.__list,
Pages: 640
# professionals
Set up toolbar
to addits close
and relationship
remove to
components
from frame
novices and
Java(TM) makes
add
= languages,
Button("Add")
the two
add.actionPerformed
= self.__handle_add
remove = Button("Remove")
remove.actionPerformed
self.__handle_remove
This tutorial begins with coverage of =
some
tool_pane
= Panel()
tool_pane.add(add)
tool_pane.add(remove)
self.add(tool_pane,
capabilities and shows the ways BorderLayout.NORTH)
self.size=(500,400)
self.visible=1
self.location=(300,300)
.and.Enterprise
.
def addEvent(self, event):
self.__list.add(èvent`,0)
#add Python
a component
to the frame
def __handle_add(self,
event):
and exceptions
global frame
frame.add(Button(`frame.componentCount`))
frame.invalidate();frame.validate()
File input/output
#removes a component from the frame

Python's intrinsic functionsevent):
def __handle_remove(self,
if (frame.componentCount > 0):
Formatting,
frame.remove(frame.componentCount-1)
frame.invalidate();frame.validate()
if __name__ == '__main__':
viewer = EventViewer(close)
frame = EventFrame(viewer)
Python
and Java applets
Window Events with
EventFrame
The code for our example is pretty simple. In the constructor of the EventFrame class, we register for every
event that Frame publishes. All of the events are registered to the same event handler method,
__handle_event().
#handles
all of the events in this demo
def __handle_event(self,
event):
self.event_viewer.addEvent(event)
777
The event handler calls self.event_viewer.addEvent, which adds the event to a listbox so we can
view it. addEvent() forces the event to the top of the list, using back quotes to get its string representation.
def addEvent(self,
event): with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python Programming
self.__list.add(èvent`,0)
Now let's use EventFrame to examine all of the events that the frame handles:
windowActivated
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
windowClosed
Pages: 640
Contents
windowClosing
windowDeactivated
windowDeiconified
windowIconified
windowOpened
techniques. ,For
Python'scomes
breadthup,ofwe get
To use WindowActivated
all experienced
we need to doprogrammers,
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When the window
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
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Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
the following events:
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_ACTIVATED]
onTutorial
frame0
Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A
for Building Web
java.awt.event.FocusEvent[FOCUS_GAINED,permanent] on frame0
java.awt.event.ComponentEvent[COMPONENT_SHOWN]
onexpressions,
frame0
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_OPENED] on frame0
WindowEvent, with itsand

ID set
to WINDOW_ACTIVATED, corresponds to the windowActivated
exceptions
event property of the frame. This pattern repeats itself for all event properties and event IDs. Notice that, in
addition to windowOpened
and windowActivated
,Frame publishes focusGained and
Object-oriented
componentShown.
File input/output
When the focus changes to another window, you get the following windowDeactivated events. Click on
the caption of the event viewer.
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_DEACTIVATED] on frame0
java.awt.event.FocusEvent[FOCUS_LOST,temporary] on frame0
To get a windowIconified event, we have to minimize the window by clicking the Minimize button on
Working
with
SQL
and JDBC(TM)
the right side of the window's
caption.
The
following
events result:
java.awt.event.FocusEvent[FOCUS_LOST,temporary] on frame0
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_ICONIFIED]
ondefinitions,
frame0explanations,
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_DEACTIVATED] on frame0
Now we want to restore
the frame,
so we goPython
to the Programming
taskbar and click
icon.Class
These
are the events
application
developer,
withthe
theFrames
Java(TM)
Libraries
will we
get:
777
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_ACTIVATED] on frame0
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_DEICONIFIED] on frame0

Building
java.awt.event.FocusEvent[FOCUS_GAINED,permanent]
onforframe0
Then we click the window's Close button to get the windowClosing event:
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_CLOSING]
on frame0
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Tableisof
Theevent
a request to close, not the actual closing. For that we have to restart the application in the interactive
Pages: 640
Contents
interpreter
and type
Characterized
>>> frame.visible
= 0 by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
remained
a premier programming language for more than aon
decade,
and is used by
java.awt.event.ComponentEvent[COMPONENT_HIDDEN]
frame0
>>> frame.dispose()
java.awt.event.WindowEvent[WINDOW_CLOSED]
on frame0
This close
tutorial
with coveragefunction
of somedoes
of the
basics of Python programming. Using
Hiding the frame doesn't
it. begins
The dispose()
that.
Container Events
withFor
EventFrame
techniques.
On the event viewerapplication
window aredevelopment.
the Add and Remove buttons, which add components to and remove them from
the frame. If you hit Add twice and Remove twice, you'll get the following events:
java.awt.event.ContainerEvent[COMPONENT_ADDED,child=button0] on
frame0
java.awt.event.ContainerEvent[COMPONENT_ADDED,child=button1]
on
frame0
java.awt.event.ContainerEvent[COMPONENT_REMOVED,child=button1]
and exceptions
on frame0
java.awt.event.ContainerEvent[COMPONENT_REMOVED,child=button0]
on frame0
File input/output
Key Events with EventFrame
If you make the frame the active window and press the A key, you should get the following events:
java.awt.event.KeyEvent[KEY_PRESSED,keyCode=65,keyChar='a']
on
frame0
java.awt.event.KeyEvent[KEY_TYPED,keyCode=0,keyChar='a'] on
frame0
java.awt.event.KeyEvent[KEY_RELEASED,keyCode=65,keyChar='a']
In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python on
frame0
If you hold the key down, you'll get keyPressed and keyTyped , but you won't get keyReleased.
As an exercise, lookapplication
up KeyListener
the Java
API documentation.
Note the difference
between
developer, in
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM)
Class Libraries
will
keyPressed andgive
keyTyped
.
If
you
want
to
create
a
typing
program,
which
event
do
you
handle for
capturing alphanumeric characters? Which one for handling special keys like Enter and Backspace? You'll need
to know this later.
777
Mouse Events from FrameEvent
If you click in the FrameEvent frame, you'll get the mousePressed,mouseClicked, and
mouseReleasedBymouse
events. If you hold the mouse button down and drag it, you'll get the
Richard Hightower
mouseDragged event. If you move the mouse pointer anywhere in the work area of the frame (or any place
but the caption [titlebar] and system menus), you'll get the mouseMoved event. Table 15-3 lists the mouse
events.
Try these
exercises:
Table
of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Click on the frame's

work area
therichness
right and
left buttons.
difference
in has
the output?
Characterized
by with
ease both
of use,
ofthe
expression,
and What's
concisethe
syntax,
Python
This sample application
written in AWT
arerelationship
similar to Swing
components.
novices andwas
professionals
alike.components,
In particular,which
its close
to Java(TM)
makes
Convert to JFC/Swing.
(The component
events
must be set upideal
withfor
JFrame
.)
the two languages,
when used
in combination,
Web and'scontentPane
Event
MouseEvent
Table
15-3.with
Mouse
Events
andofEvent
Properties
This tutorial
begins
coverage
of some
the basics
help those new
to programming
Listener
Interface develop an understandingProperty
techniques.MouseListener
For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates
Python's breadth of
mouseClicked
mouseEntered
Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries:mouseExited

mousePressed
MouseEvent

expressions,
mouseReleased
interpreters,
and compilers
mouseMotionListener
mouseDragged
mouseMoved
and exceptions
File input/output
AWT
or
Python's To
intrinsic
functions
Not to AWT
Formatting,
parsing,
Many of the concepts
in Swing and
AWTand
aremanipulating
very similar. strings
Most of the examples in this book are
written in Swing because that's the dominant choice for the Java Standard Edition. However, for
the Java Micro edition (Windows CE and handheld devices) AWT is still the best. That's why I
used it for some of the
examples.
Using
Putting Things Together: A Drawing Program

Although not as ubiquitous as the famous "Hello World", the sample application explained in the
addition,
the book
contains
downloading
and
installing
following sections isInquite
common.
We want
it to instructions
draw ovals, for
rectangles,
circles,
and
so forth.the
I'vePython
opted for
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
simplicity rather than perfection in my design. Later I'll point out what's wrong with it.
We'll incorporate ideas from many chapters in our program, which we'll develop in two modules and three
Whether
you are
a sophisticated
computer
new to programming
a serious
phases. The first phase
is a simple
application
that draws
ovals user
and rectangles.
The secondorphase
will add circles,
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
will"glyph.")
squares, rounded rectangles, and text. (I know text isn't a shape, but I don't like the correct terminology,
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
The third phase will correct a serious design flaw introduced in the first and second phases.
The first module, Shapes, contains all of the graphics. The second module, DrawShapes, defines the user
interface, that is, the event handling and the component container layout.
777
Phase 1: Shapes
By Richard
Hightower
TheShapes module contains
four
main classes: Shape,Rectangle,Oval,
and Shapes.Shape is the

superclass of the others; it defines the interface that all shape classes use so they all can be treated
Publisher:
Addison
polymorphically (one can
be replaced
with Wesley
another). Rectangle inherits most of its functionality from
Date: June
28, 2002
Shape, as does OvalPub
.Shapes
represents
a collection of shape objects and implements the Shape
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
interface.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
TheShape class defines three methods:

The constructorstores shape parameters like x, y position, dimensions (width, height), and color
two languages,awhen
combination,
idealcontext
Thepaint()the
methodpaints
shapeused
usinginthe
given graphics
Thedraw_filled() methoddraws a filled shape
exercises
interactive
Thedraw_outline()
methoddraws
theand
outline
of a shape
The constructor stores
five values:
position, width,
height, color,
and fill/nofill.
Here's
some of
its code.
techniques.
Forx,yexperienced
programmers,
the book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of (All
of the following examples
are from
capabilities
andOne\Shape.py.)
class Shape:
def __init__(self,
x, the
y, Java(TM)
width=0,
color=None,
fill=0):
Class height=0,
Libraries: A Tutorial
for Building Web
self.x=x
and
self.y=y
self.width=width
self.height=height
self.color=color
self.fill=fill
and exceptions
paint() paints on the given
graphics context and so takes a graphics object as an argument. It also checks to
see if a color was assigned; if so, it sets the graphics color property to the shape color property and saves the
original color to be restored later. If the fill attribute is true, paint()calls the draw_filled()
method; otherwise, it calls File
the draw_outline()
method.
input/output
paint() Code and Breakdown
Formatting,
Here's the code for paint()
:
def paint (self, Interfacing
graphics):
Using Pythonis
andNone:
if not self.color
oldcolor = graphics.color
graphics.color = self.color
if self.fill:
Inself.draw_filled
addition, the book contains(graphics)
else: language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
self.draw_outline(graphics)
and
if not Whether
self.color
is None: computer user new to programming or a serious
application
developer, Python
graphics.color
= oldcolor
draw_filled() and draw_outline()draw the shape as filled or outlined, respectively. They're

abstract, meaning that they don't do anything until they're defined by subclasses of Shape. This makes sense
when you think about itfor example, only the Rectangle class knows how to draw a rectangle.
777
Here are the two drawing

methods
as definedwith
by Shape
:
Python
Programming
the Java
def

draw_filled(self,
graphics):
pass
def draw_outline(self,
graphics):
pass
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
Thedraw_outline()
method640
gets the bounds
Contents
of the shape: position (x,y) and dimensions (width, height).

We'll use these to calculate the area of the window that needs to be redrawn. First, we need the getRect()
function.
def getRect(self):
two languages,
when usedself.width,
in combination, ideal
returntheself.x,
self.y,
self.height
BothRectangle and Oval subclass Shape, and both implement the abstract methods
of some ofthem,
the basics
Using
draw_filled()This
andtutorial
draw_outline()
. To implement
the Rectangle
class uses the
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
will uses
java.awt.Graphics methods fillRect() and drawRect(), respectively; the Oval class
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
fillOval() and drawOval().
Here are the Rectangle
and and
Oval
classes:
capabilities
shows
class Rectangle(Shape):
def __init__(self,
x, the
y, Java(TM)
width,Class
height,
fill=0):
Libraries:color=None,
Web
x, covers
y, width,
height,
andShape.__init__(self,
important topics
such as:color, fill)
def draw_filled(self,graphics):
statements,
expressions,self.height)
graphics.fillRect(self.x,
self.y,
self.width,
def draw_outline(self,graphics):
graphics.drawRect(self.x, self.y, self.width, self.height)
and exceptions
class Oval(Shape):
def __init__(self, x, y, width, height, color=None, fill=0):
Shape.__init__(self,
x, y, width, height, color, fill)
File input/output
graphics.fillOval(self.x, self.y, self.width, self.height)
with Java
Streams
graphics.drawOval(self.x,
self.y,
self.width,
self.height)
The Shapes Class

TheShapes class (note the plural) holds many shapes and, like Rectangle and Oval, subclasses Shape.
Python
and Java
appletswhich when overridden iterates through the list of shapes in the
Shapes overrides only the
paint()
method,
Shapes instance and calls each one of their paint() methods. Also, Shapes calls a getRect()
In the
addition,
book
contains
instructions
forshapes
downloading
method that calculates
union the
of all
of the
bounds
of all of the
it contains.
Here's the Shapesand
class:
class Shapes Whether
(Shape):
def __init__(self):
give
self.__shapes=[]
def addShape(self, shape):

self.__shapes.append(shape)
777
def paint(self,
graphics):
Python Programming
for
inApplications
self.__shapes:
Web
andshape
Enterprise
with Jython
shape.paint(graphics)
def getRect(self):
# Lists
Pub Date: June
28, 2002to hold x,y, height and width
#
from
shape in shapes
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
xl,yl,wl,hl
=
[],[],[],[]
Pages: 640
Contents
Iterate
through
the list
gathering
eachhasshapes
Characterized #
by ease
of use, richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax, Python
#
bounding
rectangle
for and
shape
in shapes:
novices
professionals
x,y,width,
= ideal
shape.getRect()
the two languages,
when used inheight
combination,
xl.append(x)
yl.append(y)
wl.append(width)
hl.append(height)
and return
the bounding
help those new#toCalculate
programming develop
an understanding
# experienced
rectangle
for all
of the
shapes.
techniques. For
programmers,
the book
demonstrates
Python's breadth of
returnand
min(xl),
min(yl),
capabilities
shows the ways
that Python max(wl),
interfaces withmax(hl)
Testing
and Enterprise
Applications
withneed
Jython
coversa unit
important
topics
as:
Before we start building
the graphical
interface, we
to create
level test
for such
this module
to test the
classes defined in Shape. It's much easier to debug the classes in static than in interactive mode. We also need
scaffolding code to test the module. (Our scaffolding code adds three shapes to the TestPanel class.)
and compilers
# This is interpreters,
for testing
only
if __name__ == '__main__':
from javax.swing
import JFrame, JPanel
and exceptions
from java.awt import Color, Font
class TestPanel(JPanel):
File input/output
def __init__(self):
Python's
intrinsic functions
self.background=Color.white
def addShape(self,shape):
self.shapes.addShape(shape)
def __init__(self):
self.shapes = Shapes()
self.addShape(Rectangle(0,0,100,100,Color.blue,
1))
Working
self.addShape(Rectangle(100,0,100,100,Color.blue))
self.addShape(Oval(0,100,100,100,Color.blue,1))
Python
and Java applets
self.addShape(Oval(100,100,100,100, Color.blue))
def paint(self,graphics):
and numerous
self.shapes.paint()(graphics)
Whether you are
a sophisticated
computer user new to programming
or a serious
frame = JFrame("Test
Shapes",
size=(400,440),
visible=1)
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
pane = TestPanel()
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
frame.contentPane = pane
frame.validate()
777
After every major change to the Shapes module, you'll want to update the scaffolding code, if necessary, and
retest.
Phase 1: DrawShapes
TheDrawShapes module does the actual shape drawing. It defines classes to work with mouse and key events,
shows the status of operations,
setsAddison
a shape's
fill attribute, and sets up components that allow the user to select
Publisher:
Wesley
rectangles or ovals.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table ofdefines four classes:

DrawShapes
Pages: 640
Contents
Characterized
ease in
of ause,
ShapeButton
draws aby
shape
button
and professionals
ToolBoxnovices
holds components;
has a preferred
size
StatusBoxapplication
displaysdevelopment.
the status of a drawing operation
PaintBox
displays
usercoverage
has drawn
This
tutorialshapes
beginsthe
with
DrawShapes
those
as thenew
usertointerface
frame,develop
containsanallunderstanding
of the above of concepts and practical
help
programming
Shapes Button capabilities and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
ShapeButton represents a particular shape and extends javax.swing.JButton. It's passed a Shape
Python
withpaint()
the Java(TM)
Class ItLibraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Webheight
instance and draws the
shapeProgramming
in its overridden
method.
also defines
the preferred
width and
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
for the button.
class ShapeButton(JButton):
def __init__(self,
shape): concepts, including statements, expressions,
interpreters, and
self.shape
= compilers
shape
def paint(self, graphics):

and exceptions
JButton.paint()(self, graphics)
self.shape.paint()(graphics)
def getPreferredSize(self):
File input/output
d = Dimension(30,30)
return
Python'sdintrinsic functions
ToolBox
ToolBox holds ShapeButton and extends javax.swing.Jpanel. It doesn't do much besides

define a preferred size.
class ToolBox (JPanel):

def __init__(self):
JPanel.__init__(self)
language
and the Java Development
d = Dimension(40,
0) Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
andreturn
numerousdcode samples make this book a useful learning experience.
you insight
into
power
Python
and javax.swing.JPanel
StatusBox holdsgive
the current
status
of the
events
andofalso
extends
. As a helper
StatusBox
class, it displays the current status of the drawing options, such as the x,y position of the mouse pointer and the
shape being drawn.
777
class StatusBox (JPanel):
def __init__(self):
Web
self.coordinates
= JTextField(15, editable=0)
By Richard
Hightower
self.format = 'x = %d, y = %d'
self.add(self.coordinates)
Table of
Contents
self.event_type
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5= JLabel ('MOUSE STATUS ')
self.add(self.event_type)
Pages: 640
self.shape_type = JLabel ('SHAPE STATUS ')
self.add(self.shape_type)
Characterized
def setXY(self,
x,y): alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
= self.format
% (x,y,)
theself.coordinates.text
two languages, when used in combination,
ideal for Web and
def setMouseDrag(self, x, y):

self.event_type.text
'MOUSE
DRAG
'
This
tutorial begins with coverage of =
some
of the basics
of Python
programming. Using
self.setXY(x,y)
plenty
def setMouseMove(self,
x, y):
= 'MOUSE
MOVE
' APIs for professional
capabilities
and shows the ways that Python
interfaces
with Java
self.setXY(x,y)
Python Programming with the x,
Java(TM)
def setMousePress(self,
y): Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
andself.event_type.text
covers important
topics
= 'MOUSE
PRESS
' such as:
self.setXY(x,y)
Fundamental programming x,
concepts,
def setMouseRelease(self,
y): including statements, expressions,
= 'MOUSE RELEASE '
self.setXY(x,y)
and exceptions
def setShapeType(self, shape_type):

# Set the label based on the shape type

if File
shape_type
input/output == PaintBox.RECTANGLE:
self.shape_type.text = 'RECTANGLE'
elif shape_type == PaintBox.OVAL:

Formatting,
self.shape_type.text
= 'OVAL'
PaintBox
PaintBox performs all of the graphics operations and handles the mouse events (later it will handle the key
Working
withsample
SQL and
JDBC(TM)
events). It's the bread and butter
of this
application,
the center ring in this three-ring circus.
Python
andinJava
applets
When the user hits the mouse
button
the paint
box, the shape drawing begins. As he drags the lower corner of
the shape, an outline appears (this is called rubberbanding). When he lets go of the mouse, the shape is created,
In addition,
the book
contains
instructions
for downloading
and
added to the other shapes,
and redrawn
when
PaintBox
'spaint()
method is
called.
PaintBox extendsand
JComponent
can draw
either
or ovals
and has
four attributes that
numerous code. Itsamples
make
thisrectangles
book a useful
learning
experience.
determine how the current shape will be drawn: color, fill, rectangle, and oval. The constructor defines these
are a sophisticated
computer user ,new
to programming
or a serious , and
attributes and sets upWhether
the eventyou
handlers
for the mouseDragged
mouseMoved
,mousePressed
with the
Java(TM) Class
Libraries
mouseReleasedapplication
events. It'sdeveloper,
passed an Python
instanceProgramming
of StatusBox
(status)
, which
it uses towill
show the
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
status of the drawing operations.
Here's the PaintBox constructor:
777
class PaintBox (JComponent):
RECTANGLE=1
OVAL=2Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
def __init__(self, status):

JComponent.__init__(self)
self.opaque=1
Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
self.status
= status
Pages: 640
Contents
self.shape_type
PaintBox.RECTANGLE
Characterized
by ease of use,=richness
self.mouseDragged
= particular,
self.handle_mouseDragged
novices
and professionals alike. In
theself.mouseMoved
two languages, when used=inself.handle_mouseMoved
self.mousePressed
= self.handle_mousePress
application
development.
self.mouseReleased = self.handle_mouseRelease
self.fill=0
plenty
self.color=Color.red
help
The drawing mechanism
starts off
thethe
user
clicks
mouseinterfaces
button, which
firesAPIs
the for professional
capabilities
andwhen
shows
ways
thatthe
Python
with Java
handle_mousePress
method.
The
event
handler
sets
the
shape's
starting
point
(
start) and initializes its
ending point (last) to that value.
def handle_mousePress(self,
event):
# Print the status

self.status.setMousePress(event.x,
event.y)
# Save the initial location.

basics, including
# InPython
addition
save operators,
the initial
and
exceptions
# location as the last.
self.last = self.start = event.point
As the user drags the mouse, she gets visual feedback via rubberbanding. When called, the event handler for
input/output
mouseDragged draws File
an outline
of the shape and sets the last point to the current point. Then it calls
drawRubberShape()Python's
twice, once with the last point and once with the current point.
intrinsic functions
def handle_mouseDragged(self,event):
# Print
thewith
status.
Interfacing
self.status.setMouseDrag(event.x, event.y)
# Erase the old rubberband shape at the

Working
with SQL and
JDBC(TM)
# old
location.
Create
the new rubberband shape
# at the new location
self.drawRubberShape(self.last.x,
self.last.y)
self.drawRubberShape(event.x, event.y)
# Save the current event.x and
# event.y as the last.
self.last = event.point
drawRubberShape() is smart enough to erase the last shape drawn whenever it's called twice with the
same point. It does this with the setXORMode() method of the java.awt.Graphics class instance,
which sets the graphic mode to XOR.XOR sees to it that a line drawn more than once will be erased. Essentially,
it ensures that the colors of the graphics are those specifed in setXORMode() for the current graphic context.
777
Notice that we dispose of the graphic when we're done with it, using a finally block. After
drawRubberShape() sets the graphics mode, it calculates the shape's width and height and then calls the
__drawShape()Python
method,
which actuallywith
draws
theJava
shape Class
in the Libraries:
current mode.
Programming
the
def drawRubberShape(self,
By Richard Hightower x, y):
g = self.graphics
Table of
Contents
try:
# Pub
Set
the graphics to XOR mode,
Date: June 28, 2002
# which allows rubberbanding.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
# Calculate the width and height.
Pages: 640
# Draw the outline of the shape.
g.setXORMode(self.background)
width = abs(self.start.x - x)
height = abs(self.start.y - y)
self.__drawShape(g, self.start.x, self.start.y, width, height)
finally:
g.dispose()
This
__drawShape() checks for the shape it's supposed to drawrectangle or oval. It then creates the specified
shape and uses it to draw the corresponding shape, which in turn calls drawOval() or drawRect()
accordingly. The x and y of __drawShape correspond to the starting point defined in the event handler for
themousePress event. The width and height are the width and height as calculated from the last or current
point in the mouseDrag event handler.
def __drawShape(self, g, x, y, width, height):

if self.shape_type == PaintBox.RECTANGLE:
rect=Rectangle(self.start.x,self.start.y, width,height,fill=0)
rect.paint(g)
if self.shape_type
==compilers
PaintBox.OVAL:
interpreters, and
oval = Oval(self.start.x, self.start.y, width, height, fill=0)
oval.paint()(g)
and exceptions
When the user lets go of the mouse, the mouseRelease event is fired. The handler for this event is
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
handle_mouseRelease
, which calculates
the width
and height of the shape and then creates a
corresponding rectangle or oval.
File input/output
The shape's x,y coordinates are the starting point obtained during the handling of the mousePress event. Its
Python's
intrinsic
functions
width and height are the distance
from
the starting
point at which the mouseRelease event handler is
invoked (that is, when the user releases the mouse button). The shape is then added to the shapes attribute.
parsing,
and
The panel's repaint()Formatting,
method is called
with
themanipulating
boundary of strings
the shape so that the shape is drawn with the
paint() method.
def handle_mouseRelease(self,
event):
# Print
Workingthe
with status
SQL and JDBC(TM)
self.status.setMouseRelease(event.x, event.y)
# Calculate the width and the height

width =In addition,
abs(self.start.x
- event.x)
height language
= abs(self.start.y
- event.y)
shape = None #to hold the shape we are about to create

application
developer,
Python Programming
the Java(TM)
Libraries
will
# Create
the shape
based onwith
the
currentClass
shape
type.
give
you
insight
into
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ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
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ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
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SQL and JDBC(TM)
Define a text shape in
the Shapes
Python
and Java
Add a shape button to
the toolbar
thatapplets
represents text.
In the
addition,
the book
instructions
for downloading
Add support for
text mode
to thecontains
mousePress
event
handler.
Set up event handling
in the paint
box for the
following
user
actions:
and numerous
code samples
make
this book
a useful
1. Clickingapplication
a point in the
paint box
to make
it the starting
position
of the text
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the Java(TM)
2. Entering text
777
3. Pressing the Backspace key to delete the last character entered

4. Pressing Enter to end the text entry
3.
4.
The result
is that the bounding rectangle of the text is calculated and the area is repainted
immediately by force.
The Text Class

The Text class extends the Shape class and is defined in the Shapes module. It has font, string, and color
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
attributes,
are passed via Shape's constructor. Text must be passed a reference to the component where
Tablewhich
of
Pages: 640
it willContents
be drawn so that it can acquire the font metrics, which it uses to calculate its ascent, descent, width, and
height. (Look up java.awt.FontMetrics in the Java API documentation to learn more about fonts.)
Ascent and descent determine how far above and below the baseline a character extends (more on this later).
novices
and professionals
Here's the Text class
constructor
(from TwoShapes.py).
Class Text(Shape):
def __init__(self, x, y, string, font, component, color=None):

This
tutorial begins with coverage ofx,
some
y,of color=color)
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
fm = component.getFontMetrics(font)
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
self.width = fm.stringWidth(string) of concepts and practical
techniques.
For experienced
programmers, the+book
self.height
= fm.maxAscent
fm.maxDescent
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
self.ascent = fm.maxAscent
application
development.
self.descent
= fm.maxDescent
self.font = font
self.string = string
Text overrides both the draw_outline() and draw_filled() methods. Draw_filled() calls
draw_outline() because
Text doesn't
differentiate
between
filled and
unfilledexpressions,
mode.
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
draw_outline() changes
the
font
to
Text
's
font,
saving
the
original
to
be
restored
after the call to
drawString(), which does the actual drawing. Saving and restoring the graphics context attributes ensure
thatdraw_outline()Python
doesn'tbasics,
adversely
affect other
graphics
operations.
including
operators,
string
and exceptions
Here's the code for draw_outline() (Two\Shapes.py):
def draw_outline(self, graphics):

File input/output
if(self.font):
#Get
thefunctions
original font.
Python's
intrinsic
font = graphics.font
Formatting,
and manipulating
#Set parsing,
the graphics
to strings
this font.
graphics.font = self.font
#Draw the string.

graphics.drawString(self.string, self.x, self.y)
if(self.font):
# Set the graphics back
# and
to Java
theapplets
original font.
Python
graphics.font = font
language and thegraphics):
def draw_filled(self,
you are a ,sophisticated
user
new to
or calculate
a serious the area
Text's final methodWhether
is getRect()
which, you'llcomputer
remember,
is used
byprogramming
PaintBox to
application
developer,
the Java(TM)
Librarieshowever,
will
that needs to be redrawn.
Most of
the otherPython
shapes Programming
simply use the with
inherited
version ofClass
this method;
give youtheinsight
into the
powerfor
of Python
andbecause,
the know-how
to put
it to
work.
Text needs it to calculate
bounding
rectangle
the string
unlike the
other
shape
classes, its x,y
coordinates don't begin in the upper left corner, as shown in Figure 15-4.
777
Figure 15-4. Baseline, Starting Point, Width, Ascent, and Descent
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
GetRect() calculates the rectangle by moving its starting point to the upper left corner. The x,y axis
increases down and Python
to the right,
so subtracting
moves
theLibraries:
point up (ifA down
is positive,
up isWeb
negative).
Programming
with the
the ascent
Java(TM)
Class
Tutorial
for Building
def getRect(self):
return self.x, self.y-self.ascent, self.width, self.height
The Text Class Code interpreters, and compilers
basics,seen
including
formatting,
namespaces,
Text is the most complexPython
shape we've
so far,operators,
and it isn'tstring
as complex
as it seems.
Here itclasses,
is in itserrors,
entirety
(fromTwo\Shapes.py):
and exceptions

class Text(Shape):
def __init__(self, x, y, string, font, component, color=None):
File input/output
x, y, color=color)
fm =Python's
component.getFontMetrics(font)
intrinsic functions
self.width = fm.stringWidth(string)
self.height
= fm.maxAscent
+ fm.maxDescent
self.ascent = fm.maxAscent
self.descent
Interfacing with =thefm.maxDescent
self.font = font
Using Python and
self.string
= string
Working with SQL andgraphics):
JDBC(TM)
if(self.font):
#Get instructions
the original
font.and installing the Python
for downloading
font
=
graphics.font
#Setmake
thethisgraphics
this
font.
book a usefulto
learning
experience.
graphics.font = self.font
#Draw the
Pythonstring.
graphics.drawString(self.string,
self.x,
give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how
to put itself.y)
to work.
if(self.font):
#Set the graphics back to the original font.
graphics.font = font
777

def draw_filled(self,
graphics):
Web
and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
def getRect(self):
Publisher:self.x,
Addison Wesley
return
self.y-self.ascent, self.width, self.height
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Supporting
the Text Class
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Now let's add support for Text to our DrawShapes modulefont name and point size options and
Characterized
easetypical
of use,user
richness
expression,
syntax,we
Python
keyboard event handling.
Here are by
some
actionsofthat
illustrateand
the concise
type of things
need:has
novices
and button
professionals
1. Clicking the Text
shape
in the DrawShapes
toolbar
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
2. Changing the font name in the options pane
application
development.
3. Clicking on the PaintBox panel
4. Typing characters
This key
5. Pressing the Enter
thosefor
new
programming
develop
understanding
and practical
Step 1 fires the eventhelp
handler
thetoShape
button, which
setsanthe
shape type ofoftheconcepts
PaintBox
panel to
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of the
TEXT. Step 2 fires the event handler for font choice, which sets PaintBox 's font attribute. Step 3 fires
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
mousePressed event, whose handler sets the x,y position of the text. Then Step 4 fires the keyTyped
event, whose handlerapplication
draws textdevelopment.
on the paint box. Step 5 causes a Text class to be instantiated and added to
PaintBox 'sshapes attribute.
and Enterprise
Applications
covers
important topics
such as: (I got tired of
PaintBox also handles
the Backspace
key for with
thoseJython
of us who
occasionally
make mistakes.
typing "Hekko World.")
Fundamental
concepts,
statements,
expressions, frame. We
To implement Text we first
need to addprogramming
the text shape
button toincluding
the toolbar
of the DrawShapes
compilers
create an instance of Textinterpreters,
and pass it and
to the
ShapeButton class.
and exceptions
toolbar
= ToolBox()
#Add the rectangle button to the toolbar
rectObject-oriented
= ShapeButton(Rectangle(4,
4, 20, 20))
toolbar.add(rect)
File input/output
rect.actionPerformed = self.rect_pressed
...
...
# Set the current font to Arial,

Interfacing
with the
Javathe
APIs FontMetrics
# then
get
font = Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 20)

fm =Using
self.getFontMetrics(font)
#Add the Text button to the toolbar.

text=ShapeButton(Text(2,
2+fm.maxAscent, "A", font, self))
toolbar.add(text)
= self.text_pressed
Intext.actionPerformed
addition, the book contains instructions
As you can see, we need
to get the code
font metrics
put the
shape
in thelearning
button. experience.
The font metrics calculate
and numerous
samplestomake
thistext
book
a useful
where to move the start position of the text so that it's displayed in the button's upper right corner. Then we have
to set the event handler
for theyou
button's
event tocomputer
text_pressed
Whether
are a action
sophisticated
user new to. programming or a serious
def text_pressed(self,
event):
self.PaintPane.setShapeType(PaintBox.TEXT)
self.PaintPane.requestFocus()
777
Thetext_pressed event handler sets the shape type of the paint box to TEXT. Calling requestFocus
gives the paint box input focus, which is essential for it to receive key events. There can be no key events
without input focus. Python Programming

the DrawShapes
frame
needs the font options (point size and typeface) added to its options pane.
By Richard
Hightower
Next,
Here's the code:
optionsPane
= Panel()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
optionsPane.add(Label("Font"))
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
#Set up the Font point List.

Characterized
point_list
= Choice()
remained
a
premier
points = (8,9,10,12,14,16,18,20,24,32)
the two in
languages,
for point
points:
application
development.
point_list.add(str(point))
optionsPane.add(point_list)
point_list.itemStateChanged = self.point_changed

#Set up font List.
from java.awt import GraphicsEnvironment
ge = GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment()
fonts Python
= ge.getAvailableFontFamilyNames()
fonts_list
= Choice()
and Enterprise
for font in fonts:
fonts_list.add(font)
optionsPane.add(fonts_list)
fonts_list.itemStateChanged = self.font_changed
exceptions
The__init_optionsand
method
creates a list of point sizes and adds it to a choice control called
point_list. Next it gets a list of fonts from
GraphicsEnvironment.getAvailableFontFamilyNames
and adds it to a choice control
calledfont_list.font_list and point_list are added to the options pane, and event handlers
File input/output
are set up for both.
Python's intrinsic
The event handler for font_list
sets thefunctions
name property of the paint pane (an instance of PaintBox )
when the user selects a font name. event.item contains the font name selected by the user and is passed to
thesetFontName() method of the PaintBox instance, which sets the instance's font.
The event handler for point_list converts event.item to an integer and then sets the paint pane's
point size property.
Here are the event handlersWorking
for both with
font_list
and point_list:
SQL and JDBC(TM)
def font_changed(self,
Python andevent):
Java applets
self.PaintPane.setFontName(event.item)
def point_changed(self,
event):
self.PaintPane.setFontPoint(int(event.item))
That about does it forWhether
the changes
made
to DrawShapes
to support
I'll describe or
thea changes
you are
a sophisticated
computer
usertext.
new Now
to programming
serious made to
PaintBox to add application
text shape support.
This
is the Programming
interesting part.with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
developer,
Python
Test and PaintBox
777
PaintBox adds another shape type, TEXT. It adds three attributes to its class instance in its constructor:
text (a string), which denotes the text being typed by the user but not yet entered inthat is, the transitional
text;startText (an
integer
representing awith
Boolean
value), Class
whichLibraries:
denotes whether
or notfor
a text
operation has
Python
Programming
the Java
A Tutorial
Building
begun; and text_in
, which
holds the transitional
instance
the text shape, that is, the text being keyed in
Web
and Enterprise
Applications
withofJython
and edited. When theByshape
type
is TEXT and the user clicks the paint box, startText is set to true, and
Richard
Hightower
PaintBox begins processing key events. The key event handlers control the text operation and add characters
to the text attribute. Publisher: Addison Wesley
Here's the definition for PaintBox and its constructor (from two\DrawShapes.py):
Table of
class
Paint
Contents
...
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
(Panel):
box
RECTANGLE=1
OVAL=2Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
TEXT=4the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
def __init__(self, status):

Panel.__init__(self)
self.status = status
self.shape_type = PaintBox.RECTANGLE
self.mouseDragged = self.handle_mouseDragged
...
...
self.keyPressed = self.handle_keyPressed
self.keyTyped = self.handle_keyTyped

interpreters, and
self.point
= compilers
20
self.fontname = "Arial"
Python basics,
errors,
self.font
= including
Font(self.fontname,
Font.PLAIN,
self.point)
and exceptions
self.text = ""
concepts
self.startText
= 0
self.text_in
= None
File input/output
...Python's intrinsic functions
...
When the user presses the mouse button, the mousePress event handler is called, which sets startText
to true and sets the text to an
empty string
theJava
shape
typeand
is TEXT
. This
the text's starting point. In the
Interfacing
withifthe
APIs
working
withdefines
Java Streams
following example, code that has been added to two\DrawShapes.py is hightlighted in bold.
def handle_mousePress(self, event):

...
...

Python and
Java applets
self.last
= self.start
= event.point
ifIn addition,
(self.shape_type
== PaintBox.TEXT):
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
self.text = ""
and numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
self.startText = 1

drawing a text shape.
PaintBox uses only keyPressed to handle control keys and keyTyped to handle character keys when
ThekeyPressed event handler handles the Enter and Backspace keys. When Enter is pressed, the text shape
being defined is added to the paint box's shapes collection. Here's the code:
777
def handle_keyPressed(self, event):
self.ignore
= 0
Python Programming
# Perfom
actions for drawing text
By Richard
Hightower
# if this in text draw mode.

if self.shape_type
== PaintBox.TEXT and self.startText:
Table of
Contents
If the user
ISBN:#0-201-61616-5
presses the Enter key,

#
We
add
this
shape to the shape list.
Pages: 640
if (event.keyCode == KeyEvent.VK_ENTER):
self.shapes.addShape(self.text_in)
Characterized
self.startText
= 0 for more than a decade, and is used by
remained a premier
self.text_in
=
None its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
When the Backspace key is pressed, the last character of the text string is removed, and the ignore attribute of
PaintBox is set to true. ignore is needed because the Backspace key generates a character (here '\b') that
we don't want to show
uptutorial
in our text
shape
(itcoverage
appears as
square).
A true
value
tells theprogramming.
keyTypedUsing
event
This
begins
with
ofasome
of the
basics
of Python
handler to disregard plenty
any such
character.
Also
when
the
Backspace
key
is
pressed,
a
new
text
shape
is
created
of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will and
assigned to the text_in
attribute
(whose
last character
wasanjust
removed), which
forces aand
repaint
of
help those
new to
programming
develop
understanding
of concepts
practical
text_in's boundstechniques.
(before the For
backspace
operation).
def handle_keyPressed(self, event):

self.ignore = 0
# Perform
for
drawing
Python Programming
withactions
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries: Atext
Tutorial for Building Web
#
if
this
in
text
draw
mode.
if self.shape_type == PaintBox.TEXT and self.startText:
...
...

# If the user presses the Backspace key,

Python basics, #
including
operators,the
stringlast
formatting,
namespaces,in
classes,
we delete
character
theerrors,
text.
andif
exceptions
(event.keyCode == KeyEvent.VK_BACK_SPACE):
x,y,width,height = self.text_in.getRect()
Object-orientedself.ignore
= 1
self.text = self.text[:-1]
self.text_in=Text(self.start.x, self.start.y, \
Python's intrinsic functionsself.text,self.font,self, self.color)
self.repaint()(x,y,width+1, height+1)
File input/output

Unlike the keyPressed handler, the keyTyped handler works with characters the user types in, which are
collected in the text string. Interfacing
After each with
character
is typed,
newworking
text shape
created (text_in). The
the Java
APIsaand
withobject
Java is
Streams
keyTyped event handler uses the bounds of text_in to force a repaint so that the shape is redrawn.
def handle_keyTyped(self,event):
# See if this is in text draw mode,

Python
andbackspace
Java applets was not pressed
# and
the
if self.shape_type == PaintBox.TEXT and self.startText \
and not self.ignore:
# Get the character typed, add it to the text.
self.text = self.text + event.keyChar
# ForcePython
theProgramming
text to with
be the
shown.
#
Create
the
Text
instance,
and
force
repaint().
give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how
to put
it to work.
self.text_in = Text(self.start.x, self.start.y, \

self.text, self.font, self, self.color)
x,y,width,height = self.text_in.getRect()
self.repaint()(x,y,width+1, height+1)
777
Thepaint()method
checks
to see if the text_in
shape exists.
so, it draws
it. Remember,
the
Python
Programming
with the Java
Class If
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
text_in attributeWeb
corresponds
to the current
shape, thatwith
is, the
one being worked on.
and Enterprise
Applications
Jython

#Draw
all of the shapes.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
#For showing text while we type

if(self.text_in):
self.text_in.paint(graphics)
novices
and professionals
alike. In
close relationship
PaintBox also creates
several
methods to change
itsparticular,
font anditspoint
attributes. to Java(TM) makes
def setFontName(self,
font):
self.fontname = font
This tutorial
begins with coverage of some of
the basics of Python
programming. Using
self.font
= Font(self.fontname,
Font.PLAIN,
self.point)
def setFontPoint(self,point):
techniques.
self.point
= For
point
capabilities
and
shows the ways that Python Font.PLAIN,
interfaces with Javapoint)
self.font = Font(self.fontname,
So now we've added text shape support. Oh, yes, I said earlier that we would add squares, circles, and rounded
Programming
with these
the Java(TM)
Class
Tutorial
Building
Web
rectangles. Well, wePython
won't go
into detail about
shapes, but
we Libraries:
will take aAlook
at thefor
problem
they
cause.
If all you wanted out of this chapter was an introduction to graphics programming, you just got it. But if you
want to learn what makes dynamic object-oriented programming tick, read on. We're going to modify
DrawShapes and its classes and make them significantly smaller and more extensible. In other words, we're
going to write tight, dynamic, object-oriented Python code.
DrawShapes' Ugly, Inefficient,
Nonextensible Code
and exceptions
Let's see what's wrong withObject-oriented
DrawShapes asprogramming
it stands now.concepts
We'll start with the DrawShapes class. First look
at__init__toolbar (from two\DrawShapes.py).
File input/output
Python's=intrinsic
functions
toolbar
ToolBox()
Formatting,
and manipulating
strings to the toolbar
#Add parsing,
the Rectangle
button
rectInterfacing
= ShapeButton(Rectangle(4,
4, 20, 10))
toolbar.add(rect)
rect.actionPerformed
Using Python and Java Swing=toself.rect_pressed
create GUIs
#Add
button to the toolbar
Working
withthe
SQLCircle
and JDBC(TM)
circle = ShapeButton(Circle(4, 4, 10))
toolbar.add(circle)
circle.actionPerformed = self.circle_pressed
language and
the Java
Development
Kit (JDK).
#Add
the
Oval button
toTerminology,
the toolbar
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
oval = ShapeButton(Oval(4, 4, 10, 20))
toolbar.add(oval)

oval.actionPerformed = self.oval_pressed
#Add the Square button to the toolbar

square = ShapeButton(Square(4, 4, 20))
toolbar.add(square)
square.actionPerformed = self.square_pressed
777
#Add the with

RoundRectangle
buttonA Tutorial
to thefortoolbar
Python Programming
the Java Class Libraries:
Building
rrect
= ShapeButton(RoundedRectangle(4,
4, 20, 20))
Web
and Enterprise
toolbar.add(rrect)
By
Richard Hightower
rrect.actionPerformed = self.round_rect_pressed
# June
Set28,
the
Pub Date:
2002current
Table of
Contents
font to Arial,
#
then
get
the
FontMetrics
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
fontPages:
= Font("Arial",
Font.PLAIN, 20)
640
fm = self.getFontMetrics(font)
Add programming
the Text language
button
remained a#premier
for to
morethe
than atoolbar.
text=ShapeButton(Text(2,
2+fm.maxAscent,
font,
novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to"A",
Java(TM)
makes self))
toolbar.add(text)
application
development.
text.actionPerformed = self.text_pressed
self.add(toolbar,
BorderLayout.WEST)
plenty
of skill-building exercises
Every time we definetechniques.
a new shape,
have to write
three to fivethe
lines
of demonstrates
code in __init__toolbar
Forwe
experienced
programmers,
book
Python's breadth of ; then
we have to write an event
handler
forshows
each one.
As you
see, with
just sixwith
shapes
gets pretty
messy.
capabilities
and
the ways
thatcan
Python
interfaces
JavaitAPIs
for professional
def circle_pressed(self, event):

self.PaintPane.setShapeType(PaintBox.CIRCLE)
def rect_pressed(self, event):

self.PaintPane.setShapeType(PaintBox.RECTANGLE)

def round_rect_pressed(self,
event):
self.PaintPane.setShapeType(PaintBox.ROUND_RECTANGLE)
and exceptionsevent):
def square_pressed(self,
self.PaintPane.setShapeType(PaintBox.SQUARE)
def oval_pressed(self,
event):
File input/output
self.PaintPane.setShapeType(PaintBox.OVAL)
def text_pressed(self, event):

self.PaintPane.setShapeType(PaintBox.TEXT)
self.PaintPane.requestFocus()
They all look pretty similar, don't they? Why not replace all of the code above with this:
class ShapeTool:
Working with SQL
and JDBC(TM) toolbar, PaintBox):
def __init__(self,
shape_class,
Python and
Java applets
# Use
eval to create a shape. shape_class
# holds a string representing the class.
self.__shape = eval(shape_class+'()')
button = ShapeButton(self.__shape)
toolbar.add(button)
button.actionPerformed
= user
self.actionPerformed
Whether
self.PaintBox
=
PaintBox
def actionPerformed(self, event):

self.PaintBox.requestFocus()
self.PaintBox.setShapeType(self.__shape.__class__)
def getShape(self):return self.__shape
777
Python Programming
The ShapeTool Class

By Richard
Hightower
__init__toolbar
uses ShapeTool
to create shape buttons, add them to the toolbar, and register
them
with an event handler. Notice that it uses strings to denote each shape's class. The ShapeTool constructor
Publisher:
uses the strings as arguments
to theAddison
built-inWesley
eval() function.
class DrawShapes(Frame):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
...
toolbar
= ToolBox()
novices
and professionals
Shapes
= ['Square',
'Rectangle',
the
two languages,
ideal for'RoundedRectangle',
'Oval', 'Text', 'Circle' ]
This
begins
fortutorial
shape
inwith
Shapes:
exercises and interactive programming sessions, thisself.PaintPane)
book will
shape_tool=ShapeTool(shape,toolbar,
techniques. For if
experienced
programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth
of
(isinstance(shape_tool.getShape(),
Text)):
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
shape_tool.getShape().initForToolbar('A', self.P
self.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.WEST)
and Enterprise
Jython
covers
important
such as:It eliminates thirty
TheShapeTool class
defines the Applications
event handlerwith
for each
button
and
adds it totopics
the toolbar.
lines of code and five function definitions. What's more, it's extensible: Any additional shapes are just added to
the shapes list in __init__toolbar with no extra code. With the old way, for thirty shapes we'd need
thirty event handlers and about seventy-five additional lines of code. With the new way, all we need is thirty
entries in the shapes list.
Less code to write equates to less code to test and fewer bugs. In addition, we can create a text file our program
and exceptions
can read that lists the shapes we want to display. This is extremely flexible.
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
Notice that the event handler
for ShapeTool
passes the
class, not an integer representing the type. The old
way passed an integer with the type as defined by constant values in the PaintBox class. This is directly from
File input/output
the Department of Redundancy Department (with thanks to Monty Python). A class is a type, and shapes can be
uniquely identified by theirPython's
class. Now
PaintBox
intrinsic
functionsuses the class as the shape type.
Making PaintBox Modular
Interfacing
with the. First
Java of
APIs
withevery
Java time
Streams
There's a lot wrong with the
old PaintBox
all,and
as Iworking
mentioned,
we add a shape, we need to
add a shape constant. This tightly couples shapes to PaintBox .

