CLOUD COMPUTING

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software and
information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like the electricity grid.
The cloud computing is a culmination of numerous attempts at large scale computing with
seamless access to virtually limitless resources.
Why Cloud Computing?

Many businesses large and small use cloud computing today either directly (e.g. Google or
Amazon) or indirectly (e.g. Facebook or Twitter) instead of traditional on-site alternatives. There
are a number of reasons why cloud computing is so widely used among businesses today.

Benefits of Cloud Computing:

Reduction of costs unlike on-site hosting the price of deploying applications in the cloud can
be less due to lower hardware costs from more effective use of physical resources.
- Universal access - cloud computing can allow remotely located employees to access
applications and work via the internet.
- Up to date software - a cloud provider will also be able to upgrade software keeping in mind
feedback from previous software releases.
- Choice of applications. This allows flexibility for cloud users to experiment and choose the best
option for their needs. Cloud computing also allows a business to use, access and pay only for
what they use, with a fast implementation time
Potential to be greener and more economical - the average amount of energy needed for a
computational action carried out in the cloud is far less than the average amount for an on-site
deployment. This is because different organisations can share the same physical resources
securely, leading to more efficient use of the shared resources.
- Flexibility cloud computing allows users to switch applications easily and rapidly, using the
one that suits their needs best. However, migrating data between applications can be an issue.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing:

API based access:

An application-programming interface (API) is a set of programming instructions and standards

for accessing a Web-based software application or Web tool.
A software company releases its API to the public/private so that other software developers can
design products that are powered by its service subjected to privilege.

Cost:

Cloud computing services use a metering capability which enables to control and optimize
resource use.
This implies that just like air time, electricity or municipality water IT services are charged per
usage metrics pay per use.
The more you utilize the higher the bill. Just as utility companies sell power to subscribers, and
telephone companies sell voice and data services.

Device independence:

Cloud computing is device-independent because cloud computing resources can be accessed

not just from any computer on the Internet, but also any type of computer.
Provided that it has an Internet connection and a web browser, it really does not matter if the
computer being used is a traditional desktop or laptop PC, or a netbook, tablet, smartphone, ebook reader, or any other kind of cloud access device.

Virtualization:

Virtualization, in computing, is the creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of

something, such as a hardware platform, operating system, a storage device or network
resources
Concept is similar to Multi Programming Each Process thinks it has complete control on all of
the resources.
Virtual Memory
CPU Sharing
Multi tenancy:
Multi tenancy is a reference to the mode of operation of instance where multiple independent
tenant of one or multiple Company operate in a shared environment.
The instances (tenants) are logically isolated, but physically integrated.
It refers to the need for policy-driven segmentation, isolation, governance, service levels, and
chargeback/billing models for different consumer constituencies.
Types of Cloud Computing:

Infrastructure as a Service (iaas):

IaaS is the delivery of technology infrastructure as an on demand scalable service

Usually billed based on usage
Usually multi tenant virtualized environment
Can be coupled with Managed Services for OS and application support
Use cases of IaaS:

Where demand is very volatile any time there are significant spikes in terms of demand on the
infrastructure
For new organizations without the capital to invest in hardware
Where the organization is growing rapidly and scaling hardware would be problematic
Where there is pressure on the organization to limit capital expenditure and to move to
operating expenditure
For specific line of business, trial or temporary infrastructural needs
IaaS Examples:

opSource
GQGrid
AZURE
Amazon webservices
At& T

Platform as a Service (Paas):

PaaS provides all of the facilities required to support the complete life cycle of building and
delivering web applications and services entirely from the Internet.
Typically applications must be developed with a particular platform in mind
Multi tenant environments
Highly scalable multi tier architecture
Use cases of PaaS:

PaaS is especially useful in any situation where multiple developers will be working on a
development project or where other external parties need to interact with the development
process.
PaaS is also useful where developers wish to automate testing and deployment services.
Some examples of PaaS include Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure Services, and the
Force.com platform.

