A Not So Short Introduction To LATEX

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A not so short introduction to LATEX

Hugo Andres Gutierrez Rojas
Hanwen Zhang
Communication Skills for Statisticians
Faculty of Statistics
Universidad Santo Tomas
2014
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Intro
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Intro
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What LATEX is not?
According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is not:

A word processor like MS Word or Pages.
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What LATEX is not?

A WYSIWYG software (What You See Is What You Get).
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What LATEX is not?

Dependent of a specific operating system.
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What LATEX is not?

Dependent of a specific operating system.
A software for typesetting math.
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What LATEX is?
According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is:

A powerful language for typesetting math, chemistry, music
sheets, etc.
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What LATEX is?

sheets, etc.
The standard typesetting language used by major publishers of
books in the sciences (e.g., Springer, CRC Press, Wiley, etc.).
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What LATEX is?

sheets, etc.
The standard typesetting language used by major publishers of
books in the sciences (e.g., Springer, CRC Press, Wiley, etc.).
The standard typesetting language used by most journals in
the sciences (e.g., Journal of the American Statistical
Association, Biometrics, etc.).
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What LATEX is?
According to me LATEX is:

The standard typesetting language used by the Faculty of
Statistics in USTA and its Book Collection on Applied
Statistics.
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What LATEX is?

Statistics.
The standard typesetting language used by the journal of the
Faculty of Statistics (Revista Comunicaciones en Estadstica).
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What LATEX is?

Statistics.
The standard typesetting language used by the journal of the
Faculty of Statistics (Revista Comunicaciones en Estadstica).
A must-learn language for the student of statistics, economics
and related disciplines who want to get enrolled in a graduate
program.
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Why should we use LATEX?
In this class we encourage the use of this language because:

The author focuses mainly in what he must write (the
content).
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content).
The output is pretty nice and the quality of text, tables,
equations, etc is outstanding.
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content).
The output is pretty nice and the quality of text, tables,
equations, etc is outstanding.
It is free and used by leading professionals in the world.
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It is multi-platform and portable (the same file could be
compiled in Windows, Mac, UNIX, LINUX, and even in the
internet).
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internet).
You can AUTOMATICALLY cross-reference equations, tables,
figures, bibliography.
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internet).
You can AUTOMATICALLY cross-reference equations, tables,
figures, bibliography.
The statistical software R speaks easily with LATEX. The
statistical reports then are written straightforwardly.
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Process
Remember that LATEXis not a WYSIWYG typesetting software. The

following steps are behind the process of the final document:
A .tex file (main file) needs to be created. This file contains
both the necessary commands that allow to compile the
document and the content of the document.
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Process
Remember that LATEXis not a WYSIWYG typesetting software. The

following steps are behind the process of the final document:
A .tex file (main file) needs to be created. This file contains
both the necessary commands that allow to compile the
document and the content of the document.
That file is compiled resulting in a .PDF or .PS file that
contains the final document.
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Structure of the main file
Basically, the .tex file contains:

The preamble, where you call the necessary packages and
write the proper commands in order to get a clean compiling
process.
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Structure of the main file
Basically, the .tex file contains:

The preamble, where you call the necessary packages and
write the proper commands in order to get a clean compiling
process.
The document body, where you only care about writing what
you wanted to write at first (text, figures, equations, tables,
etc.)
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Warning
Note that LATEX is case-sensitive and if you make a mistake in the

preamble or in the document body, you will get an error and the
final document will not be displayed.
This symbol % is used to comment the main file. Every command
in the main file begins with this symbol \.
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Structure of an article
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
\title{My First Paper}
\author{My name}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
This paper gives an introduction to \LaTeX.
\end{abstract}
\section{My first section}
\subsection{My first sub-section}
\subsubsection{My first sub-sub-section}
\end{document}
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\documentclass[12pt]{article}
Inside [ ] you must write the options of the document. In
this case, we want to set the size font to 12pt.
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
The first line allows your documents to be typeset in a
language other than english (in this case english).
The second line allows you to write automatically accents
(tildes).
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\title{}
The title of your paper.
\author{}
Your name.
\date{\today}
Date when you compiled the file by last time.
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\begin{document}
One of the most important instructions. This one initializes the

document.
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\maketitle
This command generates a proper title for your article.
\begin{abstract}
Your first abstract of your first article.
\end{abstract}
The abstract gives a brief review of the whole paper.
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\section{My first section}

\subsection{My first sub-section}
\subsubsection{My first sub-sub-section}
The body of the document is organized in sections, sub-sections and

sub-sub-sections.
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\end{document}
One of the most important instructions. This one finishes the document.
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Taking advantage from LATEX
Users of MS Word find a lot of difficulties when it comes to crete

lists. It seems that one can be lost in trying to do a simple list. LATEX
users will find the environment for creating lists very convenient.
LATEX allows you to nest the list up to four levels. There are three
simple kinds of list environment to create lists: itemize, enumerate,
and description.
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Environments
itemize creates non-numbered lists.
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Environments
enumerate creates numbered lists.
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Environments
enumerate creates numbered lists.
description creates non-numbered definitions.
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Taking advantage from LATEX