RECTANGLE=1
OVAL=2
CIRCLE=3
TEXT=4In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
ROUND_RECTANGLE=5
SQUAREand=numerous
6
...
... Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
The shape type integer
is you
passed
to PaintBox
, making
it necessary
add another
suite
to work.
PaintBox 'sif
give
insight
into the power
of Python
and the to
know-how
to put
it to
statementdrawShape()for each new shape.
777

self.shape_type
= shape_type
Python Programming
def __drawShape(self,
g, x,
y, width,
Web and Enterprise
Applications
with height):
Jython
g.drawRect(self.start.x,
self.start.y, width, height)
if self.shape_type
== PaintBox.ROUND_RECTANGLE:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
g.drawRoundRect(self.start.x,
self.start.y, width, height, 10,10)
Pages: 640
Contents
if self.shape_type
PaintBox.OVAL:
Characterized by ease==
of use,
g.drawOval(self.start.x,
self.start.y,
width,
height)
for more than a decade,
and is used
by
if self.shape_type
== used
PaintBox.CIRCLE:
g.drawOval(self.start.x,
self.start.y, width, width)
if self.shape_type
== coverage
PaintBox.SQUARE:
g.drawRect(self.start.x,
self.start.y,
width,thiswidth)
programming sessions,
book will
There are a couple oftechniques.
things wrong
this. First,
the code for the
drawing
shape shouldPython's
be in a shape
object,
Forwith
experienced
programmers,
book ademonstrates
breadth
of not
inPaintBox . Thiscapabilities
means thatand
the shows
originalthe
code
forthat
drawShape()
isn't
modular,
and for
that's
bad. If there's a
ways
Python interfaces
with
Java APIs
professional
problem drawing a shape,
the developer
who inherits this code won't know if she should look in the Shapes
application
development.
module or in the PaintBox class.
Code should be modular;
that is, a class
should dowith
oneJython
set of covers
related important
things. The
shapesuch
should
and Enterprise
Applications
topics
as: know how to do
shape things like draw itself, and this knowledge should be hidden from PaintBox in other words,
encapsulated.
Here's our modular versioninterpreters,
(Three\PaintBox.py):
and compilers
def createShape(self):
"""Create aandnew
shape with the shape_type.
exceptions
The shape_type is a Shape class."""
self.shape = self.shape_type()
File input/output
if (isinstance(self.shape,
Text)):
self.shape.setComponent(self)
shape_type):
"""Set the current Shape type,
then createInterfacing
an instance
ofAPIs
the
with the Java
andshape"""
self.shape_type
= shape_type
Using Python
self.createShape()
def __drawShape(self, g, x, y, width, height):

self.shape.fromBounds(self.start.x,
self.start.y, width, height)
self.shape.draw_outline()(g)
language,and
Terminology, method,
definitions,
explanations,
In the new drawShape()
we initialize
the shape withKit
the(JDK).
fromBounds()
which
tells the shape
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
to initialize itself from the given bounding rectangle. If you look at the shape classes in the code above, you'll
notice all of them either inherit the default, fromBound(), from the Shape class or implement their own
version.
theif power
the know-how
to put and
it toso
work.
The great thing aboutgive
ouryou
newinsight
code isinto
that,
we addofaPython
triangle,and
a hexagon,
an octagon,
forth, it doesn't
change. With the old __DrawShapes, each time we add a new shape we have to add another elif suite to
theif statement. Thirty shapes equal thirty elif branches.
777
This is the magic of polymorphism. All we do is tell the shape to initialize itself from the bounds we give it; we
don't care if it's a triangle

or aProgramming
parallelogram. with the Java
Python

that thereBywas
another
place where we had a long if statement with lots of elif
Richard
Hightower
Remember
suiteshandle_mouseRelease, which created a shape based on the shape type defined by the integer
constants. The new handle_mouseRelease
does not need to do that, so it's not coupled to adding new
shapes. Look at the differences with the few shapes we defined, and imagine what the old mouseRelease
handler (from Two\DrawShapes.py) would look like if we had thirty shapes.
def
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
handle_mouseRelease(self,
event):
Contents
Characterized
ease of use,
# byPrint
therichness
status
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for more than a decade,
and is used by
event.y)
the two languages,
when used inthe
combination,
Web and
# Calculate
widthideal
andforthe
height
application
development.
width = abs(self.start.x - event.x)
height = abs(self.start.y - event.y)
shape = None #hold the shape we are about to create
# Create shape based on the current shape type.
shape with
= Rectangle(self.start.x,
self.start.y,
Python Programming
the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial
for Building Web width,
height,
self.color,
self.fill)
elif self.shape_type == PaintBox.OVAL:
Fundamental
expressions, width, height,
shapeprogramming
= Oval(self.start.x,
self.start.y,
elifPython
self.shape_type
== PaintBox.CIRCLE:
and exceptions
shape = Circle(self.start.x, self.start.y, width/2,
elifFileself.shape_type
== PaintBox.SQUARE:
input/output
shape = Square(self.start.x, self.start.y, width,
elifFormatting,
self.shape_type
== PaintBox.ROUND_RECTANGLE:
strings
shape = RoundedRectangle(self.start.x, self.start.y,
APIs and
working with
Java Streams self.fill)
width,
height,
self.color,
Using shape
Python and
if not
isJava
None:
height+1)
Pythonself.repaint(x,y,width+1,
and Java applets
Here's the new mouseRelease
(Three\DrawShapes.py):
In addition, the handler
book contains
def handle_mouseRelease(self, event):
the status
Whether you#arePrint
a sophisticated
event.y)
application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM)
# Calculate the width and the height
width = abs(self.start.x - event.x)
height = abs(self.start.y - event.y)
777
# Set the
bounds,
i.e.,A Tutorial for Building
Python Programming
withshape
the Java
Class Libraries:
# the Applications
bounds the
shape
Web and Enterprise
with
Jython initializes from.
# Add the shape to the shape list.
# Calculate the shape actual bounds,
and Wesley
repaint().
Publisher:#Addison
self.shape.fromBounds(self.start.x,
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
self.shapes.addShape(self.shape)
Pages: 640
Contents
x,y,width,height = self.shape.getRect()
self.repaint(x,y,width+1,
height+1)
Characterized
# Create alike.
a new
shape.its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
In particular,
self.createShape()
the
I don't want you to confuse the fooling around with objects we're doing with defining an extensible architecture
for an application. I just
to highlight
those
simple of
changes
andtheshow
thatofdynamic
object-orientedUsing
Thiswant
tutorial
begins with
coverage
some of
basics
Python programming.
programming saves us
huge
headaches.
A Broken Record
Remember toPython
read Object-Oriented
Analysis
and Design
withLibraries:
Applications
(Booch,for
1994)
and then
Programming with
the Java(TM)
Class
A Tutorial
Building
Web
Design Patterns
et al.,
1995). with Jython covers important topics such as:
and(Gamma
Enterprise
Applications
Try these exercises, which extend the drawing package in directory 3:
Add three new shapes: a triangle (use drawPolygon and fillPolygon), a line, and a scribble.
andon
exceptions
Create an Undo button
the options pane that allows users to undo the last shape drawn.
Object-oriented
programming
Create a button on
the options pane
that allows concepts
a user to change the z-order of the shapes (that is, the
order in which the shapes are "stacked" in the view); this might pop up a dialog box that has a list of
input/output
shapes representing File
the z-order.
Python's
intrinsic
functions
Add the ability to drag
an already
drawn
shape to a new position. You'll need to do hit testing for the
shape.
Add the ability to select a shape and change its color.
Create a composite shape, and call it TextBox. It should contain two shapes: the text to be drawn and
the bounding rectangle. The user draws the textbox first and adds text to it. The text entered word-wraps;
that is, it stays withinWorking
the bounds
the rectangle,
filling the box left to right and then top to bottom, and if
withofSQL
and JDBC(TM)
the text is too long for one line, it starts a new one. If there are too many lines for the bounds, only the text
that fits is shown. Python and Java applets
If you don't do at least
first exercise,
won't get
much outfor
of downloading
this chapter. If
youinstalling
can handle
last one,
In the
addition,
the bookyou
contains
instructions
and
the the
Python
you're well on your way
to programmer
stardom.
language
and the Java
Summary

This chapter mainly give
covered
using
Java AWT.
Weknow-how
learned about
theitdifferent
youevents
insightand
intographics
the power
of Python
and the
to put
to work.events the
various graphics components publish, and we got some firsthand experience of the order in which events take
place. We prototyped a FrameEvents class that allowed us to see the runtime behavior of many events. With
prototyping it's much easier to see how events work.
777
We dealt with the basic

drawing
of shapes and
thethe
XORJava
graphics
mode
for rubberbanding.
were able to put
Python
Programming
with
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial We
for Building
together the things we
learned
about graphics
programming
andJython
events in a very simple drawing application,
Web
and Enterprise
Applications
with
which we extended to
ideas in earlier chapters about object-oriented programming and the dynamic
Byincorporate
Richard Hightower
behavior of Jython.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 16. Advanced

Swing
JTable
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Working with Table
Models
Pages:
640
Contents
Putting Things TogetherAdding a Table Model to the Address Book Application
JTree
JToolBar and
Actions
plenty
of method
skill-building exercises and interactive
Abstract
Helperprogramming
method
techniques.
For experienced programmers,Key/value
Python's breadth of
Array
pair
Data modeldevelopment.
Main module
application
Design Programming
pattern
Object
wrapperA Tutorial for Building Web
Python
with the Java(TM) Class
Libraries:
Event listening
Self-documentation
Functional
decomposition
model/node
Fundamental
programming concepts,Tree
including
Hashtable
Our coverage of Swing so and
far has
focused on its differences from, and advantages over, AWT. But Swing is
exceptions
more than that. For example, it has some powerful GUI components, particularly JTable and JTree.
JTable shows data in a table
view, as in programming
a spreadsheet;concepts
JTree displays data in a hierarchical view, as in
Object-oriented
Microsoft Windows Explorer.
File input/output
In this chapter, we'll update the address book program, making it a JFC application that uses JTable. As we
Python's
functions
do this, we'll introduce other
Swingintrinsic
components.
JTable
To start out, we'll create a prototype that introduces the key features of JTable. Then we'll add JTable
Using Python
and the
Javaapplication
Swing to create
GUIs
support to the address application.
This time
will use
the MVC architecturethe
AddressBook class instance will be a model for the table.
We'll begin by creating a 4-by-4 grid, but first let's learn to use the JTable component. As always, follow
along in the interactive interpreter.
Import the JFrame and JTable classes from the javax.swing package.
and numerousimport
code samples
make this JTable
JFrame,
youtoare
a sophisticated
Create an instance ofWhether
JFrame
hold
the table.
give you insight into theexample')
>>> frame = JFrame('JTable
Create an instance of JTable, passing the number of rows and columns to its constructor. Then add the table
to the frame.
777
>>> table = JTable(4,4)

>>> frame.contentPane.add(table)
javax.swing.JTable[,0,0,0x0,invalid,alignmentX=null,alignmentY=null,border=,f
s=32,maximumSize=,minimumSize=,preferredSize=,autoCreateColumnsFromModel=true
autoResizeMode=AUTO_RESIZE_SUBSEQUENT_COLUMNS,cellSelectionEnabled=false,
editing...
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Pack the
table in the frame, and show the frame.
>>> frame.pack()
remained=a premier
>>> frame.visible
1
thetyping
two languages,
used
in combination,
ideal
Web
andasdistributed
enterprise
Select a cell, and start
if you wantwhen
to. The
typed
text will show
up for
in the
cell,
illustrated in
Figure 16-1.
Figure 16-1. Cells with Text Entered
and Enterprise
The Default Table
ModelApplications with Jython covers important topics such as:
We didn't specify a model, so a default was provided in which the actual table data is kept. Here's how to access
that data.
Get the first row.

and exceptions
>>> table.model.dataVector[0]
[Hello, World, Its, good]
Get the first row, second column.

File input/output
>>> table.model.dataVector[0][1]
'World'
Get the first row, first column.
>>> table.model.dataVector[0][0]
'Hello'
This method is only guaranteed

to work
theand
default.
I use it to acclimate you to the model concepts first
Working
withfor
SQL
JDBC(TM)
introduced in Chapter 14, on JList.
Other forms of the JTable constructor allow you to pass in the initial values, that is, the row and column data.
Here's an example. In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
Create the row data. and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
>>> rowData =Whether

[ ['Marhta','Pena'],['Missy','Car'],
['Miguel','TorreAlto']
]
you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming
or a serious
Create the column headers.
>>> columnNames = ['First name', 'Last name']
777
Create a table with the row data and column headers.
>>> table = JTable(rowData,columnNames)

>>> frame.contentPane.add(table)
javax.swing.JTable[,0,0,0x0,invalid,alignmentX=null,alignmentY=null,border=,
flags=32,maximumSize=,minimumSize=,preferredSize=,autoCreateColumnsFromModel=
autoResizeMode=AUTO_RESIZE_SUBSEQUENT_COLUMNS,cellSelectionEnabled=false,edit
Column=-1,editingRow=1,gridColor=javax.swing.plaf.ColorUIResource[r=153,g=153
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Pack the
table, and display it.
>>> frame.pack()
>>> frame.visible=1
languages,
when
used
in combination,
ideal
and distributed
enterprise
There are other waysthe
to two
set the
initial data.
Later
we'll
cover the ones
thatfor
areWeb
substantially
different,
as well as a
application
development.
special method of populating a table with data using MVC.
Getting and Setting

Values
plenty of Table
skill-building

With the interface provided
by JTable
, you canprogrammers,
get and set table
values.
Once the data
is set, breadth
you can of
modify
techniques.
For experienced
the book
demonstrates
Python's
it with the setValueAt()
capabilitiesmethod.
>>> table.setValueAt('Hightower', 0, 1)
>>> table.setValueAt('Hightower',
1, 1)
>>> table.setValueAt('Pena',
and Enterprise Applications2,
with1)
However, the more correct way of accessing data is with getValueAt().
>>> table.getValueAt(0,0)
'Marhta'
Tables can work with object
of primitive typesBoolean, integer, float, and so forth. Here we set the
andwrappers
exceptions
second column's values to Boolean so that they look like Figure 16-2.
Figure 16-2. Example Table with the Second Column Set to Boolean Values
File input/output
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
from java.lang
import
Boolean
Using
Python and
table.setValueAt(Boolean(1), 0, 1)
table.setValueAt(Boolean(0),
1, 1)
table.setValueAt(Boolean(1), 2, 1)

You may have noticed that our demo table doesn't show headers. I don't know why, but I suspect it's a bug in
In addition, we
thecan
book
instructions
downloading
and installing
Python
JDK v.1.2.1. As a workaround,
putcontains
the table
in a scroll for
pane
(JScrollPane
). You the
usually
do this
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
anyway, so there should be no problem. It wasn't necessary in earlier Swing versions.
JList makes much use of JScrollPane, which adds scrolling to a list or table via the Decorator design
Whether you
are aetsophisticated
computer
user
new to (from
programming
or a serious
pattern (see Design Patterns,
Gamma
al., 1995). Here's
the last
example
JTable2.py)
with the missing
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
headers restored.
from javax.swing import JFrame, JTable, JScrollPane
777
frame = JFrame('JTable example')

#Create row data.
rowData = [ ['Marhta','Pena'],['Missy','Car'],
['Miguel','TorreAlto']
]
Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries:
#CreateByRichard
column
headers.
Hightower
columnNames = ['First name', 'Last name']
#Create aPubtable
with
the row data and the column headers.
Date: June
28, 2002
table = JTable(rowData,columnNames)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
frame.contentPane.add(JScrollPane(table))
Pages: 640
Contents
frame.pack() Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
frame.visibleremained
Now the table should look like Figure 16-3.
Figure 16-3. Table with the Column Headers Restored
Working with Table Models

The most common way to create
tables and
is tocompilers
supply the data model first. JTable works with any class instance
interpreters,
that inherits from the TableModel interface (recall that a Java interface is like a Python class with all abstract
methods). Let's first see what
the TableModel
dostring
and then
create a namespaces,
short exampleclasses,
that uses
our old
Python
basics, includingmethods
operators,
formatting,
errors,
address book application. and exceptions
File input/output
Data
Model Review

We've covered TableModel and JList, so I won't go into the same level of detail because
I'm assuming that you
did your reading
exercises and
now have a basic understanding of
Formatting,
parsing,and
andyour
manipulating
strings
them. If you don't, you may want to do a little review. You'll need it to understand the JTable
andJTree controls,
which willwith
be covered
Interfacing
the Javalater
APIson.
The TableModel Interface

TheTableModel interface is contained in javax.swing.table and specifies how table model data
Python
and JavaTableModel
applets
will be treated. Any class that
implements
can act as a data model for JTable.
In addition,
Here are TableModel
's methods:
getRowCount()
getColumnCount()
getColumnName(columnIndex)
777
getColumnClass(columnIndex)
isCellEditable(rowIndex, columnIndex)
getValueAt(rowIndex,
columnIndex)
setValueAt(rowIndex, columnIndex)
addTableModelListener(l)
removeTableModelListener(l)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents represents a tabular object just like a spreadsheet. Thus, getRowCount() and
TableModel
getColumnCount()
return the
of rows
and columns,
from which
the total
number
of cells
Characterized
bynumber
ease of use,
richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax,
Python
has can be
calculated (row count

* columna premier
count). You
can accesslanguage
the row for
andmore
column
as theand
properties
remained
programming
thancounts
a decade,
is used by
instance.columnCount
and
instance.rowCount
,
respectively.
setValueAt() and getValueAt() set and get cell data by specifying the cell's row and column
indexes. The isCellEditable() method determines if the cell is read-only or read/write. Many times
when using a table, you're
likely showing
a report
or some
otheroftype
staticofdata,
in which
case
This tutorial
begins with
coverage
of some
theof
basics
Python
programming.
Using
isCellEditable()
returns
false.
If
you're
changing
the
cell
data,
it
returns
true.

that the column deals with, which helps in displaying and editing the column's cells, as we'll see later.
addTableModelListener()
and removeTableModelListener() allow components like
getColumnName(), obviously, returns the name of a column. getColumnClass() returns the class
JTable instances to register for TableModel events.
The AbstractDataModel Class
concepts,
including
statements,
expressions,
Firing events and tracking Fundamental
event listenersprogramming
can be real but
necessary
annoyances.
Wouldn't
it be nice, though, if all
compilers
of their functionality was ininterpreters,
a common,and
extensible
class? This is where object-oriented programming comes in.
Our friends at JavaSoft have combined event firing and listener tracking in a class called
AbstractDataModelPython
.
and exceptions
AbstractDataModel is, obviously, abstract, so you have to instantiate it in a subclass (i.e., extend it). It
concepts
makes no assumption aboutObject-oriented
how you supplyprogramming
or define your
data, so you don't get the getRowCount(),
getColumnCount(),File
or getValueAt() methods with it. That's okay, because
input/output
DefaultDataModel, which does have them, extends AbstractDataModel.
Remember when we initialized a JTable with no model, just data? JTable took that data and passed it to an
instance of DefaultDataModel
other and
words,
even whenstrings
we don't pass JTable a model, it still uses
Formatting,. In
parsing,
manipulating
one, or rather it uses an instance of a class that implements the TableModel interface.
To show how AbstractDataModel works, we'll go back to our pizza topping application, but this time
we'll add editable columns Using
and Boolean
The
first column
list the toppings; the second will hold
Python values.
and Java
Swing
to createwill
GUIs
checkboxes that are set when the customer makes a selection.
Here's the complete topping code (model.py):
from javax.swing.table import AbstractTableModel

In addition,
the book
from java.lang
import
Boolean,
String for downloading and installing the Python
class PizzaTableModel(AbstractTableModel):
def __init__(self):
self.data
= [ ['Pepperoni',
Boolean(0)],
give you insight into ['Sausage',
the power of PythonBoolean(0)],
['Onions', Boolean(0)],
['Olives', Boolean(0)],
['Mushrooms', Boolean(0)],
['Peppers', Boolean(0)] ]
777
self.columnNames
= the
['Topping',
'Add?']
self.columnClasses
= [String,
Boolean]
with Jython
self.Add=1
def getRowCount(self):
return
len(self.data)
Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
Table
of
def
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
getColumnCount(self):
Pages: 640
return len(self.data[0])
def getValueAt(self,
rowIndex,
columnIndex):
language
return
self.data[rowIndex][columnIndex]
def getColumnName(self,
columnIndex):
return self.columnNames[columnIndex]
def getColumnClass(self,
columnIndex):
return
self.columnClasses[columnIndex]
def isCellEditable(self,
rowIndex,
columnIndex):
the book
return
capabilitiescolumnIndex
and shows the ways==
thatself.Add
def setValueAt (self, value, rowIndex, columnIndex):

if(columnIndex
==theself.Add):
and Enterprise
Applications
value
= Boolean(value)
self.data[rowIndex][columnIndex] = value
self.fireTableCellUpdated(rowIndex, columnIndex)
A Table Model for the Pizza Topping ApplicationStep by Step

First we import the classes and
we exceptions
need: AbstractTableModel and PizzaTableModel (which extends
AbstractTableModel).PizzaTableModel provides the user interface. It also imports the
Object-oriented
concepts
Boolean and String classes,
which itprogramming
uses for the getColumnClass()
method (more on this later).
File input/output
from javax.swing.table
import AbstractTableModel
from java.lang import Boolean, String
class PizzaTableModel(AbstractTableModel):
Next the PizzaTableModel constructor defines three variables: data, which holds the cell data in a list
of lists; columnNames, which holds the column headers in a list of strings; and columnClasses, which
holds the classes in a list ofUsing
classes.
It also
defines
a variablea
Python
and
Java Swing
to createconstant
GUIs that defines the location of the Add?
column. Add? consists of Boolean values that determine whether or not a customer selects a particular topping.
def __init__(self):
self.data =Python
[ ['Pepperoni',
Boolean(0)],
and Java applets
['Sausage', Boolean(0)],
In addition,['Onions',
the book containsBoolean(0)],
language and
['Olives',
Boolean(0)],
and numerous
code samples makeBoolean(0)],
['Mushrooms',
['Peppers', Boolean(0)] ]
Whether you are a=sophisticated
computer
self.columnNames
['Topping',
'Add?']
Programming
self.columnClasses
= Python
[String,
Boolean]
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
self.Add=1
PizzaTableModel implements getRowCount() by returning the length of the data list.
777
return Python
len(self.data)
It also implements getColumnCount()

by returning the length of the first list in the data variable. Recall
thatdata is a list of lists and that all of the lists contain two items.
def getColumnCount(self):
return len(self.data[0])
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640and columns of
getValueAt()
indexes the rows
Contents
data's list of lists and returns
columnIndex):
Characterized rowIndex,
return remained
self.data[rowIndex][columnIndex]
getColumnNames()
the columnNames
list with the
columnIndex
argumententerprise
and returns
the twoindexes
languages,
ideal
for Web and distributed
def getColumnName(self, columnIndex):

return This
self.columnNames[columnIndex]
getColumnClass()
returns
that results
from indexing
columnClasses
. The
class it returns
help those
newthe
to value
programming
develop
an understanding
of concepts and
practical
determines the cell editor
JTable
will
use.
Setting
the
second
column
to
Boolean
values
converts
it toof
techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth
checkboxes.
def getColumnClass(self, columnIndex):

return Python
self.columnClasses[columnIndex]
isCellEditable() helps JTable determine if the cell can be modified. Every cell in Add? is editable,
so for that column a true value is returned. Remember, the Add attribute is a constant that denotes the Add?
column.

def isCellEditable(self, rowIndex, columnIndex):

return columnIndex
self.Add
Python basics, ==
including
and exceptions
setValueAt() sets the value of the Add? column only. It should never be called for the Toppings column
unless the JTable instance
has determined,
through isCellEditable()
, that it can be modified. For
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
this reason, setValueAt() checks if the column index is Add? If so, it converts the set value to Boolean.
File input/output
Remember that Python treats Boolean primitives as integers, so we convert the set value to Boolean. Then we
indexdata with the rowIndex
columnIndex
arguments, set the data's value, and notify all event
Python's and
intrinsic
functions
listeners of the change via fireTableCell().
AbstractTableModel implements fireTableCell() along with other helper methods like
Interfacing with
and removeTableModelListener()
.
Using Python
and Java
Swing to create
GUIs
def setValueAt (self,
value,
rowIndex,
columnIndex):
if(columnIndex == self.Add):
Working
value
= Boolean(value)
self.data[rowIndex][columnIndex] = value
To test the model at this point we add the following code, but only if model.py is run as the main module.
and numerous
if __name__ ==
'__main__':
from javax.swing import JTable, JFrame, JScrollPane

pizza_model = PizzaTableModel()
table = JTable(pizza_model)
frame = JFrame('Select your toppings')
frame.contentPane.add(JScrollPane(table))
frame.pack()
frame.visible = 1
777
The first part of the code

imports
JTable,JFrame
and JScrollPane
. Then
it creates
table and a
Python
Programming
with the, Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
fora Building
frame and passes theWeb
tableand
to a Enterprise
JScrollPane
constructor,
Applications
with adding
Jythonthe JScrollPane instance to the
frame's content pane.ByFinally
it Hightower
packs the frame and makes it visible.
Richard
Runmodel.py. What youPublisher:
get shouldAddison
look like
Figure 16-4. Then try these exercises:
Wesley
Add five
Table
of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
more toppings.
Pages: 640
Add a column called Extra for the customer to choose an extra amount of a particular topping. Make it so
Characterized
ease
of use, richness
of the
expression,
and concise
syntax, Python has
the cells can be
edited only ifbythe
corresponding
cell in
Add? column
is selected.
alike. The
In particular,
its Table
Figure 16-4.
Topping
includingModel
statements,to
expressions,
Putting Things TogetherAdding
a Table
the Address
Book Application
and exceptions
In this section, we'll add a table
model to the address book application and "swingify" some of the application's
AWT ways.

File input/output
AWT
to JFC
Formatting,
and manipulating
strings
The first time I wrote
the addressparsing,
book application,
I used all
of the old AWT components
(java.awt.Frame,java.awt.Panel, etc.). When I modified it, only 12 lines out of 114
Interfacing
with
the with
Java JList
APIs and
had to be changed, and
9 of those
dealt
. working with Java Streams
and Java
Swing to
create GUIs
The point is that theUsing
move Python
from List
to JList
changed
a lot, although most of the changes
weren't needed. Other JFC/AWT components map nicely even though they're not closely related on
with SQL
andexception,
JDBC(TM)
the class hierarchy. Working
Luckily, JList
is the
not the rule.
Python
Java appletsis pretty much the same as AWT. Most developers have
Up to now what we've
seenand
of JFC/Swing
migrated to Swing by now, in spite of the fact that the first few Swing versions were well short of
perfect. Since then, Swing has proven its worth.
Adding a Table and Moving the Address Data to a View

Now it's time to start tinkering with our "swingified" address book application, first adding support for a table.
To do this we'll move the address data to a model, which will be a combination table and list. The purpose is to
show how, with MVC, many views can be updated from a single data source.
777
Recall from prior examples that the address data was loaded into a dictionary (dict) from a file. We'll use this
dictionary to hold the addresses, as always, but instead of making dict an aggregate member of
AddressMain, we'll
create
a new class called
that acts as
a listfor
model
and a table
Python
Programming
with AddressModel
the Java Class Libraries:
A both
Tutorial
Building
model and put dictWeb
in there.
Then we'll add
a JFC tablewith
to theJython
class so that both the JList and JTable
and Enterprise
Applications
instances reference the
same modelthat
By Richard
Hightower is, an AddressMain instance.
The tricky part of AddressMain
is mapping the address data (stored in a dictionary) to both the list and table
models. We'll accomplish
this by creating a Python list to contain the sorted dictionary keys, which we'll use to
sort the addresses by name into table rows. This will make it easier to get the address instance at a given row
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
index.
Contents
Pages: 640
ForAddressModel to act as a model for both a list and a table, it needs to implement the ListModel and
Characterized
by earlier,
ease of JFC
use, provides
richness of
expression, and concise syntax,
TableModel interfaces.
As I said
AbstractListModel
and Python has
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
is used by
AbstractTableModel classes that hold a good part of the functionality needed toand
implement
their
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
respective models. We want to use them, but we can't just inherit their functionality. In Java you can't extend two
languages,
when
Webtwo
andJava
distributed
enterprise
base classes, but youthe
cantwo
implement
many
interfaces.
In Jython youideal
can't for
extend
base classes,
but you
application
development.
can extend two Python base classes. To overcome this obstacle, what we have to do is extend from
AbstractTableModel and implement AbstractListModel's interface.
AddressModelhelp those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
The following code (from
Two/AddressModel.py)
shows
's definition
capabilities
and shows the ways
that AddressModel
Python interfaces with
Java APIsand
forconstructor.
professionalNotice
thatAddressModel
implements
TableModel
(through
AbstractTableModel
)
and
ListModel.
class AddressModel(AbstractTableModel,
ListModel):
"""The AddressModel is both a ListModel and a TableModel."""

def __init__(self):
concepts, model.
"""Initialize
the Address
and compilers from the file."""
Readinterpreters,
the dictionary
self.dict = None
and exceptions
self.list = None
# holds the dictionary of addresses.

# holds the sorted list of names,
# concepts
which are keys
# into the dictionary.
File input/output
self.listeners = [] #to hold list of ListModelListeners

# Read the addresses from the file.

Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings # holds the file name
self.fname=".\\addr.dat"
# that holds the addresses
Interfacing =
with
self.dict
readAddresses(self.fname)
# Store the sorted list of names.

self.list
= self.dict.keys()
Working with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
self.list.sort()
# Define the column names and locations in the table.
Inself.columnNames=['Name',
addition, the book contains instructions for
downloading
'Phone
#',and
'Email']
language
and the Java
Kit (JDK).
self.NAME
= 0 Development
# To hold
theTerminology,
locationdefinitions,
of theexplanations,
name column
and
numerous code=samples
this book
a useful
self.PHONE
1 # make
To hold
the
location
of the phone number column
self.EMAIL = 2
# To hold the location of the email column

application
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
will
We can see that the list
is sorteddeveloper,
and that the
rows in
the table correspond
to the index
values
of the sorted
you insight
into
of Python
the of
know-how
to work.
names. Thus, a givengive
address
is stored
in the power
table based
on theand
index
the nameto
input
theitlist.
For the columns,
we need to be more creative. The constants defined in the constructor correspond to the placement of the
address instance fields in the rows relative to the columns.
777
AddressModel's Helper Methods
To map the address dictionary

(self.dict
) in the AddressModel
interface to a table, we need to define
Web and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
some helper methods,
shownHightower
in the following code (Two\AddressModel.py). The method names are selfByas
Richard
explanatory, and the comments should fill in any blanks. (Make sure to read the comments and document strings;
think of them as integralPublisher:
to the concepts
in Wesley
this chapter.)
Addison
def __getAddressAtRow(self, rowIndex):

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of """Get the address at the specified row.
Pages: 640
Contents
(Private methods begin with __)"""
# Get the row name out of the list.
# Use the name to index the dictionary of addresses.
# Get the address associated with this row.
name = self.list[rowIndex]
address = self.dict[name]
return
address
This tutorial
def __getAddressAttributeAtColumn(self,
address,
columnIndex):
programming
"""Get
the
attribute
of
the
address
at
the
specified
columnprogrammers,
index. Maps
column
indexes
techniques.
For experienced
the book
demonstrates
Python's to
breadth of
attributes
ofthethe
class with
instances."""
capabilities
and shows
ways address
that Python interfaces
value = None # Holds the value we are going to return

# Set
the value
based
onimportant
the column
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
covers
topics suchindex.
as:
if(columnIndex == self.NAME):
value = address.name()
interpreters,
and compilers
Mapping to ListModel and
TableModel
The first two helper methods map the list and name attributes to ListModel and the dict and
and exceptions
address instances to TableModel.getAddressAtRow() gets the address at the specified row.
getAddressAttributeAtColumn()
gets the address
concepts attribute at the specified column index; that
is, it maps column indexes to attributes of the address instances. Since the name attribute is used to
determine the row index, __changeDictKey()
and __changeList() keep the list and dictionary in
File input/output
sync with each address whose name attribute is changed.
Comments: More Is More
Sometimes I comment
the Python
obviousand
in my
buttowhen
it comes
Using
Javacode,
Swing
create
GUIs to comments I don't believe that
less is more. In fact, when things aren't obvious, such as mapping a dictionary to a table model, I
prefer to go overboard.
Don't be chintzy with
your comments.
For every minute saved by not writing them, you'll waste a
Python
and Java applets
hundred minutes in code maintenance.

777
Stupid Methods
Most of the timePublisher:

you break Addison
methodsWesley
into many other methods so that the same code isn't repeated
Pub
Date:
June
2002
in different places.
This
is an
idea28,
borrowed
from functional decomposition. In object-oriented
programming, there'sISBN:
another
reason to do this. It's called stupid, and that's a good thing.
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Keep your methods short and stupid. Long methods are hard to understand and hard to change, so
you have to divide
to conquer.
is a stupid
Characterized
by __setAddressAttributeAtColumn()
ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax,
Python has
method because
it's called
by onlyprogramming
one other method,
leaving
functional
ofby
the
remained
a premier
language
for more
than adecomposition
decade, and isout
used
picture.
Implementing theapplication
ListModeldevelopment.
Interface
def getSize(self):
techniques.
experienced
the book
demonstrates
Python's breadth of
"""Returns
theForlength
ofprogrammers,
the items
in the
list."""
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for professional
return len(self.list)
AddressModel's next four methods implement the ListModel interface.

""" Returns the value at index. """
return self.list[index]
l): concepts, including statements, expressions,
"""Add a listener
that's
notified when the model changes."""
self.listeners.append(l)
and exceptions
def removeListDataListener(self,
l):
"""Remove a listener."""
self.listeners.remove(l)
File input/output
getSize() returns the length
of the list attribute. (Remember that list consists of the sorted keys of the
dict attribute, and name corresponds to the address stored at the location indicated by the key.)
Python's
intrinsicatfunctions
getElementAt() returns
the element
the index from the list. addListDataListener() and
removeListDataListener()
keep track of the listeners that subscribe to events from
AddressModel instances.
ListModel Event Notification
Every time a ListModel event occurs, AddressModel notifies the listeners that have subscribed to it
using the following methods:
Python and Java applets index, index1):
def __fireContentsChanged(self,
"""Fire contents changed, notify viewers
that the list changed."""
event = ListDataEvent(self, ListDataEvent.CONTENTS_CHANGED, index,
index1)
for
listener
in Python
self.listeners:
application
developer,
listener.contentsChanged(event)
def __fireIntervalAdded(self, index, index1):
"""Fire interval added, notify viewers
that the items were added to the list."""
777
event Python
= ListDataEvent(self,
ListDataEvent.INTERVAL_ADDED,
Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building index,
Webindex1)
for listener in self.listeners:

listener.intervalAdded(event)
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
def __fireIntervalRemoved(self,
index, index1):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table """Fire
of
interval
removed
from the list,
Pages: 640
Contents
notify viewers."""
event
= aListDataEvent(self,
ListDataEvent.INTERVAL_REMOVED,
index,
remained
premier programming language for
index1)
for
listener
the two
languages, in
whenself.listeners:
listener.intervalRemoved(event)
application
development.
Implementing theThis
TableModel
Interface
tutorial begins
helphelp
thoseimplement
new to programming
develop an
understanding
concepts the
and practical
The next set of methods
the TableModel
interface,
partly byofextending
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
of and
AbstractTableModel class and partly by mapping the addresses stored in the dictionary breadth
to the rows
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
columns in the table model.
## The following methods implement the TableModel interface. ##

def addTableModelListener(self,
l):
"""Add a listener that gets notified when the data model
changes. Since all we are doing is calling the super,
Fundamental
concepts,
we don'tprogramming
need this
method."""
AbstractTableModel.addTableModelListener(self,
l)
def removeTableModelListener(self,
l):
and exceptions
"""Remove a listener. Since all we are doing is
calling programming
the super,
we don't need this method.
Object-oriented
concepts
It's here for example."""
AbstractTableModel.removeTableModelListener(self,
l)
File input/output
Python's intrinsic functions columnIndex):
"""Returns the common base Class for the column."""
Formatting,
return
String
"""Returns the number of columns in the data model."""
return
len(self.columnNames)
Using Python
columnIndex):
"""Returns the name of the given column by columnIndex."""
return
self.columnNames[columnIndex]
Python and
Java applets
language
and the Java the
Development
Kit of
(JDK).
Terminology,
"""Returns
number
rows
in thedefinitions,
table explanations,
model."""
and numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
return len(self.list)
computer user
rowIndex,
columnIndex):
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
Java(TM) Class
Libraries will
"""Returns the cell value atthelocation
specified
give you insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
by columnIndex and rowIndex."""
777
# Get the address object corresponding to this row.

address = self.__getAddressAtRow(rowIndex)
# Get
the
corresponding
Python Programming
with
the address
Java Classattribute
for Building
# to
this column.
Web and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
value
= self.__getAddressAttributeAtColumn(address,
By Richard
Hightower
columnInde
returnAddison
value
Publisher:
Wesley
rowIndex, columnIndex):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
"""Returns
if
the
cell is editable at the given
Pages: 640
Contents
rowIndex and columnIndex."""
are language
editable
remained a#All
premiercells
programming
return
1
def setValueAt(self,
application development. aValue, rowIndex, columnIndex):
"""Sets the value for the cell at the given
andof rowIndex."""
This tutorialcolumnIndex
Get the develop
address
object corresponding
to this row.
help those new to#programming
an understanding
address
= self.__getAddressAtRow(rowIndex)
techniques.
For experienced
self.__setAddressAttributeAtColumn(aValue,
address, columnInde
capabilities
self.fireTableCellUpdated(rowIndex,
columnIndex)
and with
removeTableModelListener()
are for
in the
code for
Python Programming
the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial
Building
Web
illustration only, because
AbstractTableModel
already
implements
them.
Thissuch
means
and Enterprise
covers
important
topics
as: that the following
code is unnecessary:
Fundamental programmingl):
...
...
Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces,
classes, errors,
AbstractTableModel.addTableModelListener(self,
l)
and exceptions
def removeTableModelListener(self, l):

...
...
File input/output
AbstractTableModel.removeTableModelListener(self, l)
Columns and Rows
AddressModel inherits functionality from AbstractTableModel, so we can leave out

Interfacing with
and removeTableModelListener()
(that's what we'll do in the
third iteration of this example), and it will still function.
Here are three methods that work with columns:
def getColumnClass(self, columnIndex):

return
String
In addition,
"""Returns the number of columns in the data model."""
return
len(self.columnNames)
Whether
give you insight intocolumnIndex):
"""Returns the name of the given column
by columnIndex."""
return self.columnNames[columnIndex]
777
getColumnClass()
always
returns a string
every
attribute
we expose
in the AddressModel
Python
Programming
with because
the Java
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
class is a string. getColumnCount()
uses the lengthwith
of the
columnNames attribute (defined in
Jython
AddressModel'sByconstructor),
which is a list of strings that contain column names for the table model. It
Richard Hightower
also uses the column index (columnIndex) as an index into columnNames to get the name that
corresponds to a given column.
Only one method deals with rows specifically, getRowCount(), which returns the length of the items in
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
columnNames
. Every item in columnNames corresponds to a key that specifies a row in the table. This
Table of
Pages: 640
meansContents
that the length of columnNames is equal to the number of rows in TableModel.
The next three methods
get and
edit cells
in the
table.
the two
languages,
when
used
Cell Values
def getValueAt(self, rowIndex, columnIndex):

"""Returns
thewith
cell
value
atof location
specified
by Using
coverage
of some
programming.
columnIndex
and
rowIndex."""
Get
the address
object
this
techniques.#For
experienced
programmers,
the bookcorresponding
demonstrates Python's to
breadth
of row.
address
self.__getAddressAtRow(rowIndex)
capabilities=and
# Get the address attribute
# corresponding
to Class
this
column.
Python Programming
with the Java(TM)
Libraries:
value
= self.__getAddressAttributeAtColumn(address,
columnIndex)
and Enterprise
return value
interpreters, and
compilers
rowIndex,
columnIndex):
"""Returns if the cell is editable at the given

Python basics, and
including
rowIndex
columnIndex."""
and exceptions
# All cells are editable
returnObject-oriented
1
def setValueAt(self, aValue, rowIndex, columnIndex):
"""Sets
the value for the cell at the given
File input/output
columnIndex and rowIndex."""

Formatting,
address
self.__setAddressAttributeAtColumn(aValue, address, columnIndex)
Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java
Streams
self.fireTableCellUpdated(rowIndex,
columnIndex)
Using Python and Java Swing to
to create
getValueAt() uses __getAddressAtRow()
get theGUIs
address at the current row; then it uses
__getAddressAttributeAtColumn() to get the value of the attribute corresponding to the given
column index, and returns the value received. (__getAddressAttributeAtColumn() is an example
of a stupid method: Its name
describes
whatapplets
it does, which makes it almost completely self-documenting.)
Python
and Java
IsCellEditable()
assumes
cells areinstructions
editable and
true (1)and
no matter
what
row index
In addition,
the that
bookallcontains
forreturns
downloading
installing
thethe
Python
and column index are
equal to.and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
language
LikegetValueAt(),setValueAt() uses __getAddressAtRow() to retrieve the address at the
given row index (making
getAddressAtRow()
a good example
decomposition).
Whether
user newoftofunctional
programming
or a serious Next it uses
__setAddressAttribute()
to
set
the
value
of
the
address
attribute
corresponding
to the
column
will
index and, finally, notifies
every
JTable
view
of
the
change.
This
way,
if
multiple
views
are
listening
(or
using the same model), they'll all be updated.
777
Because it does so much,

let'sProgramming
take a closer look
atthe
. Examine
the code
Python
with
Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial
for Building
closely. If you understand
it, you
understand
AddressModel
.
Web and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
def __setAddressAttributeAtColumn(self, value, address, columnIndex):

"""Sets
the address attribute at the corresponding
column
index. Maps the Address instance attributes
to the column in the table(s) for editing"""
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
# Get the email, phone and name from the address object.
email, phone = address.email(), address.phoneNumber()
name = address.name()
# Set the value based on the column
# The columnIndex is the name so set the name
# in the address object.