PaaS Examples:

Amazon Webservices
Azure
CA3tera
RackSpace

Software as a Service (saas):

SaaS is a software delivery methodology that provides licensed multi-tenant access to software
and its functions remotely as a Web-based service.
Usually billed based on usage
Usually multi tenant environment
Highly scalable architecture
Use case of SaaS:

SaaS is widely accepted to have been introduced to the business world by the Salesforce
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) product.
As one of the earliest entrants it is not surprising that CRM is the most popular SaaS application
area, however e-mail, financial management, customer service and expense management have
also gotten good uptake via SaaS.
SaaS Examples:

Salesforce.com
Google
Microsoftonline services
Facebook

Anything as a service (XaaS)

XaaS is a collective term said to stand for a number of things including "X as a service," "anything
as a service" or "everything as a service"
Apart from the standard service model IaaS, PaaS or SaaS, we can provide anything as a service.
Examples of XaaS:
Desktop as a Service
Backup as a Service
Disaster Recovery as a Service
Network as a Service
Storage as a Service
Monitoring as a Service
Cloud Deployment Models:
Public Cloud:
A public cloud is one in which the services and infrastructure are provided off-site over the Internet.
These clouds offer the greatest level of efficiency in shared resources; however, they are also more
vulnerable than private clouds
When to go for Public Cloud?
You need to test and develop application code.
You need incremental capacity (the ability to add computer capacity for peak times).
Youre doing collaboration projects.
Youre doing an ad-hoc software development project using a Platform as a Service (PaaS)
offering cloud.

Why not Public cloud?

Many IT department executives are concerned about public cloud security and reliability. Take
extra time to ensure that you have security and governance issues well planned, or the shortterm cost savings could turn into a long-term nightmare.
Examples of Public Cloud:
Amazon web services
Azure
Rackspace
Private Cloud:
A private cloud is one in which the services and infrastructure are maintained on a private network.
These clouds offer the greatest level of security and control, but they require the company to still
purchase and maintain all the software and infrastructure, which reduces the cost savings.
When to go for Private Cloud?
Your business is your data and your applications. Therefore, control and security are paramount.
Your business is part of an industry that must conform to strict security and data privacy issues.
Your company is large enough to run a next generation cloud data center efficiently and
effectively on its own.
Why not Private Cloud?
Not best suit for SMB (Small Medium Business)
Business need infrastructure to build the Private Cloud
Maintenance cost involved
Examples of Private Cloud
VMWare
BMC Software
MS Private Cloud
Hybrid Cloud:
A hybrid cloud includes a variety of public and private options with multiple providers. By spreading
things out over a hybrid cloud, you keep each aspect at your business in the most efficient environment
possible.
When to go for Hybrid Cloud?
Your standardized workload for applications is used by lots of people, such as e-mail.
Your company offers services that are tailored for different vertical markets. You can use a
public cloud to interact with the clients but keep their data secured within a private cloud.
Why not Hybrid Cloud?
The management requirements of cloud computing become much more complex when you
need to manage private, public, and traditional data centers all together. You'll need to add
capabilities for federating these environments.
Examples of Hybrid Cloud:
EUCALPTUS
VMWare Hybrid cloud
Virtualization
Introduction to Virtualization

Virtualization allows multiple operating system instances to run concurrently on a single

computer
It is a means of separating hardware from a single operating system. Each guest OS is
managed by a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), also known as a hypervisor.
Because the virtualization system sits between the guest and the hardware, it can control the
guests use of CPU, memory, and storage, even allowing a guest OS to migrate from one
machine to another.

Role of Virtualization in Cloud Computing:

Virtualization is critical to cloud computing because it simplifies the delivery of services by
providing a platform for optimizing complex IT resources in a scalable manner, which is what
makes cloud computing so cost effective.
Virtualization can be applied very broadly to just about everything you can imagine including
memory, networks, storage, hardware, operating systems, and applications. Virtualization has
three characteristics that make it ideal for cloud computing:
Partitioning
Isolation
Encapsulation
Partitioning:
In virtualization, you can use partitioning to support many applications and operating systems
(OSes) in a single physical system.
Isolation
As each virtual machine is isolated, each machine is protected from crashes and viruses in the
other machines
Encapsulation:
Encapsulation can protect each application so that it doesnt interfere with other applications.
Using encapsulation, a virtual machine can be represented (and even stored) as a single file,
making it easy to identify and present to other applications.
Types of Virtualization:
There are 3 types of Virtualization based how it is?
Full virtualization
Para-virtualization
Hardware-assisted virtualization
Full Virtualization:
Full Virtualization uses a combination of binary translation and direct execution techniques.
The guest OS is not aware it is being virtualized and requires no modification.
The hypervisor translates all operating system instructions on the fly and caches the results for
future use, while user level instructions run unmodified at native speed.
Para-virtualization:
Para- is an English affix of Greek origin that means "alongside. Given the meaning alongside
virtualization
Para-virtualization refers to communication between the guest OS and the hypervisor to
improve performance and efficiency
It involves modifying the OS kernel to replace non-virtualizable instructions with hypercall that
communicate directly with the virtulization layer Hypervisor.
Hardware assisted virtualization:
Hardware vendors are rapidly embracing virtualization and developing new features to simplify
virtualization techniques
First generation enhancements include Intel Virtualization Technology (VT-x) and AMDs AMD-V
which both target privileged instructions with a new CPU execution mode feature that allows
the VMM to run in a new root mode.
Benefits of Virtualization
Save energy, go green:
Migrating physical servers over to virtual machines and consolidating them onto far fewer
physical servers means lowering monthly power and cooling costs in the data center.

Reduce the data center footprint:

In addition to saving more of your company's green with a smaller energy footprint, server
consolidation with virtualization will also reduce the overall footprint of your entire data center.
QA/lab environments
Virtualization allows you to easily build out a self-contained lab or test environment, operating
on its own isolated network
Faster server provisioning
Server virtualization enables elastic capacity to provide system provisioning and deployment at a
moment's notice.
Reduce hardware vendor lock-in
While not always a bad thing, sometimes being tied down to one particular server vendor or
even one particular server model can prove quite frustrating.
But because server virtualization abstracts away the underlying hardware and replaces it with
virtual hardware, data center managers and owners gain a lot more flexibility when it comes to
the server equipment they can choose from.
Increase uptime
Most server virtualization platforms now offer a number of advanced features that just aren't
found on physical servers, which helps with business continuity and increased uptime.
These technologies keep virtual machines ability to quickly recover from unplanned outages.
Improve disaster recovery:
Most enterprise server virtualization platforms have software that can help automate the
failover when a disaster does strike.
The same software usually provides a way to test a disaster recovery failover as well.
Isolate applications
In the physical world, data centers typically moved to a "one app/one server" model in order to
isolate applications.
But Server virtualization provides application isolation and removes application compatibility
issues by consolidating many of these virtual machines across far fewer physical servers.
Help move things to the cloud
The good news here is that by virtualizing your servers and abstracting away the underlying
hardware, you are preparing yourself for a move into the cloud.
The first step may be to move from a simple virtualized data center to a private cloud.
But as the public cloud matures, and the technology around it advances and you become more
comfortable with the thought of moving data out of your data center and into a cloud hosting
facility.
SAAS Case Study - Google Apps for SMB
Google Apps Setup

Google Apps provides basically all Google services that you currently have with your Google
Account. Besides email, you will get contacts, calendar and other google services that you can
use.
But did you know that you can have the added privilege of using your own domain in your email
address? Instead of having yourname@gmail.com, youcan useyourname@yourdomain.com to
deal and collaborate with my clients.
Google Mail
Gmail or Google mail is a free advertising-supported email service provided by Google.
Users may access Gmail as secure webmail, as well as via POP3 or IMAP4 protocols.
Google Drive:
Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service provided by Google, which enables
user cloud storage, file sharing and collaborative editing.
Google offers all users an initial 15 GB of online storage space, that is shared across three of its
most-used services: Google Drive, Gmail, and Google+ Photos.