# Since
name is
used
for
the
listprogramming.
and keysUsing
in the
This tutorial
beginsthe
with coverage
of some
of the
basics
of Python
#
dictionary,
we
must
change
both
list
item
and
plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book willthe
# dictionary
key develop
associated
with ofname.
help those
new to programming
an understanding
concepts and practical
if(columnIndex
==
self.NAME):
address.__init__(value,
phone,with
email)
capabilities
and shows the ways that Python interfaces
self.__changeList(value,
name)
self.__changeDictKey(value, name)
elif(columnIndex
== self.PHONE):
address.__init__(name, value, email)
elif(columnIndex
== self.EMAIL):
address.__init__(name,
phone, value)
basics,
including
operators,
string formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
errors,
columnIndex maps toPython
a particular
attribute
in the
class instance.
It's compared
against three
constants
and
exceptions
(name,phone, and email) to determine the attribute to set.
__init__ and Its Stupid Methods
File input/output
The__init__ method of the address argument sets the attribute. However, if that attribute is name (i.e.,
columnIndex ==self.name
), several
things have to occur. This part of the code was tricky to write
Python's intrinsic
functions
because the name of the address is a key into the dictionary and is used by the list to sort the keys. That means
parsing,keys
andand
manipulating
that if the name changes, soFormatting,
do the dictionary
list values.strings
The best way I could think of to keep
__init__ from becoming an unruly mess was to break it down into several stupid methods.
The first stupid method, __changeList(), removes the old value from the list and inserts the new value in
its place.
Working with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
def __changeList(self,
newValue,
oldValue):
"""Change the old value in the list to the new value.
Keeps the JList views in sync with this
list
by firing
an event."""
In addition, thePython
book contains
instructions
for downloading
# samples
Get the
thelearning
oldValue
in the list.
and numerous code
makeindex
this bookof
a useful
experience.
# Use the index to index the list,

and change
theuserlist
the new value.
Whether you are a#sophisticated
computer
new tolocation
programming to
or a serious
#
Notify
the
JList
views
subscribed
to will
this model.
index=self.list.index(oldValue)
self.list[index]=newValue
self.__fireContentsChanged(self, index, index)
777
Then it notifies the list views (JList instances) of the replacement.
The next stupid method,

__changeDictKey()
, removes
the key/value
pairA in
the dictionary
corresponding
Python
Java Class
Libraries:
Tutorial
for Building
to the name. (Recall Web
that the
name
is the key
into the dictionary
and the value is the address instance with
and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
that name.) It's a lot like
__changeList()
in that it manages a collection of model data affected by a name
By Richard
Hightower
change in an address instance.
def __changeDictKey(self,
newKey, oldKey):
"""Change the old key in the dictionary
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of to the new key."""
Contents
Pages: 640
# Get the address stored at the oldKey location.
# Delete the old key value from the dictionary.
# Use the new key to create a new location
# for the address.
address = self.dict[oldKey]
del self.dict[oldKey]
self.dict[newKey]=address
Using the old key (oldKey),__changeDictKey() gets the address at the old location and deletes it.
Then it uses the new key ( newKey) to set a new location for the address, which was extracted on the first line.
Testing
Python
Programming with
theaddress
Java(TM)
Libraries:
Tutorial
We're not ready to put
AddressModel
in our
bookClass
application
yet.ABefore
wefor
canBuilding
integrateWeb
a fairly
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
large piece of code like this, we have to test it with scaffolding code.
TheAddressModel class has to fit well in the MVC architecture, so we want it to handle multiple views
Fundamental
programming
including
statements,
expressions,
that work with ListModel
and TableModel
. Toconcepts,
test for this
we'll use
JList and
JTable, and we'll
andhold
compilers
throw in JTabbedPaneinterpreters,
because it can
several components, each in its own tab.
Python
including
Here's our scaffolding code.
Read basics,
the comments
to operators,
get an ideastring
of theformatting,
flow.
and exceptions
if __name__ == '__main__':
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
from javax.swing
import
JTable,
JList, JFrame, JTabbedPane, JScrollPane
File input/output
# Create an instance of JFrame, JTabbedPane, AddressModel, JTable,

# and Python's
JList.
Pass
the same instance of AddressModel to the table
intrinsic
functions
# and the list constructor.
frame = JFrame('Test
AddressModel')
pane = JTabbedPane()
model = AddressModel()
list = JList(model)
table = JTable(model)
# Add the table and the list to the tabbed pane.

pane.addTab('table 1', JScrollPane(table))
pane.addTab('list
1',
JScrollPane(list))
contains
# and
Create
another
table
and
list.
numerous
code samples
make this
book
list = Whether
JList(model)
# give
Addyouthe
other
the tabbed
insight
into thetable
power of and
Pythonlist
and theto
know-how
to put it to pane.
work.
# Now we have four views that share the same model.
pane.addTab('table 2', JScrollPane(table))
pane.addTab('list 2', JScrollPane(list))
777
# Python
Add the
pane to
the
Programming
with
the frame.
# Web
Smack
it, pack
it, andwith
show
it off.
and Enterprise
Applications
Jython
frame.contentPane.add(pane)
frame.pack()
frame.visible=1
Try these exercises:
Table of
Contents

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
RunAddressModel.py from the command line (jython AddressModel.py). You should get a
Characterized
frame that looks
like Figure 16-5.
novices and
professionals
alike.
In particular,
to Java(TM) makes
Figure
16-5. The
Initial
Test AddressModel
Frame
Change "Andy Grove" to someone else, and change his phone number and email address. What happens
to the other views (list1
,list2
, and table2
)?
Fundamental
programming
concepts,

Use the code for AddressModel to create another column in the table called Cell Phone. Edit the code
for Address and AddressModel
to accommodate
it. formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
operators, string
and exceptions
Integrating AddressModel with AddressMain

Now that AddressModel has been defined and tested, let's put it in our address book application. To
File input/output
integrate it with AddressMain, we're going to need methods that will load the form with an address, add and
remove an address from thePython's
model, intrinsic
and savefunctions
an address to disk. Before this functionality was in
AddressMain; now it's in the following methods in AddressModel:
getAddressAt()
gets the
address
instance
at a working
given rowwith
index
Interfacing
with
the Java
APIs and
Java Streams
getAddressByName()
gets
address
given GUIs
name
Using Python
andthe
Java
Swingbytoa create
addAddress()
adds anwith
address
theJDBC(TM)
model
Working
SQLtoand
removeAddressByName()
applets
removes an address from the model when given the name of the
Python and Java
address
writeAddress()
the address
to diskKit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
language
andsaves
the Java
Development
Here's the code for these methods:
def getAddressAt(self, rowIndex):

"""Get an Address by rowIndex"""
return self.__getAddressAtRow(rowIndex)
777
def getAddressByName(self, name):

"""Get an Address by the name property of the address."""
return self.dict[name]
def addAddress(self,
address):
Web and Enterprise
"""Add
an Hightower
address to the model, and notify the
By Richard
views of the change."""
# Add
address
Pub Date:
Junethe
28, 2002
to the dictionary,
#
and
get
the
keys
as the list.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of self.dict[address.name()] = address
Pages: 640
Contentsself.list = self.dict.keys()
# aSort
addresses,
andmore
find
index
of by
remained
premierthe
programming
language for
than athe
decade,
and is used
#
the
new
address
in
the
list.
Then notify
the
list and
views.
the two #languages,
when used in
combination,
ideal table
for Web and
self.list.sort()
index
self.list.index(address.name())
This=tutorial
self.__fireIntervalAdded(index,
plenty of skill-building exercises and interactiveindex)
self.fireTableDataChanged()
def removeAddressByName(self,
name):
"""Removes
the
address
from
the model and
notifies views of change."""
and Enterprise
Applications
Jython covers
topics such as:
# Remove
the with
address
fromimportant
the dictionary.
del self.dict[name]
Fundamental
# Removeprogramming
the nameconcepts,
from including
the list.
and compilers
index = interpreters,
self.list.index(name)
del self.list[index]
and exceptions
# Notify the table and list views that the data changed.
self.__fireIntervalRemoved(index, index)
File input/output
def writeAddresses(self):
functions
"""WritePython's
the intrinsic
address
data to the file."""
writeAddresses(self.fname, self.dict)
Whenever addresses are added or removed from the model, all table and list viewsthe listenersmust be
APIs and working with Java Streams, and
notified via the __fireIntervalAdded()
,__fireIntervalRemoved()
__fireTableDataChanged() methods.
The AddressModelWorking
Codewith SQL and JDBC(TM)
Python
Java applets
Now that we've covered each
part and
of AddressModel
, we can look at its complete code (from
Two\AddressModel.py).
from address language
importand*the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
and
numerous
codeAbstractListModel,
samples make this book a useful
from javax.swing
import
ListModel
from javax.swing.table import AbstractTableModel, TableModel

Whether you are aimport
sophisticated
from javax.swing.event
ListDataEvent
application
developer,
Python
Programming
from java.lang import String
class AddressModel(AbstractTableModel, ListModel):

"""The AddressModel is both a ListModel and a TableModel."""
777
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize
Address
model.
Python
Programming the
with the
Java Class
Read
dictionary
from
file."""
Web
andthe
Enterprise
Applications
with the
Jython
self.dict = None
self.list
= None
Publisher: Addison
Wesley
Table of
Contents

# holds the sorted list of names,
# which are keys into the dictionary.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
self.listeners
= [] #to hold list of ListModelListeners
Pages: 640
# byRead
addresses
fromand
the
file.
Characterized
ease ofthe
use, richness
of expression,
concise
syntax, Python has
#
holds
the
fileand
name
is usedthat
by
#
holds
the
addresses
self.dict
readAddresses(self.fname)
the
two languages,= when
# Store the sorted list of names.
self.list
= with
self.dict.keys()
This
tutorial begins
self.list.sort()
plenty
Define
the
column the
names
and locations
in the
techniques.#For
experienced
programmers,
book demonstrates
Python's breadth
of table.
self.columnNames=['Name',
#',Java
'Email']
capabilities
and shows the ways that Python 'Phone
interfaces with
self.NAME
= 0 # To hold the location of the name column
application
development.
self.PHONE = 1 # To hold the location of the phone number column

Python
Programming
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial for
Web
self.EMAIL
= with
2 the Java(TM)
# To hold
the location
ofBuilding
the email
column
def __getAddressAtRow(self, rowIndex):

"""Get the address at the specifed row. (Private method)"""
interpreters,
compilers
# Getand
the
row name out of the list.
# Use the name to index the dictionary of addresses.

# Get the address associated with this row.
and exceptions
name = self.list[rowIndex]
address
= self.dict[name]
Object-oriented
return address
File input/output
def __getAddressAttributeAtColumn(self, address, columnIndex):

Python's
intrinsic
functions of the address at the
"""Get
the
attribute
specified column index."""
value = None # Holds the value we are going to return

# Python
Set and
theJava
value
based
on the column index.
Using
Swing to
create GUIs
if(columnIndex == self.NAME):
value
address.name()
Working
with =
SQL
and JDBC(TM)
elif(columnIndex
== self.PHONE):
value = address.phoneNumber()
language
elif(columnIndex
== self.EMAIL):
and numerous
code
samples
make
this
value = address.email()
return value

application developer, PythonnewValue,
Programming with
def __changeList(self,
oldValue):
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to put
it to new
work. value."""
"""Change the old value in the list to
the
777
# Get the index of the oldValue in the list.

# Use the index to index the list,
# and change the list location to the new value.
# Notify with
thetheworld.
Python Programming
index=self.list.index(oldValue)
Web
self.list[index]=newValue
By
Richard Hightower
self.__fireContentsChanged(index, index)
def __changeDictKey(self,
newKey, oldKey):
"""Change
the
old
key
in the dictionary to the new key."""
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
# Get the address stored at the oldKey location.

# Delete
therichness
old of
key
valueand
from
the
dictionary.
Characterized
by ease of use,
expression,
concise
syntax,
Python has
#
Use
the
new
key
to
create
a
new
location
for the alike.
address.
novices and#professionals
address
= self.dict[oldKey]
the
two languages,
del self.dict[oldKey]
application
development.
self.dict[newKey]=address
def __setAddressAttributeAtColumn(self,
value,
address,
columnIndex):
plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming
sessions,
this book will
"""Sets
address develop
attribute
at the
help
those newthe
to programming
an understanding
columntheindex."""
techniques.corresponding
Get the email, phone and name from the address object.
application#development.
email, phone = address.email(), address.phoneNumber()

Python
nameProgramming
= address.name()
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
coverson
important
such as:
# Set
the value
based
the topics
column.
# The columnIndex is the name so set the name

# in the address object.
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
expressions,
# Since
the name
is used
for
the list
and keys in the
interpreters,
and compilers we must change both list item and the
# dictionary,
# dictionary key associated with name.
if(columnIndex
== self.NAME):
and exceptions
address.__init__(value, phone, email)
self.__changeList(value,
name)
Object-oriented
self.__changeDictKey(value, name)
File input/output
elif(columnIndex == self.PHONE):
Python's
intrinsic functions
address.__init__(name,
value, email)
strings
elif(columnIndex
==manipulating
self.EMAIL):
address.__init__(name, phone, value)
## The following Using

methods
implement
the
ListModel
interface. ##
Python and
Java Swing to
create
GUIs
def getSize(self):
"""Returns the length of the items in the list."""
return
Pythonlen(self.list)
and Java applets
In addition, the book containsindex):
def getElementAt(self,
language
and the Javathe
Development
Terminology,
""" Returns
value Kit
at (JDK).
index.
""" definitions, explanations,
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
return self.list[index]
Whether you are a sophisticated computer
l):
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM)
"""Add a listener that's notified
when Class
theLibraries
model will
changes."""
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
self.listeners.append(l)
777
def removeListDataListener(self, l):

"""Remove a listener."""
self.listeners.remove(l)
def __fireContentsChanged(self,
index, index1):
"""Fire
contents
changed.
Notify viewers
that the list changed."""
event
= Addison
ListDataEvent(self,
ListDataEvent.CONTENTS_CHANGED,
Publisher:
Wesley
index, index1)
for ISBN:
listener
in self.listeners:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
listener.contentsChanged(event)
Contents
Pages: 640
def __fireIntervalAdded(self,
index, index1):
"""Fire
interval
added.
Notify viewers that
the
items
were
added
to the list."""
event
=
ListDataEvent(self,
ListDataEvent.INTERVAL_ADDED, index,
index1)
listener.intervalAdded(event)
def __fireIntervalRemoved(self,
index, index1):
help those new to programming develop an understanding
"""FireForinterval
removed from
the
list. Python's
Notifybreadth
viewers."""
techniques.
the book
demonstrates
of
event =and
ListDataEvent(self,
ListDataEvent.INTERVAL_REMOVED,
capabilities
shows the ways that Python interfaces
index, index1)
listener.intervalRemoved(event)
Python Programming
## The following methods implement the TableModel interface. ##

Fundamental programming concepts, l):
interpreters,
and compilers
"""Add
a listener
that gets notified when the
data model changes. Since all we are doing is
calling the super, we don't need this method."""
and exceptions
AbstractTableModel.addTableModelListener(self, l)
def removeTableModelListener(self, l):

"""Remove
a listener. Since all we are doing is calling the
File input/output
super, we don't need this method. It's here for example."""
AbstractTableModel.removeTableModelListener(self,
l)
strings
columnIndex):
Interfacing
return
String
"""Returns
of columns in the data model."""
Working withthe
SQLnumber
and JDBC(TM)
return len(self.columnNames)
def getColumnName(self, columnIndex):

In"""Returns
addition, the book
contains
instructions
downloading
and installing
the Python
the
name
of theforgiven
column
by columnIndex."""
language
returnandself.columnNames[columnIndex]
Whether
computer
user newin
to programming
serious
"""Returns
the number
of rows
the tableor amodel."""
application
return developer,
len(self.list)
def getValueAt(self, rowIndex, columnIndex):

"""Returns the cell value at location specified
by columnIndex and rowIndex."""
777
# Get the
address
object
corresponding
to this
Python Programming
with the
Java Class
Libraries:
address
Web
and Enterprise
row.
# Get the address attribute

to this column.
value
=
self.__getAddressAttributeAtColumn(address,
columnIndex)
# corresponding
Publisher: Addison
Wesley
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
return
value
Pages: 640
rowIndex,
columnIndex):
of expression,
"""Returns
if
the
cell
is
editable
theand
given
remained a premier programming language for more than aat
decade,
is used by
rowIndex
and
columnIndex."""
#All cells are editable
return 1
def setValueAt(self,
aValue,
rowIndex,
columnIndex):
and interactive
programming
"""Sets
value for
thean understanding
cell at the
givenand practical
help
those newthe
to programming
develop
of concepts
columnIndex
rowIndex."""
techniques.
For experiencedand
programmers,
address = self.__getAddressAtRow(rowIndex)
Python
Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial foraddress,
Building Web columnIndex)
self.__getAddressAttributeAtColumn(aValue,
and Enterprise
Applications
covers important
topics such
# Notify
thatwith
weJython
changed
this value
soas:other
# views can adjust.


def getAddressAt(self,
rowIndex):
"""Get
an Address by rowIndex"""
return
self.__getAddressAtRow(rowIndex)
and exceptions
def getAddressByName(self,
Object-oriented programmingname):
concepts
"""Get an Address by the name property of the address."""
return
self.dict[name]
File input/output
def addAddress(self,
address):
"""Add an address to the model,
and manipulating
and Formatting,
notify parsing,
the views
of thestrings
change."""
# Add the address to the dictionary,

# and
the to
keys
Using Python
andget
Java Swing
createas
GUIsthe list.
self.dict[address.name()] = address
self.list
= self.dict.keys()
Working with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
# Sort
the addresses, and find the index of
Python and
Java applets
# the new address in the list.
In addition, the#book
contains
instructions
downloading
and installing
the Python
Then
notify
the for
list
and table
views.
language
self.list.sort()
and
numerous
index
= self.list.index(address.name())
self.__fireIntervalAdded(index, index)
Whether
give you insight into the power of Pythonname):
def removeAddressByName(self,
"""Removes the address from the model

and notifies views of change."""
777
# Remove the address from the dictionary.
del self.dict[name]
Python
# Remove
the name
from the list.
Web and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
index
= self.list.index(name)
By
Richard Hightower
del self.list[index]
Table of
Contents
# Notify
Pub Date: June
28, 2002 the table and list views that the data changed.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
self.__fireIntervalRemoved(index,
index)
Pages: 640
"""Write
theprogramming
address language
data for
to more
thethan
file."""
remained
a premier
self.dict)
if __name__ ==
'__main__':
application
development.
from javax.swing import JTable, JList, JFrame, JTabbedPane, JScrollPan
from javax.swing.event
import
ListDataListener
of some
class plenty
listenertest
of skill-building(ListDataListener):
intervalAdded(self,
e):
helpdef
those new
to programming develop an understanding
print 'Interval
Added:
' + è`Python's breadth of
programmers, the
book demonstrates
def intervalRemoved(self,
e): with Java APIs for professional
capabilities
and shows the ways that Python interfaces
print
'Interval
Removed:
' + è`
def contentsChanged(self, e):
Python Programming
with the
Java(TM) Class
Libraries:'A +
Tutorial
print
'Content
Changed:
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# Create an instance of JFrame, JTabbedPane, AddressModel,

# JTable, and JList.
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
# Pass
the same
instance
ofincluding
AddressModel
to the table
interpreters,
and compilers
# and
the list
constructor.
frame = JFrame('Test
AddressModel')
pane = JTabbedPane()
and exceptions
model = AddressModel()
model.addListDataListener(listenertest())
list = JList(model)
File input/output
# Add the table and the list to the tabbed pane.

pane.addTab('table
1',and
JScrollPane(table))
pane.addTab('list 1', JScrollPane(list))
# Create
another
Using Python
and Javatable
Swing toand
createlist.
GUIs
list = JList(model)
# Add
the
table and list to the tabbed pane.
Python
andother
Java applets
# Now we have four views that share the same model.
pane.addTab('table
2', JScrollPane(table))
language and the Java2',
Development
pane.addTab('list
JScrollPane(list))
# Add the pane to the frame.
Whether
you are
a sophisticated
user newit
to programming
or a serious
# Smack
it,
pack it,computer
and show
off.
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
frame.contentPane.add(pane)
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
frame.pack()
frame.visible=1
777
addr = Address('aaaaa','aaaaaa','aaaaaa')
model.addAddress(addr)
raw_input('Hit
Enter with
to the
continue')
Python Programming
model.removeAddressByName(addr.name())
The actual code for implementing AddressModel is only about 100 lines, but the file is about 280 lines.
Comments, document strings,
and Addison
scaffolding
account for the difference. Although it takes up 28 lines,
Publisher:
Wesley
scaffolding saves a lot of
time in isolating and debugging problems. In a production environment, though, you
should put any testing code in its own module.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Changes in AddressMain to Accommodate AddressModel

I had to change AddressMain
to useprogramming
AddressModel
. Infor
themore
code than
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theand
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from java.awtapplication
importdevelopment.
BorderLayout, FlowLayout
from AddressModel import AddressModel

...
...
Frame=JFrame;help
List=JList;
Panel=JPanel;
Dialog=JDialog;
Button=JButton
of concepts and
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Menu=JMenu; MenuItem=JMenuItem;
MenuBar=JMenuBar;
PopupMenu=JPopupMenu;
Python's breadth of
from AddressFormPane
import AddressForm
...
...
class AddressMain(Frame):
def __init__(self):
# Call the base class constructor.
Frame.__init__(self, "Main Frame")
# Create a list.
and exceptions
self.addresses = List()
# Keep forward-compatible with other containers like JFra

self.container
File input/output = JPanel()
self.container.layout = BorderLayout()
# Add the addresses list to the container, on the left si

scrollpane
= JScrollPane(self.addresses)
scrollpane.horizontalScrollBarPolicy =
JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS
self.container.add(scrollpane,
Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs BorderLayout.WEST)
# Create
anJDBC(TM)
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# and set the addresses and self model attributes.
model
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AddressModel()
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self.addresses.model = model
Inself.model
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= contains
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# Create
the
AddressForm
and addClass
itLibraries
to thewilleast.
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
self.form = AddressForm()
self.container.add(self.form, BorderLayout.EAST)
777
# Create a tabbed pane, and add the container and table

in their own tabs.
# Add the
instance
toA Tutorial
the contentPane.
Python Programming
withJTabbed
the Java Class
Libraries:
for Building
tabbed_pane
=
JTabbedPane()
table
= JTable(model)
By
Richard Hightower
tabbed_pane.addTab('Edit Address', self.container)
tabbed_pane.addTab('View
Address Book', JScrollPane(table))
self.contentPane.add(tabbed_pane,
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
# Set up toolbar and menubar.

self.__init__menu()
Characterized
Pages: 640
self.popup
= None
#to hold
the
popup tomenu
novices
and professionals
its close
relationship
Java(TM) makes
self.__init__popup()
the
self.addresses.mousePressed
= self.__popupEvent
application
development.
self.windowClosing = self.__windowClosing
# Set the
default
address
in the
listthisand
exercises
and interactive
programming
sessions,
book form.
will
if those
self.model.getSize()
0:
help
new to programming develop >an understanding
self.addresses.setSelectedIndex(0)
techniques. For
address
self.model.getAddressAt(0)
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# Packwith
the
itA visible.
and
self.pack()
self.setSize(600, 300)
self.visible=1

...
...
...
and exceptions
def __addAddress_Clicked(self,event):
dialog
= AddAddressDialog(self)
Object-oriented
if dialog.getState() == AddAddressDialog.OK:
addr = dialog.getAddress()
File input/output
self.model.addAddress(addr)
Python's
intrinsic functions
...
def __removeAddress_Clicked(self,event):
index = self.addresses.selectedIndex
key = self.addresses.selectedValue
self.model.removeAddressByName(key)
#Get
index
of the item before this one
Working
with the
SQL and
JDBC(TM)
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self.addresses.selectedIndex
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#Set the form to the current address.
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key =you
self.addresses.selectedValue
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developer,
address = self.model.getAddressByName(key)
give
you
insight
into
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...
...
if __name__ == "__main__":
mainWindow = AddressMain()
777
The modifications aren't

extensive, which is a good thing. An important change is the addition of
JTabbedPane toBy
include
multiple tabs. Run the code. You should get the frames shown in Figures 16-6 and
Richard Hightower
16-7. Try these exercises:
June
28, Then
2002 check that the list and table views ( JList and JTable)
Add an address toPub
theDate:
address
book.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
were updated.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Remove an address from the list.

Add an optional
Web site
address programming
to the address language
book. (That
make
it so
each entry
an optional
Web
remained
a premier
for is,
more
than
a decade,
andhas
is used
by
page URL.) novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
Figure 16-6.
Address Book Entry Form with JTabbedPane
application
development.
and exceptions
Figure 16-7.programming
Address List
with JTabbedPane
Object-oriented
concepts
File input/output
If you're feeling pretty sure of yourself, try reimplementing the complete address book application in Java.
JTree
Breaking things into hierarchies is natural. Think of your computer's file system, which employs drives,
directories, subdirectories, folders, and files to keep things organized. With JTree we can create hierarchical
organizations for any sort of graphical display.
777
The best way to describe

JTree
is as a cross
between
a list and
an organizational
chart. We're
going to
Python
Programming
with
the Java
Class
for Building
andexample
Enterprise
with Jython
illustrate it first withWeb
a simple
and Applications
then with examples
that increase in complexity (and thus become
more realistic).
JTree's Constructor
0-201-61616-5
There Table
are several
versions ofISBN:
the JTree
constructorone takes a hashtable as a parameter; others use vectors,
of
Pages:
tree models,
tree nodes, and arrays.640
We're going to start off with the hashtable version and add some objects to it.
Contents
Don't be scared. A hashtable is much like a Python built-in dictionary objectin early versions of Jython; you
can use the two interchangeably.
Create the hashtable.novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
>>> from java.util
Hashtable
applicationimport
development.
>>> dict = Hashtable()

Create some sample plenty
objects.
>>> from address
import
Address
techniques.
For experienced
>>> rick = Address("Rick
Hightower",
"555-1212",
"r@r.cos")
interfaces with Java
>>> bob = "Bob
DeAnna"
>>> Kiley = "Kiley Hightower"
Add the sample objects
the dictionary.
andtoEnterprise
>>> dict['Rick'] = rick

>>> dict['Bob'] =Fundamental
bob
>>> dict['Kiley']interpreters,
= Kiley
and compilers
Now that we have some data
in a form
that
we can pass
to a JTree
constructor,namespaces,
we can create
the actual
tree.
Python
basics,
including
operators,
string formatting,
classes,
errors,
and exceptions
ImportJTree, and create an instance of it, passing the hashtable (dict) as a parameter.
>>> from javax.swing import JTree

>>> tree = JTree(dict)
File input/output
Add the tree to the frame, and
showintrinsic
it.
Python's
functions

import
Formatting,
parsing,JFrame
>>> frame = JFrame("Tree Test")
>>> frame.contentPane.add(tree)
javax.swing.JTree[,0,0,0x0,invalid,...
>>> frame.pack() Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
>>> frame.visible=1
The frame should look like Figure 16-8. Seems more like a list than a tree, does it not? We'll fix this later when
we define our own model.
16-8. A Simple
JTree
Tree
language and theFigure
Java Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
777
The Tree Model
LikeJList and JTable

,JTree
uses JFC's
MVC architecture,
which means that every tree has a model.
Web and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
You don't have to specify
a model
because JTree does it for you with DefaultTreeModel, from
By Richard
Hightower
javax.swing.tree.
>>> tree.model.class
<jclass javax.swing.tree.DefaultTreeModel
at 9727>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
640
The tree
model is made up Pages:
of tree nodes.
The TreeNode class implements the TreeNode interface. Get the
Contents
root node, and see what class it is.
>>> root = tree.model.getRoot()
>>> root.class
<jclass javax.swing.tree.DefaultMutableTreeNode...>
Check that the root implements the TreeNode interface.
>>> root.class.interfaces
helpjava.lang.Cloneable
those new to programming develop
array([<jclass
at an95880612>,
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
<jclass javax.swing.tree.MutableTreeNode book
at -509409883>,
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
<jclass java.io.Serializable at 1612121508>], with
java.lang.Class)
The actual interface implemented is MutableTreeNode, which is the second element in the array. Here's
Python Programming
with the TreeNode
Java(TM) Class
how to see if MutableTreeNode
implements
: Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
>>> root.class.interfaces[1].interfaces
array([<jclass javax.swing.tree.TreeNode at -277936731>], java.lang.Class)
interpreters,
and compilers built-in function. As we can see,isinstance()
A faster way to do this is with
the isinstance()
returns a 1 (true) value, so root is indeed an instance of TreeNode .
and exceptions
>>> isinstance(root,
TreeNode)
1
A leaf is a node that can have no children. You can check if a node is a leaf like this:
File input/output
>>> tree.model.isLeaf(root)
0
The0 (false) value tells theFormatting,
story.
Interfacing
Java
and working
with Java
Streams
Now we'll iterate through the
root nodewith
andthe
print
outAPIs
the string
representation
of the
child nodes (we'll also find
out if they're actually leaves).
>>> count = tree.model.getChildCount(root)

>>> for index in Working
xrange(0,count):
...
child_node
= tree.model.getChild(root, index)
...
print child_node
...
printIn addition,
'isLeaf
' + contains
`tree.model.isLeaf(child_node)`
the book
...
Kiley
isLeaf 1
Rick
isLeaf 1
Bob
isLeaf 1
777
The JTree Model Interface
To create our tree model

we have
to implement
thethe
TreeModel
which
has the for
following
methods:
Python
Programming
with
Java Classinterface,
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
addTreeModelListener(listener) allows JTree to subscribe to tree model events

removeTreeModelListener(listener)
removes the event listener
getChild(parent,index)
returns the child of the parent at a given index
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
getChildCount(parent) returns the child count of the specified parent node

getIndexOfChild(parent,
child)language
returns
index
of athe
child in
forthe
more
than
decade,
andtheis parent
used by
application
development.
isLeaf(node)
checks
to see if the node is a leaf
getRoot() returns the root of the tree

of some of
Python programming. Using
ValueForPathChanged(path,
newValue)
the
an basics
abstractofmethod
help those new toreturn
programming
an understanding of concepts
andoften
practical
getRoot() and getChild()
instances develop
of java.lang.Object
, which are
actual tree
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth of
nodes.
TreeNode definesapplication
the interface
for the nodes, which is one of the reasons that JTree is so complexit's
development.
like a model within a model. Here are its methods:
children() returns an enumeration of children
getAllowsChildren()
programming
returns if the node
allows
child nodes
Fundamental
concepts,
including
getChildAt() gets the child at the specified index

getChildCount()
returns the count of children in a specified node
and exceptions
getIndex(node)
returns theprogramming
index of the given
child node
Object-oriented
concepts
getParent()File
returns
the parent of a specified child node
input/output
isLeaf() returns
if a specified
is a leaf
Python's
intrinsicnode
functions
Thechildren() method
requires that
TreeNode
return to itstrings
an instance of
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
java.util.Enumeration, which must implement these methods:
hasMoreElements()
returns
there are
more GUIs
elements in the enumeration
Using Python
and true
JavaifSwing
to create
nextElement()Working
returns
theSQL
next and
element
in the collection
with
JDBC(TM)
A short example will illustrate
howand
treeJava
nodes
can contain other tree nodes. Our tree model contains instances of
Python
applets
javax.swing.tree.TreeNode. It doesn't have to, but it's not a bad idea. We'll define three classes:
ListEnumeration
implements the java.util.Enumeration interface
SimpleNode
implements the javax.swing.tree.TreeNode interface
application
developer,
Libraries will
SimpleModel
implements
the Python
javax.swing.tree.TreeModel
interface
ListEnumeration
777
TheListEnumeration class helps develop a simple tree node. In its code, you'll notice that the
children() method
returns
an enumerationmore
precisely,
anLibraries:
instance ofA Tutorial for Building
Python
Programming
with the Java
Class
java.util.Enumeration
whichApplications
provides a standard
way to enumerate over a collection of elements
Web and Enterprise
with Jython
while abstracting theBy
collection
type.
Richard Hightower
Here's the code (from TreeModel1\ListEnumeration.py
):
Date: June 28, 2002
from java.util Pub
import
Enumeration
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
class
ListEnumeration(Enumeration):
Contents
def __init__(self, the_list):

Characterized
by ease
use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
self.list
= of
the_list[:]
remained
a
premier
programming
self.count = len(self.list)
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
self.index = 0
def hasMoreElements(self):
return self.index < self.count
def nextElement(self):
object = self.list[self.index]
self.index = self.index + 1
return object
Let's break it down interactively. Import ListEnumeration.
withListEnumeration
>>> from ListEnumeration
import
Create a list containing three integers.
>>> mylist = [1,2,3]
Show that the list has beenPython
created.basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
>>> mylist.__class__
concepts
<jclass org.python.core.PyList
at -992650171>
File input/output
Create a ListEnumeration
object, passing it mylist as an argument to the constructor.
>>> enum = ListEnumeration(mylist)
>>> enum.__class__
<class ListEnumeration.ListEnumeration at -736797627>
Iterate through the list.
>>> while(enum.hasMoreElements()):
...
print enum.nextElement()
...
1
2
3
SimpleNode
Whether TreeNode
user
programming
or a serious
SimpleNode implements
and can becomputer
used alone
ornew
withtoJTree
. Like other
classes that
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
implementTreeNode , it's sort of a model without events. SimpleNode has a parent node,
a listwill
of child
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
nodes (which are of type SimpleNode as well), and a property that determines whether a given node is a leaf.
Its constructor optionally creates leaf nodes and adds them to its node list.
777
Here's the code (from TreeModel1\SimpleNode.py):
from javax.swing.tree
import
TreeNode
Python Programming
with
from ListEnumeration
import
ListEnumeration
Web and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
from java.lang
import
Object
By Richard
Hightower
class SimpleNode
(Object,
TreeNode):
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
def __init__(self,
items=[], parent=None, leaf=0):
Pub Date: June 28,name,
2002
self.__nodes
=
[]
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
self.__name = name
self.__parent
parent
Characterized
by ease of=use,
self.__leaf=leaf
for
in when
items:
the
two name
languages,
= SampleNode(name, parent=self, leaf=1)
applicationnode
development.
self.__nodes.append(node)
def getChildAt(self,
index):
"Get
child
at the
given
index" of concepts and practical
help
thosethe
new to
programming
develop
an understanding
return For
self.__nodes[index]
techniques.
def children(self):
'get children nodes '

Python
Programming
return
ListEnumeration(self.__nodes)
def getAllowsChildren(self):
'Does this node allow children node?'
Fundamental
return
not self.leaf
def getChildCount(self):
'child
count of this node'
and exceptions
return len (self.__nodes)
def getIndex(self, node):

'getFileindex
of node in nodes list'
input/output
try:
Python's
intrinsicself.__nodes.index(node)
functions
return
except ValueError, e:
Formatting,
parsing,
return
None
def getParent(self):
'getUsing
parent
node'
Python and
return self.__parent
def isLeaf(self):
'is Python
leafand
node'
Java applets
return self.__leaf
In addition to all of TreeNode
methods,
SimpleNode
implements
its own: definitions, explanations,
language and'sthe
Java Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
__str__()Whether
displays
as a Pythoncomputer
string user new to programming or a serious
youthe
arenode
a sophisticated
toString()
you
displays
theinto
node
a Javaofprint
string
give
insight
theaspower
Python
__repr__() displays the node as a string for debugging
777
add() adds a SimpleNode child to the list of nodes
setParent(parent)
sets thewith
parent
of Java
a specified
node
Python Programming
the
Class
getName()By
Richard
gets theHightower
name of a specified node
setName() sets the name of a specified node
Pub Date:SimpleNode
June 28, 2002 has to extend java.lang.Object, which defines this
FortoString() to function,
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
method.
I
hope
all
this
will
take
is
defining __str__ in future Jython releases.
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Here's part of the SimpleNode class showing its helper methods:

def __str__(self):
'str node'
returntheself.__name
def toString(self):
returnThis
self.__str__()
def __repr__(self):
nodes techniques.
= []
for node
in self.__nodes:
application
development.
nodes.append(str(node))
if (self.__parent):
tpl=(self.__name, nodes, self.__parent, self.__leaf)

return 'SampleNode(name=%s,list=%s,parent=%s,leaf=%s)' % tpl
else:

tpl=(self.__name, nodes, self.__leaf)

return
% tpl
Python'SampleNode(name=%s,list=%s,leaf=%s)'
basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes,
errors,
and exceptions
def add(self, node):

self.__nodes.append(node)
node.setParent(self)
File input/output
def setParent(self, parent):

Python's=intrinsic
functions
self.__parent
parent
def setName(self,Formatting,
name):parsing, and manipulating strings
self.__name=name
def getName(self,Using
name):
return self.__name
The best way to define SimpleNode is to show it building a tree-like structure of nodes.
Create a parent node.
>>> parent = language
SimpleNode("Dick
& Mary")
Create three child nodes: child1,child2, and child3 with their spouses. Pass a list of offspring to each
node.
>>> child1 = give
SimpleNode("Rick
& Kiley", ["Whitney"])
>>> child2 = SimpleNode("Martha & Miguel", ["Alex", "Nicholai", "Marcus"])

>>> child3 = SimpleNode("Missy & Adam", ["Mary", "Sarah"])
777
Add the children to the parent node.
>>> parent.add(child1)
Iterate through the children
in the parent
node
showing their names.
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
>>> child = parent.children()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
children
= parent.children()
of
Pages:
640
>>> Contents
while(children.hasMoreElements()):
...
print children.nextElement()
...
Rick & Kiley remained a premier programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
Martha & Miguel
Missy & Adam the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
Here's an easier version of this example, using the for loop statement to handle the enumerators:
>>> child = parent.children()
>>> children help
= parent.children()
techniques.
>>> for child in children:
capabilities
...
print child and shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
...
Rick & Kiley

Martha & Miguel
Missy & Adam and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
Now let's make the parent tree node a tree model. Import the GUI components that are needed.
interpreters,
and compilers
import
JTree, JScrollPane, JFrame
including
operators,
stringtoformatting,
namespaces,
Create a JTree instance, Python
passingbasics,
the parent
node as
the argument
the JTree
constructor.classes, errors,
and exceptions
>>> tree = JTree(parent)

Create a frame, and add the JTree instance to it. Pack the frame, and make it visible.
File input/output
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
frame = JFrame('SimpleNode test')

frame.contentPane.add(JScrollPane(tree))
frame.pack()
frame.show()
Your end result should look like Figure 16-9.
Figure 16-9. A Family Tree
777
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
help those new to
develop an
understanding
of concepts
and practical
Sharing
a programming
Data Model
among
JTree
Views
If the tree node works so well, why do we need a model? I can almost hear you asking this question. For the answer,
think what will happen if child1, Kiley, has a second child.
>>> child1
SimpleNode(name=Rick & Kiley,list=['Whitney', 'Rick JR.'],parent=Dick &
Mary,leaf=0)
To make this clearer, we can
write this:
interpreters,
and compilers
>>> kiley = child1

Create the baby node.
and exceptions
>>> baby = SimpleNode("Rick JR.")

>>> kiley.add(baby)
File input/output
Show Kiley's children.
>>> children = kiley.children()

>>> for child in children:
...
print child
...
Whitney
Rick JR.
If you look at Kiley's children in the JTree node, you'll see that it's out of sync. Worse yet, it will be out of sync with
Python
andwhy
Javawe
applets
any other Jtree you create.
That's
need models. Unlike nodes, they keep the data and the view
synchronized.
SampleModel
you are a sophisticated computer user new
programming
a serious
Deriving your nodesWhether
from javax.swing.tree.TreeNode
isn't to
mandatory
if youordefine
your own
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with the Java(TM)
model. The TreeModel
interface
abstracts
a node,
which can therefore
derive from
give you
into the
of Python
and the know-how
to putan
it ID
to work.
java.lang.Object
andinsight
implement
nopower
interfaces
at all. TreeModel
can have
of a database
record as a member, so, instead of reading memory out of a Python list, you can get data out of the database via
the associated tree model.
777
Models keep data and views in sync. The question is how. I'll show you, with a tree model I created called
SampleModel.
ImportSampleModel
from the
SampleModel.py module.
By Richard
Hightower
>>> from SampleModel import SampleModel

Pub Date: June 28,

2002
Create an instance of SampleModel
by passing
its constructor the name of the root node.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
>>> Contents
tree_model = Pages:
SampleModel("Dick
& Mary")
640
Add the two branches
(nodes) of the
therichness
root. The
node has
created.
Characterized
bytree
easeoff
of of
use,
of addNode()
expression, andmethod
concisereturns
syntax,the
Python
>>> tree_model.addNode("Martha
["Alex",
"Nicholai",
"Marcus"])
novices and professionals alike.&InMiguel",
particular, its close
relationship
to Java(TM) makes
>>> tree_model.addNode("Missy
&
Adam",
["Mary",
"Sarah"])
Create the last branch, and save it. Kiley is a handle we'll use later.
help
thoseany
new
to programming
an understanding
concepts
andthe
practical
Notice that we haven't
called
methods
on a node develop
object. Instead,
we've dealtofdirectly
with
model, which
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth of
encapsulates node manipulation.
application
Now let's create some
views for development.
our model. Import all JFC components that are needed.
>>> Kiley=tree_model.addNode("Rick & Kiley", ["Whitney"])
Python Programming
withJFrame,
the Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
import
JTree,
JScrollPane
Create the first view.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
frame1 = JFrame("View
1-No Scroll")
tree = JTree(tree_model)
frame1.contentPane.add(tree)
frame1.pack()Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
frame1.show()and exceptions
Create the second view.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
File input/output2-With Scroll")

frame2 = JFrame("View
tree2 = JTree(tree_model)
frame2.contentPane.add(JScrollPane(tree2))
frame2.pack()Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
frame2.show()
Expand the Rick & Kiley node in both views. Your result should be the two views in Figure 16-10.
Figure 16-10. Two SampleModel Views
777
Now for the true litmus test. Will both views be changed if the family tree changes; that is, will the views be
synchronized with the

data? As
before, we'll with
say that
hasClass
a second
child, soA we
need tofor
add
a node to
Python
Programming
theKiley
Java
Libraries:
Tutorial
Building
Rick & Kiley.Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
>>> tree_model.addNode('Rick JR.', parent=Kiley)

Figure 16-11 shows that the new node was added to both views.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Figure 16-11. A Blessed Event for Views 1 and 2
Pages: 640
Event Notification
and Enterprise
Applications
withofJython
covers
topics
suchwhen
as: the model data
Just like the table model,
the tree model
keeps a list
listeners,
all ofimportant
which are
notified
changes. Since TreeModel controls access to the nodes, we can add code to it, in the addNode() method,
to fire a notification event. Here's the addNode() method with its helpers:
compilers
def addNode(self,interpreters,
name, and
children=[],
parent=None):
# Set the value of the leaf.

# No children means the node is a leaf.
and exceptions
leaf = len(children)==0
# Create
a SampleNode,
Object-oriented
# and add the node to the given parent.
node = SampleNode(name,
children, leaf=leaf)
File input/output
self.__add(node, parent)
return node
Formatting,
addNode() creates an instance
of SampleNode
and passes strings
its constructor the addNode() arguments.
If the children argument is empty, the instance is set as a leaf. addNode() calls the __add() helper
Interfacing
theused
Javaas
APIs
and working
Java
StreamsHere's the code for
method and then returns the
node so itwith
can be
a handle
to other with
model
methods.
__add():
def __add(self, node, parent=None):

with SQL and
# IfWorking
the parent
isJDBC(TM)
none,
# then
set
the
parent
to the root.
if not parent:
= book
self.getRoot()
Inparent
addition, the
# numerous
Add thecode
node
tomake
thethisparent,
and
samples
# and notify the world that the node changed.

parent.add(node)
self.fireStructureChanged(parent)
__add() adds the given node to the given parent. If the parent is None, the root node becomes the default
parent. Adding the node to the parent invokes the fireStructureChanged event, which notifies all
777
listeners (that is, views). Here's the code:
def fireStructureChanged(self,
node):
# Get
the path
to the with
root
node.
Web
and Enterprise
Applications
Jython
#Richard
Create
a TreeModelEvent class instance.
By
Hightower
path = self.getNodePathToRoot(node)
event = Publisher:
TreeModelEvent(self,
path)
Addison Wesley
# Notify
every tree model listener that
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
# this
tree
model changed at the tree path.
Pages: 640
Contents
listener.treeStructureChanged(event)
Characterized
fireStuctureChanged iterates through the listener list and calls each listener's
treeStructureChanged() method, passing a TreeModelEvent instance. To create the instance,
TreeModelEvent's constructor needs a patha list of nodesfrom the root to the changed node. This is
how the view notification is carried out and thus how views stay in sync with the data model.
Get the path with the getNodePathToRoot() method.
def getNodePathToRoot(self,
node):
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the book
parent = node # Holds the current
node.
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
path=[]
# To hold the path to root.
# Get the path to the root

while not parent is None:
# Add the parent to the path, and then get the
# parent's parent.
path.append(parent)
parent
= parent.getParent()
interpreters,
and compilers
Python basics,
#Switch
the order
and exceptions
path.reverse()
return path
This event does just what is says it does: it gets the node's path to the root. It should be obvious from the
comments how it works. File input/output
Additional Tree Model Methods

The rest of the tree model is somewhat boring. Two methods add and remove listeners, and several other
Interfacing
with the
Java
APIs corresponding
and working with
Java Streams instances.
methods delegate responsibility
for specific
tasks
to their
SimpleNode

class SampleModel(TreeModel):
def __init__(self, root_name):
root Working
= SampleNode(root_name,
[])
self._root = root
self.listeners = [] # to hold TreeModel listeners
#methods
implement
the TreeModel
interface.
In addition, theThe
bookfollowing
for downloading
and installing
the Python
def addTreeModelListener(self,
listener):
and numerous code samples make this book
def removeTreeModelListener(self,
listener):
application developer, Python Programming with
def getChild(self, parent, index):
return parent.getChildAt(index)
777
def getChildCount(self,
parent):
return
parent.getChildCount()
Web and Enterprise
def getIndexOfChild(self, parent, child):

return
parent.getIndex(child)
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
def getRoot(self):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
return
self._root
Pages: 640
Contents
def isLeaf(self,
node):
Characterized by ease
return
node.isLeaf()
def valueForPathChanged(self,
path,
newValue):
ideal
node
= path.getLastPathComponent()
application
development.
node.setName(newValue)
... This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
... plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
You can see that most
of the work
done by the programmers,
underlying treethe
nodes
the noninterface
methods.
techniques.
Forisexperienced
bookand
demonstrates
Python's
breadth of
DefaultMutableTreeNode
DefaultTreeModel
Python Programming with the Java(TM)and
Class Libraries:
Another way to use JTree is with DefaultMutableTreeNode and
DefaultTreeModel. Once you understand TreeModel, these classes are easy. Look them
concepts,
including
statements,
expressions,
up in the Java API documentation.
As an exercise,
use them
to implement
the last
interactive
session.
Handling JTree

and exceptions
Events
JTree publishes the following event properties:

File input/output
treeExpanded a node has expanded; associated with

javax.swing.event.TreeExpansionListener and passed an instance of
java.swing.event.TreeExpansionEvent
treeCollapsedInterfacing
a node has
associated
with with Java Streams
withcollapsed;
the Java APIs
and working
javax.swing.event.TreeExpansionListener and passed an instance of
javax.swing.event.TreeExpansionEvent
treeWillExpand
a node
expand
(used to fetch data, as needed, into the tree model);
Working
withwill
SQL
and JDBC(TM)
associated with javax.swing.event.TreeWillExpandListener and passed an instance
ofjavax.swing.eventTreeExpansionEvent
treeWillCollapse
abook
nodecontains
will collapse;
associated
with
In addition, the
instructions
for downloading
javax.swing.event.TreeWillExpandListener
and passeddefinitions,
an instanceexplanations,
of
javax.swing.event.TreeExpansionEvent
valueChanged
ayou
newarenode
was selected;
associated
Whether
a sophisticated
computer
userwith
javax.swing.event.TreeSelectionListener
andJava(TM)
passed anClass
instance
of
application developer, Python Programming with the
Libraries
will
javax.swing.event.TreeSelectionEvent
A little confusing? Let's look at an example that uses the event mechanism to put these properties to work. It's
fromTreeModel1\TreeEvents.py.
777
from SampleModel
SampleModel
Pythonimport
Programming
from javax.swing
import
JFrame,
JTree,
JScrollPane
Web and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
def handleTreeExpanded(event):
global g_event
print "Tree
Expanded"
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
showPath(event.path)
g_event = event
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
def Contents
handleTreeCollapsed(event):
global Characterized
g_event by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
print "Tree
remainedCollapsed"
g_eventthe=two
event
def handleTreeWillExpand(event):
global This
g_event
print "Tree
Expand"
plenty of Will
skill-building
g_eventtechniques.
= event
def handleTreeWillCollapse(event):
global g_event
Python Programming
print "Tree
Will Collapse"
g_event = event
def handleValueChanged(event):
global g_event
print "Value
Changed"
and exceptions
g_event = event
def showPath(treePath):
path = "" File input/output
count = treePath.pathCount
Python's
intrinsic functions
for index in
range(0,count):
node = treePath.getPathComponent(index)
strings + "]"
path Formatting,
= path parsing,
+ "->and
["manipulating
+ str(node)
print path
tree_model = SampleModel("Dick
& Mary")
to create GUIs
tree_model.addNode("Martha & Miguel", ["Alex", "Nicholai", "Marcus"])
tree_model.addNode("Missy
& Adam",
["Mary", "Sarah"])
Working with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
Kiley=tree_model.addNode("Rick & Kiley", ["Whitney"])
frame = JFrame("Tree Events")

tree = JTree(tree_model)
frame.contentPane.add(tree)
frame.pack() and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
frame.show()
application
developer,
# A node
in the
tree Python
expanded.
give
you
insight
into
the
power
tree.treeExpanded = handleTreeExpanded
# A node in the tree collapsed.

tree.treeCollapsed = handleTreeCollapsed
# A node in the tree will expand.
tree.treeWillExpand = handleTreeWillExpand
777
# A node
in Programming
the tree will
collapse.
Python
with the
tree.treeWillCollapse
= handleTreeWillCollapse
Web and Enterprise
# A newByRichard
node Hightower
was selected.
tree.valueChanged = handleValueChanged
Notice that there's an event

handler for every possible event. The handler prints out the path of the event using
the tree path associated with it. It also copies the last handler to a global variable, g_event.
Table of
Contents
TreeEvents.py
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Example
Let's do an interactive
session,afirst
typing
this at the system
prompt:
remained
premier
programming
language
Expand the first nodeapplication
to get the development.
following output:
C:\jython_book\scripts\chap16\TreeModel1>jython -i TreeEvents.py
Tree Will Expand
-> [Dick & Mary]->
[Martha exercises
& Miguel]
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
Tree Expanded
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
->[Dick & Mary]-> [Martha & Miguel]
development.
Select the first leaf inapplication
the first node
to get this output:
Value ChangedPython Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython covers
-> [Dick & Mary]->
[Martha
& Miguel]->
[Alex]
Collapse the first node.