Google Apps Marketplace:

Google Apps Marketplace is an online store designed to help people and organizations to
discover, purchase, and deploy integrated cloud web applications that work with Google
Apps (Gmail, Google Docs, Google Sites, Google Calendar, Google Contacts, etc.) and with third
party software.
Some apps are free, some are paid for.
Apps are based on Google APIs or on Google Apps Script.
Amazon Web Services (AWS):
Introduction to the AWS products
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a collection of remote computing services (also called web
services) that together make up a cloud computing platform, offered over the Internet
by Amazon.com. The most central and well-known of these services are Amazon
EC2 and Amazon S3.
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides resizable compute
capacity in the cloud.
Amazon EC2s simple web service interface allows you to obtain and configure capacity with
minimal friction.
It provides you with complete control of your computing resources and lets you run on
Amazons proven computing environment.
Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and boot new server instances to minutes,
allowing you to quickly scale capacity, both up and down, as your computing requirements
change.
Amazon EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for capacity that
you actually use.
Benefits:
Elastic Web-Scale Computing
Amazon EC2 enables you to increase or decrease capacity within minutes, not hours or days.
You can commission one, hundreds or even thousands of server instances simultaneously.
Of course, because this is all controlled with web service APIs, your application can
automatically scale itself up and down depending on its needs.
Completely Controlled
You have complete control of your instances.
You have root access to each one, and you can interact with them as you would any machine.
You can stop your instance while retaining the data on your boot partition and then
subsequently restart the same instance using web service APIs.
Instances can be rebooted remotely using web service APIs.
Flexible Cloud Hosting Services:
You have the choice of multiple instance types, operating systems, and software packages.
Amazon EC2 allows you to select a configuration of memory, CPU, instance storage, and the
boot partition size that is optimal for your choice of operating system and application.
For example, your choice of operating systems includes numerous Linux distributions, and
Microsoft Windows Server.
Designed for use with other Amazon Web Services
Amazon EC2 works in conjunction with Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), Amazon
Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS), Amazon SimpleDB and Amazon Simple Queue
Service (Amazon SQS) to provide a complete solution for computing, query processing and
storage across a wide range of applications.
Reliable:
Amazon EC2 offers a highly reliable environment where replacement instances can be rapidly
and predictably commissioned.

The Amazon EC2 Service Level Agreement commitment is 99.95% availability for each Amazon
EC2 Region.

Secure
Your compute instances are located in a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) with an IP range that you
specify. You decide which instances are exposed to the Internet and which remain private.
Security Groups and networks ACLs allow you to control inbound and outbound network access
to and from your instances.
You can connect your existing IT infrastructure to resources in your VPC using industry-standard
encrypted IPsec VPN connections.
Inexpensive
Amazon EC2 passes on to you the financial benefits of Amazons scale. You pay a very low rate for the
compute capacity you actually consume.
On-Demand Instances
Reserved Instances
Spot Instances
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)
Amazon S3 is cloud storage for the Internet.
Amazon S3 provides a simple web-services interface that can be used to store and retrieve any
amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web.
It gives any developer access to the same highly scalable, reliable, secure, fast, inexpensive
infrastructure that Amazon uses to run its own global network of web sites.
Use cases
Content Storage and Distribution
Amazon S3 provides highly durable and available cloud storage for a variety of content, ranging
from web applications to media files.
It allows you to offload your entire storage infrastructure onto the cloud, where you can take
advantage of Amazon S3s scalability and pay-as-you-go pricing to handle your growing object
storage needs.
For sharing content that is either easily reproduced or where youre storing an original copy
elsewhere, Amazon S3s Reduced Redundancy Storage (RRS) feature provides a compelling
solution.
Storage for Data Analysis
Whether youre storing medical data for analysis, financial data for computation and pricing, or
photo images for resizing, Amazon S3 is an ideal location to store your original content.
You can then send this content to Amazon EC2 for computation, resizing, or other large scale
analytics without incurring any data transfer charges for moving the data between the
services.
Backup, Archiving and Disaster Recovery
Amazon S3 offers highly durable, scalable, and secure cloud storage for backing
up and archiving your critical data.
You can use Amazon S3s Versioning capability to provide even further protection for your
stored data.
You can also define rules to archive sets of Amazon S3 objects to Amazon Glaciers extremely
low-cost cloud storage service based on object lifetimes.
As your data ages, these rules enable you to ensure that its automatically stored on the cloud
storage option that is most cost-effective for your needs.
Static Website Hosting
You can host your entire static website on Amazon S3 for an inexpensive, highly available
hosting solution that scales automatically to meet traffic demands.
Amazon S3s website hosting solution is ideal for websites with static content, including html
files, images, videos, and client-side scripts such as JavaScript. (Amazon EC2 is recommended for
websites with server-side scripting and database interaction).

Elastic Block Storage (EBS)

Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) provides persistent block level storage volumes for use
with Amazon EC2 instances in the AWS Cloud.
Benefits
Reliable, secure storage
Each Amazon EBS volume is automatically replicated within its Availability Zone to protect you
from component failure.
Amazon EBS encryption provides seamless support for data at rest security and data in motion
security between EC2 instances and EBS volumes.
Amazons flexible access control policies allow you to specify who can access which EBS
volumes.
Access control plus encryption offers a strong defense-in-depth security strategy for your data.
Consistent and low-latency performance
Amazon EBS General Purpose (SSD) volumes and Amazon EBS Provisioned IOPS (SSD) volumes
deliver low-latency through SSD technology and consistent I/O performance scaled to the needs
of your application.
Stripe multiple volumes together to achieve even higher I/O performance.
Backup, restore, innovate
Backup your data by taking point-in-time snapshots of your Amazon EBS volumes.
Boost the agility of your business by using Amazon EBS snapshots to create new EC2 instances.
Quickly scale up, easily scale down
Increase or decrease block storage and performance within minutes, enjoying the freedom to
adjust as your needs evolve.
Commission thousands of volumes simultaneously.
Elastic Load Balancing (ELB)
Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming application traffic across multiple
Amazon EC2 instances in the cloud.
It enables you to achieve greater levels of fault tolerance in your applications, seamlessly
providing the required amount of load balancing capacity needed to distribute application
traffic.
Benefits
Available
Achieve higher levels of fault tolerance for your applications by using Elastic Load Balancing to
automatically route traffic across multiple instances and multiple Availability Zones.
Elastic Load Balancing ensures that only healthy Amazon EC2 instances receive traffic by
detecting unhealthy instances and rerouting traffic across the remaining healthy instances.
Elastic
Elastic Load Balancing automatically scales its request handling capacity to meet the demands of
application traffic.
Additionally, Elastic Load Balancing offers integration with Auto Scaling to ensure that you have
back-end capacity to meet varying levels of traffic levels without requiring manual intervention.
Secure
Elastic Load Balancing works with Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) to provide robust
networking and security features.
You can create an internal (non-internet facing) load balancer to route traffic using private IP
addresses within your virtual network.
You can implement a multi-tiered architecture using internal and internet-facing load balancers
to route traffic between application tiers.
Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS)
Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) is a web service that makes it easy to set up,
operate, and scale a relational database in the cloud.
Amazon RDS gives you online access to the capabilities of a familiar MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft
SQL Server, or PostgreSQL relational database management system.

Benefits
Simple to Deploy Database Web Service
Use the AWS Management Console or simple API calls to access the capabilities of a productionready relational database in minutes without worrying about infrastructure provisioning or
installing and maintaining database software.
Managed
Amazon RDS handles time-consuming database management tasks, such as backups, patch
management, and replication, allowing you to pursue higher value application development or
database refinements.
Compatible
With Amazon RDS, you get native access to a relational database management system. This
facilitates compatibility with your existing tools and applications.
In addition, Amazon RDS gives you optional control over which supported MySQL DB Engine
Version or Oracle DB Engine Version powers your DB Instance via DB Engine Version
Management.
Fast, Predictable Performance
Amazon RDS Provisioned IOPS (SSD) Storage is a high performance storage option designed to
deliver fast, predictable, and consistent performance for I/O intensive transactional database
workloads. You can provision from 1,000 IOPS to 30,000 IOPS per DB Instance.
Amazon RDS General Purpose (SSD) Storage delivers a consistent baseline of 3 IOPS per
provisioned GB and provides the ability to burst up to 3,000 IOPS.
Scalable Database in the Cloud
You can scale the compute and storage resources available to your database to meet your
application needs using the Amazon RDS API or the AWS Management Console.
Inexpensive
You pay very low rates and only for the resources you actually consume.
On-Demand DB Instances On-Demand DB Instances let you pay for compute capacity by the
hour with no long-term commitments.
Reserved DB Instances Reserved DB Instances give you the option to make a low, one-time
payment for each DB Instance you want to reserve and in turn receive a significant discount on
the hourly usage charge for that DB Instance.