Tree Will Collapse
-> [Dick & Mary]-> [Martha & Miguel]

Tree Collapsed Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
-> [Dick & Mary]->
[Martha & Miguel]
Object-oriented
That was how to get the whole
path, but ourprogramming
only interest concepts
is in the last node. We can get that by inspecting the
last event, which is stored in g_event.
File input/output
The event has a property called path, which is an instance of TreePath .
>>> g_event.path.class
<jclass javax.swing.tree.TreePath at -1128707474>
TreePath has a method called getLastPathComponent().
>>> dir (g_event.path.class)

['getParentPath',Working
'path',
'getPathComponent',
'pathCount',
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
'pathByAddingChild', 'getPath', 'isDescendant', 'getPathCount',
'lastPathComponent',
'parentPath',
'getLastPathComponent']
Python and
Java applets
getLastPathComponent()
returns
the node
selected. for downloading and installing the Python
contains
instructions
>>> g_event.path.getLastPathComponent()
SampleNode(name=Martha & Miguel,list=['Alex', 'Nicholai', 'Marcus'],
parent=Dick&
WhetherMary,leaf=0)
That about covers tree
view
make
sure you
try these exercises:
give
youevents.
insightTo
into
the power
of understand
Python and them,
the know-how
to put it to work.
777
Add a JTree component to the address book example that replaces the JList component. Group the
addresses by categorybusiness, personal, and so forth. JTree will show the category and all of its
addresses. Clicking on a particular category should show all of its items in the table. Clicking on a
particular address
should
show that address
in the
entry Class
form. Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python
Programming
with the
Java
Modify the tree

that categories
and subcategories can be added to it.
Byso
Richard
Hightower
Addison Wesley
JToolBar andPublisher:
Actions
We'veTable
improved
the addressISBN:
book 0-201-61616-5
application with the addition of JTabbedPane,JTable, and (if you did
of
Pages:
640
the exercises)
ContentsJTree. Still, something's missing.
Characterized
of use,
richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax,
has
In the early days of Java
there was by
no ease
Swing,
and AWT
didn't
have a toolbar.
This meant
that Python
most developers
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
used panels, which is what I did in the address book application. I had two reasons for this: to show how
alike. Inwork
particular,
closeintroducing
relationshipactions.
to Java(TM) makes
JPanel and the BorderLayout
layout manager
and toitsavoid
Actions
We can avoid actionsplenty
no longer.
Any introduction
to JToolBar
has
to include them.
I heldthis
offbook
until will
now
of skill-building
exercises
and interactive
programming
sessions,
because actions are ahelp
higher
abstraction
than
components,
and
I
thought
you
should
have
a
good
grip
on
components first. techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
Think of an action as a command. An item on a menu that says "remove address" is one example; another is a
button on a toolbar that says the same thing. The main difference is that an action added to a toolbar usually
becomes a button and
an action
added to a with
menuthe
usually
becomes
item.
Python
Programming
Java(TM)
ClassanLibraries:
The following code, from our third iteration of the address book application in this chapter, uses
javax.swing.JToolBar and javax.swing.AbstractAction to show how actions work.
Notice that the actions created
are used by
both a popup
menu and
a menubar
menu, which
makes the code
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
expressions,
much shorter.
First we define two classesPython
that extend
AbstractAction
one for
adding and
one for removing
basics,
including operators, :string
formatting,
namespaces,
classes, addresses.
errors,
and exceptions
class Add (AbstractAction):

def __init__(self,
Object-oriented this):
self.this = this
AbstractAction.__init__(self,
"Add")
File input/output
Python's intrinsic functions event):
self.this.addAddress_Clicked()
class Remove (AbstractAction):

def __init__(self, this):
self.this
= and
this
Using Python
AbstractAction.__init__(self, "Remove")
def actionPerformed(self, event):

self.this.removeAddress_Clicked()
addition,
the book
the Python
As you can see, bothInclasses
extend
AbstractAction
, andfor
thedownloading
only methodand
theyinstalling
have to override
is
language
and Remove
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
explanations,
actionPerformed()
. The
and Add actions
respectively
delegate definitions,
calls to the AddressMain
and numerous
code samples make
classesremoveAddress
and addAddress
.
Whether
a sophisticated
computer
userthey'll
new tobeprogramming
or a serious
Next we instantiate the
actionsyou
andare
add
them to the toolbar.
(Later
added to the menubar
and popup
menus.)
#Instantiate the add and remove actions.

addAction = Add(self)
removeAction = Remove(self)
777
# Create
the
toolbar with
panel,
andClass Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python
Programming
the Java
# add Web
it and
to Enterprise
the North
borderwith Jython
Applications
# of the
container.
By Richard
Hightower
toolbar = JToolBar()
Publisher: Addison WesleyBorderLayout.NORTH)
#Add the actions

to the toolbar.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
toolbar.add(addAction)
Pages: 640
Contents
toolbar.add(removeAction)
This code is much smaller than the code for creating menu items and buttons. Since we're using JToolBar
instead of JPanel, we get the additional capability of moving the toolbar at runtime, as illustrated in Figures
16-12,16-13, and 16-14.
Figure 16-12. Main Frame with the Toolbar at the Top
Figure
16-13. Main Frame with the Toolbar at the Left
and exceptions
File input/output
Figure 16-14. Main Frame with a Floating Toolbar
777
Icons
WithAction in general and AbstractAction in particular, we can easily add support for icons. I did it
with the following code:

class Add (AbstractAction):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
def __init__(self,
this):
Table of
self.this
Pages: 640= this
Contents
icon = ImageIcon("./images/add.jpg")
Characterized
and concise
syntax, Python has
"Add",
icon)
novices and professionals alike. Inevent):
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
self.this.addAddress_Clicked()
class Remove (AbstractAction):

def __init__(self,
this):
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
self.this = this
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
icon = ImageIcon("./images/remove.jpg")
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the book
demonstrates Python's
"Remove",
icon) breadth of
event):
self.this.removeAddress_Clicked()
and
Enterprise
The result is shown in
Figure
16-15.Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
Figure 16-15.
Main Frame
Toolbar
withstatements,
Icons expressions,
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including

and exceptions
File input/output

Change the paint
programthe
from
the contains
last chapter
to use JToolBar
for both
shape toolbar
and the
In addition,
book
instructions
for downloading
andthe
installing
the Python
color/fill panel.
For
extra
credit,
add
icons
for
the
shape
buttons.
Add mnemonics and tooltips to all of the components in the address book application.
Summary

In this chapter, we explored advanced Swing. We showed an example that employed the JFC components
JTable,JTree,JToolBar , and JTabbedPane, and we discussed JTable and JTree.
777
We extended the address book application to use JTable, which led to a discussion of TableModel and
TreeModel. LaterPython
we changed
menus andwith
toolbars
to use actions
instead of buttons
and for
menu
items.
Programming
the Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
With what you learned

in this and
the last three chapters, you should be able to create your own Swing-based
By Richard
Hightower
applications.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 17. SQL

and JDBC
A Quick and DirtyISBN:

JDBC
Session
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Programming with
JDBC
Pages:
640and SQL
Contents
SQL Data Definition Language
Characterized by
SQL Data Manipulation
Language
Putting It All TogetherAdding Database Support to the Address Book Application
plenty
programming
ANSI SQL
Java Virtual
Machine
techniques.
autoexec.batFor
fileexperienced programmers,JDBC
Class path development.
Main block
application
Database
Primary
key A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
Libraries:
Database-aware dictionary
RDBMS
Data Definition
Language
Fundamental
programming concepts,Referential
including integrity
Data Manipulation Language
Setter m ethod
Dirty flag
Structured Query Language
and exceptions
Foreign
key
tryexcept/tryfinally block
Object-oriented
Garbage
Filecollector
input/output
WinZip
One of the advantages of storing

data
in a database
is that other applications can readily access it. Another
Python's
intrinsic
functions
advantage is that the database takes care of indexing files and such, making data access easier and faster.
Databases are a huge topic, one that we can barely scratch the surface of. That said, let me tell you what this
chapterwon't cover: data normalization
theory
anyAPIs
otherand
database-specific
topic.
What it will cover is the
Interfacing with
the or
Java
working with Java
Streams
following, which should be enough SQL for you to use JDBC with a database:
Basic Structured Query
Language
Working
with (SQL)
SQL and JDBC(TM)
Rudimentary Data Definition
Language
(DDL)
Python and
Java applets
Connecting toIn
a database
Java contains
Databaseinstructions
Connectivity
addition, with
the book
for(JDBC)
Inserting, accessing,
deleting,code
and samples
updatingmake
data with
JDBC
and numerous
this book
To get you up and running
with
API, we'll computer
do a quickuser
interactive
session. Then or
we'll
get into SQL and
Whether
youthe
areJDBC
a sophisticated
new to programming
a serious
DDL and finally addapplication
database support
to
our
address
book
application.
777
For More Information
AddisonDWesley
A good book on Publisher:
JDBC is JDBC
atabase Access with Java: A Tutorial and Annotated
Pub Date:
June
2002 1997Addison-Wesley). Also good is the free online
Reference (Hamilton,
Cattell,
and28,
Fisher,
documentation at theISBN:
Javasoft
Web site, java.sun.com.
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
A Quick andCharacterized
Dirty JDBC
by ease Session
novices
professionals
particular,
close Web
relationship
Java(TM)
makes
Naturally I don't know
what and
database
you havealike.
accessInto,
so on thisitsbook's
site I'mtousing
two standards:
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
Microsoft Access and Java InstantDB. The exercises should work with any SQL database, as long as it has
JDBC support. You application
may have todevelopment.
tweak the statements a little, but after this chapter you should feel comfortable
with that.
plenty
skill-building
and interactive
programming
this book will
For Microsoft Access
we'reofgoing
to use theexercises
JDBCODBC
bridge, which
integratessessions,
ODBC-compliant
databases
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
with Java applications. (ODBC stands for Open Database Connectivity.) Keep in mind that there
are different
Forrange
experienced
programmers,
the book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth
of
levels of compliance.techniques.
These levels
from bridges
to native client
support
to pure Java.
I picked
Access
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
because it's ODBC compliant and because you're likely to have at least one such database on your computer.
Setting Up thePython
ODBC
Driver
If you're using Windows and ODBC, follow the instructions below. If you're using a non-Windows OS or a pure
Java JDBC driver, follow its documentation.
1. Open the Windows' interpreters,
control panel,
andcompilers
double-click the ODBC icon.
and
2. Select the system DSN tab, and hit the Add button.
Python
basics,
including
operators,you
string
classes,
3. Select Microsoft Access
from
the list,
or any database
wantformatting,
to use (seenamespaces,
Figure 17-1),
and hiterrors,
the Finish
and exceptions
button.
Object-orientedFigure
programming
concepts
17-1. The
Database List
File input/output
4. Typedb_dev for the data source (see Figure 17-2).
777
Figure 17-2. Microsoft Access Setup
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
5. Hit the Create button, and create a database as c:\db_dev\db_dev.mdb (see Figure 17-3).
Figure
17-3.
CreatingClass
a New
Database
Python Programming
with
the Java(TM)
Libraries:

and exceptions
File input/output
If you're using another database that's compliant with ODBC, the steps and the screen shots may vary, but the
ideas are the same. If my instructions
don't
some
Using Python
andwork,
Javaget
Swing
toonline
create help
GUIsfor the database you've chosen. Also, if
you have problems with the system DSN, try creating a user DSN.
Setting up InstantDB
Whatever database you
use, I recommend
installinginstructions
and using InstantDB,
the oneand
I use
for all of
chapter
In addition,
the book contains
for downloading
installing
thethe
Python
examples. It's extremely
easy, and the
it's open
source (that means
free). Terminology,
Here's how to definitions,
set it up: explanations,
language
Java Development
Kit (JDK).
1. Create a directory on your hard drive, and name it C:\InstantDB.
2. Go to the WebWhether
site and you
navigate
the Resources\InstantDB
are a to
sophisticated
computer userfolder.
3. Unzip the file application
idb.zip into developer,
the new directory
using
WinZip or
an the
equivalent
(getClass
a copy
of WinZip
Python Programming
with
Java(TM)
Libraries
willat the
WinZip Web give
site). you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
4. OpenC:\InstantDB\DOC\index.htm l.
5. On the left side (the left frame), select the Basic link.
6. Select Installation under the Basic link.
7. Follow the installation instructions, which tell you to add the Classes/idb.jar,Classes/idbf.jar, and
777
5.
6.
7.
Classes/idbexmpl.jar
to your classwith
path.the
AnJava
easy way
to do
this, if you're
using Windows,
is to add
Pythonfiles
Programming
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
the following Web
lines to
your
autoexec.bat
file:
and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
SET CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;C:\InstantDB\Classes\idb.jar
SET CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;C:\InstantDB\Classes\idbf.jar
SET CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;C:\InstantDB\Classes\idbexmpl.jar
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
8. Table
Configure
the environment
variable.
of
Pages:
9. Contents
Run the sample application 640
by navigating to C:\InstantDB\Examples> and entering javac
sample.java at the prompt and then java sample. The DOS prompt session may look like this:
C:\InstantDB\Examples>c:\autoexec.bat
C:\InstantDB\Examples>javac
sample.java
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
C:\InstantDB\Examples>java sample ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
If you're going to use InstantDB for the first interactive session, be sure you have a copy of db_dev.prp in your
begins
withthe
coverage
of some of the basics
of Python
programming.
Using
working directory. IfThis
you tutorial
don't, copy
it from
scripts\chap17\InstantDB
folder
into the
working directory.
Programming
with For
JDBC
andprogrammers,
SQL the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
techniques.
experienced
To start things off, we're
going todevelopment.
create a table, insert some values, and query them.
application
Import the DriverManager

and Class
to load the
JDBC
driver. A Tutorial for Building Web
Python Programming
withclasses
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:
>>> from java.sql import DriverManager

>>> from java.lang import Class

Load the driver using Class.forName
which dynamically loads a class into the Java Virtual Machine
interpreters, and ,compilers
(JVM). (See the Java API documentation for more details.) For Microsoft Access via ODBC (or any ODBC
database):
and exceptions
>>> Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver")
<jclass sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver
at -416861389>
For InstantDB:
File input/output

>>> Class.forName("jdbc.idbDriver")
<jclass jdbc.idbDriver at -282805662>
Just as an HTML page has an HTTP URL, so a database has a JDBC URL. The last part of the URL for
Interfacing
withthat
thewe
Java
and the
working
with
Streams
JdbcOdbcDriver refers
to the DSN
setAPIs
up with
ODBC
dataJava
source
administrator in the last
section. Enter this:
>>> url = "jdbc:odbc:db_dev"
The last part of the URL for InstantDB refers to the database properties file. Enter this:
>>> url = "jdbc:idb=db_dev.prp"
definitions,
Now we can pass thelanguage
URL to and
DriverManager
'sgetConnection()
method
and passexplanations,
the user name
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
and password (both of which are blank, i.e., " "). Once we have a connection, we can create a table. Ours will
have two columns, Name and Age, and we'll call it PERSON.
application
Create the JDBC connection
object.
>>> connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "","")
777
Create the JDBC statement object.
>>> statementPython
= connection.createStatement()
Create an SQL DDLBy

statement
that defines a database table.
Richard Hightower
>>> create_table = """CREATE TABLE PERSON (name VARCHAR(50), age INT)"""

Date: June 28, 2002

Execute the SQL DDL Pub
statement.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
>>> Contents
statement.executeUpdate(create_table)
Pages: 640
-1
Close the connection.
(Leave ita open
if you're
going onlanguage
to the next
remained
premier
programming
forsection.)
>>> connection.close()
Go to the database tools, and see that the table was created. The Microsoft Access version is shown in Figure 174. (For the InstantDBThis
version,
usebegins
SQLBuilder,
which of
comes
directory.) Using
tutorial
with coverage
someinofthetheInstantDB
basics of examples
Python programming.
17-4.
The PERSON
TableMS
Access Version
helpFigure
those new
to programming
develop
an understanding
and exceptions
File input/output
Inserting Data
Now we can start adding
data and
to our
you've disconnected
or restarted
your definitions,
JPython interactive
session,
language
thetable.
Java If
Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
explanations,
you'll have to reconnect
and first.
777
Reconnecting Your JPython Session
Publisher: Addison
Wesley
ImportDriverManager
and Class
.
>>> from java.sql

import DriverManager
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
>>> offrom java.lang
Pages: 640import Class
Contents
For ODBC: Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
>>> Class.forName('sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver')
novices and professionals alike. In particular, its...>
<jclass sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
>>> url="jdbc:odbc:db_dev"
For InstantDB:
>>> Class.forName("jdbc.idbDriver")
<jclass jdbc.idbDriver
at -282805662>
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
>>> url = "jdbc:idb=db_dev.prp"
application
development.
Get the connection,
and create
the statement.
Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial

Building Web
>>> connection=DriverManager.getConnection(url,
"",for"")
and Enterprise
>>> statement
Once you have a JDBC statement
object,programming
you have to create
an insert
stringexpressions,
in order to insert data.
Fundamental
concepts,
includingformat
statements,
(Notice the single quotes around
%s
.
They're
important
for
proper
SQL
syntax.)
>>> insert = "insert

into including
Personoperators,
(name,
age)
values
('%s',
%d)"
Python basics,
string
formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
errors,
and exceptions
Pass a tuple containing name and age to the string format.
>>> insert % ("Whitney", 3)

"insert into Person
(name, age) values ('Whitney', 3)"
File input/output
Add Whitney to the database.
>>> statement.executeUpdate(insert
% ("Whitney",
3))
strings
1
Add Kiley.
>>> statement.executeUpdate(insert % ("Kiley", 23))

1
Add Scott and Nick.
% ("Scott",
34))
for downloading
1
>>> statement.executeUpdate(insert % ("Nick", 3))

1
Add Mary and Adam.
>>> statement.executeUpdate(insert % ("Mary", 2))

1
777
% ("Adam",
23))
Class Libraries:
1
Notice that after each addition the executeUpdate() method returns the number of rows affected.
Go to your database management tools, and view PERSON. Figure 17-5 shows its Microsoft Access version;
use SQLBuilder to see the InstantDB version.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Figure 17-5. The PERSON Table with Data Added
and exceptions
By the way, keep your connection open. If you've already closed it, see the sidebar on reconnecting.
File input/output
Accessing Data
To access the names and ages in our table we query the results object (an instance of
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
java.sql.ResultSet
), which uses
the following
methods:strings
next() iterates through the table; returns 1 if there are more rows
getString() gets the name specified in the name string passed to it
getInt() gets the age specified in the age string passed to it
>>> results = statement.executeQuery("select name, age from Person")

languagework
and the
Let's see how these methods
interactively.
Move to the first row.
>>> results.next()
1
Get the name.
777
>>> results.getString("name")
'Whitney'
Get the age.
>>> print results.getInt("age")

3
ISBN:
DefineTable
a function
that can be
used0-201-61616-5
repeatedly to get the rest of the results.
of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> def showResults(results):

...
while(results.next()):
...
name
= results.getString("name")
remained
a premier
...
age
= results.getInt("age")
novices
and professionals
...
print
name
" in
iscombination,
" + àge`
years
old." enterprise
the two
languages,
when+used
ideal +
for"Web
and distributed
...
>>> showResults(results)
Kiley is 23 years
old.
techniques.
Scott is 34 years
old.
capabilities
Nick is 3 years
old.
Print the results.
Mary is 2 years old.

Adam is 23 years
old.
Python Programming
Here's how we filter our results to get, say, only persons under the age of four:
>>> select = "select

name,
age from
Person
where
age expressions,
< 4"
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements,
>>> showResults(statement.executeQuery(select))
Whitney is 3 years old.
Nick is 3 years old.
and exceptions
Mary is 2 years old.
or persons over the age of twenty:
File input/output
>>> select = "select
name, age from Person where age > 20"
>>> showResults(statement.executeQuery(select))
Kiley is 23 yearsPython's
old.intrinsic functions
Scott is 34 years old.
Adam is 23 years old.
Functions like count(),sum(), and stdev() allow us to get aggregate data, such as the count of persons
in the table.
>>> results = statement.executeQuery("select

count(name) as total from Person
>>> results.next()
1
>>> print results.getString("total")
6
See if you can figureand
outnumerous
what the next
interactive
doing.learning
(They won't
work with InstantDB as
codetwo
samples
make sessions
this bookare
a useful
experience.
of v.3.12.)
>>> r = statement.executeQuery("select
asClass
stLibraries
from Person")
application developer, Python Programmingstdev(age)
with the Java(TM)
will
>>> r.next() give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
1
>>> print "Standard deviation" + r.getString("st")
Standard deviation=13.7501515143167
>>> r = statement.executeQuery("select sum(age) as [sum] from Person")
777
>>> r.next() Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
1
>>> print "Sum
of ages
" + r.getString("sum")
By Richard
Hightower
Sum of ages 88.
Pub Date: June
28, 2002
Removing and Changing
Data
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640 the JdbcTour.py
The first
thing you want to do is import
Contents
module from the InstantDB and Access directories so

you can use its showResults() function in the next interactive sessions. (If you disconnected, refer to the
sidebar on reconnecting.)
Let's remove everyone
over twenty.
(Leave outalike.
the asterisk
(*) in the
method
argumentstoifJava(TM)
you're using
novices
and professionals
In particular,
its close
relationship
makes
InstantDB.)
>>> statement.executeUpdate("delete * from Person where age > 20")

3
TheexecuteUpdate()
method
3, whichdevelop
means an
thatunderstanding
three records of
were
deleted.
help those
new toreturns
programming
concepts
and practical
Now let's do some modifying.
thisshows
next session
we'll
Whitney's
current
then
it. In other
capabilitiesInand
the ways
thatshow
Python
interfaces
with age
Javaand
APIs
forchange
professional
words, we'll update her
record.
Show
Whitney's
current
age.
>>> select = Python

"select
name, age from Person where name = 'Whitney'"
>>> results =andstatement.executeQuery(select)
Whitney is 3 years old.
Change it to four.

>>> statement.executeUpdate("update
Person
set age
= 4 where
string formatting,
namespaces,
classes,name
errors, = 'Whitney'
1
and exceptions
Show Whitney's new age. Object-oriented programming concepts
>>> results = statement.executeQuery(select)

File input/output
Whitney is 4 years
old.
Python's
intrinsic functions
SQL Subsets in InstantDB versus Microsoft Access

InstantDB is a lightweight
database
that
supports
a subset
of the SQL syntax. Microsoft
Using Python
and
Java
Swingonly
to create
GUIs
Access supports only a subset as well, but a larger one. The real problem is that the two databases
don't always supportWorking
the samewith
subset.
SQL and JDBC(TM)
SQL Data Definition Language

language
and(DDL)
the Java
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
SQL's Data Definition
Language
is Development
for working with
tables and
indexes. A definitions,
table definesexplanations,
a set of columns
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
for different fields of data and is similar to a class in Python. Columns are like class properties or variables; rows
are like class instances.
application
Python
Programming
withsections.
DDL has five statements,
whichdeveloper,
we'll look at
in turn
in the following
Create Table
777
TheCREATE TABLE statement defines the table. It has the following form:
CREATE TABLE Python

tableProgramming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
(field_name sql_type
[(size)]
[NOT with
NULL]
[index1] , ...)
Web and Enterprise
Applications
Jython
where
field_name is
the name of the field being defined
Table of
sql_type
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages:
is a valid
SQL640
type
size is the size

of the fieldby ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
Characterized
NOT NULL specifies

thatprofessionals
the column can't
or equal
to None
novices and
alike.beInempty
particular,
its close
The brackets in the statement
denote
optional parameters.
application
development.
Here's how to createThis
a table
named
Employee:
tutorial
begins
of skill-building
CREATE TABLE plenty
Employee
(
help
those
new
to
programming
EmpID
INT
NOT NULL,
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
Name
CHAR(20),
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
DeptID
INT
NOT NULL,
CHAR denotes a character, so CHAR(20) denotes a 20-character field.
Create Index
Fundamental
statements,
expressions,
Indexing a table speeds data
access. Youprogramming
create a tableconcepts,
index withincluding
the CREATE
INDEX
statement, which has
the form
CREATE INDEX index
exceptions
ON table (field, and
field,
...)
programming
concepts
This is how to add an indexObject-oriented
to our Employee
table:
File input/output
CREATE INDEX SalaryIndex
ON Employee (Salary)
Alter Table

You modify a table with the ALTER TABLE statement, which has the form
ALTER TABLE table

Python and Java[NOT
Swing to
create GUIs
ADD COLUMN field Using
type[(size)]
NULL]
with table,
SQL and
JDBC(TM)
To add an extra column to Working
the Employee
do this:
ALTER TABLE
ADD COLUMN

Employee
Phone CHAR(20)
NOT NULL
To drop a column dolanguage
this:
ALTER TABLE table

DROP COLUMN field
To drop a field in thegive
column
just added
you insight
intodo
thethis:
ALTER TABLE table

DROP COLUMN field
777
Constraint
By Richard
Hightower
With the CONSTRAINT
clause
you can mark the EmpID column as the primary key. A primary key is a
unique identifier that indexes the table and defines inter-table relationships. CONSTRAINT has the form
CREATE TABLE Employee

( 28, 2002
Pub Date: June
EmpID
INT
NOT NULL,
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table Name
of
CHAR(20),
Pages: 640
Contents
DeptID
INT
NOT NULL,
SalaryCharacterized
INT,
CONSTRAINT
(EmpID)
remainedEMP_PK_KEY
a premier programming PRIMARY
language for KEY
more than
)
Here's another, probably
more common,
way to define a primary key (the only method supported by InstantDB
application
development.
v.3.12):
CREATE TABLE plenty
Employee
(
of skill-building
EmpID help those new
INTto programming
PRIMARY
KEY,an understanding of concepts and practical
develop
Name techniques.CHAR(20),
DeptIDcapabilitiesINT
NULL,
and showsNOT
the ways
SalaryapplicationINT,
development.
Phone CHAR(20)
NOT NULL
To create a table that's linked to another table, you create a foreign key (the reference to another table) in one to
point to a primary key in the other. As an example, we'll define a foreign key in the Employee table to point to
Fundamental
the primary key in a table called
Department.
Define the Department table.
CREATE TABLE Department
(
and exceptions
DeptID
INT
NOT NULL,
Name
CHAR(20),
Object-oriented
CONSTRAINT DEPT_PK_KEY PRIMARY KEY (DeptID)
)
File input/output
intrinsic
Create the Employee table Python's
with a foreign
keyfunctions
constraint that refers to the Department table's DeptID.
Formatting,
CREATE TABLE Employee
( parsing, and manipulating strings
EmpID
INT
NOT NULL,
Interfacing
Name
CHAR(20),
DeptID
INT
NOT NULL,
Salary
INT,
CONSTRAINTWorking
EMP_PK_KEY
PRIMARY KEY (EmpID),
CONSTRAINT DEPT_FK_KEY FOREIGN KEY (DeptID)
REFERENCES
Department (DeptID)
Python
and Java applets
)
The relationship created
by theand
linking
shows
that each employee
must
be in a department.
language
the Java
Development
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
No Foreign
Keys
orPython
Referential
Integrity
InstantDB
application
developer,
Programming with
the Java(TM)in
Class
Libraries will
InstantDB doesn't support foreign keys or referential integrity. Microsoft Access does support these
concepts, as do most SQL databases you're likely to run into.
777
Drop
Richard
Hightower
TheDROP statementBy
has
the form
DROP table_namePublisher: Addison Wesley

DROP index on table
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Here's
the Employee
table, that is, delete it from the database:
how to use it to dropPages:
640
Contents
DROP Employee
a premier
Obviously, the use ofremained
DROP requires
caution.
Putting It All Together
Let's show DDL in action
by running
thewith
Access/ddl.py
module,
defines
DDL
statement strings
This tutorial
begins
coverage of
some ofwhich
the basics
of four
Python
programming.
Usingand
then executes each one
withofthe
JDBC statement
object's
plenty
skill-building
exercises
and executeUpdate()
interactive programming method.
from java.sqltechniques.
importForDriverManager
from java.lang
import
capabilities
and Class
Class.forName('sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver')
url="jdbc:odbc:db_dev"
connection=DriverManager.getConnection(url,
"", topics
"") such as:
statement = connection.createStatement()
create_departmentFundamental
= """ programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
interpreters,
and compilers
CREATE TABLE
Department
(
DeptID
INT
NOT NULL,
Name Python basics,
CHAR(20),
and
exceptions
CONSTRAINT DEPT_PK_KEY PRIMARY KEY (DeptID)
)
"""
create_employee =File"""
input/output
CREATE TABLE Employee (
EmpIDPython's intrinsic
INTfunctions
NOT NULL,
Name
CHAR(20),
manipulating
DeptID
INT and
NOT
NULL, strings
Salary
INT,
Interfacing EMP_PK_KEY
with the Java APIs and
working with
Streams
CONSTRAINT
PRIMARY
KEYJava
(EmpID),
REFERENCES Department (DeptID)
)
"""
alter_table = """
ALTER TABLE
Employee
ADD COLUMN
CHAR(20)
NULL definitions, explanations,
language Phone
Kit (JDK).NOT
Terminology,
"""
add_index = """
with the
CREATE application
INDEX SalaryIndex
ON Employee
(Salary)
"""
statement.executeUpdate(create_department)
raw_input("Department Table Defined hit enter to continue")
777
statement.executeUpdate(create_employee)
raw_input("Employee
Table Applications
Defined with
hit
enter to continue")
Web and Enterprise
Jython
statement.executeUpdate(alter_table)
raw_input("Employee
altered by adding a Phone column.")
Publisher:table
Addison Wesley
statement.executeUpdate(add_index)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
raw_input("Adding
a salary index to the Employee table.")
Pages: 640
Contents
connection.close()
Little
the two languages, whenInstantDB:
used in combination,A
ideal
for WebDifferent
InstantDB v.3.12 doesn't support the CONSTRAINT clause or foreign keys, nor can it handle the ALTER TABLE statemen
This tutorial
begins withHere's
coverage
of some
the basics
though the documentation
says otherwise.
its version
ofof
ddl.py
(InstantDB/ddl.py):
from java.sql
helpimport
those new DriverManager
from java.lang
import
Class programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
techniques.
For experienced
Class.forName("jdbc.idbDriver")
url = "jdbc:idb=db_dev.prp"
"",A "")
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such as:
create_department = """
CREATE TABLE Department (
DeptID
INT
PRIMARY KEY,
Name
CHAR(20),
)
and exceptions
"""
create_employee Object-oriented
= """
CREATE TABLE Employee (
EmpID
PRIMARY KEY,
File input/output INT
Name
CHAR(20),
DeptID
INT
NOT NULL,
Salary
INT,
Formatting,
strings
Phone
CHAR(20)
NOT NULL
)
"""
#Note that InstantDB does not understand foreign keys...

# "No understanding
ofwith
foreign
keys or referential integrity checking "
Working
SQL and JDBC(TM)
##
REMOVED:
##
REFERENCES Department (DeptID)
add_index = """
In addition,
book contains instructions
for downloading
CREATE
INDEXthe
SalaryIndex
ON Employee
(Salary)
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
"""
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
statement.executeUpdate(create_department)
raw_input("Department Table Defined hit enter to continue")
statement.executeUpdate(create_employee)
give you insight
into theDefined
power of Python
and the
know-how
put it to work.
raw_input("Employee
Table
hit
enter
to to
continue")
777
#We are not able to alter the table once created log bug with InstantDB folks
#statement.executeUpdate(alter_table)
#raw_input("Employee table altered by adding a Phone column hit enter to co
statement.executeUpdate(add_index)
raw_input("Adding
salary index to the Employee table - hit enter to
By Richard a
Hightower
continue")
connection.close()
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Runddl.py in both the Access and InstantDB directories. Note the differences.
remained
a premier
programming
fornote
morethe
than
Runddl.py with
your RDBMS
system
and JDBClanguage
driver, and
differences.
SQL Data Types
We've defined a fewThis
simple
tablesbegins
with the
module.
Nowoflet's
at the
different
fields that can
show up
tutorial
withddl.py
coverage
of some
thelook
basics
of Python
programming.
Using
in a table. Until now,plenty
we'veofbeen
using onlyexercises
two SQLand
datainteractive
types, CHAR
and INT.Table
17-1this
listsbook
many
more,
skill-building
programming
sessions,
will
most of which are similar
to those
and Python.
If you want
to know what
type holds,
an SQL
help those
newintoJava
programming
develop
an understanding
ofeach
concepts
and practical
reference can tell you.
Table 17-1. JDBC, Java, and Python Types
and
JDBC
Java
Python
CHAR
String
String
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
VARCHAR
String
String
interpreters, and compilers String
LONGVARCHAR String
NUMERIC
java.math.BigDecimal
DECIMAL
and exceptions
BIT
boolean
Integer
TINYINT
byte
Integer
SMALLINT
short
Integer
File input/output
INTEGER
int
Integer
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java.sql.Date
java.sql.Date
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from java.sqlPython
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ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
create_type_table1
= """
CREATE Characterized
TABLE TypeTable1
by ease of use,(richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
_bit and professionals
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statement.executeUpdate(create_type_table1)
File input/output
The statement defined here creates every SQL type that MSAccess supports:
create_type_table1 = """
CREATE TABLE
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( manipulating strings
Formatting,
parsing, and
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_int
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JDBC'sLONGVARCHAR
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its own names for these types. MSAccess supports them under the names LONGCHAR and LONGBINARY and
creates tables with them.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
create_type_table2
= 640
"""
Contents
CREATE TABLE TypeTable2 (

Characterized
_longvarbinary
LONGBINARY,
remained
a
premier
programming
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and
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by MSAccess.
if you try toof
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the
book
demonstrates
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breadth of
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create_type_table3
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Python
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from java.sql import

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CREATE
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InstantDB
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intrinsic
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InstantDB supports Python's
fewer types
than MSAccess
the types it does support are shown in type_table1. Those it supports but for which it has no
standard SQL names are shown in type_table2.
from java.sql import DriverManager

from java.lang
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connection=DriverManager.getConnection(url, "", "")

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Table of
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Python's intrinsic
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table 3")
connection.close()
withbythe
Java APIs
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working
with
Java Streams
Strangely, the types Interfacing
not supported
InstantDB
aren't
ones not
supported
by MSAccess. In
other words, one unsupported list isn't a subset of another unsupported list. Fortunately, the most
common SQL types are supported by both.

Study and runIn
either
the MSAccess
or the InstantDB
version
of ddl2.py, depending
on the
addition,
the book contains
instructions
for downloading
and installing
thedatabase
Python type
you're workinglanguage
with. Note
and similarities.
andthe
thedifferences
Java Development
Locate the JDBC drivers to the RDBMS system you use regularly. Create a database, run the dml2.sql
scripts againstWhether
it, and make
changes
as necessary.
Note the
differences
and similarities.
Let me know your
you are
a sophisticated
computer
user
new to programming
or a serious
results via email.
I'd
like
a
comparison
for
each
type
of
database
(DBw,
DBASE,
Paradox,
Oracle,
will
MySQL, etc.).give
Stateyou
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versioninto
number
and
complete
product
name
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the
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driver
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777
SQL Data Manipulation Language
SQL's Data Manipulation

Language
(DML) with
defines
theJava
formatClass
of data
by insertion,
selection,
Python
Programming
the
Libraries:
A Tutorial
forupdating,
Buildingand
deletion. The four primary
DML
statementsApplications
are INSERTwith
,SELECT
,UPDATE, and DELETE, which we'll look
Web and
Enterprise
Jython
Richard Hightower
at individually in theBy
following
sections.
The very first exercise inPublisher:
this chapter
illustrated
all of these statements. Here we'll see them at work in a little
Addison
Wesley
more advanced databasePub
structure,
continuing
with
Date: June 28, 2002 our Employee and Department table examples.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Insert
Pages: 640
Contents
If tables are like classes

in Python, by
then
rows
are like
instances.
Since the and
INSERT
inserts has
values into
Characterized
ease
of use,
richness
of expression,
concisestatement
syntax, Python
a premiertoprogramming
languagethat
for more
than aan
decade,
andofisaused
by
a table, we can thinkremained
of it as analogous
calling a constructor,
is, creating
instance
record.
INSERT takes the following
form:
the two languages,
INSERT INTO table_name

(field_name1,
field_name2,
with coverage of ...)
VALUES
(value1,
value2,
...)
help those
new to programming
Here it's adding values
to the Employee
table:
capabilities
and shows
INSERT INTO
Employee
(EmpID,
Name, Applications
DeptID, with
Salary)
and Enterprise
VALUES
(10507, 'Bob Jones', '1', 10)
Select

TheSELECT statement selects rows from a table. We've already used it, so I won't belabor it at this point.
and exceptions
Here's its form:
SELECT
table.fieldFile[as
alias]
input/output
FROM
table [as alias]
[WHERE. criteria]
Formatting,...]
parsing,[HAVING
and manipulating
strings
[GROUP BY table.field,
criteria]
[ORDER BY table.field, ...]
TheORDER BY clause sorts the query results. The GROUP BY and HAVING clauses group items for
Using
aggregate functions, such as
sumPython
.
Here's a SELECT example:
SELECT
Name, Salary
FROM Employee
WHERE
(Salary > 10 )
and
(DeptIDapplication
= 10) developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
ORDER BY Namegive you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
which can be rewritten as
777
SELECT Name, Salary FROM Employee WHERE (Salary > 10 ) and (DeptID == 10)
ORDER BY Name
WithSELECT you can
join tables to get columns from more than one table at a time. When you do this, you'll
probably want to useBy
anRichard
alias because
the tables to be joined may have the same fields; aliasing allows such
Hightower
fields to be used in the WHERE clause.
The next example gets the
employee's name, salary, and department. Since the department name is stored in the
Pub
Date:
28, 2002
Department table, we have to
join June
Department
and Employee for the statement to work.
Table of
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
SELECT
Pages: 640
Contents
e.Name as emp_name,
e.Salary
as salary,
Characterized
d.Name remained
as dept_name
FROM
Employee
as languages,
e,
the two
Department
as development.
d
application
WHERE
This tutorial
(e.DeptID
= d.DeptID)
and of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
(e.Salary > 10 )
and
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
(e.DeptID = 10)

The first part of the WHERE
clause
how
thethat
tables
are tointerfaces
be joined.with
It defines
our Employee
and
capabilities
andspecifies
shows the
ways
Python
Java APIs
for professional
Department tables with
the respective
aliases e and d because both tables have DeptID and Name fields.
application
development.
WHERE
(e.DeptID
= d.DeptID)
and
and Enterprise
Applications
Without the aliases, we can't differentiate a department name and an employee name. Three field aliases are also
Fundamental
programming
expressions,
defined:emp_name ,salary
, and dept_name
. Ifconcepts,
we were including
to run thisstatements,
query via JDBC,
we'd have to use
compilers
the aliases for the columns interpreters,
returned, notand
their
names, in order to access the results.
Python
basics,
including
operators,
string formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
errors,
Notice the as in the first line
of the
SELECT
statement
(e.Name
as emp_name
). It's nice
to have
this
and
exceptions
syntax, although many programmers don't use it. Because it's optional, the following statement is equivalent to
the preceeding one:
SELECT
File input/outputemp_name,
e.Name
e.Salary
salary,
d.Name
dept_name
FROM
Employee
e,
Department Interfacing
d
WHERE
Python andand
(e.DeptID = Using
d.DeptID)
(e.Salary > 10 )
and
(e.DeptID = Working
10) with SQL and JDBC(TM)
I like using as.

777
The ANSI SQL JOIN Clause
Publisher:
Addison
If the database has
a later version
ofWesley
ANSI SQL installed, you can use the JOIN clause to join
tables.
Table
of
SELECT
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
e.Name as emp_name,
e.Salary
asbysalary,
Characterized
d.Name
dept_name
remainedas
a premier
FROM
Employee
as e when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
the two languages,
JOIN
Department as d
on begins
e.DeptID
= d.DeptID
This tutorial
with coverage
WHERE
(e.Salary
> to
10programming
) and develop an understanding of concepts and practical
help those new
(e.DeptID
==experienced
10)
techniques. For
Because it makes
the syntax
is more modular and easier to read (it separates the WHERE clause
application
development.
from the rest of the statement), I suggest you use JOIN if you have the choice.
Here's the lastand
statement
withApplications
the as syntax:
Enterprise
SELECT
e.NameFundamental programming
emp_name,
e.Salary
salary,
d.Name
dept_name
Python
basics,
FROM
and
exceptions
Employee
e
JOIN
Object-oriented
Department
d
on e.DeptID = d.DeptID
File input/output
WHERE
(e.Salary
10 )functions
and
Python's>intrinsic
(e.DeptID = 10)
777
INNER Join
Publisher:
AddisonJOIN
Wesleyif the JOIN clause is left by itself. However, MSAccess
Most databases assume
an INNER
makes no such assumption
you to specify an INNERJOIN like this:
Pub Date: and
Juneexpects
28, 2002
Table
of
SELECT
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
e.Name
as emp_name,
e.Salary
as
salary,
d.Name
asprogramming
dept_name
remained a premier
FROM
Employee
e used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
the two languages,as
when
INNER JOIN
Department
as d
on e.DeptID
= d.DeptID
This tutorial
WHERE
(e.Salary
> to
10programming
) and develop an understanding of concepts and practical
help those new
(e.DeptID
techniques.=For100)
The four typesapplication
of JOIN are
INNER,OUTER,LEFT, and RIGHT. We're going to cover only
development.
INNERJOINs, which are probably the most common.
By the way, you
join more
than one table
a timecovers
by adding
extra JOIN
andcan
Enterprise
Applications
withatJython
important
topics clauses.
such as: You can
find the exact syntax in a good SQL reference.
Update

Python the
basics,
including
formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
errors,
TheUPDATE statement modifies
fields
in a row.operators,
Its Pythonstring
equivalent
is setting
an attribute
of a class
and
exceptions
instance. UPDATE takes the form
UPDATE
table_name
File input/output
SET
field1=value1, field2=value2, ...
[WHERE clause]
Here's an example of using UPDATE to give an employee a raise:
UPDATE
Employee Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
SET
Salary=11 Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
WHERE
EmpID = 10507
TheDELETE statement removes records from a table. Deleting a record is like setting all object references to
None (forcing the garbage
delete the object).
DELETE
takes
form
Whethercollector
you are to
a sophisticated
computer
user new
tothe
programming
or a serious
Delete
DELETE
FROM
table_name
[WHERE clause]
777
Deleting an employee record looks like this:
DELETE FROM Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython

Employee
WHERE
EmpID = 10507
Laying off an entire department
looks like this:
Table of
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
DELETE
FROM
Contents
Employee
WHERE
DeptID remained
Using DML
To show how DML This

works,
we'll begins
use it towith
insert
some departments
intobasics
our Department
table. Define aUsing
Python
tutorial
coverage
of some of the
format string.
d_insert = """
INSERT INTO
Department
(DeptID, Name)
VALUES Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
(%d,
'%s')Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
and Enterprise
"""
Define a set of tuples, department
for sample departments.
Fundamentals,programming
departments = (
(100, "Engineering"),
(200, "Marketing"),
and exceptions
(300, "Human Resources"),
(400, "Manufacturing")
) #End of departments
File input/output
Iterate through departments, and create rows in the Department table.
for dept in departments:

insert = d_insert
% dept
print insert
statement.executeUpdate(insert)
Now we'll add employees to the Employee table. Define an insert format string.
e_insert = """ Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)

INSERT INTOPython and Java applets
Employee
DeptID,
Salary,
Phone)and installing the Python
In(EmpID,
addition, theName,
book contains
instructions
for downloading
VALUES language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
(%d,
'%s',
%d,
'%s')
and
numerous
code%d,
samples
make
"""
Define a tuple with some
employees
row
data. Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
application
developer,
Python
employees = (
(1000, "Rick Hightower", 100, 5, "555-1212"),
(1001, "Ricky Martin",
200, 10, "555-1213"),
(1002, "Adam Carr",
100, 6, "555-1214"),
777
(1003,Python
"BobProgramming
Deanna", with the100,
Java15,
Class"555-1215"),
(1004,Web
"Tim
Simeonov",
100,
16,
"555-1216"),
and Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
(1005,ByRichard
"Scott
Faurbach", 100, 14, "555-1217"),
Hightower
(1006, "Mary Basset",
300, 5, "555-1218"),
(1007, "Missy
Carr",
Publisher: Addison
Wesley 400, 5, "555-1219"),
(1008, "Paul
400, 5, "555-1220"),
Pub Date:Ganz",
June 28, 2002
(1009, "Tom
Jones",
400, 5, "555-1221"),
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table (1010,
of
"Martha
Pena",
200, 25, "555-1222"),
Pages: 640
Contents
(1011, "John Souza",
200, 15, "555-1223")
) #End of employees
Add the data in the employees tuple to the Employee table.
for emp in employees:
development.
insert application
= e_insert
% emp
print insert
Try these exercises: help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
development. and access\connect.py; run access\dml_insert.py.
Study the codeapplication
in access\dml_insert.py
Programming with theand

Java(TM)
Class Libraries:run
A InstantDB\dm
Web
Study the codePython
in instantDB\dml_insert.py
instantDB\connect.py;
l_insert.py.
Theconnect.py file varies depending on whether you connect to an ODBC database (such as MSAccess) or a
pure Java database such as InstantDB. Here are both versions:
Access\connect.py:
from java.sql import

DriverManager
Python basics,
from java.lang import
Class
and exceptions
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver")
url = "jdbc:odbc:db_dev"
File input/output
connection=DriverManager.getConnection(url, "", "")

InstantDB\connect.py:


Class
Using Python
"", "")
language
and the Java
Terminology,
definitions,applies
explanations,
Inserting data is the same
in InstantDB
andDevelopment
MSAccess, soKit
the(JDK).
following
code (dml_insert.py)
to both.
code samples
(The JDBC-specific and
codenumerous
is highlighted
in bold.) make this book a useful learning experience.
you*are a sophisticated
computer
or a serious object
from connect Whether
import
# imports
connection
and statement
d_insert = """
INSERT INTO
Department
(DeptID, Name)
VALUES
777
(%d,
'%s')
Python
"""

e_insert = """
INSERT INTO
Employee
(EmpID,
Name, DeptID, Salary, Phone)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
VALUES
Pages: 640
Contents
(%d, '%s', %d, %d, '%s')
"""
departments =novices
( and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
(100, "Engineering"),
(200, "Marketing"),
(300, "Human Resources"),
(400, "Manufacturing")
) #End of departments
employees = (techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
(1000, capabilities
"Rick Hightower",
5, "555-1212"),
and shows the ways100,
that Python
(1001, application
"Ricky development.
Martin",
200, 10, "555-1213"),
(1002, "Adam Carr",
100, 6, "555-1214"),
Java(TM)
Class
(1003, Python
"BobProgramming
Deanna",with the 100,
15,
"555-1215"),
Enterprise
Applications with
Jython16,
covers
(1004, and
"Tim
Sieonov",
100,
"555-1216"),
(1005, "Scott Faurbach", 100, 14, "555-1217"),
(1006, "Mary Basset",
300, 5, "555-1218"),
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
(1007, "Missy
Carr",
400,
5, "555-1219"),
interpreters,
and compilers
(1008, "Paul
Ganz",
400, 5, "555-1220"),
(1009, "TomPython
Jones",
400, 5, "555-1221"),
(1010, "Martha
Pena",
200, 25, "555-1222"),
and exceptions
(1011, "John Souza",
200, 15, "555-1223")
) #End of employees
hit = " - hit enter
to continue - "
File input/output
raw_input ("testing inserts" + hit)
raw_input("Adding departments" + hit)

for dept in departments:

insert = d_insert % dept
print insert
raw_input("Adding employees" + hit)

for emp in employees:

the book
insert In=addition,
e_insert
% contains
emp instructions for downloading and installing the Python
print insert
Whether you
are a sophisticated
raw_input("testing
select"
+ hit)computer user new to programming or a serious
connection.close()
Notice that the first statement imports all of the objects from the connect.py module. This is so the module will
hold all of the code needed for connecting. To connect to another database, just modify connect.py accordingly.
777
Using SELECT (with

Multiple
JOIN Statements)
Python
Programming
with the Java

SELECTBy
statement
to join tables. The code that follows (Access\dml_select.py) shows a multi-table
Richard Hightower
Let's use a
join with MSAccess.
from connect import

*
Table =of """
select
Contents
SELECT
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
e.Name
as emp_name,
e.Salary
as salary,
d.Name
as dept_name
FROM the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
Employee
as e
INNER JOIN
Department
as d of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
This
on
e.DeptID
plenty of skill-building exercises=andd.DeptID
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777
results = statement.executeQuery(select)
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Also, I used the executeQuery() method of the statement object for the SELECT statement, whereas I
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
used the
executeUpdate()
method for the INSERT statement. Always use the former for SELECTs and
Table
of
Pages: 640
Contents
the latter
for just about everything elseupdates, inserts, deletes, and any DDL operations.
executeQuery() returns a result set for the query, and executeUpdate() returns the number of
rows affected by any table modifications.
novices
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run them
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plenty
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sessions,
this book will
database/JDBC driver pair.
Using DELETE
The following code (dml_delete.py) deletes the marketing department from the Department table. It's the same
for MSAccess and InstantDB.
from connect import *

#import statement and connection objects.
from java.lang import Exception
marketingID = 200interpreters, and compilers

delete = "delete from Department where DeptID = %d" % marketingID
and exceptions
# Try to delete
the record.
# Close connection no matter what!
try:
#
#
#
try:
File input/output
Try
to delete the record.
If
an
exception occurs
print out the exception's message.
statement.executeUpdate(delete)
except Exception, e:
Using "Unable
Python and Java
to create
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print
to Swing
delete
marketing"+e.message
finally:

connection.close()
Notice the try...except and try...finally blocks. try...finally makes sure the
connection is closed if there's an exception. try...except prints out the exception message. It's a good
idea to wrap database calls in a try...finally block to ensure a closed connection.
Referential Integrity
As an exercise, see if you can run dml_delete.py against both InstantDB and MSAccess. You'll notice that it
doesn't work with MSAccess but does work with InstantDB. MSAccess's behavior is preferred. Why?
777
Because the operation should fail to preserve referential integrity. Essentially, if you delete the department record
and there are still employees

in that department,
your
JOINLibraries:
SELECT statements
working. If
Python Programming
with
themultiple
Java Class
A Tutorialwill
for stop
Building
that happens, you'll get
thisand
message:
Web
Unable to delete marketing [Microsoft][ODBC Microsoft Access 97 Driver]. The

record cannot be
deleted or changed because table 'Employee' includes related
records.
0-201-61616-5
whichTable
meansofthat, as long asISBN:
the Employee
table contains records for marketing employees, you can't delete the
Pages: 640
marketing
record in the Department table. This is how MSAccess maintains its referential integrity.
Contents
Characterized
by ease
of use, should
richnessclear
of expression,
If you're a little confused,
the following
exercises
things up: and concise syntax, Python has
Study and runthe
dml_delete.py
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and InstantDB
directories.
two languages,
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department, i.e.,
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DeptID
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This
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Python
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plenty of
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Write a query techniques.
or a set of queries
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For experienced
programmers,
book demonstrates
Python's
breadth of is run
on both.
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Support
for Referential
covers important
topics such as:
Integrity

Because it's a lightweight,
InstantDB
makes no claim of supporting referential integrity. I don't
interpreters,
and compilers
consider MSAccess a heavyweight, but it does provide some referential integrity support, as we've
just seen.
and exceptions
For the DELETE statement to work, we need to move every employee in marketing to a new departmentthat
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
is, change their DeptID to
one for an existing
department.
An alternative is to delete them from the Employee
table first (that is, lay themFile
all off).
input/output
Achieving Referential Integrity
with UPDATE
Python's intrinsic
functionsand DELETE
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and manipulating
What follows is an example
that lays off
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and movesstrings
others to a different department via the
UPDATE and DELETE statements The code, dml_delete2.py, is the same for both MSAccess and InstantDB.
Interfacing
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They tell
thethe
whole
Using *Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
from connect import
from java.lang import Exception
marketingID = 200Python and Java applets

mfgID = 400
engID = 100 In addition, the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
# Move and
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whose
numerous code
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make this is
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# than 10 and greater than 8
# to manufacturing.
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where
777
salary
> 8 and salary
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Python Programming
with the Java
""" % mfgID

# Layoff employees whose salary

# is greater
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Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
#
delete1 = """
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
delete
fromPages: 640
Contents
Employee
where Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
salary
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# Move application
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development.
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update2 = """plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
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Employee
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#
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programming
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statement.executeUpdate(update2)
statement.executeUpdate(delete1)
statement.executeUpdate(delete2)
except Exception,
e: applets
Python and Java
In addition,
the book contains
instructions
for downloading
print
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to delete
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+ and
e.getMessage()
finally:
connection.close()

give you insightininto
power of and
Python
and the know-how
to put
it to work.
As an exercise, run dml_delete2.py
boththeMSAccess
InstantDB.
Use either the
Microsoft
Access GUI or
the SQLBuilder GUI to look at the data. (For SQLBuilder, read the InstantDB documentation; also read the
following sidebar.)
777
Working with SQLBuilder
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
Here's how to work
with SQLBuilder:
1. Compile it.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
C:\InstantDB\Examples\SQLBuilder>javac *.java
novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship
to Java(TM) makes
C:\InstantDB\Examples\SQLBuilder>java
SQLBuilder
development.
Hit the application
Browse button,
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C:\JPython_book\scripts\chap17\InstantDB\db_dev.prp.
tutorial
Hit the This
Connect
button.
plenty
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Go to the Query tab.
help
those
new
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develop
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Select the Employee table from the Tables
dropdown
list.
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's breadth of
Hit the Submit button.
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for professional
Repeat steps 6 and 7 for the Department table.
2. Run it.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
Web
Putting It AllPython
TogetherAdding
Database
Support
toforthe
Address
Book Application
Fundamental
including First,
statements,
expressions,
Now we're ready to add database
supportprogramming
to our addressconcepts,
book application.
though,
let's review the
application's main modules.interpreters, and compilers
exceptions class, which represents an address entry, and the
Address.py contains and
the Address
readAddresses()andwriteAddresses() functions, which read and write a dictionary of
Object-oriented
Address class instances
(the actualprogramming
addresses). concepts
File input/output
AddressModel.py contains
the AddressModel class, which is both a list model and a table model for
the user interface. AddressModel calls readAddresses() to read in a dictionary of Address
class instances and maps the dictionary to the list and table models.
AddressFormPane.py contains the AddressFormPane class, a user interface for editing address
entries.
AddressMain.py contains
AddressMain
classthe
Usingthe
Python
and Java Swing
to createmain
GUIsframe. AddressMain manages the
interaction of AddressModel's components and holds an instance of JTable, an instance of
JList, and an instance
of JTabbedPane
(all of which are from javax.swing).
Working
Python and
JavaModular
applets
Making the Application
More
We've done a good job
of keeping
theJava
application
modular,
we can
do better. First,
we're going
to abstract
language
and the
Development
Kitbut
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
out the differences between
a
flat-file
model
and
a
database
model.
Then
we're
going
to
add
database
support
with as few changes as possible to AddressModel.py.
What we'll do is move
the file-specific
dependencies
from AddressModel
's constructor
and put will
application
developer,
Python Programming
with the Java(TM)
Class Libraries
readAddresses()
and
writeAddresses()
in
a
module
called
AddressFileU
tils.py.
All modified
and new files will be in a directory called AddressBook.2. Here's the original AddressModel constructor:
777
class AddressModel(AbstractTableModel, ListModel):

"""The AddressModel is both a ListModel
and a TableModel."""
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize
the Address model.
By
Richard Hightower
Read the dictionary from the file."""
holds
the dictionary of addresses.
Publisher:#Addison
Wesley
self.dict
=
None
holds the sorted list of names,
ISBN:#0-201-61616-5
Table of
#
which are keys into the dictionary.
Pages: 640
Contents
self.list = None
# byto
ListModelListeners
Characterized
easehold
of use,list
richnessof
of expression,
self.listeners
=
[]
# Read the
the file.
alike.addresses
In particular, itsfrom
close relationship
to Java(TM) makes
# holds
theinfile
nameideal
that
the two languages,
when used
combination,
# holds the addresses
self.dict
= readAddresses(self.fname)
This tutorial
# to
Store
the sorted
list of names.
help those new
programming
self.list
= self.dict.keys()
techniques.
For experienced
self.list.sort()
capabilities
...
...
"""Write the address data to the file."""
self.dict)
Here is the constructor as modified:

and exceptions
...

ListModel):
"""The AddressModel
is
both
a
ListModel
File input/output
and a TableModel."""
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize
the
andAddress
manipulatingmodel.
strings
#holds the dictionary of addresses.

Using Python
self.dict
= and
None
#holds the sorted list of names,
# which are keys into the dictionary
self.list
None
Python and=Java
applets
#to
hold
list
of ListModelListeners
In addition, the
book
contains
instructions
self.listeners
=
[]
# Read the addresses
the Address
utility.
Whether you#arefrom
a sophisticated
computer user
self.dict
= readAddresses()
application
developer,
...
...
777
"""Write
the address
dataClass
to Libraries:
the file."""
Python
Programming
with the Java
writeAddresses(self.dict)
Web
The following are the changes we made to readAddresses() and writeAddresses(), which are
now in their own module,
AddressFileU tils.py. Notice that both functions have a default value for filename
that they didn't have before.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
... Table of
Pages:
640
def Contents
readAddresses(filename=".\\addr.dat"):
...
Characterized by easefilename=".\\addr.dat",
of use, richness of expression, and concise
syntax, Python has
def writeAddresses(dict,
bin=0):
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and is used by
...
theistwo
when
ideal for Web
The result, essentially,
thatlanguages,
all file-based
functionality
has been encapsulated
outand
of AddressModel
. The
application
development.
next step is testing.
helpHow
those new
to programming
an understanding
Modular
Isdevelop
Modular
Enough?
The sad fact is that we don't have all the time in the world to tinker with our address book
application. In the real world, customers want a working product as quickly as possible, even if it's
less than perfect.
If we
strive for perfection
never Class
get it.Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
Programming
with the we'll
Java(TM)
That said, I think our code at this point is modular enough.
including
expressions,
As an exercise, review the Fundamental
changes in theprogramming
address bookconcepts,
application
and thenstatements,
run the new
version. Remember that
AddressMain.py is the maininterpreters,
module, soand
to open
the application you have to type JPython AddressMain
compilers
at the system prompt. As a first step, we need to create a utility module, AddressDBUtil.py, which will
and exceptions
Allow configuration of JDBC drivers and URLs
Create the necessary tables
File input/output
Copy data from the flat file to the database
Hold the readAddresses() and writeAddresses() functions
As a second step, we have to modify AddressModel to work with AddressDBUtils.
Working with Java Properties
In order to configure the necessary

drivers
URLs, we have to use java.utils.Properties.
WorkingJDBC
with SQL
andand
JDBC(TM)
This class writes properties out to a text file so that a user can manually edit text with a text editor. Here's an
example.
Import the necessaryInclasses.
>>> from java.util
import
Properties
and numerous
code samples
>>> from java.io import FileOutputStream, FileInputStream

Create a file output stream.
>>> file = "addr_db.props"

>>> file = FileOutputStream(file)
777
Create an instance of Properties.
>>> props = Properties()

Set the JdbcUrl and

JdbcDriver
By Richard
Hightowerproperties.
>>> props.setProperty("JdbcUrl", "jdbc:idb=db_dev.prp")

>>> props.setProperty("JdbcDriver", "jdbc.idbDriver")
0-201-61616-5
Store Table
the properties
in a fileISBN:
(addr_db.props).
of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> props.store(file, "Database properties")

#Database properties
#Tue Dec 28 14:46:27
PST 1999
Look at the file.
JdbcUrl=jdbc\:idb\=db_dev.prp
JdbcDriver=jdbc.idbDriver
Notice the file format,
which
comments (as
Pythonan
does).
The properties
are stored
name/value
help
thoseuses
new#toforprogramming
develop
understanding
of concepts
andinpractical
pairs, with each property
occupying
one
line.
This
makes
reading
the
properties
as
easy
as
writing
them.of
techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth
Now we have to neaten up the property and file objects.
>>> file.close()
>>> file = None
>>> props = None
Notice that props has been
set to None
to show thatconcepts,
the properties
aren'tstatements,
in memoryexpressions,
anymore.
Fundamental
programming
including

Next we read the properties from a file. Open a file input stream.
>>> file = "addr_db.props"

and exceptions
>>> file = FileInputStream(file)

Create a Properties instance, and load the properties with the file input stream.
File input/output
>>> props = Properties()

>>> props.load(file)
Show the values of the JdbcUrl
andparsing,
JdbcDriver
properties.
Formatting,
and manipulating
strings
>>> print props.getProperty("JdbcUrl")

jdbc:idb=db_dev.prp
>>> print props.getProperty("JdbcDriver")

jdbc.idbDriver Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Adding Property File
Support
Let's add a function to
AddressDBUtils.py
uses java.utils.Properties
to read explanations,
the JDBC
language
and the Java that
Development
Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions,
properties. Let's alsoand
addnumerous
some errorcode
recovery
and
some
bullet-proof
functionality
to
check
if
the
samples make this book a useful learning experience. file exists and
to create one if not.
As an exercise, try editing
the property
file Python
from AddressDBUtils.py.
try deleting
the file
and then
running
application
developer,
Programming withAlso
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
will
the module (don't forget
to
back
up
the
file
first).
What
happens?
Here's the latest version of AddressDBUtils.py:
777
from java.util import Properties

from java.io import FileOutputStream, FileInputStream, IOException, File
PROP_FILE = "addr_db.props"
# with
holds
the property file for the db
Jython
connection
info.
__jdbc_url = None
# holds the JDBC URL
__jdbc_driver =Publisher:
None Addison Wesley
# holds the JDBC Driver
#Set some default

values.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
__jdbc_url="jdbc\:idb\=db_dev.prp"
Pages: 640
Contents
__jdbc_driver="jdbc.idbDriver"
def __loadProps():
global
novices andPROP_FILE
stream
= None
fileideal
input
stream
the two languages,
when used#holds
in combination,
for Web
props
=
None
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Properties
file = None
#Hold file associated
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theof PROP_FILE
filename.
of some
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#See
if the file
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create
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help those new
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of concepts
and practical
file
= File(PROP_FILE)
techniques.
if
not file.exists():
capabilities
setProps()
props
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Python Programming
#Try to load the properties.

# Create a file input stream.
Fundamental
concepts, including
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# Loadprogramming
the properties
with statements,
input stream.
try: interpreters, and compilers

try:

and exceptions
stream = FileInputStream(PROP_FILE)
props.load(stream)
Object-oriented
except IOException, e:
File input/output
Python's intrinsic
printfunctions
"Problem loading db properties file=" + PROP_FILE
print e.message
Formatting,
e.printStackTrace()
finally:
stream.close()
return
props
Working
def __storeProps(props):
global PROP_FILE
In addition,
the book
contains
instructions
for downloading
file
= None
#to
hold
the file
input stream
language
file
= and
FileOutputStream(PROP_FILE)
# Try to create a file output stream,

Whether you
a sophisticated
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# are
and
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Python
Programming
try:
give you insight
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and
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777
props.store(file, "Database properties")
except IOException, e:
print with
"Problem
db properties.
file="
Python Programming
the Javastoring
Class Libraries:
print
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Web and Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
e.printStackTrace()
finally:
file.close()
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
def getProps():
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
global
__jdbc_url, __jdbc_driver
Pages: 640
Contents
#Load
properties
Characterized
by easethe
of use,
props
=
__loadProps()
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= props.getProperty("JdbcUrl",
alike. In particular, its close relationship"None")
to Java(TM) makes
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the two languages, =
when
# If the prop file did not have
values
then set
some
values.
This tutorial# begins
with coverage
of some
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basics of Python
programming. Using
if
jdbc_url
== exercises
"None":
plenty
of skill-building
setProps()
help those new
else: techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
= jdbc_url
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and shows the ways
__jdbc_driver
= jdbc_driver
def setProps():
and Enterprise
Applications with
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propsFundamental
= Properties()
props.setProperty("JdbcUrl",
__jdbc_url)
props.setProperty("JdbcDriver",
__jdbc_driver)
__storeProps(props)
and exceptions
def getJdbcDriver():
return __jdbc_driver
File input/output
def getJdbcUrl():
Python's
intrinsic functions
return
__jdbc_url
getProps() Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
Adding DDL Support

We need DDL support in order to create the table for our address book application. To get it we first import
Working
with DriverManager
SQL and JDBC(TM) to create a connection object.
class Class to load the driver
and class
Python and
Java applets
Class
the Javastatement,
Development
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definitions,variable.
explanations,
Then we execute thelanguage
CREATEandTABLE
which
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the create_table
create_table = """
are a sophisticated
CREATE Whether
TABLEyou
Address
(
application
Python Programming
withKEY,
AddrID developer, INT
PRIMARY
give
you
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Name
VARCHAR(40),
Phone
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VARCHAR(50)
)
"""
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+ PROP_FIL
ThecreateTable()
method uses the create_table string to create the Address table.
def createTable():
"""
Addison Wesley
Creates Publisher:
the Address
table.
"""
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
global create_table
Table of
Pages: 640
executeUpdate(create_table)
Contents
It can't load the driver

or create theby
connection
or statement
withoutand
theconcise
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of helper
methods.
Characterized
ease of use,
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syntax,
Python
has
JDBC Helper Methods
application
development.
Helper methods do common
things
such as execute an update, load a driver, and create connection and statement
objects. They also do error checking and cleanup. The following code illustrates some helpers. (Pay particular
attention to the document strings.)
def loadDriver():
"""
capabilities
and shows
the ways
thatthe
Python
Loads the
driver
class
into
JVM.
Checks application
to see development.
if the class is already loaded.
"""
global __loaded_driver
jdbc = getJdbcDriver()
try:
if not
__loaded_driver:
interpreters,
and compilers
Class.forName(jdbc)
Python
__loaded_driver=1
and exceptions
except:
error = "Unable to load the driver "+jdbc
printObject-oriented
error
raise DBException(error)
File input/output
def createConnection():
"""
Creates a database
connection
and strings
returns it.
and manipulating
Loads the Database driver with loadDriver().
returns a JDBC Connection object.

"""
connection Working
= None
try:
loadDriver()
jdbc=getJdbcUrl()
connection=DriverManager.getConnection(jdbc)
except Whether
Exception,
e:
print
e.message
error
= "Problem
creating
connection,
exception."
give you insight
into the power
of Python and
the know-how to
put it to work.
print error
raise DBException(error)
777
if connection == None:
error = "Problem
creating
connection
None"
Python Programming
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By Richardraise
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return connection
def createStatement():
"""
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
Creates
a statement
object.
Pages: 640
Contents
ReturnsCharacterized
a tuple bycontaining
a JDBC
statement
ease of use, richness
of expression,
and connection
object.
"""
connection
createConnection()
the two =languages,
return application
connection.createStatement(),
connection
development.
def executeUpdate(str):
"""
Executes
statement.
helpan
thoseupdate
new to programming
Returnscapabilities
the number
oftherows
involved.
and shows
ways that
"""
statement, connection = None, None
num_rows=-1
try: and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
try:
statement,connection=createStatement()
Fundamental
programming
num_rows
= statement.executeUpdate(str)
except
Exception, e:
e.printStackTrace()
and exceptions
print e.message
print "Problem
executing
update\n"+str
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
finally: File input/output
if(connection):connection.close()
return num_rows
Notice all of the error checking and recovery going on. Since we plan to execute more statements, it's good to
have all such tasks handledInterfacing
in one place.
Creating the Address Table

All the preliminaries are out of the way, leaving only the execution of the CREATETABLE statement. This is
Python
applets
going to be easy. All it takes
is oneand
callJava
to executeUpdate()
.
def createTable():
"""
numerous
code samples
Createsandthe
Address
table.
"""
global Whether
create_table
application
executeUpdate(create_table)
We want to run createTable() from the command line, so we need to add command-line parameter
parsing in the main block ( if__name__=="__main__ "block), which checks to see if "c" is passed to
the command line and, if so, creates the table. (Passing "p" creates the properties file.)
777
if __name__ ==
"__main__":
Python
from sys
argvApplications with Jython
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and Enterprise
#Process the command line arguments.

for arg in
argv:
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
if Pub
arg
==
"c":
Date: June
28, 2002
getProps()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
str = "Creating the table using "
Pages: 640
Contents
str = str+getJdbcDriver()+" at "+ getJdbcUrl()
print
str
Characterized
by ease
createTable()
if
arglanguages,
== "p":
the two
print
"Creating the properties file: "+PROP_FILE
application
development.
getProps()
print
This tutorial
beginsgetJdbcDriver()
getJdbcUrl()
plenty of print
skill-building
Now we have our AddressDBUtils.py
module. Here's
how to create
it in DOS:
programmers,
the book
C:\JPython_book\scripts\chap17\AddressBook3>JPython AddressDBUtils.py c
Try creating the Address table yourself as an exercise.
Inserting Address Records into the Address Table
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
To get addresses into the database,
we have
to transform
an instance
of the statements,
Addressexpressions,
class into a record.
andentries.
compilers
Define the format string forinterpreters,
the insert
PythonName,
basics, including
params = """AddrID,
Phone,operators,
Email"""
and
exceptions
insert = """
INSERT INTO
Address
File input/output
(""" + params + """)
VALUES
(%s)Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
"""
Define functions to create an INSERT statement.
def insertAddress(address, statement=None):

"""
Inserts the AddrID, Name, Phone,
and Java applets
Email intoPython
a row.
"""
id = getID()
a = address
tup = (
str(id),
Whether
formatSQLStr(a.name()),
application
formatSQLStr(a.phoneNumber()),
give
formatSQLStr(a.email())
)
values = join(tup, ",")
if statement:
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executeUpdate(insert
% values,
statement)
Python
Class Libraries:
else: Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
print
insert % values
By
Richard Hightower
Invoke the helper function
formatSQLStr() to transform the address information into a string that SQL
understands.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
def Table
formatSQLStr(str):
of
Pages:
640
"""Formats a string
into a SQL string"""
Contents
str = "'%s'" % str
returnCharacterized
str
and professionals
alike.
In particular,
its close
relationship
Java(TM)
makes
Now we'll add all ofnovices
our address
book data to the
database
(users like
you to
do this for to
them).
For this
we need
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
theloadFromFile() function, which reads the address.dat file and stores a given address in the Address
table.
def loadFromFile():
""" plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
new to
programming
Loads help
thethose
flat
file
of addresses
into
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's breadth of
the Address table.
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for professional
"""
application development. import readAddresses
from AddressFileUtils
dict = readAddresses()
and
with Jython
topics such as:
# Enterprise
Create Applications
a statement
for covers
the important
database.
# Add all of the addresses to the table.

try:
statement,
connection
= createStatement()
interpreters, and
compilers
# Iterate
through
collection
Python basics,
includingthe
operators,
# ofandaddresses.
Add each address to the
exceptions
# database.
Object-oriented
for address
in dict.values():
insertAddress(address, statement)
File input/output
finally:
connection.close()
parsing,
andblock
manipulating
Next we add the followingFormatting,
statements to
the main
so we canstrings
read loadFromFile() from the
command line.
if __name__ == "__main__":
from sys import argv
#Process the command line arguments.

for Python
arg and
in Java
argv:
applets
...
...
and
ifnumerous
arg ==code
"l":
loadFromFile()
application
developer,
Python Programming
the Java(TM)
Class
willHere's
To load the data from
the file, we
run AddressDBUtils.py
from thewith
command
line with
the Libraries
"1" option.
the DOS prompt: give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
C:\JPython_book\scripts\chap17\AddressBook3>JPython AddressDBUtils.py l
777
Reading Addresses from the Address Table
Now we need to implement

theEnterprise
readAddresses()
and writeAddresses()
functions.
Web and
Applications with
Jython
readAddresses()
is
easywe
just
select
all
of
the
records
and
put
them
in
a
dictionary.
writeAddresses() is more difficult. What if someone removes an address from the dictionaryhow will
we know without changing
AddressModel
? We'll skip writing addresses for now and instead integrate
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
AddressDBUtils.py intoPub
the Date:
application.
June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Here'sTable
the code
of for readAddresses() and writeAddresses():
Contents
Pages: 640
def readAddresses():
""" Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
remained
a premierdata
Read the
Address
novices
and
professionals
AddrID, Name, Phone,
Email its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
returns a dictionary full of addresses
application
development.
"""
dict = None
try: plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
help
develop
statement,
connection
= ancreateStatement()
capabilities
dict =and
{}shows the ways that Python interfaces with Java APIs for professional
application
development.
results
= statement.executeQuery(select_all)
id = results.getString("AddrID")
name = results.getString("Name")
phoneprogramming
= results.getString("Phone")
Fundamental
email
=
results.getString("Email")
dict[name]=Address(name, phone, email)

finally: and exceptions
connection.close()
return dict
File input/output
def writeAddresses(dict):
pass
As you probably noticed, writeAddresses() isn't doing anything yet.
Integrating AddressModel with the Database
Instead of replacing the flatWorking

file, let'swith
see how
polymorphically
SQLtoand
JDBC(TM) add the database as an option. Via the
__import__ function, AddressModel imports functions from AddressIO that dynamically load the
I/O utility module (AddressBook3\
AddressIO.py).
Python and
Java applets
from java.util
import
Properties
In addition,
the book
from java.io language
importandFileInputStream,
IOException
the Java Development Kit FileOutputStream,
(JDK). Terminology, definitions,
explanations,
#holds property file for the db connection info.

PROP_FILE = "addr.props"
pass give you insight into the power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
def writeAddresses(dict):
pass
...
...
777
def getModuleName():
#Load the properties.
Hightower
props By
=Richard
__loadProps()
return props.getProperty("module_name", "AddressDBUtils")
...
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
module
=
__import__(getModuleName())
Table of
Pages:
640
readAddresses
= module.readAddresses
Contents
writeAddresses = module.writeAddresses
remained
programming
To switch back to the
flat file, aallpremier
we have
to do is edit language
addr.props.
#Database properties
#Wed Dec 29 20:24:54
PST 1999
#module_name=AddressDBUtils
module_name=AddressFileUtils
modes, switching
and forth between
them. and practical
helpapplication
those newintoboth
programming
develop back
an understanding
of concepts
A Database-Aware
Dictionary
capabilities
How do we know which addresses need to be written out of the database? One way is to set a dirty flag, which
withhas
thechanged.
Java(TM)But
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building Web
will tell us when onePython
of the Programming
instance variables
what
about adding
new addresseshow
much
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
code will we have to modify?
In fact, we can add the functionality that will answer these questions without changing AddressModel or
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
expressions,
any of the GUI. All we need
to do is define
a database-aware
dictionary
thatstatements,
replaces the
dictionary that
interpreters,
AddressModel is presently
using. and compilers
operators,
string
formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
Recall the dictionary class Python
that we basics,
createdincluding
in Chapter
6. We can
use what
we learned
from it to
create errors,
a
and
exceptions
dictionary class that adds and removes rows in the Address table. We'll call it AddressDBDict and put it in
theAddressBook4.py module.
class AddressDBDict:
File input/output
...
...
def __setitem__(self,
value):strings
Formatting, parsing,key,
and manipulating
statement, connection = createStatement()
try:Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
addr = AddressDB()
Using addr.fromAddress(value,
Python and Java Swing to create GUIs statement)
self.dict[key]=addr
finally:
connection.close()
def __delitem__(self,
key):
statement,
connection
= createStatement()
language and the Java Development Kit
try:
addr = self.dict[key]
Whether youaddr.remove(statement)
del(self.dict[key])
finally:
give
connection.close()
777
As you can see, the "overridden" __setitem__ and __delitem__ methods create a JDBC statement
object and interact with AddressDBDict.
__setitem__ takes
a regular
addresswith
instance
as an argument
to create an
instance for
of Building
Python
Programming
the Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
AddressDBDictWeb
. It then
the fromAddress()
method,
andcalls
Enterprise
Applications with
Jythonpassing it a JDBC statement object.
Hightower
fromAddress()ByisRichard
where the
Address record is inserted into the Address table.
__delitem__ calls Publisher:
the AddressDBDict
Addison Wesleyinstance it retrieves from AddressModel and invokes its
remove() method, passing
it
a
JDBC28,
statement
object. remove() deletes the Address record from the
Pub Date: June
2002
Address table.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
How Many
Connections Are Opened and Closed?
It may look like
closes a connection
everyand
time
it adds orenterprise
deletes
theAddressDBDict
two languages, whencreates
used inand
combination,
ideal for Web
distributed
a record, but that
would be
awfully expensive as well as inefficient. Actually, only one connection
application
development.
to the database is created. Take a look at the createStatement() function and the
Connect class
the AddressBook4.py
module
see how
is done.
Thisintutorial
oftosome
of thethis
basics
help
those new
to programming
A Database-Aware
Address
Class:
AddressDB
AddressDB is a subclass of Address, which notifies it, via the markDirty() method, when its
member variables change. Address defines markDirty() and calls it in its constructor. AddressDB
overridesmarkDirty()
and adds the ability
to update
the corresponding
record
in the for
Address
tableWeb
when
Python Programming
with the
Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
Building
changes are made. and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
Recall that the Address class has no setter methods for its variables but sets them through __init__ . The
first time __init__ is called,
the dirtyprogramming
flag is set to concepts,
0 (false); including
at all subsequent
calls,expressions,
it's set to 1 (true).
Fundamental
statements,
Here's some of the code for Address and AddressDB showing the interaction between markDirty(),
dirty, and isDirty()
:
Python
and exceptions
class Address:
...
__dirty File
= input/output
-1
Python's intrinsic
functions phone_number="", email="",
def __init__(self,
name="",
...
Formatting,
...
self.markDirty()
...
...
def markDirty(self):
... Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
self.__dirty = self.__dirty + 1
def isDirty(self):
In...
language
returnandself.__dirty
class AddressDB(Address):
...
...
def markDirty(self):
...
Address.markDirty(self)
if(self.isDirty()):
777
address
def
self.__update()
Python Programming
__update(self):
...
statement,
connection
= createStatement()
Publisher: Addison
Wesley
Table of
Contents
try:ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
self.update(statement)
Pages: 640
finally:
connection.close()
Characterized
markDirty() calls the Address of the class; then it calls its isDirty() method to determine if the
data is dirty. If so, AddressDB's __update() method is called by its markDirty() method in order to
create a JDBC statement object and to update the record in the database.
In this way the base class and the subclass interact to determine the state of the address instance. If the data is
dirty, it's written out to the database and made clean again.
help those
newupdates
to programming
an understanding
concepts
and practical
AddressDB'supdate()
method
the record;develop
its remove()
methodof
deletes
the record;
and its
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
fromAddress() method inserts a new one. The following code shows how these methods breadth
work: of
where = """ application development.
WHERE
"""
Python
Programming
AddrID
= %(_AddressDB__id)s
select = """
UPDATE

Address
SET
Nameand=exceptions
'%(_Address__name)s',
Phone = '%(_Address__phone_number)s',
Object-oriented
Email
= '%(_Address__email)s'
""" + where
File input/output
delete = """
DELETE FROM
Address
""" + where
insert = """
INSERT INTO
Address
(AddrID, Name, Phone, Email)
VALUES
( Python and Java applets
%(_AddressDB__id)s,
'%(_Address__name)s',
'%(_Address__phone_number)s',
'%(_Address__email)s'
)
Whether
""" application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
class AddressDB(Address):
...
...
def update(self, statement=None):
777
... Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
Python
if(statement):
Web
...
statement.executeUpdate(select % self.__dict__)
= 0
Publisher:self.__dict__["_Address__dirty"]
Addison Wesley
...
...

Table def
of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
remove(self,
statement=None):
Pages: 640
...
if(statement):
Characterized
statement.executeUpdate(delete
% self.__dict__)
remained a premier
programming language for more than a decade,
and is used by
def fromAddress(self,
application development. addr, statement=None):
# Copy the address.

name =This
addr.name()
phone_number=addr.phoneNumber()
email=addr.email()
self.__dict__["_Address__dirty"]
-1 demonstrates Python's breadth of
techniques. For experienced programmers, the=book
Address.__init__(self,name,
phone_number,
email,
address_lines=None)
interfaces with Java
APIs for
professional
# Insert the record into the database.

Python Programming
self.__id
= getID()with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Enterprise
str = and
insert
% Applications
self.__dict__
if statement:
statement.executeUpdate(str)
...
AddressDB knows how to deal with the database, and, since it has the same interface as Address, the GUI
Python
basics,knowing
includingwhich
operators,
string
classes,how
errors,
knows how to work with either
without
is which.
AddressDBDict
, too, knows
to deal
and exceptions
with the database. What's more, it has the same interface as a Python dictionary object, which means that, like a
dictionary object, it can work with AddressModel,AddressMain,AddressFormPane, and so
forth, without these classes having to be changed. This is polymorphism at its deceptive best.
File input/output
To make the deception complete, AddressDBUtil'sreadAddresses() function has to get in on the
action. Instead of a dictionary
full ofintrinsic
addressfunctions
instances, it now has to return AddressDBDict, which holds
Python's
AddressDB instances. Here's its code (from AddressBook4\AddressDBUtils.py) with the interesting parts
highlighted in bold:
...
...
try:
Working withconnection
SQL and JDBC(TM)
statement,
= createStatement()
...
dict = AddressDBDict()
results
= Java
statement.executeQuery(select_all)
language
and the
idare=a sophisticated
results.getString("AddrID")
Whether you
name
= results.getString("Name")
phone
give you insight
into =
theresults.getString("Phone")
email = results.getString("Email")
addr=AddressDB(name, phone, email)
dict.dict[name] = addr
addr.setID(id)
777
finally:
#connection.close()
Web
pass
By
Richard Hightower
return dict
Using the Database-Supported
Address Book Application
Now
Table of
our
address book
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
application
has
database support. To get that support, and to keep the application

backward-compatible with the flat-file format, we tapped into the power of Python and polymorphism. Try these
exercises:
Deploy the address
book
application
in used
a different
database than
you've
using.enterprise
the two
languages,
when
in combination,
idealtheforone
Web
and been
distributed
Add the ability to track a phone conversationthat is, take notes while you're talkingand pull up a list
of notes for a given
addressbegins
entry. with
To accomplish
you'll
a database
tableprogramming.
called Phone Log
with a
This tutorial
coverage ofthis
some
of need
the basics
of Python
Using
notes field, anplenty
identity
and a foreign
key field
that references
AddrIDsessions,
in the Address
table.
You'll
offield,
skill-building
exercises
and interactive
programming
this book
will
also need GUIhelp
components
edit, and delete
notes.
those newtotoview,
programming
develop
Make it possible
to travel with
the address
book
application,
workingwith
withJava
a laptop
database server.
capabilities
and shows
the ways
that
Python interfaces
APIsand
for aprofessional
Add the ability to copy Address records from a database format to a flat-file format.
Add a dialog box that allows a user to copy data to the flat-file format and work with the application in
mobile modethat is, a mode that reads from the flat file instead of from the database server.
Enable the user to reconnect
to theprogramming
database. concepts, including statements, expressions,
Fundamental
Summary

and exceptions
In this chapter we covered SQL/JDBC programming. We used what we learned to provide database support for
our address book application.
We took a brief
tour of SQL
fundamentals, including the SQL sublanguages, DDL
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
and DML.
File input/output
The exercises showed how to connect and use two different databases: a JDBCODBC bridge (Microsoft
Access) and a pure JDBC connection
(InstantDB).
We saw some of the difficulties in porting to and running on
Python's intrinsic
functions
multiple databases.
We also saw the importance of modular design when we grafted database support onto the address book
application. In addition, weInterfacing
used java.Utils.Properties
to make
changing
properties easier. We also
with Java
Streams
discovered the dynamic capabilities of Python's __import__ statement, which uses the module name in a
Swing to
property file to load an I/OUsing
utility Python
module.and
TheJava
dynamism
ofcreate
PythonGUIs
and polymorphism was reinforced when we
added database support to the AddressModel class by creating a database-aware subclass and a databaseWorking with SQL and JDBC(TM)
aware dictionary.
CONTENTS
777
CONTENTS
Chapter 18. Applets

What Are Applets?

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Using an Applet as a Container
Characterized
by ease
of Application
use, richness ofinto
expression,
Transforming
the Address
Book
an Applet
Advanced Topic: AppletContext and AppletStub
plenty
programming
Appletof skill-building exercises and interactive
HTTP/FTP
protocolsessions, this book will
techniques.
the bookfile
Batch file For experienced programmers,JAR/zip
Browser development.
Lifecycle management
application
BrowserProgramming
simulator with the Java(TM) Class
Sandbox
Python
Code base
Stub
Context
Fundamental programming concepts,Tag
Once upon a time, there was a relatively new company named Netscape that became king of the Internet. It was
Netscape's acceptance of Java
applets
thatincluding
put Java on
the map.string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Python
basics,
operators,
and exceptions
If you follow Java, you know that, ironically, it's had a lot more impact on the server side (J2EE, servlets, JMS,
RMI, JAVA IDL, EJB, etc.)
than on the client
side (applets,
Swing). However, change is under way. With later
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
Java releases, Sun Microsystems has introduced a plug-in for browsers that addresses many of the shortcomings
input/output
of applets by allowing themFile
to be
cached.
What Are Applets?

Applets represent a way to deliver safe code for producing lively Internet GUIs. They execute within a browser
Interfacing
Java APIs
andsoworking
with
Streams
and are associated with (i.e.,
embeddedwith
in) the
an HTML
page,
they must
be Java
inherently
portable to run in a
variety of browsers on a variety of platforms.
Let's rewind a bit. Applets execute within a browser, which means that code that somebody else wrote is running
on your computer. That may sound dangerous, but applets can run only inside a security "sandbox," which won't
allow them to do things like
read or
write
files, read environment variables, or open network connections to
Python
and
Javatoapplets
any host except the one on which they originated. With current releases of Java, you can tweak the sandbox to
give applets more privileges,
butthe
they'll
never
be allowed
to do for
anything
that would
you. What's
more,
In addition,
book
contains
instructions
downloading
andharm
installing
the Python
they're virus-resistant.
All applets derive from java.applet.Applet, and so, since Jython compiles to Java bytecode and can
subclass a Java class,Whether
all we have
is subclass java.applet.Applet
and compile.
Sounds easy
you to
aredo
a sophisticated
computer user new to programming
or a serious
enough, doesn't it? Inapplication
fact, if you've
workedPython
with applets,
most of with
this chapter
will beClass
a review,
exceptwill
for
developer,
Programming
the Java(TM)
Libraries
compiling Jython code
an applet.
givetoyou
777
Let's start off with anPython

interactive
session. Import
from
the java.applet
package.
Programming
withApplet
the Java
Class
Libraries: A
>>> from java.applet

import Applet
>>> applet = Applet()
An applet is a panel (java.awt.Panel), and, as we learned earlier, a panel is also a component.

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
applet.class.superclass
of
Pages:
640at -731859681>
<jclass
java.awt.Panel
Contents
Characterized
by ease
of use, richness
of expression,
and concise(and
syntax,
has
So, if an applet is a panel,
and a panel
is a component,
an applet
is also a component
thusPython
a component
remained
a premieryou've
programming
language
for moreand
thanpanels
a decade,
andtois applets
used byas well.
container). That means
that everything
learned about
components
applies
two languages,
Surveying thethe
Applet
Landscape
Applet inherits allThis

of class java.applet.Applet's functionality. What's more, the Applet class
employs the Faade plenty

design of
pattern,
which facilitates
of many programming
utilities in java.net,
java.io,
forth, so
skill-building
exercisesthe
anduse
interactive
sessions,
this and
booksowill
it makes tasks such as
Web
image
downloading
as
easy
as
possible.
Forapplets
experienced
programmers,
book demonstrates
To see the amount oftechniques.
functionality
provide,
take a look atthe
Applet
's methods. Python's
Here are breadth
just the of
first
fifteen:
>>> for i in range (0, 15):

Python
...
print
methods[i]
and
Enterprise
...
public void java.applet.Applet.destroy()
public java.applet.AppletContext
Fundamental programming java.applet.Applet.getAppletContext()
public java.lang.String
java.applet.Applet.getAppletInfo()
public java.applet.AudioClip java.applet.Applet.getAudioClip(java.net.URL)
public java.applet.AudioClip
java.applet.Applet.getAudioClip(java.net.URL,jav
public java.net.URL
java.applet.Applet.getCodeBase()
and exceptions
public java.net.URL java.applet.Applet.getDocumentBase()
Object-oriented
public java.awt.Image
java.applet.Applet.getImage(java.net.URL)
public java.awt.Image java.applet.Applet.getImage(java.net.URL,java.lang.Stri
File input/output
public java.util.Locale
java.applet.Applet.getLocale()
public java.lang.String java.applet.Applet.getParameter(java.lang.String)
public java.lang.String[][] java.applet.Applet.getParameterInfo()
public void java.applet.Applet.init()
public boolean java.applet.Applet.isActive()
public static final
java.applet.AudioClip
Interfacing
java.applet.Applet.newAudioClip(java.net.URL)
Here are the rest:
>>> for i in range (15, 23):

...
print methods[i]
...
public void java.applet.Applet.play(java.net.URL)
public void java.applet.Applet.play(java.net.URL,java.lang.String)
public void java.applet.Applet.resize(int,int)
public void java.applet.Applet.resize(java.awt.Dimension)
public final Whether
void you
java.applet.Applet.setStub(java.applet.AppletStub)
application
developer,
public void java.applet.Applet.showStatus(java.lang.String)
give
you
insight
into
the
public void java.applet.Applet.start()
public void java.applet.Applet.stop()
777
That's a lot of methods to learn, and this is just the tip of the iceberg since we're not considering any methods that
Applet inherits from its superclasses. (We covered those methods earlier in this book.)
Web and
Enterprise
Using an Applet
as
a Container
Because you can use applets interchangeably with panels they're easy to test and debug. Debugging is even easier
Publisher:application
Addison Wesley
if the applet runs as a standalone
rather than within a browser. Let's run one from the interactive
interpreter.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Import
Frame
Applet,List, and
Pages:
640.
Contents

Applet
by ease of use,
>>> from java.awt
List, Frame
remainedimport
Create an instance of Applet and List; add the List instance to the applet instance.
development.
>>> applet = application
Applet()
>>> list = List()

>>> applet.add(list)
java.awt.List[list0,0,0,0x0,invalid,selected=null]
Forapplet
experienced
Create an instance oftechniques.
Frame; add
to it.programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
>>> frame = Frame("Frame
that contains the Applet")
>>> frame.add(applet)
java.applet.Applet[panel0,0,0,0x0,invalid,layout=java.awt.FlowLayout]
Pack and show frame.
>>> frame.pack() Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,

>>> frame.visible=1
Add some items to list. Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
>>> list.add("Hello")
>>> list.add("Goodbye")
File input/output
Figure 18-1 shows our first applet. (It may be a stretch to call it an applet since we're using it like a panel.) You
can see that working with an
appletintrinsic
is much functions
like working with a panel, except that there's a lot more to it.
Python's
Figure
18-1.and
Ourmanipulating
First So-Called
Formatting,
parsing,
stringsApplet
In addition,
Applet Lifecycle
Management
The browser lets applets know when they're no longer active or in view. It also tells them when they're created
and when they're about
to be destroyed
they can create
or free
resources.
Such notification
called lifecycle
Whether
you are a so
sophisticated
computer
user
new to programming
or a is
serious
management. An applet
is
created
and
executes
within
a
browser.
The
browser
determines
when
resources
will
should be created or give
restored
and
notifies
the
applet
accordingly.
Here are the browser's methods for notifying an applet of a lifecycle event:
777
init() creates the applet
Programming
destroy()Python
destroys
the applet with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building
start()

By Richard
Hightower
makes
the applet
visible or active
stop() makesPublisher:
the appletAddison
invisible
or inactive
Wesley
To implement these methods,

we have
to subclass the Applet class.
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
ImportContents
the Applet class and the needed java.awt classes.
by ease of use,
Applet
remained
a
premier
programming
languageButton,
for more than
a decade,BorderLayout
and is used by
>>> from java.awt import Frame, List,
Panel,
thethat
twosubclasses
languages,
when used
in combination, ideal for Web
Define a Python class
Applet
( java.applet.Applet
). and distributed enterprise
>>> class MyApplet (Applet):

...
def __init__(self):
plentyself.list
of skill-building=exercises
...
List()
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
...
self.add(self.list) an understanding of concepts and practical
techniques.
...
def init(self):
capabilities
...
self.list.add("Init
called")
...
def destroy(self):
...
self.list.add("Destroy called")
...
def start(self):
and Enterprise
Applications with Jython called")
...
self.list.add("Start
...
def stop(self):
...
self.list.add("Stop
called")
...
We can also add a browserPython
simulator
(a "fake
browser").
A simulator
allows us to
activate theclasses,
lifecycleerrors,
basics,
including
operators,
string formatting,
namespaces,
notifications, and thus simulate
events,
by
hitting
the
corresponding
buttons.
and exceptions
Create a frame and a MyApplet
instance.programming
Add the instance
to the frame.
Object-oriented
concepts
>>> fakeBrowser =FileFrame("Fake

Browser")
input/output
>>> applet = MyApplet()
>>> fakeBrowser.add(applet,
Create four buttons, and add
them to the
toolbar.and
The
buttons correspond
Formatting,
parsing,
manipulating
strings to the individual lifecycle notifications
the applet receives from the browser.
>>> b = Button
#Shortcut for Button class
Python
and Java Swing
to create GUIs b("stop"), b("init"),
>>> start, stop, Using
init,
destroy
= b("start"),
b("destroy")
Working stop,
with SQLinit,
and JDBC(TM)
>>> buttons = (start,
destroy)
>>> toolbar = Panel()
and Java applets
>>> for button inPython
buttons:
...
toolbar.add(button)
...
java.awt.Button[button0,0,0,0x0,invalid,label=start]
java.awt.Button[button1,0,0,0x0,invalid,label=stop]
java.awt.Button[button2,0,0,0x0,invalid,label=init]
java.awt.Button[button3,0,0,0x0,invalid,label=destroy]
Add the toolbar to the frame in the north region, and make the frame visible.
777
>>> fakeBrowser.add(toolbar, BorderLayout.NORTH)

>>> fakeBrowser.pack()
>>> fakeBrowser.visible=1
Create handlers for the

buttons
that call theApplications
lifecycle methods
pressed.
Web
and Enterprise
withwhen
Jython
>>>
...
>>>
...
>>>
...
>>>
...
def __init(event):applet.init()
def __destroy(event):applet.destroy()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
def of__start(event):applet.start()
Table
Pages: 640
Contents
def __stop(event):applet.stop()
Register the handlersnovices
to the buttons.
>>> handlers=(__start,__stop,__init,__destroy)
>>> for i in range(0,4):

...
buttons[i].actionPerformed=handlers[i]
...
Test the applet by hitting
the buttons.
Your browser
simulator should
lookdemonstrates
like Figure 18-2.
techniques.
For experienced
programmers,
the book
Python's breadth of
application
development.
Figure
18-2. Simulated Lifecycle Event Notification
and exceptions
Compiling an Applet
File input/output
To compile a Jython class as a Java class, you have to put it in a module of the same name. Thus, MyApplet.py
contains the MyApplet class.
Here's
the code:
Python's
intrinsic
functions
from java.applet Formatting,

import parsing,
Applet
from java.awt import List
the Javathat
APIs and
working with Java
# Define aInterfacing
Pythonwith
class
subclasses
theStreams
Applet class.
# (java.applet.Applet)
class MyApplet (Applet):

def __init__(self):
self.list
List()
Python and=Java
applets
self.add(self.list)
def init(self):
self.list.add("Init
called")
language
def destroy(self):
self.list.add("Destroy called")
def start(self):
self.list.add("Start
called")
application
def stop(self):
self.list.add("Stop called")
777
if __name__ == "__main__":
from FakeBrowser import FakeBrowser
fakeBrowser
= FakeBrowser()
Python Programming
fakeBrowser.addApplet(MyApplet())
Notice that the main block imports the FakeBrowser class, which is based on the browser simulator we
created in the last interactive
session. (FakeBrowser isn't listed, but you can look it up in FakeBrowser.py.
RunningMyApplet.py yields
the same output as before.)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
To compile
, use
jythonc at the command prompt.
Table MyApplet
of
Contents
Pages: 640
jythonc deep --package com.awl.jython_book --jar myapplet.jar MyApplet.py

We saw how to use Jythonc
in Chapter
1. Note thatlanguage
the package
is specified
as com.awl.Jython_book
remained a premier
programming
for more
than a decade,
and is used by and
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
that the classes are put in a JAR file called my.applet.jar. (A Java archive file is a zip file but
with a manifest
denoting that MyApplet
an applet.)when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
the twoislanguages,
Because we added FakeBrowser to the main block, we can run MyApplet as a standalone application
coveragethe
of following
some of the
of Python
programming. Using
(com.awl.Jython_book.MyApplet)
simplywith
by entering
at basics
the command
line:
java -classpath
%CLASSPATH%;myapplet.jar
com.awl.jython_book.MyApplet
help those
new to programming develop an understanding
which puts Jython.jar
and myapplet.jar
in the
needswith
Jython.jar
in order
to run.
capabilities
and shows
theclasspath.
ways thatMyApplet
Python interfaces
Java APIs
for professional
We're not done yet. We want to run this applet "embedded" in an HTML file inside a browser, so we have to
configure the Applet
tag Programming
for applets. with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
First, some exercises:
Add a Clear button to the applet that clears the list in MyApplet .
Recompile the applet. Hint: You can use a batch file called compile.bat for this, but be sure to open and
study it first.
and exceptions
Run the applet in FakeBrowser with the Java interpreter. Hint: Use a batch file called run.bat, but
open and study it first.
File input/output
No Archive Tag

If your browser doesn't support the archive tag, or if you're having problems compiling your applet, try using the all
Interfacing
with arguments
the Java APIs
and working
withtoJava
Streams
orcore arguments to jythonc
. These
instruct
jythonc
include
JythonC.jar in the applet's jar file.
Using Python and
Java Swing to create GUIs --jar myapplet.jar MyApplet.py
jythonc core --package
com.awl.Jython_book
or
Python and Java

applets
jythonc all --package
com.awl.Jython_book
--jar myapplet.jar MyApplet.py
andinthean
Java
Development
Embedding anlanguage
Applet
HTML
PageKit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
To embed MyApplet in a Web page, we need the applet tag, which takes the following form:
<applet
code="com.awl.jython_book.MyApplet"
codebase=".\jpywork"
archive="..\..\lib\jython.jar"
width=400
height=400
777
>
<param name="hello"
value="hello">
Web and Enterprise
If you don't By
have
Java-enabled browser, you need to get one!
RichardaHightower
</applet>
Each parameter takes a Pub

name/value
pair, and each has a purpose:
Date: June 28, 2002
Table of
Code holds
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
the
Pages:
name
of the640
applet
class (in our case,
com.awl.Jython_book.MyApplet.class).
Codebase holds
the relative
path
of the code language
basethefor
root
directory
which
browser
remained
a premier
programming
more
than afrom
decade,
andthe
is used
by loads the
novices
and professionals
its closebase,
relationship
to Java(TM)
makes
Java classes and
resources
it needs. It's equivalent
to the document
from which
the browser
loads the
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
document form. In other words, if an applet is loaded from www.jython.org\demo\applet.html, the
document baseapplication
is loaded from
www.jython.org\demo. (Remember, the default operation for jythonc is
development.
to put the class files in the jpywork subdirectory of the current directory.)
archive holds
theofname
of any zipexercises
or jar files
thisinteractive
applet uses-in
our case, sessions,
\lib\jython.jar,
which
plenty
skill-building
and
programming
this book
willholds
helpthat
those
newneeds.
to programming
understanding
and
all of the classes
Jython
Make sure develop
you haveanthe
same versionofofconcepts
Jython.jar
aspractical
the one you
bookversion
demonstrates
Python'swith
breadth
compile with. techniques.
You can getFor
theexperienced
right versionprogrammers,
for whatever the
Python
you're working
fromof
capabilities
and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for
professional
c:\Jython; copy it into c:\Jython_book\scripts\lib.
width/height holds the width and height of the applet in pixels.
<param name=value=>
specifies the
applet-defined
(application-specific)
name/value
parameters.
with
Jython covers
important topics such
as:
The applet Tag and Browsers
and compilers
Theapplet tag works ininterpreters,
the applet viewer
( AppletViewer), but to run other browsers you have to
expand it to include the myapplet.jar file in the archive parameter and take out codebase (or set it to a
period[.]). The following code, from MyAppletJar.html, works with Internet Explorer and Netscape:
and exceptions
<html>
<body>
<center>
File input/output
<applet
archive="..\lib\jython.jar,myapplet.jar"
width=400
height=400
>
<param name="hello" value="hello">
to create GUIs
If you don't haveUsing
a Java-enabled
browser,
you need to get one!
</applet>
</center>
</body>
</html>
Putting the class fileslanguage
in a jar file
downloading.
Unfortunately,
however, AppletViewer
doesn't
andspeeds
the Java
Development
recognize the archive
parameter.
This
code
(from
MyApplet.html)
does
work
with
AppletViewer
as
well as Internet Explorer and Netscape, although its download time is longer than that of jar files.
<html>
<body>
<center>
<applet
777
width=400 Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
height=400 ByRichard Hightower
>
<param name="hello"
value="hello">
Publisher: Addison
Wesley
If you don't have
a
Java-enabled
browser, you need to get one!
</applet>
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
</center>
Pages: 640
Contents
</body>
</html>
Running MyApplet
with and
AppletViewer
novices
TheAppletViewer
utility, which
ships with the JDK, allows developers to run applets without a browser. It
application
development.
supports a subset of the Netscape and Internet Explorer HTML tags that are associated with a Java applet.
To run AppletViewer
from
the command
line doand
this:
plenty of
skill-building
exercises
appletviewer techniques.
MyApplet.html
In Netscape or Internet Explorer, open the file from the File\Open menu item. You can use the applet with either
MyApplet.html or MyApplet.Jar.html.
Configuring Applet
Behavior
and Enterprise
An applet can be customized. The following HTML, for example, defines two applet-specific parameters,
"color" and "hello":
<html>
<body>
and exceptions
<center>
<applet
File input/output
width=400
height=400
>
<param name="hello" value="hi mom">
Interfacing
<param name="color"
value="blue">
If you don't have a Java-enabled browser, you need to get one!
</applet>
</center>
</body>
</html>
Call the getParameter()
java.applet.Applet
to read and
the applet's
In addition, method
the bookofcontains
instructions for downloading
installingparameters.
the PythonThis
method in turn gets the
parameters
from
theDevelopment
applet stub (AppletStub
).
language
and the
Java

Stub
application developer,The
PythonApplet
Programming
The applet gets the parameter information from AppletStub, which is passed to the Applet
class via the setStub() method by AppletContext.Java.applet. Applet
implementssetStub(), so you don't have to.
777
AppletBrowser
I've created a fully functioning AppletViewer-like application, called AppletBrowser (which we'll
cover later in detail). AppletBrowser implements the needed stub and context. We're going to use it in our
interactive sessions. Publisher: Addison Wesley
ImportJApplet, and create

an instance
of it.
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
>>> from javax.swing import JApplet

>>> applet = Characterized
JApplet()by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
ImportAppletBrowser
andprofessionals
create an instance
novices ,and
alike. of
Init.
>>> from AppletBrowser import AppletBrowser

>>> browser = AppletBrowser()
Add the applet instance to AppletBrowser to simulate its loading into AppletViewer or another
Java-enabled browser.
>>> browser.addApplet(applet)
application
Get the color parameter
fromdevelopment.
the applet.
>>> color = applet.getParameter("color")
>>> print color
"blue"
Get the hello parameterFundamental
from the applet
>>> hello = applet.getParameter("hello")

>>> print hello Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
"hi mom"
Object-oriented
The other parameterscodebase
,codeprogramming
,archive, concepts
and so forthwhich aren't defined by the param
keyword, are accessible through applet.getParameter().
File input/output
Getarchive,code, and codebase from the applet, and print them out.
>>> code = applet.getParameter("code")

>>> codebase = applet.getParameter("codebase")
>>> archive = applet.getParameter("archive")
>>> print (code, codebase, archive)
('com.awl.java_book.MyApplet',
'./jpywork/',
to create GUIs '..\..\lib\jython.jar')
Try to get a parameter that Working
doesn't exist.
withgetParameter()
SQL and JDBC(TM) will return None.
>>> print applet.getParameter("my_param")

None
Use parameters to pass
information,
the URL andKit
driver
name
of the database
to whichexplanations,
the applet
language
and thesuch
JavaasDevelopment
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
connects, or the COSand
naming
service
where
it looks
forthis
its stubs.
the applet's
parameters customize its
numerous
code
samples
make
book aBasically,
useful learning
experience.
behavior.
An Applet Example
The following code (from context\MyApplet.py) shows an applet that does what the applet in the previous
session does, but in a module that you can compile and use in a browser or in AppletViewer. (Pay special
attention to the showParameters() method.)
777
from javax.swing
JApplet
Pythonimport
Programming
from javax.swing
import
JList,
DefaultListModel,
JScrollPane
Web and
Enterprise
Applications
with Jython
# Define a Python class that subclasses the JApplet class

# (javax.swing.JApplet)
class MyApplet Pub
(JApplet):
Date: June 28, 2002
def __init__(self):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
self.list
= DefaultListModel()
Pages: 640
Contents
_list = JList(self.list)
self.contentPane.add(JScrollPane(_list))
Characterized
def print(self,
str): alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
theself.list.addElement(str)
def init(self):
self.print("Init
called")
This
self.showParameters()
plenty
def destroy(self):
self.print("Destroy
capabilities
and shows the ways thatcalled")
def start(self):
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the interactive session.
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thebook
applet
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and numerous
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Publisher:you
Addison
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With applet development
can make
very few assumptions about the browser. For example,
Date:support
June 28,
2002
J2ME and older Pub
browsers
only
AWT.
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Contents
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ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
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>>> test() and Enterprise Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
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HTML page we have to start
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operators,
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replacing
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On Windows NT/98, you can find that address via the ipconfig command.
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you are card,
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and
the
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Working with URLs in an Interactive Session
To read a file from the

serverProgramming
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By Richard
Hightower
append it to one of URL's methods.
ImportJApplet fromPub
javax.swing.
Date: June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
fromof javax.swing
import JApplet
Pages: 640
>>> Contents
applet = JApplet()
Characterized
byapplet
ease ofa use,
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file:/C:/book/scripts/chap18/context/jpywork/
>>> applet.codeBase
file:/C:/book/scripts/chap18/context/jpywork/
Show the document Python
base (using
Java and Jython).
Programming
>>> applet.getDocumentBase()
file:/C:/book/scripts/chap18/context/
>>> applet.documentBase
file:/C:/book/scripts/chap18/context/

and exceptions
Java.net.URL
The Java API documentation will tell you what you want to know about java.net.URL. I'll just show you its form:
File input/output
>>> url = applet.documentBase

>>> url.class Python's intrinsic functions
<jclass java.net.URL at 960293886>
>>> dir (url.class)
['ref', 'file', '__init__', 'toExternalForm',
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There are two files in the context directory with the name data.dat. One is the context itself and is associated
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>>> data_dat = URL(documentBaseURL, "data.dat")

>>> data_dat
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Get the associated input

stream.Hightower
By Richard
>>> instream = data_dat.openStream()

Pub
June
28, 2002
Import the classes needed
toDate:
read the
data.dat
text file.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
>>> Contents
from java.io Pages:
import
640 BufferedReader, InputStreamReader
Create a BufferedReader
stream
by of
chaining
an InputStreamReader
instance
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thesethan
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the two
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>>> data_reader.readLine()
'Hello from the Document base!'

experienced
As an exercise, read techniques.
data.dat in For
the code
base URL.
development.
The great thing aboutapplication
URL is that
it works with the HTTP and FTP protocols. This means that you can download
file data from anywhere on the Internet. The question is, why do this?
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Applications
Jythonsomewhere
covers important
such
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The answer is that anand
application
that
doesn't get with
data from
is prettytopics
useless.
Consider
the advantages
of adding applet capabilities to the address book application. With them, a user could access her address book
from any location on the Internet. We'll see how in the next section.
Transforming the Address Book Application into an Applet

and exceptions
What we're going to do is convert
AddressMain, which is currently a form, into an applet. Later we'll make
changes to AddressModel so that it can deal with URLs instead of files. This means that it will be able to
read and write to any files to which it refers, including any file transmitted over the HTTP protocol.
File input/output
Changes to AddressMain
First let's make it so AddressMain derives from an applet instead of a frame.
class AddressMain(JApplet):
Now let's add the __init__ and __destroy__ methods. __init__ gives us access to the database,
which we need to initialize AddressModel.__destroy__ calls AddressModel's
writeAddress() function,
which
addresses
out to a file (if the protocol supports this).
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withwrites
SQL and
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def init(self): Python and Java applets

url=None
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url=None
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except:ByRichard Hightower
print "Unable to get document base URL"
Now, because we have to move some of the code out of __init__ , we need to create another method to
initialize the GUI components based on AddressModel.
Def
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages:
640
initGUI(self):
Contents
# Move to the first address in
Characterized
by ease
of use,
# the list
and
table.
remained
a
premier
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If self.model.getSize() > 0:language for more than a decade, and is used by
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the
two
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Address
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We've made our address
book application
fairly modular,
so it's the
easybook
to add
support forPython's
reading from
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techniques.
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programmers,
demonstrates
breadth
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fact, it takes just three
lines of code.
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AddressURL
(from
capabilities
and shows
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waysa class,
that Python
interfaces with
AddressBook\AddressModel.py),
that has its own readAddresses() and writeAddresses()
methods, which means that we no longer have to import them from AddressUtils.py.
Here's the modified AddressBook\AddressModel.py
and Enterprise Applications withmodule:
from address import Address

...
...
from AddressURL import AddressURL
and exceptions
ListModel):
"""The AddressModel is both a ListModel and a

TableModel."""
File input/output
def __init__(self, url):

"""Initialize
the Address model.
self.dict = None
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with
the Java APIs
and working
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self.list
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the
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the AddressURL
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and
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...application developer, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
"""Write the address data to the file."""
self.io.writeAddresses(self.dict)
AddressURL
777
AddressURL usesWeb
the openStream()
method to read a file from a URL. It writes to the file as well if its
underlying protocol (HTTP,
FTP,
file,
etc.)
provides
the necessary support. Using getOutputStream()
(fromjava.net.URLConnection),AddressURL gets the file's associated output stream.
Take a look at AddressBook\AddressURL.py. Be sure to read the comments.

ISBN:ObjectInputStream,
0-201-61616-5
fromTable
java.io
import
IOException
of
Pages:ObjectOutputStream,
640
from
java.io
import
File, FileOutputStream
Contents
from java.net import URL, UnknownServiceException
Characterized
by ease of
from string import
split,
join
remained
a
premier
programming
class AddressURL:
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
def __init__(self, url, filename="./addr.dat"):
# Set the url. If the url does not exist,
# create one based on the current

This tutorial #
begins
with coverage
of some
directory
and
filename.
plenty
of
skill-building
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and
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if(url):
help those new
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self.url = URL(url, filename)
techniques.
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experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's breadth of
else:
capabilities and
shows
the
ways
that
Python
interfaces
with
Java
APIs
for professional
file = File(filename)
self.url = file.toURL()
def readAddresses(self):
"""
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in a dictionary
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URL.openStream()
and compilers
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filePython
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to hold
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file does
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then
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an error message.
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= self.url.openStream()
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Using Python anddict
Java Swing
to create GUIs
= in_stream.readObject()
return dict
Working
with SQL
and JDBC(TM) error:
except
IOException,
print "ERROR reading url: " + self.url
print error.class.name
print error.message
return {}
finally:
if not (file is None): file.close()
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dict): with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
"""
Write the addresses instances
in the dictionary to a
file.
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The writeAddresses
method
uses
Python
Java Class
URL.openConnection().getOutputStream(),
and
Web
attempts
to write the dictionary of
By
Richard Hightower
addresses to a file.
Table of
Contents
IfPubthe
fails because the protocol
Date:writing
June 28, 2002
doesISBN:
not0-201-61616-5
support writing, then
writeAddresses
checks to see if
Pages: 640
the protocol is file protocol. If it is file
protocol,by ease
writeAddresses
calls and concise syntax, Python has
Characterized
of use, richness of expression,
writeAsFile,
which
opensandaprofessionals
file using
FileOutputStream.
novices
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"""
application
development.
# to hold the output file output stream.
file=None
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# Use try/finally
to write
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this book will
# to
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help those new
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all else
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experienced
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out_stream = ObjectOutputStream(file)

out_stream.writeObject(dict)
and exceptions
# If the protocol does not support

# writing,
do this....
concepts
except UnknownServiceException, noservice:
# If the protocol is file,
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# then write it as a file.
if self.url.protocol=='file':
filename=self.url.toString()
strings
self.writeAsFile(filename,
dict)
else:
print noservice.message + self.url
except
IOException,
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print "ERR: writing addresses"+ self.url
print
error.class.name
Working with SQL
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print error.message
finally:
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def writeAsFile(self,
filename,
dict):
language
""" and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
and
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codeasamples
make this book
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experience.
Writes
out
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using
Whether
FileOutputStream.
application
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give you insight
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file = None #to hold the file output stream.
777
try:
Web
# Write the address instances
Table of
Contents
# in dict to the file.

# If there are any errors
# then print an error message.
try:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
file = FileOutputStream(filename)
Pages: 640
out_stream = ObjectOutputStream(file)
out_stream.writeObject(dict)
except IOException, error:
print "ERROR writing: " + filename
print error.class.name
print error.message
finally:
techniques. Book
For experienced
Running the Address
Application
applicationcan
development.
Our address book application
be run as an application or as an applet. Its main block creates an instance of
JFrame and adds an instance of AddressMain to it. Here's part of the code (from
AddressBook\AddressMain.py):
def __windowClosing(event):
event.source.dispose()
from java.lang import System
System.exit(0)
if __name__ == "__main__":
and exceptions
mainWindow = Frame("Address book application")
applet = AddressMain()
applet.init()
File input/output
mainWindow.contentPane.add(applet)
mainWindow.windowClosing = __windowClosing
Python's
intrinsic
functions
# Pack
the
frame
and make it visible.
mainWindow.pack()
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mainWindow.setSize(600,
mainWindow.visible=1
Run the application with AppletBrowser so you can debug and test it as you do the exercises. (The code is
fromrun.py.)
from AppletBrowser import AppletBrowser

from AddressMain Python
import
AddressMain
and Java
applets
applet = AddressMain()
browser = AppletBrowser()
browser.addApplet(applet)
The applet browser provides
AppletContext
and AppletStub
, which
makeClass
available
the will
application
with the
Java(TM)
Libraries
getDocumentBase()
, and
getParameter()
methods, among
give you,resize()
insight into the
power
to put others.
it to work.
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Add an applet parameter that specifies the address book application file name. The name should be
relative to the Python

document
base, and it should
correspond
a specific
address
book. Reviewing
the section
Programming
with the
Java to
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
onAppletBrowser
should help Applications
you here.
Web and Enterprise
with Jython
Get a type-4 JDBC driver so you can get the application to work with an RDBMS system.
Compile and run AddressBook in a browser.

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
Using
AppletBrowser
to Develop Applets
Pages: 640
Contents
To use AppletBrowser
, configure
theoffile
applet.props
the currentand
working
applet.props
Characterized
by ease
use,
richness of in
expression,
concisedirectory.
syntax, Python
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Java properties file that
specifies
the applet's
parameters
(codebase
,code
, etc.).
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remained
a premier
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language
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than,archive
a decade, and
is used
by want,
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applet's __stop__
,__init__
, and __destroy__
methods.
its close
relationship to Java(TM)
makes
AppletBrowserapplication
takes the following command-line arguments:
development.
This
tutorial applet.props
-w writes out
a sample
file
thoseincludes
new to programming
-t runs the help
browser;
a toolbar
and shows
-v runs the capabilities
browser in verbose
mode
-r runs the browser
-? shows help
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-prop writes a single parameter to the property file (-propNAME:VALUE)

-HTML converts applet.props

HTML page (-HTMLFileName)
interpreters, to
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To use the browser in a new
directory,
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Python
basics,
operators,
string
errors,
file with a code base that corresponds
to the current working directory.
and exceptions
Here's the code to create anObject-oriented
HTML file called
AddressBook.html:
programming
concepts
C:\jython_book\scripts\chap18\AddressBook>jython
AppletBrowser.
File input/output
pyHTMLAddressBook
Here'sAddressBook.html's code:
<html>
<body>
<center>
<applet
code=com.awl.jython_book.MyApplet
codebase=.\jpywork
width=400
height=400
archive=..\..\lib\jython.jar
>
<param name="color" value="blue">
<param name="hello"
mom">
Whether youvalue="hi
are a sophisticated
If you don't application
have a developer,
Java-enabled
browser,
need to
one!will
Python Programming
withyou
the Java(TM)
Classget
Libraries
</applet></center>
</body>
</html>
777
Here's how to specify additional applet parameters:
C:\jython_book\scripts\chap18\AddressBook>jython
Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: AAppletBrowser.
py-propFileName:RicksAddrBook
Once you add a parameter, it will be available the next time you create an HTML file or use
AppletBrowser. Publisher: Addison Wesley
0-201-61616-5
Advanced
Topic:ISBN:
AppletContext
and AppletStub
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
When an applet is created, it's given a stub via its setStub() method. The stub is the interface between the
Characterized
by ease
of use,
richness
expression,
and the
concise
syntax,
Python
has
applet and the browser.
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to deal
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stub because
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class
implements
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a
premier
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language
for
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getCodeBase()
gets
code the
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getDocumentBase() gets the document base URL

getParameterName() gets an applet parameter

isActive() determines if the applet is active

The applet context corresponds to the applet's environment and it can be used to show status, to load other
documents, and to get access to other applets. The AppletContext's methods are
and exceptions
getApplet(name)
gets the applet corresponding to a given name
programming
concepts
getApplets()Object-oriented
gets a collection
of specific applets
Filereturns
input/output
getImage(url)
an image object corresponding to the specified URL
Python's intrinsic
showDocument(url)
shows afunctions
Web page other than the current page and replaces the current page
with it
showDocument(url, target) same as above, but specifies the frame target

showStatus(status) shows the status text in the browser

AppletBrowser subclasses AppletContext and AppletStub via the classes URL and
URLClassLoader.
AppletBrowser.py
language
Here's some of the code
for AppletBrowser.py:
from java.applet import AppletContext, AppletStub

Whetherimport
computer user JPanel,
new to programming
from javax.swing
JFrame, JButton,
JLabelor a serious
application
developer,
Python Programming
from javax.swing
import
JTextField,
ImageIcon
...
...
777
When you use the addApplet() method, AppletBrowser passes a context and calls the applet's
__init__ method.
Python Programming
def addApplet(self,
applet):
...
...
Wesley
# Set the Publisher:
appletAddison
as the
applet in this instance.
Pub Date:
June 28,as
2002the AppletStub (stub).
# Pass this
instance
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
# Add this applet
to the frame. Then pack this frame.
Table of
Pages:
640
self.applet
=
applet
Contents
if debug:
Characterized
ease of
use, richness
expression,
and concise
has
print
"Set bythe
stub,
and of
add
the applet
tosyntax,
thePython
container"
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
applet.setStub(self)
self.contentPane.add(self.applet,
...
applet.init()
applet.start()
self.pack()
capabilities passes
and shows
thatand
Python
interfaces
with JavaallAPIs
for professional's
As you can see, AppletBrowser
itselfthe
as ways
the stub
in this
way implements
of AppletStub
parameters.
...
...
def appletResize(self, width, height):
self.setSize(width, height)
self.doLayout()
def getAppletContext(self):
return
self
and exceptions
def isActive(self):
return 1
File input/output
def getCodeBase(self):
codebase=self.props.getProperty("codebase")
if not codebase:
andURL(self.docbase,
return
".")
else:
return URL(self.docbase, codebase)
def getDocumentBase(self):
return
self.docbase
Working with
SQL and JDBC(TM)
Python andname):
Java applets
def getParameter(self,
return self.props.getProperty(name)
languagereturns
and theself
Java ,Development
definitions,
explanations,
getAppleContext()
that is, the AppletBrowser
instance,
which means
that
numerousAppletContext
code samples make this
AppletBrowserand
implements
's methods.
...
...
give you insight
def getApplet(self,
name):
return self.applet #Should return an applet
777
def getApplets(self):
v = Vector()
v.add(self.applet)
returnWeb
v.elements()
def getImage(self, url):

icon = ImageIcon(url)
return icon.getImage()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
of
def Table
showDocument(self,
url):
Pages: 640
Contents
pass
def showDocument(self,
url,
target):
remained a premier
programming
pass novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
def showStatus(self,
status):
self.status.text = status
To implement getImage()
,AppletBrowser
usesinteractive
javax.swing.ImageIcon
. The
exercises and
programming sessions, this
book will
getApplet() and
getApplets()
methods
return
the
currently
loaded
applet;
the
showStatus()
method shows the status
in a textFor
field
called status
.
techniques.
experienced
programmers,
AppletBrowser loads the applet specified by the code parameter, as well as all of the jar files specified in
thearchive tag, into the URLClassLoader class.
...
...
def loadApplet(self):
# Create the class loader and get

Python
basics, name.
# the
class
and exceptions
class_loader=self.createClassLoader()
class_name = self.props.getProperty("code")
# Load the class, create an instance

File input/output
# of it,
and add it with addApplet.
if class_name
and class_loader:
try:
if debug:
"Loading:
class_name
Formatting,print
parsing, and
manipulating"+
strings
clazz=class_loader.loadClass(class_name)
if debug:
clazz
Interfacing print
with the Java
Using applet
Python and=Java
clazz.newInstance()
self.addApplet(applet)
with SQLexception:
and JDBC(TM)
except Working
Exception,
global error
error = exception
to load
the for
class
"+class_name
Inprint
addition,"Unable
the book contains
instructions
downloading
def getJars(self):
urls=[]
#Parse
list
of jarfiles
tag.
Whetherthe
you are
a sophisticated
computer in
user the
new toarchive
programming
or a serious
jarfilesapplication
= self.props.getProperty("archive")
jarfilesgive
= you
split(jarfiles,
",")
insight into the power of
Python and the know-how to put it to work.
# Iterate through the list of jarfiles, and add
# each jarfile as a URL to the urls list.
for jar in jarfiles:
777
url = URL(self.docbase,
jar)
urls.append(url)
if By
debug:
print "Adding jar file " + ùrl`
Richard Hightower
return urls
def createClassLoader(self):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
try:
Pages: 640
Contents
# Get list of URLS for each jar in the
# byarchive
the codebase
and has
Characterized
ease of use,tag.
richnessGet
of expression,
and concise URL,
syntax, Python
#
add
it
to
the
list
of
URLS.
# Create alike.
a URL
jarrayits close
to pass
to to
the
In particular,
relationship
Java(TM) makes
# URLClassLoader
constructor.
the two languages,
# Get the system class loader to pass to the
# URLClassLoader constructor.
Create
an instance
ofbasics
URLClassLoader
This tutorial #
begins
with coverage
of some of the
# passing
theandurls
andprogramming
the system
class
exercises
interactive
sessions,
this book will
# to
loader.
help those new
urls = For
self.getJars()
techniques.
codebase=self.getCodeBase()
urls.append(codebase)
urls = array(urls, URL)
Python Programming
loader
= ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()
and Enterprise=Applications
with Jython covers important
topics such as:
url_loader
URLClassLoader(urls,
loader)
return url_loader
Fundamental
except Exception,
exception:
global errorinterpreters, and compilers
error =Python
exception
print "Unable
to create class loader"
and exceptions
Summary
File input/output
In this chapter, we covered applets, which are components that execute within a browser. To run Jython code as
an applet, you have to compile
it to intrinsic
a Java class.
You should also put it in a jar file to make downloading easier.
Python's
functions
We extended our address book
application
to work
an applet. We
also covered the inner workings of
Formatting,
parsing,
and as
manipulating
strings
AppletBrowser, which creates Jython applets through a context (AppletContext) and a stub
(AppletStub).
CONTENTS

777
CONTENTS
Appendix A. Publisher:
Installing
Jython on Windows
Addison Wesley
Installing Java Runtime

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Installing the J2SEStep
Pages: 640by Step
Contents
Installing Jython
First we'll install J2SE
v.1.4, because
it'sprogramming
the most recent
versionfor
available
as I awrite.
Then
install
remained
a premier
language
more than
decade,
andwe'll
is used
by the latest
version of Jython. novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
Before we start, let'sapplication
get something
straight. You might very well have trouble installing Jython because of the
development.
number of steps involved. You may need an expert computer configurator to help you with your Jython
installation. This might
a computer
or programmer,
might of
even
be that
kid next doorUsing
who's
Thisbetutorial
beginstechnician
with coverage
of some ofor
theit basics
Python
programming.
always making bootleg
floppies
so he can play
the latest
plenty
of skill-building
exercises
andgames.
If your local expert fails
you, visit
theexperienced
newsgroupsprogrammers,
for Java and Python.
usuallyPython's
willing tobreadth
help new
techniques.
For
the bookThey're
demonstrates
of
programmers. Just check
out theand
newsgroup's
questions)
firstAPIs
to avoid
looking stupid.
capabilities
shows theFAQs
ways (frequently
that Python asked
interfaces
with Java
for professional
Installing Java
Runtime
Before you can use the Jython interactive interpreter, you need a Java development tool or Java runtime
environment. The Java Developers Kit (J2SE) is free and, as the reference implementation for Java, is the logical
Fundamental
programming
including
expressions,
choice, especially for beginners
(all of the
examples in concepts,
the book use
Jythonstatements,
in conjunction
with the J2SE). The
interpreters,
and compilers
J2SE's latest version is available
at the Javasoft
Web site.
Python
basics,
operators,
formatting,
namespaces,
classes,
errors,
Even though I use the J2SE,
I should
say including
that Microsoft's
free string
Java Virtual
Machine
(JVM) has
some features
and exceptions
that make it a good alternative
with Windows. In particular, it streamlines the installation of Java packages and
allows integration with ActiveX and Windows API via JDirect. Visit Microsoft's Web site for downloading
instructions.
input/output
One more thing before we File
get started.
All of the examples in the book were created on a Microsoft Windows 98
system, and the references are specific to Windows 98 users (although they should work equally well with
Python's
intrinsic
functions
Windows 95 and sometimes
Windows
NT v.4.0).
I chose Windows primarily because I'm a recovering
Microsoft lackey but also because it would be impossible to document J2SE and Python set up on all of the
systems for which they're available. I had to choose something, and Windows was it.
I will, however, show you Jython configuration and installation on Linux systems. I figure that if you have a
UNIX/Linux background, you're
to translate
DOS
to UNIX (or, for that matter, from DOS to
Using smart
Pythonenough
and Java
Swing tofrom
create
GUIs
Mac).
If you're not a Windows or Linux user, go to the platform.html page at the Python Web site (www.jython.org) for
JVM installation instructions.
Check
theapplets
links to pages specific to your platform.
Python
andout
Java
Installing the
J2SEStep by Step
Before you can start installation, you need to download and install J2SE v.1.4 (or the equivalent for your
environment; Linux Whether
users, seeyou
Appendix
B). Just follow
the instructions
at http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.4/.
are a sophisticated
computer
user new to
This can take a whileapplication
dependingdeveloper,
on your modem's
Once you
have
J2SE, install
software
by
Python speed.
Programming
with
thethe
Java(TM)
Classthe
Libraries
will
double-clicking the file
theinsight
directory
it to. and the know-how to put it to work.
giveinyou
intoyou
thedownloaded
power of Python
During setup, accept all defaults. For example, the default directory is C:\j2skd1.4.0. The rest of the instructions
assume that you've put the file there.
777
If the J2SE Won't Start
Publisher:
Wesley
Be sure you saved
it with anAddison
*.exe file
extension, which tells Windows that the file is binary
executable.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Startup
Pages: 640
Once installation is complete,
your c:\autoexec.bat
file withfor
your
textthan
editor.
This file
usually
hasbyWindows
remained edit
a premier
more
a decade,
and
is used
and DOS startup information.
Make
sure that the
PATH
environment
variable
contains to
theJava(TM)
J2SE1.4 bin
novices and
professionals
alike.
In particular,
its close
relationship
makes
directory. Windows the
usestwo
PATH
to find executable
programs.
It gives
youfor
convenient
to Java,
the Java
languages,
when used in
combination,
ideal
Web and access
distributed
enterprise
interpreter, Javac, theapplication
Java compiler,
and other Java tools, which will come in handy as you do the exercises.
development.
For Windows 95, Windows
98, and
Windows
ME, addofthe
CLASSPATH
variable to autoexec.bat
This tutorial
begins
with coverage
some
of the basicsenvironment
Using
after the PATH statement.
This
tells
Java,
the
interpreter,
and
Javac
where
to
find
Java
classes.
REM *********techniques.
settings
for J2SE *****************
SET PATH=%PATH%;C:\j2se1.3\bin;
SET CLASSPATH=.
Notice that CLASSPATH is set to '.', which means the current directory. If there's already a CLASSPATH
statement, make sureand
a period
is specified.
Enterprise
For Windows NT4.0:

Go to the Start menuinterpreters,
and then theand
Settings
menu. Select Control Panel.
compilers
In the control panel, double-click the System icon.
In the Systems Option
dialogbasics,
box, choose
theoperators,
Environment
tab.formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Python
including
string
Edit the PATH environment
variable by adding C:\j2skd1.4.0\bin to the search path.
and exceptions
Use the same technique to edit the CLASSPATH variable.
For Windows 2000:
File input/output
1. Go to the Start menu and then the Settings menu; Select Control Panel.
2. In the control panel, Python's
double-click
the System
icon.
intrinsic
functions
3. In the Systems Properties dialog box, choose the Advanced tab.
parsing, and
manipulating
4. In the Advanced tab,Formatting,
hit the Environment
Variables
button. strings
5. Edit the PATH environmental variable by adding C:\j2skd1.4.0\bin to the search path.
Interfacing
withCLASSPATH
the Java APIsvariable.
6. Use the same technique
to edit the
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A Little Tip

Before you add the directory to the PATH statement, make sure there are no older versions of the
addition,
theare,
book
contains
instructions
forofdownloading
J2SE already In
there.
If there
they'll
be executed
instead
C:\j2se\1.3. and installing the Python
samples
make this book
a useful
learning
experience.
Once you've installedand
thenumerous
J2SE andcode
edited
the autoexec.bat
file, reboot
your
PC. Then,
to test that everything is
okay, go to the DOS prompt, and enter java version at the command line. You should see the
following:
give you
c:\java-version
"1.3.0"
Java(TM) 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (build 1.4.0-b92)

Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 1.4.0-b92, mixed mode)
777
Troubleshooting
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
If you don't see the okay
message,
type c:\j2skd1.4.0\bin\java
at the DOS prompt.
C:\> c:\j2sjd1.4.0\bin\java
-version
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
java
version
"1.3.0"
Pages: 640
Contents
Java(TM)
2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (build 1.4.0-b92)
Java HotSpot(TM)
Client
(build
mode)Python has
Characterized
by easeVM
of use,
richness1.4.0-b92,
of expression, andmixed
concise syntax,
If this works, you have a problem with your PATH statement. Try entering PATH at the command line to
see what it looks like.
Probably
you have
a typo
forgot to reboot
(autoexec.bat
runs only enterprise
after
the two
languages,
when
usedor
inyou
combination,
ideal for
Web and distributed
rebooting).
If you still don't see
thetutorial
okay message
and all
you're getting
"Bad
or filename,"
then your
setup
This
begins with
coverage
of someis of
the command
basics of Python
programming.
Using
program didn't work.
You
may
have
put
the
J2SE
in
the
wrong
directory.
Go
to
the
Start
menu
and
then
Find Files or Folders,
look
fortojava.exe.
This should
tellanyou
where you installed
the J2SE
or if you
helpand
those
new
programming
develop
understanding
of concepts
and practical
actually installed it.techniques.
If all else fails,
it's
time
to
call
in
an
expert
configurator.
Installing Jython
Jython is free and open
All you
have to dowith
is go
to http://www.jython.org/download.html
and do what
andsource.
Enterprise
Applications
Jython
you're told. (Jython is the latest Python release.)
Fundamental
programming
Jython is backward compatible
with JPython
(in whichconcepts,
all of the including
examples statements,
are written),expressions,
so feel free to use it. Just
and compilers
make sure to type jythoninterpreters,
instead of jython
in the interpreter and jythonc instead of jythonc in the
compiler.
exceptions
To install Jython, go to theand
directory
where it's downloaded and type java jython-20 at the DOS prompt.
C:\temp> java jython-20
input/output
Note that a Java class nameFile
does
not end with a .class extension, so leave it off.
Python's read
intrinsic
functions
While the setup program executes,
and accept
the license agreement.
Startup
Once the setup is complete, edit the autoexec.bat file to access the Jython interpreter. Open the file with a text
Using
and Java
Swing
editor, and add the following
linesPython
after those
entered
for to
thecreate
J2SE.GUIs
For Jython:
REM ********* settings

Jython *****************
Python andfor
Java applets
SET PATH=%PATH%;C:\Jython
SET CLASSPATH=%CLASSPATH%;C:\Jython.jar
ThePATH statementand
tellsnumerous
Windowscode
to append
c:\Jython
to the
PATH
environment
variable, which holds the
samples
make this
book
a useful
file's executable search path for Windows. The CLASSPATH statement enables the Java interpreter to find the
Jython class libraries.Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious
At this point you should
to run
Jython
by entering
Jython
atknow-how
the command-line
prompt. More
give be
youable
insight
into
the power
of Python
and the
to put itDOS
to work.
installation information is available at www.jython.org/installhtml.
777
Jython doesn't come with all of the standard Python modules, but you can download them from
www.jython.org/download.html and follow the installation instructions.
Installation Tip
Publisher:with
Addison
Wesley report them to jython-dev@lists.sourceIf you have any problems
installation,
Pub Date:
2002
forge.net. (Tell
them IJune
sent28,
you.)
Make sure you've done everything you can before reporting
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
what
might
turn
out
to
be
a
nonproblem.
You may discover that your problem is unique to your
Table of
Pages:
640
platform. To find out for sure, go to www.jython.org/platform.html. They'll let you know.
Contents
Characterized
of use,that
richness
and file,
concise
has
To run your downloaded
file, go toby
theease
directory
holds of
theexpression,
Python library
and syntax,
run thisPython
at the command
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
line:
the two
languages,
C:\temp> jython
-jar
pylib152a.jar
Done at last. If you've come this far, you can call yourself a master configurator. Nothing can stop you from
learning Python.
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Appendix B. Publisher:
Installing
Jython on Linux
Addison Wesley
Unpacking the Blackdown

Package
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Unpacking the Sun
Package
Pages:
640
Contents
Installing the Sun and Blackdown Distributions
Characterized
Installing Older
Distributions
Running Jython
Jaysen Lorenzen the two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
To illustrate the installation of Jython on Linux, we're using the most recent version of the SDK1.3 glibc.
tutorial begins
with
coverage
of someusing
of thethe
basics
Python (such
programming.
Using
Versions 1.2 and 1.3This
are available
only for
newer
distributions
libc6oflibraries
as Red Hat
v.5.x
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
will
and Debian v.2.x). The libc5 versions of J2SE v.1.1x are available on the Blackdown site for those of you
running older distributions.
and system,
shows the
Python
interfaces
Java APIs
for"superuser"
professional(that
If you're the root usercapabilities
of your Linux
logways
in asthat
root
, or use
the su with
command
to gain
application
is, root) privileges before
trying development.
each install. If you're not the root user, you can install software only to your own
user directory/home/<your name>or to directories for which you have read, write, and execute access. (If
Programming
Java(TM)
Class
Tutorialadministrator
for Building for
Web
you want to install onPython
a machine
other thanwith
yourthe
own,
you may
haveLibraries:
to ask yourA system
help.)
The first step in your Linux Jython install is downloading the J2SE (v.1.3) from Blackdown
(http://www.blackdown.org), from which you'll get a compressed tar ball, or Sun Microsystems
(http://java.sun.com), from which you'll get a self-extracting package. The next step is unpacking the J2SE and
installing it.
Unpacking the

and exceptions
Blackdown
Package

Many, many versions of the J2SE are available from Blackdown. I chose the latest, j2sdk1.3 (j2sdk-1.3.0-RC1linux-i386.tarbz2). Only a bziped
package is offered for this release, but earlier releases come with standard
File input/output
gziped packages.
In a shell, as the root, or using the su command, copy or move the downloaded file to a directory. This directory
can be any one you want, but
/usr/local/lib
is theand
best
choice because
it makes it easier for other users to find
Formatting,
parsing,
manipulating
strings
examples and documentation. (Thus, the J2SE subdirectory is /usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.x). Then unzip and untar the
Interfacing
with the
Java
file by changing the directory
to its location
with
theAPIs
command
Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs | tar -xvfbzip2 -dc j2sdk-1.3.0-RC1-linux-i386.tar.bz2
SQLbzip2
and JDBC(TM)
If you downloaded a gzipedWorking
package,with
replace
with gzip in the command.
777
HotSpotClient
Publisher:
Wesley
The default virtual
machineAddison
for J2SDK
v.1.3 is HotSpotClient. If it doesn't work well with Jython,
Pubthe
Date:
change it by editing
file.June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
/<jdk1.x>/jre/lib/jvm.cfg
Pages: 640
Contents
(where <jdk1.x>
is the jdk install
directory)
Characterized
by ease
remained a to
premier
programming
language
for more
than a decade,
is used by
Moving"-classic"
the first
line of the file
will change
the default
to Linuxand
Native
Threads.
Unpacking the
Sun Package
Here we're using J2SDK
v.1.3 and
self-extractingdevelop
binary package
(j2sdk-1_3_0-linux.bin).
a shell, as the
help those
newthe
to programming
an understanding
of concepts andInpractical
root, or using the sutechniques.
command, For
copyexperienced
or move theprogrammers,
downloaded the
file book
to thedemonstrates
directory of your
choiceagain
Python's
breadth of we're
usinguser/local/lib, so
the J2SE and
subdirectory
/user/local/lib/jdk.1.x.
capabilities
shows theis ways
Make the file executable with the command
chmod a+x j2sdk-1_3_0-linux.bin

Execute it with the command

./j2sdk-1_3_0-linux.bin
This launches a script and displays the license agreement from Sun (which you must read and accept). The script
unpacks and installs the SDK.
and exceptions
Object-oriented
Installing the Sun
and Blackdown
Distributions
File input/output
The installation procedures that follow are common to both Sun and Blackdown.
First we have to set some environment variables. There are several ways to do this, all of which depend on user
rights and preferences.
InterfacingVariables
Setting the Environment
To set PATH and CLASSPATH, edit the rc file in your home directory for the shell you're using. I've chosen the
bash shell, so the file to editWorking
is ~/.bashrc.
If a PATH
statement exists, add the following line just below
with SQL
and JDBC(TM)
PATH=etc/etc.
PATH=$PATH:/<jdk1.x>/bin
where<jdk1.x> is
the J2SE
directory,
the complete
pathTerminology,
created in the
previous steps.
If there are
language
and
the Javaincluding
Development
Kit (JDK).
definitions,
explanations,
any references to older
J2SE
versions
here,
remove
them.
You
should
see
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/bin
If there's no CLASSPATH statement, add it. If there is one, add the following line after it:
CLASSPATH=/<jdk1.x>/lib/tools.jar:./
777
where<jdk1.x> is the J2SE directory, including the complete path created during the previous steps.
Remove any references

to older
J2SE versions
in the
YouClass
should
see
Python
Programming
with
thepath.
Java
Libraries:
CLASSPATH=/usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/lib/tools.jar:./
If you don't see a CLASSPATH statement, add either the PATH=$PATH or the CLASSPATH line shown
above. If you see an export statement, append a space, the word PATH, another space, and the word
CLASSPATH to it. If you
don't see an export statement, create one containing PATH and CLASSPATH at
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
the bottom
of
the
file.
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
export PATH CLASSPATH

Now you should have
these PATH
,CLASSPATH
, andlanguage
exportforlines:
remained
a premier
programming
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/bin
CLASSPATH=/usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/lib/tools.jar:./
export TERM PATH CLASSPATH

Save and close the file.
Then
the exercises
shell you're
in soprogramming
that the environment
take
plenty
of re-execute
skill-building
andworking
interactive
sessions,changes
this bookwill
will
effect.
If the computer you're
on is yoursand
or shows
if your the
system
is by your with
side,Java
you can
PATH and
capabilities
waysadministrator
that Python interfaces
APIssetfortheprofessional
CLASSPATH variables
globally
as
root
(regardless
of
the
shell
used)
by
editing
the
/etc/profile
file and
making the same changes as for the bash shell.
and Enterprise
Installing Older
Distributions
If you're downloading a J2SE
version older
than 1.2, you'll
have to
get the JFC/Swing
from the JavaSoft
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
including
statements, classes
expressions,
site (http://java.sun.com/products/jfc/#download-swing).
Make
sure
your
J2SE
and
JFC
versions
matchfor
example, if you have J2SE v.1.1.7, you need Swing v.1.1.1 (swing1_1_1.tar.Z).
and exceptions
concepts
Tar/Zip
File input/output
The download page doesn't mention Linux, so choose the standard tar or zip file, not the installer.
In a shell, as root, or with the su command, copy or move the downloaded file to the directory you choose. As
Formatting,
parsing,
andswing-1.1.x
manipulating
strings(/usr/local/lib/jdk1.1.7/swing-1.1.x), so
before, we're using /usr/local/lib
and we
want the
directory
we move the file to /usr/local/lib/jdk1.1.7/. Installing the Swing classes in the J2SE directory makes it easy for
Interfacing
all users to find the examples
and the documentation.
Using Python
and Java the
Swing
to create
GUIs
Unzip and untar the downloaded
file by changing
directory
to its
location (/usr/local/lib/jdk117_vla) with the
command
gzip -dc swing1_1_1.tar.Z | tar -xvfPython and Java applets
which creates the Swing subdirectory.

language
Kit (JDK).
definitions,
Add the swing.jar file
to the CLASSPATH
variable by modifying
theTerminology,
CLASSPATH
line in theexplanations,
personal
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
~/.bashrc file or the global /etc/profile file.

computer user path
new to programming
or a serious
CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:/<base
path>/<swing
>/swing.jar
give you insight
into theispower
of Python
the know-how
toinstalled
put it to work.
/<base path>/<swing
path>/
the complete
pathand
to swing.jar.
If you
J2SE v.1.1.7, the
path should look like
777
CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:/jdk117_v1a/swing-1.1.1fcs/swing.jar
Save and close the file.

You'llProgramming
have to restartwith
the shell
the environment
changes
just made
toBuilding
take effect.
Python
the for
Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
for
Installation Alternatives

There are countless ways

install the J2SE on Linux. For distributions using RPM package
ISBN:to0-201-61616-5
Table
of
managers
(like
those
here),
RPM
Pages: 640 and DEB packages are available, which you can find on the
Contents
Linux distribution FTP site.
Testing the Installation
Test your install by starting a shell and entering java version. You should get a message like this:
[jaysonl@r_monkey
lib]$ java -version
java version plenty
"1.3.0"
Java(TM) 2 Runtime
Environment, Standard Edition (build Blackdown-1.3.0-RC1)
Classic VM (build
Blackdown-1.3.0-RC1,
native threads, sunwjit)
If you don't, there may be something wrong. Try entering the complete path to the Java executable, which in our
case is
Python Programming
with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for
Building Web
[jaysonl@r_monkey
/]$ /usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/bin/java
-version
The appropriate response means that you have a problem with your environment variables. Check the rc file for
your shell or the /etc/profileFundamental
file to makeprogramming
sure the pathsconcepts,
are correct.
(Remember,
you have
to re-execute the shell
including
statements,
expressions,
for the changes to take effect.)
If you get a "SegmentationPython
Fault" message,
chances operators,
are you installed
the wrong binary
releaseclasses,
of the J2SE.
basics, including
string formatting,
namespaces,
errors,If
you're using an older Linuxand
distribution
(older
than
Red
Hat
v.5.x
or
Debian
v.2.x)
and
chose
the
glibc
binary,
exceptions
you may find you need libc5 instead. Check your Linux distribution references for the correct library type.
If the virtual machine displays "Font specified in font.properties not found," edit the file:
File input/output
/<jdk1.x>/jre/lib/font.properties

where<jdk1.x.> is the J2SE install directory. Comment out the fonts that weren't found to stop these
warning messages. Installing
the fonts is
an alternative
solution. strings
Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
If none of these quick fixesInterfacing
does the trick,
a problem.
Refer towith
the Blackdown
withyou
the have
Java APIs
and working
Java Streamsinstallation FAQ page
(http://www.blackdown.org/java-linux/docs/faq/FAQ-java-linux.html#toc4) for advice.
Downloading the Jython and CPython Libraries

If all went well with the installation,

canapplets
download the Jython and the CPython libraries from
Python andyou
Java
http://www.jython.org or http://www.python.org. Then, in a shell, as root, or using the su command, change the
directory to which you
downloaded
class
file byinstructions
entering for downloading and installing the Python
In addition,
the the
book
contains
java Jython1xand numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
where1x is the number
of theyou
downloaded
Jython version.
Whether
are a sophisticated
In our case, the command looks like
java Jython11
777
This launches the java GUI version of the install shield and walks you through a series of questions. One
question is which directory you want to install Python in. The default is your home directory if you've logged in
as root. (Once again,Python

althoughProgramming
you can choose
anythe
directory
I recommend
/usr/local/lib.).
The
is the
with
Java
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
forresult
Building
creation of a directory
called
in Applications
the directory specified.
To install Jython, replace the Jython11
Web
andJython-1.x
Enterprise
with Jython
install class with its Jython
counterpart.
By Richard
Hightower
The next step is to edit your
environment
Publisher:
Addisonvariables
Wesley (here, in the ~/.bashrc file) by adding the following just
below the existing PATH statement:
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
PATH=$PATH:/<Jython-1x>
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
where<Jython-1x> is your chosen directory and the number of the Jython version you've downloaded.
Here's the actual line:Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/lib/Jython-1.1
Now add the following
CLASSPATH
line just below the existing one:
application
development.
CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:/<Jython-1.x>/Jython.jar
where<Jython is help
the installation
and -1.x>
is the
version of
installedin
ourpractical
case,
those new directory
to programming
develop
an Jython
understanding
concepts and
application
Save and close the file,
and thendevelopment.
restart your shell so the changes take effect.
CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:/usr/local/lib/Jython-1.1/Jython.jar
If It's Your First Time

To start Jython for the
first time,and
youcompilers
need to be the root user or use the su command (to gain
interpreters,
superuser privileges). The first run creates some new directories and searches your path to find the
J2SE-installed Java Python
classes.basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
and exceptions
Running JythonObject-oriented programming concepts

File input/output
To run Jython for the first time, type Jython at the prompt, and press Enter. You should see something like
this:
packageManager: processing
new
andjar,"/usr/local/lib/Jython-1.1/jython.jar"
packageManager: processing new jar,"/usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/lib/tools.jar"
new
Javajar,"/usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/jre/lib/rt.jar"
packageManager: processing new jar,"/usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/jre/lib/i18n.jar"
Using Python andnew
Java Swing
jar,to create GUIs
"/usr/local/lib/j2sdk1.3/jre/lib/sunrsasign.jar"
Working with(JIT:
SQL andsunwjit)
JDBC(TM)
Jython 1.1 on java1.3.0
Copyright (C) 1997-1999 Corporation for National Research Initiatives
Then press Ctrl-D to exit interactive mode.

language
the Java
Development
(JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
If you want to use parts
of the and
standard
Python
library thatKit
aren't
included
with Jython,
you haveexplanations,
two choices.
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
You can download and install them from the Jython download page (recommended by the folks at the Jython site
because the Python v.1.5.2 libs version has been modified to work better with Jython):
http://www.jython.org/download.html#pylib
or you can add a pointer in python.path to the lib directory of a CPython distribution (try this with your
system administrator by your side).
777
In a shell, as root, or using su, change the directory to the one you downloaded the CPython class file to, and
enter
jython -jar
pylib152e.jar
There will be a flurry of activity on the screen as the CPython libraries are extracted, copied, and compiled to
your directories. Your installation is now complete.
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
CONTENTS
and exceptions
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Appendix C. Publisher:
The Power
of Scripting
Addison Wesley
Scripting Versus Programming

Languages
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Java and Scripting
Pages: 640
Contents
Integrating Scripting with Jython
Characterized
by ease
Which Scripting
Language
to Choose
Hello WorldThe Programming Rosetta Stone
What Does the
It All
twoMean?
Scripting languages are dynamic, interactive environments for rapid development of Java code. Many are either
object-oriented or object-based,
almost
are interpreted
late-bound
polymorphism.
This Using
makes
This tutorialand
begins
withallcoverage
of someand
of use
the basics
of Python
programming.
them extremely dynamic
and
easy
to
programessential
ingredients
in
rapid
application
development
(RAD),
component gluing, and
helpproject
those prototyping.
Scripting

capabilities
and shows the ways that
Versus
Programming
Languages
There's a fine line between scripting and programming languages. For example, Smalltalk is an extremely
dynamic interpreted language, but it's not for scripting. A true scripting language, unlike Smalltalk, must employ
late-bound polymorphism and dynamic typing.
Many UNIX programmers Fundamental
program in Cprogramming
and C++ and concepts,
glue modules
together
with higher-level
shell
including
statements,
expressions,
programming (Korn, Bourne,
C,
etc.).
Or
they
use
the
scripting
language
Tcl
for
both
programming
their GUIs
and gluing together their C++ classes and libraries. Another option is to use Python as the glue. It's often
preinstalled with UNIX systems
is easy
to extend
with C. string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,
Pythonand
basics,
including
operators,
and exceptions
The most prevalent object-based scripting language is Visual Basic, which is often used to glue together COM
components written in different
languages. programming concepts
Object-oriented
Scripting languages don't replace
system languages but rather augment them in the following ways:
File input/output

Extending applications
Debugging
Learning and experimenting with the Java API
Rapid prototyping
Gluing subsystems and components
Automating general testing and regression testing
For information about
increasing
with scripting,
read John
Ousterhout's
online paper
Scripting:
language
andproductivity
Kit (JDK).
Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
Higher Level Programming
for
the
21st
Century
(http://www.home.pacbell.net/ouster/scripting.html),
which
notes a sharp productivity increase with scripting languageson the order of 5 to 10 times higher than with a
strongly typed language
like Java.
From
my own experience,
say new
theyto
areprogramming
2 to 3 times faster
depending on the
Whether
you are
a sophisticated
computerI'duser
or a serious
application.
Java and Scripting
777
I call Java a scripting language on steroids. In fact, because it uses statically typed polymorphism, it's more
precisely a hybrid. This

may at
first seem likewith
a disadvantage,
it turns
out thatA Java's
statically
typed
Python
Programming
the Java but
Class
Libraries:
Tutorial
for Building
polymorphism, as well
as its
design
by interface,
is great for
systems
programming, framework definition, and
Web
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
component development.
It would
be wrong to view Java as a system programming language by classical
By Richard
Hightower
definition. Rather, it's a virtual system programming language for a virtual systemthat is, a virtual machine (the
Java Virtual Machine). Publisher:
Like its scripting
language
Addison
Wesley cousins, it can be very dynamicnot as much as Python or
Smalltalk but certainly more
than
C++.
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table
of
Java's
main drawback
for scripting is that it can't glue components together. What you need to do is build
Pages: 640
Contents
components
with Java and glue them together with a true scripting language.
by ease of APIs
use, richness
of expression,
concisescripting
syntax, Python
has
Java's class reflectionCharacterized
and bean introspection
make a great
basis for and
integrating
languages.
remained
a
premier
programming
language
for
more
than
a
decade,
and
is
used
by
Essentially, the scripting language can get metadata about a Java class, which it uses to change its properties,
professionals
alike.
In particular, its
close
relationship
toand
Java(TM)
makes
handle its events, andnovices
invokeand
its methods.
I have
metaprogrammed
with
COM,
CORBA,
Java, and
of the
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
three Java is my preference because of these features.
Some people think that the only language for the JVM is Java. They're wrong. Like many platforms (and the
tutorialthe
begins
coverage
some
of the basics
programming.
JVM is very much a This
platform),
virtualwith
machine
has of
many
languages,
and of
thePython
list keeps
growing. InUsing
particular,
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this book will
combining the JVM with scripting enhances rapid application development.
Integrating Scripting
withtheJython
Jython is very close to Python and has been certified as 100 percent pure Java. In fact, in a recent Web poll
Python
with
the Java(TM)
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
Web
conducted by NetBeans
(theProgramming
Java IDE maker
bought
by Sun) on
integrating
a scripting
language
with its
Java
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
IDE, Jython won by a landslide. It also won a similar poll on JDJ and the Java channel.
By the way, you can develop Java Server Pages in Jython. They're called Python Server Pages, and they run in a
Java servlet. They're also open source. (Find out more about them at http://www.ciobriefings.com.)
Tcl

and exceptions
The Java command language (Jacl) implements Tcl8.x for writing scripts for Java components and APIs.
Object-oriented
Another Tcl blend allows Java
objects to beprogramming
manipulated concepts
directly from Tcl. Because Tcl is the premier RAD
language, many Jacl users have claimed significant reduction in development costs with its use. (Find out more
File input/output
about Jacl at http://www.tcl.tk/software/java/.)
JavaScript (Rhino)

Rhino is an implementation of JavaScript v.1.5, a very powerful object-based language. Freely available and
Interfacing
with
the Java APIs
and workinginwith
Java Streams
open source, Rhino is a natural
for rapid
application
and prototyping
the JVM.
Instant Basic

Halcyon's Instant Basic is a Visual Basic clone that allows quick porting of existing Visual Basic applications to
andcomponents,
Java appletsetc.). Its iASP, a clone of JSP, works with Java so that you
the Java platform (the IDE,Python
database
can use VBScript and JavaScript to access JavaBeans, CORBA, EJB, and so forth. Learn more about Instant
Basic at http://www.halcyonsoft.com.
Java BeanShell

application
developer,
Programming
withthat
the executes
Java(TM)Java
Class
Librariesand
will
BeanShell is interpreted
Java with
a syntax Python
very similar
to real Java's
statements
givescripting
you insight
into theit's
power
of Pythontyped
and so
themuch
know-how
putsyntax
it to work.
expressions. Like other
languages,
dynamically
of the to
Java
for type
declaration and casting is optional. BeanShell is great for writing prototypes and experimenting with unfamiliar
APIs. Also, it supports beans, it's very easy to use, and it's open source. To find out more about BeanShell, visit
http://www.Beanshell.org.
777
Smalltalk/Bistro
Richard
Hightower
a SmalltalkBy
variant
with
extensions for Java features and integration.
Bistro is
It offers software developers the
ability to code in a readable and expressive syntax. Although it's dynamically typed, it has the option of static
Publisher: which
Addison
Wesley
typing for closer Java integration,
means
that you can mix and match statically and dynamically typed
Pub
Date:
28, 2002
systems. Bistro combines
Java
typeJune
safeness
with Smalltalk fast development.
Table of
Scheme/Skij
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Skij is a small Scheme interpreter implemented in Java. A variant of Lisp, it enables rapid prototyping in the
Java environment and has many advanced features such as macros and first class continuations. There are at least
15 Scheme ports to the JVM.
development.
You can download aapplication
copy of Skij
at http://www.alphaworks.ibm.com/tech/skij. If it's not your favorite Java
Scheme variant, let me know why.
programmers,
Need
More?
If I didn't mention your favorite language, or the if the ones I covered don't tickle your fancy, see
Robert Tolksdorf's
ofthe
JVM
programming
languages.A Tutorial for Building Web
Pythoncomprehensive
Programminglist
with
Java(TM)
Class Libraries:
Dynamic
to Static Typing and Back
and exceptions
BeanShell is essentially a Java variant with dynamic and optional static typing. Bistro is a
Smalltalk variant with
static and optional
dynamic concepts
typing. Both languages are on the right track,
Object-oriented
programming
given that Visual Basic, the granddaddy of all scripting languages, provides both static and
File input/output
dynamic typing support.
Which Scripting Language to Choose
In choosing a scripting language,

ease with
of usetheisJava
a primary
criterion.
Forwith
example,
a language may be easy to learn
Interfacing
APIs and
working
Java Streams
because it resembles another language that most developers know. Or it may just have an easily grasped syntax.
A particular benefit of scripting languages is that they can be embedded in a large application to make it more
extensible. The question is Working
how embeddable
particular
language is and how well it integrates with Java.
with SQLa and
JDBC(TM)
Resemblance to the parent Python
language
important
andisJava
appletsbecause it can affect how code ports from a legacy system (i.e.,
non-Java). The degree of resemblance can influence how quickly developers can get up to speed.
A language's unique language
features might
beJava
thoseDevelopment
that gear it toKit
a particular
problem domain.
For example,
does it
and the
(JDK). Terminology,
definitions,
explanations,
have a library for generating
XML code
and HTML
documents?
Is it easy
to integrate
JSP (making it particularly
and numerous
samples
make this book
a useful
learningwith
experience.
suitable for Web programming)?
Some languages excel
at common
tasks likePython
string Programming
parsing; some with
don't.the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
application
developer,
A certain scripting language may be better than Java at tasks like manipulating strings and collections. Features
such as extensive class libraries and useful built-in language constructs enhance programming productivity.
777
A key criterion is a language's ease of integration with Java classes and APIs. For example, a language that
permits its classes to subclass Java classes has good integration. So does a language that allows methods to have
type signatures.
scripting languages
are better
than others at code debugging. Some have a more pleasant development
By Richard
Hightower
Some
environment.

Pub Date:
June 28, 2002
Hello WorldThe
Programming
Rosetta Stone
Table of
give
you a feel
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages:
640going
scripting,
we're
To
for
to compare how it's done in three languages, Java, JavaScript, and
Python. We'll make the comparison more interesting by adding a Say Hello button, which when pressed causes a
Characterized
by World"
ease of use,
richnessbold
of expression,
window to pop up and
display "Hello
in 18-point
type.
The Java Version
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.event.*;
class MyFrametechniques.
extends
For JFrame{
public MyFrame(){
JButtonapplication
sayHello;
development.
sayHello = new JButton("say hello");
sayHello.setMnemonic('h');
this.getContentPane().add(sayHello);
this.setVisible(true);
this.pack();
sayHello.addActionListener(new
ActionListener(){
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){

JButton b = (JButton)ae.getSource();
and exceptions
b.setEnabled(false);
sayHello();
}
} );
File input/output
}
private void sayHello(){
JFrame helloFrame;
JLabel helloLabel;
Font font;
with the Java APIs andFrame");
helloFrame Interfacing
= new JFrame("Hello
helloLabel=Using
newPython
JLabel("Hello
World");
font = new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 20);
helloLabel.setFont(font);
helloFrame.getContentPane().add(helloLabel);
helloFrame.pack();
helloFrame.setVisible(true);
}
language
and the
Java Development
public static
void
main(String
[]Kitargs){
numerous
MyFrameandframe
= code
newsamples
MyFrame();
frame.setTitle("My Frame");
}
}
Here's the JavaScript (Rhino at JavaScript 1.4) version.
777
function MyFrame(){
sayHello = new Packages.javax.swing.JButton("say hello");
sayHello.setMnemonic('h');
this.frame Web
= new
Packages.javax.swing.JFrame();
this.frame.getContentPane().add(sayHello);
this.frame.setVisible(true);
this.frame.pack();
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5new Packages.java.awt.event.ActionListener() {
sayHello.addActionListener(
Table of
Pages:
640
__parent__ : this,
Contents
actionPerformed : function(ae) {
ae.getSource().setEnabled(false);
this.__parent__.sayHello();
}
} );
function sayHello(){
This tutorial
begins
with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming.
Using
helloFrame
= new
Packages.javax.swing.JFrame("Hello
Frame");
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
will
helloLabel= new Packages.javax.swing.JLabel("Hello World");
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
font = new java.awt.Font("Arial", java.awt.Font.BOLD, 20);
helloLabel.setFont(font);
helloFrame.getContentPane().add(helloLabel);
helloFrame.pack();
helloFrame.setVisible(true);
}
this.sayHello=sayHello;
}

function main(){
frame = new MyFrame();
and exceptions Hello");
frame.frame.setTitle("My
}
main();
File input/output
The Jython Version
from javax.swing import JFrame, JButton, JLabel

Formatting,
Font
class MyFrame (JFrame):
def __init__(self):
sayHello = JButton("say hello", mnemonic='h')
self.contentPane.add(sayHello)
self.visible=1
self.pack()Python and Java applets
sayHello.actionPerformed = self.__sayHello
def __sayHello(self,
ae):
ae.source.enabled=0
helloFrame = JFrame("Hello Frame")
Whether you
are a sophisticated World",
computer user
helloLabel=
JLabel("Hello
font=Font("Arial",
Font.BOLD, 20))
helloFrame.contentPane.add(helloLabel)
helloFrame.pack()
helloFrame.visible=1
777
if __name__=="__main__":
frame = MyFrame(title = "My Frame")
Notice how well Jython
integrates with the JavaBean properties and event model. Also notice how much it packs
into a small package (it's about two-thirds the size of the JavaScript version).
What Does It All

Mean?
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
0-201-61616-5
Basically that Python is the ISBN:
best scripting
language for the JVM. Here's why:
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Ease of use. Python

was designed
to of
beuse,
easyrichness
for beginners.
In Virginia,
high school
students
arehas
taught
Characterized
by ease
of expression,
and concise
syntax,
Python
how to program
with
it.
Embeddability. On a scale from 1 to 10, Python scores 10 for embeddability.
application
Resemblance to
the parentdevelopment.
language. Jython is syntactically identical to Python.
Thishas
tutorial
coverageofofSmalltalk,
some of the
basics Icon,
of Python
programming. Using
Features. Python
somebegins
of the with
best features
Scheme,
and Java.
thosehas
new
to programming
concepts
andE)
practical
String parsing.help
Python
libraries
for regular-expression
string parsing of
(see
Appendix
and slice
techniques.
For
experienced
programmers,
the
book
demonstrates
Python's
breadth of
notation, as well as other features that make string parsing easy.
Productivity. Python
has an
extensive class library as well as built-in language support for collection
application
development.
objects (including collection literals for defining collections). These make Python strikingly productive.
Working well with
Java classes
and APIs. In
Jython
youcovers
instantiate
and subclass
Javaas:classes and
and Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
important
topics such
interfaces, invoke Java methods, set up bean events, and work with JavaBean properties. You can also
compile Jython into Java classes to create JavaBeans, servlets, and applets.
interpreters,
and compilers
Development environment
and debugging.
Jython has a good interactive interpreter, but its development
environment is its weak point. Python has some mature IDEs, but Jython has nothing. If it did, it would
Python
basics,
including
operators,
formatting,
classes, errors,
give Java a serious run
for its
money
as the most
popularstring
language
for the namespaces,
JVM.
and exceptions
CONTENTS
concepts
File input/output
777
CONTENTS
Appendix D. Publisher:
Java Addison
and Python:
A Comparison
Wesley
Python 101
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
A GUI Application
Pages: 640
Contents
A Statistics Application
Characterized
A String Parsing
Example
Embedding Jython in Java
tworelative
languages,
when
usedand
in combination,
for Web tests
and distributed
This appendix looks the
at the
merits
of Java
Python using ideal
the following
as the basisenterprise
for
application
development.
comparison: (1) a GUI application, (2) a statistics application, (3) a simple example of string parsing, and (4) an
application with an embedded script.
Python 101 help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
and
Here's a Python classcapabilities
followed by
itsshows
Java equivalent.
Python:
class Employee:
def __init__(self, fname="John", lname="Doe", id=1, manager=None, dept=1):

self.__firstName
=
fname
Fundamental
programming
concepts,
self.__lastName
=
lnameincluding statements, expressions,
self.__idinterpreters, and compilers
=
id
self.__manager
=
manager
self.__dept
=
dept
and exceptions
def getManager(self):
return self.__manager
File input/output
def __str__(self):
intrinsic functions self.__firstName, self.__id
values = Python's
self.__lastName,
return join(values,',')
Java:
public class Employee{

Python and Java
private StringUsing
firstName,
lastName;
private int id, dept;
Working
private Employee
manager;
public Employee(){
firstName
= book
"John";
In addition, the
lastName
=
"Doe";
id and
= numerous
1;
vmanager=null;
dept=1;
}
public Employee(String
fname,
intto id,
Employee
manager, int
power of String
Python andlname,
the know-how
put it to
work.
firstName
=
fname;
lastName
=
lname;
this.id
=
id;
this.manager =
manager;
777
this.dept
= withdept;
Python Programming
}

public Employee getManager(){

return
manager;
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
}
Table of
public
Contents
}
...
...
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
String Pages:
toString(){
640
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
buf.append(lastName+',');
buf.append(firstName+',');
buf.append(""+id);
return
the two buf.toString();
Similar to Java's this
, Python'sFor
self
is a reference
to the class
referred to by
the firstbreadth
argument
techniques.
experienced
programmers,
theinstance
book demonstrates
Python's
of in
each method. There'scapabilities
no separateand
declaration
member
variables;
they're declared
a value. (You
shows theforways
that Python
interfaces
with Javawhen
APIsassigned
for professional
can declare class as well
as
instance
variables.)
Python's
__str__()
method
is
equivalent
to
Java's
toString().
In Python, to create an
of Employee
it tocovers
the screen
you enter
thesuch
following:
andinstance
Enterprise
Applicationsand
withprint
Jython
important
topics
as:
print Employee()
The equivalent in Java is interpreters, and compilers
System.out.println(new
Employee());
Python basics,
and exceptions
Here's how to create two instances of Employee ,joe and ron, and print them to the console. Joe is Ron's
manager. We get him by invoking
the ronprogramming
instance's getManager()
method.
Object-oriented
concepts
Python:
joe =
ron =
print
print
File input/output
Employee("Joe",
"Battista",
Python's intrinsic
functions 100)
Employee(manager=joe, id=101, lname="Furgeson", fname="Ron")
ron
ron.getManager()
Java:
Employee joe=new Employee("Joe","Batista",100,null,1);

Employee ron=new Working
Employee("Ron","Furgeson",101,joe,1);
System.out.println(ron);
System.out.println(ron.getManager());
In addition,
As you can see, the syntax
is similar.
and numerous
code samples
this book
usefulthe
learning
experience.
Jython uses named arguments
and default
values.make
This means
thata when
ron instance
is created the
arguments are called out of order, which should be familiar to those of you who've used Visual Basic or
you are awith
sophisticated
programming
or a serious
VBScript. For those Whether
of you unfamiliar
this idea, computer
think of ituser
this new
way:toYou
can call methods
as you normally
application
developer,
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
do in Java, or you can do it the Python way, passing the method name/value pairs and saving
yourselfwill
some
give
you insight
intoyou
the ever
power
of Python
and several
the know-how
to work.
coding, not to mention
headaches.
Have
been
stuck with
versionstoofput
theitsame
method when all
you wanted was different default values? Every default value is another overloaded method, which can get
messy.
777
A good example of the use of named arguments is Python's GridBag utility class, which manages the
infamousGridBagLayout
manager. I'vewith
created
similar
in Java that
uses overloaded
methods to
Python Programming
thesomething
Java Class
Libraries:
A Tutorial
for Building
createGridBag constraints.
A Simple GUI Prototype

PubNow
Date:
June
28, 2002
We have our simple class.
we'll
create
a simple GUI prototype. (Like the class, it's nonsensical since its
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
only purpose
is
for
illustration.)
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
Fire up the Python interactive interpreter, typing in Jython at the system prompt. Then import JFrame from
javax.swing.
import JFrame
Create an instance ofapplication
the frame, development.
set its size to 200,200, and make it visible.
>>> frame=JFrame("My
Prototype",visible=1,size=(200,200))
This took only one line of code because in Jython any bean property of a class (by which I mean a property
defined by getter and setter methodsthat is, the Java Bean design pattern for properties) can be set during the
constructor call using named arguments.
Now let's add some components:
labels, text fields, and a button. Import the necessary classes from javax.swing.
Python Programming
withJButton,JTextField,JLabel,JPanel
import
We could have entered from javax.swing import *, as we do in Java, but that would have
imported every class into our namespace, which Python considers bad style. Python's way is to let us view and
manipulate a namespace.
>>> dir()
Python basics,
string formatting,
errors,
['JButton', 'JFrame',
'JLabel',
'JTextField',
'__name__',
'frame']
and exceptions
Create a pane, using JFrame'scontentPane property.
>>> pane = JPanel()

File input/output
>>> frame.contentPane.add(pane)
javax.swing.JPanel[,0,0,0x0,invalid,layout=java.awt.FlowLayout,alignmentX=
null,alignmentY=null,border=,flags=34,maximumSize=,minimumSize=,preferredSize
,default Layout=java.awt.FlowLayout[hgap=5,vgap=5,align=center]]
If this were Java, we'd haveInterfacing
to call frame.getContentPane()
to create
pane because Java does not
with the Java APIs and working with
Java aStreams
treat bean properties like instance variables.
To lay out the pane we're going to use the infamous GridBagLayout, which is the most complex of Jython's
layout managers. To tame itWorking
we'll usewith
the SQL
GridBag
utility class. Notice how few lines of code it takes up.
and JDBC(TM)
Import the GridBag helper
class.and
Then
an instance of it and associate it with the pane.
Python
Javacreate
applets
>>> from pawtIn addition,

importtheGridBag
>>> bag = GridBag(pane)
Add the first component, a label, to GridBag, which will use all of GridBagConstraints's default
values.
>>> bag.add(JLabel("Name"))
777
Add another label on the second row of the grid.
>>> bag.add(JLabel("ID"), gridy=1)
Add a text field on the

first rowHightower
in the second column, and pack the frame.
By Richard
>>> name = JTextField(25)

>>> bag.add(name, gridx=1, weightx=80.0)
>>> frame.pack()
Table of
Addanother
text field
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
for
Pages:
640
the
employee
ID to the right on the second row, and pack the frame.
>>> id = JTextField(10)
>>> bag.add(id,
gridx=1,
gridy=1, language
weightx=80.0)
remained
>>> frame.pack()
Not what we want, isapplication
it? The textdevelopment.
field components look silly because I accidentally (on purpose) aligned them
centered, not at the left, in their cells. Let's fix this.
Remove the ID and name.
>>> pane.remove(id)
>>> pane.remove(name)
Put them back with the correct alignment.
>>> bag.add(name, gridx=1, weightx=80.00, anchor='WEST')

>>> bag.add(id, gridx=1, gridy=1, weightx=80.0, anchor='WEST')
>>> frame.pack()

Jython handles bean eventsinterpreters,
easily because
uses introspection and reflection to create event properties. With the
anditcompilers
JavaBeans Event design pattern, event properties equate to the method name in a method's event listener
interface.
and exceptions
To demonstrate assigning a function or method to an event property, we'll set up an Okay button that prints an
employee's name and ID when
clicked.
Object-oriented
Create and add a button to File
the GUI.
input/output
>>> okay = JButton("Okay")

>>> bag.add(okay, gridx=1, gridy=2, anchor='CENTER')
>>> frame.pack() Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
withofthe
APIs
with Java Streams
Create a function that printsInterfacing
out the value
theJava
name
andand
ID working
text.
>>> def handleOkay(event):

...
print "Name " + name.text
...
print "IDWorking
" + id.text
...
>>> okay.actionPerformed=handleOkay
Inname
addition,
Enter some text in the
and the
ID book
fields,contains
and hit Okay.
A GUI Application

application
Python
Programming
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries
will
Now let's create a GUI
based ondeveloper,
our prototype
in both
Jython andwith
Java.the
The
following
example
shows
our
give
you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
Python employee form; after that is its Java equivalent.
Python:
777
from javax.swing import JFrame, JButton, JTextField, JLabel, JPanel
from string import

split
Python Programming
from pawt import
GridBag
Web and
from EmployeeByRichard
import
Employee
Hightower
class EmployeeForm(JFrame):
def __init__(self):
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5"Employee Form")
Table ofpane = JPanel()
Pages: 640
Contents
self.contentPane.add(pane)
bag =Characterized
GridBag(pane)
#Create
a name alike.
andInid
text itsfield.
novices
and professionals
particular,
self.__name
= JTextField(25)
the two languages,
self.__id
= development.
JTextField(10)
application
#Create
andwith
add
a "Name"
and
"ID"of label.
This
tutorial begins
coverage
of some of
the basics
name plenty
= JLabel("Name",
labelFor=self.__name,
displayedMnemonic=ord('N'
and interactive programming sessions,
this book will
bag.add(name)
id = techniques.
JLabel("ID",
labelFor=self.__id,
displayedMnemonic=ord('I'))
For experienced
programmers, the book demonstrates
Python's breadth of
bag.add(id,
gridy=1)
capabilities and
# Add the name and ID text field to the form.

Java(TM) Class
for Building Web
bag.add(self.__name,
gridx=1,
weightx=80.00,
anchor='WEST')
with Jythongridy=1,
covers important
topics such as:
bag.add(self.__id,
gridx=1,
anchor='WEST')
#Create an okay button, add it, and set up its event handler.
okay = JButton("Okay",
mnemonic=ord('O'))
interpreters,
and compilers
bag.add(okay,
gridx=1,
gridy=2, anchor='EAST')
okay.actionPerformed=self.handleOkay
and exceptions
self.visible=1
self.pack()
def handleOkay(self,
event):
File input/output
fname, lname = split(self.__name.text, " ")
id = int(self.__id.text)
employee = Employee(fname, lname, id)
print employee
if __name__=="__main__":EmployeeForm()
Java:
import
import
import
import
import
import

javax.swing.*;
java.awt.GridBagLayout;
java.awt.GridBagConstraints;
java.awt.event.ActionListener;
java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
employee.Employee;
public class Whether

EmployeeForm
extendscomputer
JFrame{
private JTextField
name;Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
private JTextField
give you insightid;
public EmployeeForm(){
super("Employee Form");
JPanel pane = new JPanel();
777
getContentPane().add(pane);
pane.setLayout(new
GridBagLayout());
// Create
a Addison
name Wesley
and id text field.
Publisher:
name = new JTextField(25);
id = new JTextField(10);
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents//
Pages: 640
Create and add a "Name" and "ID" label.

JLabel nameLabel
= bynew
JLabel("Name");
Characterized
ease of
nameLabel.setLabelFor(name);
nameLabel.setDisplayedMnemonic('N');
GridBagConstraints
constraint
= new GridBagConstraints();
the two languages,
pane.add(nameLabel,
constraint);
JLabel idLabel
= new
This tutorial
beginsJLabel("ID");
idLabel.setLabelFor(id);
idLabel.setDisplayedMnemonic('I');
constraint.gridy=1;
pane.add(idLabel,
constraint);
capabilities and
// Add the name and ID text field to the form.

Python Programming
constraint.gridy=0;
constraint.gridx=1;
constraint.weightx=80.00;
constraint.anchor=GridBagConstraints.WEST;
pane.add(name, constraint);
constraint.gridy=1;
pane.add(id, constraint);
// Create
an okay button, add it, and set up its event handler.
and exceptions
JButton okay = new JButton("Okay");
okay.setMnemonic('O');
constraint.gridx=1; constraint.gridy=2;
constraint.anchor=GridBagConstraints.EAST;
File input/output
pane.add(okay, constraint);
okay.addActionListener(new
ActionListener(){
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event){
handleOkay();
}
} );
this.setVisible(true);
this.pack(); Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)
}
public void handleOkay(){

language
and the Java
String name,
fname,
lname;
and
numerous
code
samples
int index=0;
int id =0;
name = this.name.getText();
index = name.indexOf("
");
fname = name.substring(0, index);

lname = name.substring(index+1, name.length());
777
id = Integer.parseInt(this.id.getText());
Employee employee
= newApplications
Employee(fname,
Web and Enterprise
with Jython lname, id, null, 100);
System.out.println(""+employee);
}
public static
voidAddison
main(String
[] args){
Publisher:
Wesley
new EmployeeForm();
}
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
The Jython version is 1,290 characters; the Java version is 2,139 characters.
A Statistics novices
Application
development.
Remember the houseapplication
price sample
application we created in Chapter 4? You might want to go back and refresh
your memory because we're going to be using it to continue our Python/Java comparison. I'm not going to repeat
begins withthe
coverage
of some
the basics of
programming.
Using the
the information you'llThis
findtutorial
there, particularly
breakdown
andofexplanation
of Python
the code,
but I will highlight
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
important functions, as I did in Chapter 4, and show you the full code examples. A suggestion: Place a will
bookmark
those
to programming
develop
an understanding
at the section on the help
house
pricenew
example
in that chapter
for easy
referral.
getRange() application development.
ThegetRange()Python
functionProgramming
iterates through
list Java(TM)
of numbersClass
passed
to it to calculate
thefor
minimum
witha the
Libraries:
A Tutorial
Buildingand
Web
maximum values in and
a list.Enterprise
It returns Applications
these values, with
with Jython
their range,
inimportant
a tuple. Here's
way
covers
topicsone
such
as:to implement it:
def getRange (nums):

min = 300000000
max = -300000000
and exceptions
for item in nums:

Object-oriented
concepts
if (item
< min): programming
min = item
return (min, max,
max-min)
File input/output
Here's another, better, way:Python's intrinsic functions
def getRange (nums):

return (min(nums), max(nums), max(nums)-min(nums))
With the first implementation, you have to be sure that the values passed to getRange() are within the
minimum-maximum range.Using
With Python
the second
you don't
and implementation,
Java Swing to create
GUIshave to do that, thanks to the built-in
min() and max() functions, which work with all numeric types.
getMean()
ThegetMean() function
calculates
thecontains
mean of instructions
a sequence of
by iterating
throughthe
the Python
sequence,
In addition,
the book
fornumbers
downloading
and installing
summing the values,language
and then and
dividing
the
sum
by
the
sequence
length.
It
also
determines
if
the
result
is a sample
mean or a populationand
mean.
def getMean (nums,

sample):
Whether you
sum = 0.0 application developer,
# holds
value with
of the
sum
Pythonthe
Programming
# iterate through the sequence

# of numbers and sum them
for x in nums:
sum = sum + x
777
# Check
to see if with
this
a Class
sample
meanA Tutorial for Building
Python Programming
the is
Java
Libraries:
if(sample):
By Richard=Hightower
average
sum / (len(nums)-1)
Publisher:
Addison
Wesley
# Else
it is
a population
mean
else:
averageISBN:
= sum
/ len(nums)
0-201-61616-5
Table of
return average
Pages: 640
Contents
As with getRange()
, Python has
better
wayrichness
to find the
mean. It mayand
surprise
you.
Characterized
by aease
of use,
of expression,
concise
syntax, Python has
def getMean (nums,

sample):
sum = reduce(lambda
a, b: a+b, nums)
if sample:application
average
=
sum / (len(nums)-1)
development.
else: average = sum / len(nums)
return average
What's new here is the reduce() built-in function, which takes two arguments, function and
sequence .function
is specified with the lambda keyword, which makes it anonymous. reduce()
appliesfunction to two items in the sequence, cumulatively from left to right, reducing it to a single value,
in our case sum.
The result is the same as with our first implementation of getMean(), but it's a lot shorter.
getMode()

and compilers
ThegetMode() functioninterpreters,
finds the value
that repeats most often in a sequence. First it duplicates the sequence
(before modifying it); then it iterates through it, counting the occurrences of current items via the built-in
count() method. Once an item is counted, it's removed from the duplicated sequence.
and exceptions
def getMode (nums):

#
# make File
a input/output
duplicate copy of the nums argument
duplicate = nums[:]
highest_count Python's
= -100
intrinsic functions
mode = None
#
# calculate the highest_count and the mode
for item in nums:
count =Using
duplicate.count(item)
if (count
== 0): continue
highest_count
= count
mode = item
while(duplicate.count(item)
> 0):
language and the Java Development Kit (JDK).
and numerous
return mode
getMedian()

ThegetMedian() function finds the middlemost value once the sequence is sorted.
777
def getMedian (nums):

"Find the Median number"
# Create
duplicate
sincewith
we Jython
are
Web andaEnterprise
Applications
# going to modify
it.
seq = nums[:]
# SortPubthe
list of numbers.
Date: June 28, 2002
seq.sort()
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents = None # to hold the median value

median
length = len(seq)
# to hold the length of the seq
# Check
to see if the length is
# an even number.
if ( ( length % 2) == 0):
# Since
it coverage
is an ofeven
number,
This tutorial
begins with
some of
#
add
the
two
middle
number
together.
index
length
/ 2
help=those
new to programming
median
= (seq[index-1]
+ seq[index])
/2.0
techniques.
Python's breadth of
else:
# Since
it is an odd number,
application
development.
# just grab the middle number.
index
= Programming
(length /with
2)the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web
Python
median
= seq[index]
and Enterprise
return median
reportStatistics() interpreters, and compilers
ThereportStatistics()
calls all of
the functions
describednamespaces,
and stores their
return
values
Python function
basics, including
operators,
stringjust
formatting,
classes,
errors,
in two dictionaries, averages
and ranges. It then places these dictionaries in another dictionary called
and exceptions
report, which it returns.
def reportStatistics (nums):

File input/output
# get central
tendencies
averages = {
}
# get range
# put ranges
dictionary
Working in
with a
SQL
and JDBC(TM)
ranges = {
"min":range[0],
"max":range[1],
"range":range[2]
} language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
report = {and numerous code samples make this book a useful learning experience.
"averages": averages,
"ranges": ranges
}
return report
777
Notice that Python, unlike Java, has a built-in syntax that allows you to specify a dictionary (which is similar to a
Java hashtable) with a literal.
runReport()
Byfunction
Richard Hightower
TherunReport()
uses reportStatistics() to get and print the report dictionary.
from stat import

reportStatistics
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
house_in_awahtukee
=
[100000,
Pub Date: June
28, 2002 120000, 150000, 200000, 65000, 100000]
report = reportStatistics(house_in_awahtukee)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
range_format = """
Range:
The least expensive
houseprogramming
is %(min)20.2f
remained a premier
The most expensive
is %(max)20.2f
novices andhouse
professionals
The range of the
house
price when
is used
%(range)20.2f
two languages,
"""
Averages:
The mean house
price
is %(mean)20.2f
plenty
of skill-building
The mode for help
house
price
is %(mode)20.2f
those new
to programming
The median house
price
is %(median)20.2f
techniques.
For experienced
"""
print range_format % report["ranges"]

Python Programming
The thing to notice here is the string format operator (%), which is like C's printf() function except that it
can work with dictionaries. It's one of my favorite Python features because it makes text reporting so easy. I've
Fundamental
even used it to generate Java
code.
Here's Python's runReport() output:
and exceptions
Range:
The least expensive house is

65000.00
Object-oriented
The most expensive
house is
200000.00
The range of house price is
135000.00
File input/output
Averages:
The mean house price is
122500.00
The mode for house
price
is
100000.00
strings
The median house price is
110000.00
Here's the Java version.
package stat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
public class language
Stats and
{ the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
public static
double getMean (ArrayList nums,
boolean sample){
// Define
mean that finds two types of mean,
// namely:
// population mean and sample mean
double sum=0.0;
double average=0.0;
777
Iterator
iterator =
nums.iterator();
Python Programming
with
while(iterator.hasNext())
sum = sum +
((Double)iterator.next()).doubleValue();
Publisher:
Addison Wesley
//
Check
to2002
see if this is a sample mean.
Pub Date: June 28,
if(sample)
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
average
= sum / nums.size()-1;
Pages: 640
Contentselse
average
= of
sum
nums.size();
Characterized
by ease
use,/richness
return
average;
public static
ArrayList
getRange (ArrayList nums){
application
development.
// Find the range. Returns a tuple with the
// minimum,
maximum,
and
range
value
This tutorial
of some
of the
basics of
double
max; exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
plentymin,
of skill-building
ArrayList
ranges;
help those new
min capabilities
=
((Double)Collections.min(nums)).doubleValue();
max =
((Double)Collections.max(nums)).doubleValue();
ranges = new ArrayList();

ranges.add(new Double (min));
FundamentalDouble
programming
ranges.add(new
(max));
interpreters, and
compilers
ranges.add(new
Double
(max-min));
return ranges;
and exceptions
public static double getMedian (ArrayList nums){

//
Find the Median number.
File input/output
// Create a duplicate since we are going to
Python's
intrinsicthe
functions
//
modify
sequence.
ArrayList seq = new ArrayList(nums);
// Sort the list of numbers.

Collections.sort(seq);
double median = 0.0; // to hold the median value

int length = seq.size(); // to hold the length of

// the sequence
int index=0;
language
the Javato
Development
(JDK).
// and
Check
see if Kit
the
length
and numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
// is an even number.
if ( ( length % 2) == 0){
Whether you are
new number,
//a sophisticated
Since it computer
is an user
even
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)together.
// add the two middle numbers
give you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it to work.
index = length / 2;
double m1 =
((Double)seq.get(index-1)).doubleValue();
double m2 =
((Double)seq.get(index)).doubleValue();
777
median
= (m1
+ the
m2)Java
/2.0;
Python
Programming
with
} Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython
else{
// Since
Publisher: Addison
Wesleyit
is an odd number,
//
just
grab
the middle number.
index
=
(length
/
2);
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
median
=
Pages: 640
((Double)seq.get(index)).doubleValue();
Table of
Contents
} Characterized by ease of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has
return
median;
remained
private static
intdevelopment.
countMode(Object object,
application
ArrayList list){
int This
index
0; with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
tutorial= begins
int plenty
count
= 0;
of skill-building
do {help those new to programming develop an understanding of concepts and practical
index=Collections.binarySearch(list,object);
techniques.
if(index
>=0)list.remove(index);
capabilities
and shows
count++;
}
Python
Programming
while
(index
>=0);
and Enterprise
return
count;Applications with Jython covers important topics such as:
}
Fundamental
programming
concepts, including
public static double
getMode
(ArrayList
nums){statements, expressions,
and compilers
// Find interpreters,
the number
that repeats the most.
//
Make
a
duplicate
copy of the
//
nums
argument.
and exceptions
ArrayList duplicate = new ArrayList(nums);
Collections.sort(duplicate);
double highest_count
= -100;
File input/output
double mode = -100;
Iterator iterator = nums.iterator();

Formatting,
parsing,
and manipulating
//
Iterate
through
nums strings
removing
// each item out of the duplicate.
// Calculate the highest_count and the mode.
while(iterator.hasNext()){
double count = 0;
Object
item
Working with
SQL=anditerator.next();
JDBC(TM)
// Count the number of times the item
//
occurs
the list.
Python
and Javain
applets
// If Count is 0, go to the next
// iteration.
language
and the= Java
Development Kit (JDK).
count
countMode(item,
duplicate);
and numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
if (count == 0) continue;
Whether you are//
a sophisticated
computer
new to programming
or a serious
Determine
the user
highest
count. The
Python
Programming
with
the
Java(TM)
Class
Libraries will
// highest counted item is the mode.
give you
insight
into
the
power
of
Python
and
the
know-how
to
put
it
to
work.
if (count > highest_count){
777
}
highest_count = count;
mode = ((Double)item).doubleValue();
return
mode;
Python
}

public static HashMap reportStatistics(

ArrayList nums){
//
Get
central
tendencies.
HashMap ISBN:
averages
= new HashMap();
0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contentsaverages.put("mean",
new Double(getMean(nums,false)));
Characterized
averages.put("median",
new
Double(getMedian(nums)));
novices
and professionals
averages.put("mode",
Double(getMode(nums)));
the two languages, when usednew
in combination,
// Get range.
ArrayList
= getRange(nums);
This tutorialrange
begins with
HashMap
= new
HashMap();
plenty ofranges
skill-building
exercises
// Put
ranges programmers,
in a dictionary.
techniques.
For experienced
ranges.put("min",
range.get(0));
capabilities and shows the
ranges.put("max",
application development.range.get(1));
ranges.put("range",range.get(2));
and Enterprise
Applications
HashMap
report
= new with
HashMap();
report = new HashMap();
report.put("averages", averages);
report.put("ranges",
ranges);
}
}
return report;
and exceptions
--- RunReport.java --package stat;

File input/output
import java.text.MessageFormat;
public class RunReport{

public static String
range_format
"" GUIs
+
Using Python
and Java Swing to=create
"Range: \n"+
"The least expensive
house
isJDBC(TM)
{0,number,currency} \n"+
Working with
SQL and
"The most expensive house is {1,number,currency} \n"+
"The range of house
price
is {2,number,currency} \n";
Python and
Java applets
public static String average_format = "" +
addition,
"Averages: In\n"
+ the book contains instructions for downloading and installing the Python
language price
and the Java
Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions,
"The mean house
is Development
{0,number,currency}
\n"+ explanations,
and
numerous
code
samples
make
this
book
a
useful
learning
experience.
"The mode for house price is {1,number,currency} \n"+
"The median house price is
{2,number,currency} \n";
public staticapplication
void main(String
[] args){with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
ArrayList houses_in_awahtukee = new ArrayList();

houses_in_awahtukee.add(new Double(110000));
777
houses_in_awahtukee.add(new
Double(120000));
Double(190000));
Jython
Double(180000));
Double(180000));
Double(180000));
Double(190000));
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table houses_in_awahtukee.add(new
of
Double(190000));
Pages: 640
Contents
HashMap
report
= programming language for more than a decade, and is used by
remained
a premier
Stats.reportStatistics(houses_in_awahtukee);
HashMap
ranges
= (HashMap)report.get("ranges");
the two
languages,
HashMap
averages
=
application
development.
(HashMap)report.get("averages");
Objectplenty
[] ofm_args
= new
Object[]{
skill-building
exercises
averages.get("mean"),
help
averages.get("mode"),
techniques.
averages.get("median")}
; interfaces with Java APIs for professional
capabilities
Object [] r_args = new Object []{

Python
ranges.get("min"),
andranges.get("max"),
ranges.get("range")} ;
System.out.println(
MessageFormat.format(range_format,r_args));
System.out.println(
and exceptions
MessageFormat.format(average_format,m_args));
}
}
File input/output
Which one is shorter?
A String Parsing
Example
Formatting,
Interfacing
with the
Javagoing
APIstoand
working
with Java
Streams of a commaTo compare Java and Python
string parsing,
we're
create
a readable
file consisting
delimited list of house prices.
100000,100000,120000,150000,170000,170000,80000,50000
Here's the Python code broken down:
Open the file.
>>> file = open("data.txt")
Read in the file data.
>>> data = file.read()
Import the split() function to parse the data.
777
>>> from string import split

>>> housePrices = split(data, ",")
For demonstration, show

thatProgramming
split() haswith
splitthe
the Java
data string
intoLibraries:
a list of strings.
Python
Class
>>> housePrices
['100000', '100000', '120000', '150000', '170000', '170000', '80000', '50000'
ConverthousePrices from strings to floating-point values.

0-201-61616-5
>>> Table
housePrices
=ISBN:
map(float,
housePrices)
of
Pages: 640
Contents
Show that housePrices is now a list of floating-point values.

>>> housePrices
[100000.0, 100000.0,
120000.0,
170000.0,
80000.0, 50000.0
alike.150000.0,
In particular, its170000.0,
close relationship
to Java(TM) makes
Here's the actual code
(from runReport2.py).
application
development.
from
from
file
data
stat import
reportStatistics
This tutorial
string import
split
= open("data.txt")
= file.read()
housePrices =application
split(data,
",")
development.
housePrices = map(float, housePrices)
report = reportStatistics(housePrices)
range_format = """
Range:
Fundamental
The least expensive
houseprogramming
is %(min)20.2f
interpreters,
The most expensive
houseand
iscompilers
%(max)20.2f
The range of house price is %(range)20.2f
"""
and exceptions
Averages:
The mean house price
is
%(mean)20.2f
File input/output
The mode for house price is
%(mode)20.2f
The median house Python's
priceintrinsic
is functions %(median)20.2f
"""print range_format
% report["ranges"]
Interfacing
withmodule.
the Java Notice
APIs and
with
Java Streams
Here's the Java version of the
RunReport2
theworking
difference
in length.
package stat;

import java.util.StringTokenizer;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
public class give

RunReport2{
public static String range_format = "" +
"Range: \n"+
"The least expensive house is {0,number,currency} \n" +
"The most expensive house is {1,number,currency} \n"+
777
"The range Python

of house
price with
is the
{2,number,currency}
\n";for Building
Programming
Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial
public staticByRichard
String
average_format = "" +
Hightower
"Averages: \n" +
"The mean house
price
isWesley
{0,number,currency} \n"+
Publisher:
Addison
"The mode forPubhouse
price
is {1,number,currency} \n"+
Date: June 28, 2002
"The median house
price
is
{2,number,currency} \n";
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contentsstatic void main(String [] args){

public
ArrayList
= new
ArrayList();
remained ahouses_in_awahtukee
premier programming language for
more than
try the
{ two languages, when used in combination, ideal for Web and distributed enterprise
BufferedReader
reader=new BufferedReader(
application
development.
new FileReader("data.txt"));
data
reader.readLine();
ThisString
tutorial begins
with=coverage
StringTokenizer
tokens=
plenty
new
StringTokenizer(data,
help those new to
programming
develop an understanding ",\t\n\r
of concepts and");
practical
whileFor(tokens.hasMoreTokens()){
techniques.
houses_in_awahtukee.add(
Double.valueOf(tokens.nextToken()));
and Enterprise
}
}
catch(Exception
e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
and exceptions
HashMap report =
Stats.reportStatistics(houses_in_awahtukee);
HashMap ranges = (HashMap)report.get("ranges");
HashMap File
averages
input/output=
(HashMap)report.get("averages");
Python's
intrinsic=functions
Object []
m_args
new Object[]{
averages.get("mean"),
averages.get("mode"),
averages.get("median")} ;
Object []
r_args
= Java
newSwing
Object
[]{
Using
Python and
to create
GUIs
ranges.get("min"),
ranges.get("max"),
ranges.get("range")} ;
System.out.println(
MessageFormat.format(range_format,r_args));
System.out.println(
MessageFormat.format(average_format,m_args));
}
}

Embedding Jython in Java
777
What follows is an example of embedding Jython in the Java code that ships with Jython's standard distribution.
I've added comments.

Python Programming

org.python.util.PythonInterpreter;
import
import org.python.core.*;
public class SimpleEmbedded

{
public static void main(String []args) throws PyException {
Table of
Contents//
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
Create a Python interpreter.

PythonInterpreter interp = new PythonInterpreter();
System.out.println("Hello, brave new world");
// Execute an import statement and a
// print statement.
interp.exec("import
sys");
interp.exec("print
sys");
// Create
variable
by assigning
techniques.aFor
// it
the value
42.
capabilities
and shows
// PyInterger
is a Python integer.
interp.set("a", new PyInteger(42));
// Execute
the
print with
statement
toimportant topics such as:
and Enterprise
Applications
Jython covers
// print out the value of a.
interp.exec("print a");
interpreters,
compilers
// Assign
x to and
equal
the expression 2 + 2.
interp.exec("x = 2+2");

and exceptions
// Get the
value associated with x.
PyObjectObject-oriented
x = interp.get("x");
// PrintFilethe
value of x.
input/output
System.out.println("x: "+x);
}
}
The preceding example doesn't do justice to the true ease of Java-Jython integration.
CONTENTS

777
CONTENTS
Appendix E. Publisher:
Regular
Expressions
Addison Wesley
A Simple Example
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Pages: 640
Contents
Regular Expression Functions and Error and Flags Properties
Characterized
re Object Methods
and Properties
Match Object Methods and Properties
Metacharacters
Putting Things
Together
application
development.
Jaysen Lorenzen
Regular expressions help
are patterns
thattomatch
groups ofdevelop
characters.
We can use them
to find and
(or replace)
those new
programming
an understanding
of concepts
andreturn
practical
characters, words, and
lines.
Python's
standard-distribution
re
module
derives
from
Perl's
regular
expressions,
which, like Perl itself,
combine features
from
utilities
suchinterfaces
as Awk, Sed,
programs like vi
capabilities
and shows
theUNIX
ways that
Python
with and
JavaGrep,
APIs and
for professional
and Gnu Emacs. Though
the
syntax
and
metacharacters
may
be
slightly
different,
expressions
in
any of these
tools can be written in Jython.
A Simple Example
Let's say that you're lookingFundamental
for a job in the
newspaper concepts,
and you'veincluding
decided to
narrow your
focus to ads that say,
programming
statements,
expressions,
"Money is no object." Thisinterpreters,
is the patternand
you're
searching
for,
and
of
course
you're
looking
in the employment
compilers
section, which is the group of characters you're searching in. You don't care where you find your pattern, only
that it's there.
and exceptions
If you were writing a Python program to help you find a job, it would start out looking like this:
>>> from re import *

File input/output
mino = compile("money
is no object");
for ad in classifieds:
if(mino.search(ad)):
print ad;Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings
Let's work through this example interactively.
Import the re module.
Working
>>> from re import
* with SQL and JDBC(TM)
Import class re.
In addition,
the book contains
instructions
for downloading
and installing the Python salary money
>>> classifieds
= ["School
Teacher;
salary
$20,000.","Engineer;
language
and
the
Java
Development
Kit
(JDK).
Terminology,
is no object"]
Make the variable classifieds a list of ads.
application developer, is
Python
>>> mino = compile("money
noProgramming
object")with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
Compile the search phrase, and store in it the mino ("money is no object") object.
777
>>> for ad in classifieds:

...
if(mino.search(ad)):
...
...
print
ad
Python
Programming
Compare the precompiled expression to each element in the list. If a match is found within an element, print it.
'Engineer; salary money is no object'

>>>
Table of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
remained
a premier
programming
language
for morematching
than a decade,
and is
by any
A pattern can be as small
as one
character
(as in the previous
example),
only itself,
orused
of almost
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
relationship
to
Java(TM)
makes
length. It can contain wildcard and special characters, subexpressions, and so forth, depending on system
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
Web
and
distributed
enterprise
resources.
Our expression "money is no object" is a string of literal characters requiring an exact match in the exact order,
Thiscan
tutorial
begins
with
coverage
of some
of the basics
of Python
programming.
Usingsalary
but regular expressions
be much
more
powerful.
Say,
for example,
that you're
looking
for a job whose
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this
book
willall
figure is within a certain rangethat is, with a certain number of digits to the left of the decimal. To find
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
records with two digits before the comma and three digits after, you can write this expression:
>>> reStr = r'\$..,...\.'
Then you can compile and match it against a string.
>>> cre = compile(reStr)
>>> cre.search("salary: $90,000.00")
The figure $90,000 matches,

and the statement
returns concepts,
a match object.
Fundamental
programming
The Raw String Construct

and exceptions
Notice the r'...' construct in the code above. This denotes a raw stringthat is, one with its backslash (\)
escaped characters left intact.
In this case the
$ and the decimal
are the special characters that must be escaped
Object-oriented
programming
concepts
to be matched with a wildcard or metacharacter.
File input/output
Actually, the pattern above would work without the raw string construct, but I wanted to introduce it early on
because its absence can occasionally
cause problems,
Python's intrinsic
functions as you can see in the following examples.
The following expression, Formatting,
with r'...'
, returns
match:
parsing,
anda manipulating
strings
>>> STR = r'(\be[Interfacing

a-z][ with
a-z])'
>>> cre = compile(STR)
>>> cre.search("the
end")
Using beg
Pythonthe
and Java
Its matched text is end, gotten
withwith
group
Working
SQL. and JDBC(TM)
>>> cre.search("the
theapplets
end").group()
Pythonbeg
and Java
'end'
This one, without r'...'
, doesn't
a match:
language
and theget
Java
>>> STR = "(\be[ a-z][ a-z])"

>>> cre.search("the
beg thePython
end")
>>>
A look at the two expressions' patterns shows why. Here's the first one:
777
>>> STR = r'(\be[ a-z][ a-z])'

>>> cre.pattern
which returns
'(\\be[ a-z][ a-z])'
Here'sTable
the second
one:
of
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
>>> STR = "(\be[ a-z][ a-z])"

>>> cre.pattern
which returns
'(\be[ a-z][ a-z])'
The lesson is, use theplenty
raw string
construct whenever
normal
string might
cause confusion.
can't
hurt.
of skill-building
exercisesaand
interactive
programming
sessions, Itthis
book
will
Wildcard Metacharacters
development.
In regular expressionapplication
patterns, the
period is a wildcard, that is, a special character that by default matches any
character except a newline (\n). In our example, '\$..,...\' says in English, A dollar sign followed by
PythonaProgramming
with by
theaJava(TM)
Class
Libraries:
A Tutorialcharacters
for Building
any two characters, except
newline, followed
comma, then
any
three non-newline
andWeb
a
and
Enterprise
Applications
with
Jython
covers
important
topics
such
as:
period. Thus, $XX,XXX or $00,000 or even a dollar sign and six spaces makes a match. Of course, this isn't
very useful, so we have to narrow our search. One way to do this is with a character class instead of a
metacharacter.
Character Classes

exceptionsenclosed in brackets, only one of which is required for the sequence to
A character class is a groupand
of characters
match. In our salary example, each period can be replaced with a class of numbers such as [0123456789],
which gets the job done butObject-oriented
is hard to read.programming
Fortunately, aconcepts
class can contain a range of characters expressed as
[0-9], which makes for easier reading.
File input/output
r'\$[0-9][0-9],[0-9][0-9][0-9]\.'
This is still a bit unwieldy. Read on.

Escaped Special Characters

Usinghave
Python
and Java
SwingThe
to create
GUIs for example, matches any decimal
A number of escaped characters
special
meaning.
\d character,
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r'\$\d\d,\d\d\d\.'
Easier still, but wait, there's more.

Multiplier Characters
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By Richard
immediate left to produce a match.
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be written
precisely as
Date: June 28, 2002
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
r'\$\d{2,2},\d{3,3}\.'
Table of
Contents
Pages: 640
The only remaining problem is that we'll get salaries as low as $00,000 and as high as $99,999, but we can fix
Characterized
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r'\$[5-7]\d,\d{3,3}\.'
which allows salaries only in the range of $50,000 to $79,000.
Grouping andplenty
Backreferences
A very useful feature of Python regular expressions is their ability to reference (or "backreference") text
previously matched and reuse it. Suppose we're looking for a salary in the range of $XX,XXX,XXX. We can
application
extend our expression
by addingdevelopment.
another set of \d{3,3}, but, since we already have this written, we can reuse
it instead. To capture the pattern we use the (...) sequence.
r'\$[5-7]\d(,\d{3,3})\.'
The piece enclosed in parentheses
is called
a group or aconcepts,
subexpression.
Westatements,
can use it to
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Fundamental
programming
including
expressions,
to our search.
Groups are referenced within
the expression
by theiroperators,
numeric position
and escaped
by a backslash.
The
group
Python
basics, including
string formatting,
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numbers are determined byand
a count
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(1
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)).
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extend our expression like so:
r'\$[5-7]\d(,\d{3,3})\1\.'
File input/output
The\1 gives us another set of ,\d{3,3} , and our expression thus matches our chosen range.
The Match ObjectA Brief Introduction
In Python, when a match is found a match object is returned. The match object and its properties will be dealt
with later, but we'll give it a brief look here.

Here's our salary example compiled and matched against the list of classifieds, now with some added records
and capturing the match object
for later
Working
withuse.
SQL and JDBC(TM)
>>> from re import

* and Java applets
Python
>>> classifieds
= ["School
Teacher;
salary
$20,000.","Engineer;
In addition,
the book contains
instructions
for downloading
and installing the Python salary money
is no object","Bicycle
Racer;
salary
Development
Kit $75,000,000."]
>>> for ad in classifieds:

...
mo = Whether
mino.search(ad)
...
if mo:
give you insightprint
into the power
...
ad of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
...
print mo.group(1)
...
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The output is the ad in which the match was found on the first line and only the text matched by group 1 on the
second line.
Bicycle
,000
Racer;
salary
$75,000,000.
By Richard
Hightower
Alternation

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
Alternation,
which requiresPages:
the special,
640 or meta-, sequence ...|..., works in any type of expression in which

Contents
the character class operates only with literal characters or ranges. Within a pattern, characters, classes, groups, or
special characters separated
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need
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the two
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or 1 or 2 or 3
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the alternation
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coverage
some
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which matches "thousands of copies" or "tons of copies."
application
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to enhance
our salary pattern by allowing numbers in the range $50,000,000 to
$79,999,999 or in the range $50,000,000,000 to $79,999,999,999. All we have to do is replace the \1 with
(\1|\1\1).
r'\$[5-7]\d(,\d{3,3})(\1|\1\1)\.'
Regular

interpreters,
and compilers and Error and Flags Properties
Expression
Functions

The following sections describe the individual regular expression functions, including their syntax, use,
and exceptions
arguments, and return values. Also described are the error and flag properties.
compile()
File input/output
compile (pattern[, flags])

Thecompile() function compiles a regular expression pattern, as a string, into a regular expression object. It
Formatting,
parsing, andand
manipulating
enables the object to operate
like the search()
match()strings
functions and to be reused for subsequent
searches. If the same expression
is
applied
to
many
searches
within
a program
and/or
will never change,
with Java
Streams
precompiling it and reusing it goes faster.
compile()'s arguments are
pattern the pattern,

as a string, to search for
flags oneInoraddition,
more of the following variables: I,IGNORECASE;L,LOCALE;M,MULTILINE;
X,VERBOSE language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
It returns a regular expression.
Whether
>>> CompiledRE
= compile("199[0-9].*")
application
developer, Python
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>>> CompiledRE.search("party
like
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search()
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Search (pattern, string[, flags])
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searches
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. It hasAthe
following
arguments:
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pattern the pattern, as a string, to search for

string the string to search in
ISBN:
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flags one or more
of the
variables I,IGNORECASE;L,LOCALE;M,MULTILINE;X,
Table of
Pages:
640
VERBOSE
Contents
It returns a match object:
>>> search("199[0-9]$","party
like
it's 1999")
novices and professionals alike.
In particular,
or it returns None, which
meansdevelopment.
the search failed.
application
>>> search("199[0-9]$","party
likeof it's
some of 2009")
capabilities
and shows
match (pattern,
string[,
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Thematch() function searches for a pattern at the beginning of a string and has the following arguments:
pattern the pattern, as a string, to search for
match()
string the string

to search inprogramming concepts, including statements, expressions,
Fundamental
flags one or more of the variables I,IGNORECASE;L,LOCALE;M,MULTILINE;X,

VERBOSE
and exceptions
It returns a match object:
>>> match("199[0-9]","1999 like party")

File input/output
or it returns None.
>>> match("199[0-9]","party like it's 1999")

split()
Split (pattern, string[,

maxsplit
Using Python and
Java Swing=to0])
create GUIs
Thesplit() function splits
a string
intoand
a listJDBC(TM)
of strings based on occurrences of the regular expression
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pattern. The string portions that don't match the pattern are returned as a list of strings. If flags are required with
the pattern, a regular expression
obtained
with compile(), must be used in place of the pattern string,
Pythonobject,
and Java
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or the (?iLmsx) sequences (which will be explained later) must be used within the expression. (The
compiled regular expression's
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maxsplit the maximum number of splits to make (the default is 0)

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alist = split(":","OS=Linux:Browser=Netscape:WM=Afterstep")
for str in alist:
...
print str
Table of
Theoutput
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Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
OS=Linux
Browser=Netscape
WM=Afterstep novices and professionals alike. In particular, its close relationship to Java(TM) makes
sub()
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some of the
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number of occurrences is replaced. If flags are required with the pattern, a regular expression obtained with
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pattern the pattern,
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or a regular
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to search
for
and exceptions
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File input/output
count a non-negative number, the number of replacements to make (the default, 0, replaces all
occurrences in the string)
Formatting,
strings if there are no matches.
It returns the modified string
if a matchparsing,
is found,and
or manipulating
the original argument
From re import * Interfacing with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams
from string import *
def toUpper(matchObj):
return capitalize(matchObj.group(0))
newStr = sub("monkey",toUpper,"monkey see monkey do, ,,")

print newStr language and the Java Development Kit (JDK). Terminology, definitions, explanations,
The output is
Monkey see Monkey

do,
,, Python Programming with the Java(TM) Class Libraries will
application
developer,
subn()
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subn (pattern, replacement,string[, count = 0])
Thesubn() function
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that itLibraries:
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A Tutorial
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unmodified string and
the and
number
of replacements
made.with
Its arguments
Web
Enterprise
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pattern the pattern, as a string or a regular expression object, to search for

Date:
June 28, 2002
replacementPub
the
replacement,
as a string or function
Table of
string the
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
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to search
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count a non-negative
number
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(the default,
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all
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original
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from re import
This*tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of Python programming. Using
from string import
*
deftoUpper(matchObj):return
help those new to programmingcapitalize(matchObj.group(0))
tup = subn("monkey",toUpper,"monkey
see interfaces
monkeywith
do,
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print "In \" %s \" there were %s replacements" % tup

The output is
In " Monkey see Monkey do, ,, " there were 2 replacements

escape()

and exceptions
escape() escapes all nonalphanumeric characters before passing the expression to the compiler, and returns
a string with all metacharacters escaped.
escape(string)
Here's an example in whichFile

theinput/output
compile() function fails because there are unmatched parentheses:
Python's
>>> from re import
* intrinsic functions
>>> strVar = "((group"))
>>> cre = compile(strVar)

File "<console>",
line
? to create GUIs
Using Python
and1,
Javain
Swing
re.error: Unmatched parentheses.
In this example, the non-alphanumeric characters are escaped, so the compile() function works:
>>> cre = compile(escape(strVar))

>>> cre.search("((group
1)group
2)") for downloading and installing the Python
org.python.modules.MatchObject@80cceb1
The error exception is raised when an illegal expression is passed to a function. It has the form
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>>> from re import
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Pages: 640
... Contents
search("[[[","This
is a test")
... except error,e:
...
print Characterized
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>>>
flags
Thecompile(),search() , and match() functions can take a number of options (or modes). These
options are set via the functions' optional flags argument and are the same for all. A common example is
IGNORECASE, which
specifies
the matchwith
as case-insensitive.
Thus,
if the ad AlistTutorial
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the Java(TM) Class
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classifieds = ["School Teacher; salary $20,000","Engineer; salary Money is NO

OBJECT"]
the expression is written asinterpreters, and compilers
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Python basics,
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mino = compile("money is no object",IGNORECASE)

File input/output
The flags available at compile time are listed and described in Table E-1 (on next page).
Note that, as of this writing, the LOCALE and VERBOSE flags aren't fully implemented; that is, their values are
set to 0, which is the same Formatting,
as not beingparsing,
set at all.and
You
can get VERBOSE
manipulating
strings functionality by setting the flags
integer to 32 instead of X or VERBOSE, but check your release first, since in CPython this value is 2.
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Using and
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Working
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The sections that follow describe
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search()
<re object>.search
(string[,
and numerous
code samplespos][,
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Whether
you Optional
are a sophisticated
computer
user
new to programming
or a serious
Table E-1.
Flags for
Regular
Expression
Functions
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Flag
Behavior
Python
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I
Ignore case when searching.
search("êxam","Example",I)
(IGNORECASE)ByRichard Hightower
returns a match object
search("êxam","Example")
returns None

The
metacharacters \w,\W,\b,\B are
ISBN:
0-201-61616-5
made
to fit the
currentlocale.
Table of
Pages: 640
M Contents
The metacharacter ^ matches at the
var = "A\nB".
(MULTILINE) beginning of the string and just after each
Characterized
by ease The
of use,
newline character.
$ metacharacter
search("^B",var,M)
remained
a
premier
programming
language
matches at the end of the string
and justfor more
novices
and
professionals
alike.
In
particular,
its
close
before each newline character (by default
the
two
languages,
when
used
in
combination,
ideal
for
^ matches only at the beginning of the
search("^B",var) returns
application
development.
string and $ matches only at the end of
None
the string).
S (DOTALL) plenty
The "of
."skill-building
metacharacter
matches
= "A\nB"
exercises
andany
interactivevar
programming
character,
including
the
newline.
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default is for "."to match anything but a search(".B",var,S)
techniques. For experienced programmers, the book
newline.)
returns
a match
with Java
APIs for object
professional
L (LOCALE)
search(".B",var)
returnsA Tutorial
None for Building Web
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Applications
with Jython covers exp
important
topics such as:
X (VERBOSE) and
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= """
expression. Whitespace within the
# Start of regex
expression is ignored, except when it's in
Fundamental
expressions,
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or preceded concepts,
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^t statements,
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with "t"
interpreters,
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If a # character is
[a-z] # is a lcase char
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* # any
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and exceptions
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unescaped backslash.
# end of expression
"""
File input/output
regex = compile(exp,X)
regex.search("test")
Returns a match object
Formatting, parsing, and manipulating stringsregex = compile(exp)
regex.search("test")
Returns None

Thesearch() method looks for compiled regular expressions anywhere in a string. If the optional parameter
pos is supplied, the searchWorking
starts at with
position
If the optional parameter endpos is supplied, the search
SQLpos
and. JDBC(TM)
continues only until endpos is reached. The default is from position 0 to the end of the string. The return value
is a match object.
search() has theInfollowing

addition, arguments:
pos the position
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endpos the position in the string to stop the search
Here's an example:
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cre = compile("199[0-9]$")
cre.search("party
like it's with
1999")
Python Programming
match()

Publisher:
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<re object>.match
(string[,
pos][, endpos])
Thematch()method searches
for0-201-61616-5
a regular expression at the beginning of a string. If the optional parameter
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pos isTable
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endpos is supplied, the search ends when endpos is encountered. The default is from position 0 to the end
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>>> if (cre.match("This
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print
help"From
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for professional
beginning of the string.
>>> if (cre.match("This
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...
print
"From
pos
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split()

and compilers
<re object>.splitinterpreters,
(string[,
maxsplit = 0])
Python
basics,into
including
string
namespaces,
classes, errors,
Thesplit() method splits
a "string"
a list ofoperators,
strings based
on formatting,
the occurrences
of the compiled
regular
and
exceptions
expression to which the string is being compared. The portions of the string that don't match are returned as a list
of strings.
split()'s arguments are
File input/output
Python's
intrinsic
string the string
to search
in functions
Formatting,number
parsing,
manipulating
maxsplit the maximum
ofand
splits
to make (thestrings
default is 0)
Here's an example:
Using
>>> from re import
* Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
>>> cre = compile(":")
>>> alist = cre.split("OS=Linux:Browser=Netscape:WM=Afterstep")

>>> for str in

alist:
language
...
print
str
and numerous
The output is

OS=Linux
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WM=Afterstep
sub()
777
<re object>.sub
(replacement,string[, count = 0])
Thesub() method achieves the same result as the sub() function described previously and has the same
arguments (except pattern). Unlike the sub() function, however, which returns a list of strings, the
Addison
sub() method returnsPublisher:
the modified
stringWesley
if a match is found, or the original string argument if there are no
Pub
Date:
June
28,
2002
matches.
Table of
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
>>> Contents
from re import
* 640
Pages:
>>> from string import *
>>> def toUpper(matchObj):

...
return
capitalize(matchObj.group(0))
novices
cre = compile("monkey")
newStr = cre.sub(toUpper,"monkey see monkey do, ,,")
print newStr plenty of skill-building exercises and interactive programming sessions, this book will
The output is
Monkey see Monkey
do,
,,
application
development.
subn()
<re object>.subn (replacement,string[, count = 0])

Thesubn() method performs similarly to the subn() function described previously. As shown in the
following example, it uses the same arguments (except for pattern) and returns a tuple.
from re import * and exceptions

from string import *
def toUpper(matchObj):
return capitalize(matchObj.group(0))
File input/output
cre = compile("monkey")
tup = cre.subn(toUpper,"monkey see monkey do, ,,")
print "In \" %s \" there were %s replacements" % tup
The output is
In " Monkey see Monkey do, ,, " there were 2 replacements

flags
addition,
bookthat
contains
instructions
andtoinstalling
the Python
Theflags propertyIncontains
anthe
integer
represents
the sumfor
ofdownloading
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the compile()
language
and
the
Java
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flag to check its property value (do this one flag at a time; if
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you try with morePub
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compile("test",VERBOSE).flags
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underlying values,
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import Perl5Compiler
>>>
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>>>
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>>>
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>>>
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The (?!) sequence hasPub

theDate:
form June 28, 2002
Table of
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
<expression
(?!<subexpression>)>
Pages: 640
Contents
It's a negative conditional

lookahead
of (?=...)
) and matches
expression
only has
if not
Characterized
by(the
easeopposite
of use, richness
of expression,
and concise
syntax, Python
followed by subexpression
. Any text
matched bylanguage
its groupfor
isn't
saved
so isn't and
accessible
remained a premier
programming
more
thanand
a decade,
is usedby
bymethods
such as group() and
groups()
.
novices
and professionals
This example:
>>> cre = compile(r'Jython

This tutorial begins with(?!1\.1)')
>>> cre.search("Jython
stable")
help those new tois
programming

returns a match object. This one:
org.python.modules.MatchObject@80cdb0d
>>> cre.search("Jython 1.1 is stable")
and
doesn't return a match
object:
>>> mo = cre.search("Jython is stable")

>>> mo.group()
Instead, it returns
'Jython '

and exceptions
Object-oriented
The{min,max} sequence
has the form programming concepts
File input/output>
<expression {<min>,<max>}
Python's
intrinsic
functions of max repetitions of the immediately preceding
It requires a minimum of min
and allows
a maximum
character, group, or character class. A greedy multiplier, it matches as many repetitions as possible.
This example doesn't return a match object:
>>> cre = compile("\$\d{2,3}(,\d\d\d){2,5}")

Nor does this one:


This one does return a match object:
org.python.modules.MatchObject@80ce140
youhas
arethe
a sophisticated
The{min,max} Whether
? sequence
form
<expression {<min>,<max>}
?>power of Python and the know-how to put it to work.
It's the same as {min,max}, but as a nongreedy multiplier, it matches as few repetitions as possible. Thus,
777
>>> cre = compile("(:.{3,10} :)")
>>> STR = ":one:a:two:"
cre.search(STR)
>>> mo =
>>> mo.group(1)
returns
Table of
':one:a:two:'
Contents
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Pages: 640
>>> cre = compile("(:.{3,10}

?:)")
>>> STR = ":one:a:two:"

>>> mo = cre.search(STR)
>>> mo.group(1)
':one:'
application
development.
The[...] sequence
has the form
returns
Python Programming
<expression [character
class]>
It matches any one of the characters within the brackets, listed explicitly or as a range delimited by the
(hyphen) metacharacter (it understands [12345] and [1-5] as the same). Popular ranges are [0-9], [a-z], and [AFundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,
Z]. Multiple ranges, such as [a-zA-Z], can also be used.
The following examples all return a match object:
and exceptions
>>> search(r'[RTL]oad',"Toad")
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
search(r'[RTL]oad',"Road")
search(r'[RTL]oad',"Load")
search(r'199[7-9a-z]',"1998")
File input/output
search(r'199[7-9a-z]',"1999")
search(r'199[7-9a-z]',"199x")
The[^...] sequence hasFormatting,

the form parsing, and manipulating strings
<expression [^character
class]>
Interfacing with
The opposite of [...], itUsing
matches
anything
but the
characters
listed
within the brackets. Possible characters
Python
and Java
Swing
to create
GUIs
can be listed explicitly or as a (hyphen) delimited range.
This example returns a match object:
>>> search(r'199[^1-7]',"1998")
This one doesn't:
>>> search(r'199[^1-7]',"1997")
Putting

application
Things
Together
A third-party vendor I (Rick Hightower) worked with once had a problem reading the IDL files we were trying
to integrate with its product. Specifically it didn't like identifiers beginning with ::, as in
::com::mycompany::Employee, preferring com::mycompany::Employee. My job was to
777
convert the IDL filesPython

to their Programming
liking, which I did
using
The code
I wrotefor
to Building
do this is just
with
the regular
Java expressions.
Class Libraries:
A Tutorial
four lines long (actually
butEnterprise
four with a Applications
little cheating).with Jython
Websix
and
Here's the code to read in the file and write all the replacement text:
f=open(filename)
fstr=re.compile(r'\s((::)(\w+))\b').sub(r'
\3', f.read())
ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
f.close();
f=open(filename,
"w")
Table of
Pages: 640
f.write(fstr);
f.close()
Contents
Characterizedfunction:
Here's the complete fixIDL()
import re
def fixIDL(filename):
f=open(filename)
This tutorial begins with coverage of some of the basics of \3',
Python programming.
f.read())Using
plenty
of
skill-building
exercises
and
interactive
programming
sessions,
this book will
f.close(); f=open(filename, "w")
help
those
new
to
programming
develop
an
understanding
of
concepts
and
practical
f.write(fstr); f.close()
The key is the regular
expressionand
r'\s((::)(\w+))\b'
breakwith
it down
itsfor
most
basic
capabilities
shows the ways that Python. Let's
interfaces
Javainto
APIs
professional
components:
\s whitespace
\w alphanumeric
\b word boundary
+ one or more

and exceptions
Now let's see how these components are used:
(::)(\w+) find
a sequence
of characters that begins with ::, followed by one or more
File
input/output
alphanumeric characters
\s(()(\w+)) find a sequence of characters that begins with whitespace, followed by ::, followed
by one or more alphanumeric
characters
Formatting,
\s((::)(\w+))\b
findwith
a sequence
characters
that begins
Interfacing
the JavaofAPIs
and working
withwith
Javawhitespace,
Streams followed by ::,
followed by one or more alphanumeric characters, followed by a word boundary
re.compile
There.compile call compiles the regular expression. It returns a regex object that has a
sub() (substitute)
method. The call to regex.sub(r'\3\,f.read()) means replace
the matched text
with
a space
andsamples
the thirdmake
group.
and numerous
code
A group is defined by
the parentheses
regex andcomputer
read fromuser
left new
to right.
Thus,
Whether
you are ainsophisticated
to programming
or a serious
((::)(\w+)) defines group 1
777
(::) defines group 2
(\w+) defines group 3
Group 0 is always the
whole matched regex. Group 3 is important because it represents the text without the
preceding::.
Now we'll break down the code line by line, each line followed by its explanation.
import re

ISBN: 0-201-61616-5
Table of
imports
the re (regular expression)
module.
Pages: 640
Contents
def fixIDL(filename):
defines the fixIDL() function with an argument of filename .
f=open(filename)
opens a file corresponding to filename .
\3', f.read())
does the following: techniques. For experienced programmers, the book demonstrates Python's breadth of
re.compile(r'\s((::)(\w+))\b') compiles the regular expression into a regex object
.sub(r' \3',
f.read()) replaces every occurrence of the matched text with the third group
in the match, returning a string with the text replaced
f.read()) reads
the entire file
into a string:
Fundamental
programming
f.close(); f=open(filename, "w")

then closes the file ( f.close()) and reopens it in write mode:
and exceptions
f.write(fstr); f.close()
It then writes the entire newFile
textinput/output
into the file and closes the file.
Here's another way to writePython's
the code:
intrinsic functions
f=open(filename) Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings

fstr=re.compile(r'\s((::)(\w+))\b').sub(r'\3',f.read())
f.close();
f=open(filename, "w")
f.write(fstr); Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs
f.close()
But then I would have lost my bet that I could write this utility package in four lines.
Note
This appendix language
summaryand
wasthe
written
Rick Hightower.
Java by
Development
CONTENTS

777

Python Programming With The Java Class Libraries - A Tutoria

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Python Programming with the Java Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building

Web and Enterprise Applications with Jython

What You Will Learn

of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has

The Fast Track

Comments and Document Strings

Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,

Python Collection Types

Advanced Topic: Determining Types at Runtime

Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,

Python's intrinsic functions

Chapter 4. Control Flow

Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings

The while Statement

with the Java APIs and working with Java Streams

The for Statement

Python and Java Swing to create GUIs

Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)

Chapter 5. Organizing Your Code

Python and Java applets

instructions for downloading and installing the Python

Putting Things Together

Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious

Chapter 6. Object-Oriented Programming

Pub Date: June 28, 2002

of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has

with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web

pickle and the

concepts, including statements, expressions,

interpreters, and compilers

Namespace: dir(), globals(), locals(), vars()

Python basics, including operators, string formatting, namespaces, classes, errors,

Type Checking: callable(), type()

Advanced Topic: Functional

Python's intrinsic functions

Chapter 10. Working with Strings

Conversion: atoi(), atof(), atol()

Formatting, parsing, and manipulating strings

Case Change: capitalize(), capwords(), swapcases(), lower(), upper()

Splitting and Joining: split(), splitfields(), join(), joinfields()

Adjusting Text: ljust(), rjust(), center(), zfill(), expandtabs()

Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)

Python and Java applets

Chapter 11. Interfacing with Java

Java Arrays and jarray

a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious

Subclassing Java Classes

of use, richness of expression, and concise syntax, Python has

Chapter 13. JFC Fundamentals

Fundamental programming concepts, including statements, expressions,

Chapter 14. First Swing

Python's intrinsic functions

Adding a Main Window for the Address Book Application: Prototype

Using Python and Java Swing to create GUIs

Putting Things Together: Adding GridBagLayout to the Address Application

Working with SQL and JDBC(TM)

Chapter 15. Graphics and Events

The Complete Shapes and DrawShapes Modules

Whether you are a sophisticated computer user new to programming or a serious

Working with Table Models

Working with Applets

Appendix A. Installing Jython on Windows

with the Java(TM) Class Libraries: A Tutorial for Building Web