LATEX is an environment-driven language. This way, everything you
want to put in the document will need to respect the rules of this
language. To me, the first and most important rule is: Begin with
\begin{} and do not forget to end with \end{}.
As a rule of thumb, you always end what you begin.
\begin{document}
...
\end{document}
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Itemize
The basic structure of this bulleted list is as follows:

\begin{itemize}
\item My first item.
\item My second item.
\item My thrid item.
\end{itemize}
Note that the command \item allows you to start with a new bullet
in the list.
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Itemize
My first item.
My second item.
My thrid item.
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Enumerate

\begin{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
Note that the command \item allows you to start with a new numbered item.
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Enumerate
My first item.
My second item.
My thrid item.
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Description

\begin{description}
\item[First definition] My first item.
\item[Second definition] My second item.
\item[Third definition] My thrid item.
\end{description}
Note that the command \item allows you to start with a new numbered item.
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Description
First definition My first item.

Second definition My second item.
Third definition My third item.
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Customization
\hfill \\ allows you to begin a definition from a new line in your
text.
\begin{description}
\item[First definition] \hfill \\
My first item.
\item[Second definition] \hfill \\
My second item.
\end{description}
First definition
My first item.
Second definition
My second item.
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Customization
Consider the following code:

\begin{enumerate}[\bfseries Exerc{i}se 1:]
\end{enumerate}
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Exercise 1: My first item.

Exercise 2: My second item.
Exercise 3: My thrid item.
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Customization
Within the enumerate environment, you can modify the style of the
counters. For example, consider the following instruction:
[\bfseries Exerc{i}se 1:]
Note that the command [] allows to define different options inside the environment. Also, \bfseries makes bold the font of
the counter. The text of the counter is replaced by the word
Exerc{i}se and finally, the counter itself is defined to be arabic
followed by a colon.
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Customization
In LATEXthere are two declarations that changes the style of a text

1) the series: it can be \mdseries or \mdseries and 2) the family:
it can be \rmfamily, \sffamily or \ttfamily. Now, try this:
[\mdseries Exerc{i}se 1:]
[\mdseries \ttfamily Exerc{i}se 1:]
[\rmfamily Exerc{i}se a:]
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Customization
Why should we need to write Exerc{i}se, instead

of Exercise?
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Customization
To begin the list in a different number other than 1. :

\begin{enumerate}
\setcounter{enumi}{4}
\item My fifth element
\end{enumerate}
5
My fifth element
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Classwork
Create a nested list of your most likely actors and actresses

(in order of importance). Consider different bullets for films
and TV shows. Separate your list into local and foreign. Give
details of movies or TV shows where actors have been part of.
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Classwork

Define and describe: random variable, probability and

distribution function.
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Define and describe: random variable, probability and

distribution function.
Formulate and write three exercises to practice what you have

learned today.
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Equations and math
In this section we focus on the beauty of LATEX when generating

equations and symbols. Now, you will see how this language overtakes (exceeds, surpasses and beats) common word processors by
far!
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The required package
The package amsmath provides a large number of useful symbols for

mathematical (and related stuff) writing.
\usepackage{amsmath}
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The greek alphabet

If you study statistics, it is imperative for you to memorise the following symbols:
\Gamma
\Delta
\Theta
\Lambda
\alpha
\beta
\gamma
\delta
\epsilon
\zeta
\eta
\theta
\iota
\kappa
\lambda
\mu
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\Pi
\Sigma
\Psi
\Omega
\nu
\xi
\pi
\rho
\sigma
\tau
\upsilon
\phi
\chi
\psi
\omega
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Common symbols
To write fractions, we use \frac{}{} and dfrac{}{}.

For example, the syntax \frac{x}{y} gives yx , and
x
\dfrac{x}{y} gives
y
Exponential and logarithm functions are obtained with \exp
and \ln.
For example, 5\exp\{-5x\} gives 5 exp{5x}.
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Common symbols
One single dot is obtained by \ldot and \cdot.
Dots are obtained by \ldots and \cdots.
The summatory and productory are very common in the
statistical theory.
For example
\sum_{i=1}^na_i+\sum b_i+\prod_{j=1}^mc_j
gives the expression
n
X
ai +
i=1
bi +
m
Y
cj
j=1
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Common symbols
The integral operator can be obtained with \int.
For example,
\int \ldots \int f(x_1,\cdots,x_k)dx_1\cdots dx_k=1
Z
Z
. . . f (x1 , , xk )dx1 dxk = 1
.
\frac{\partial F_X(x)}{\partial x}=f_X(x)
FX (x)
= fX (x)
x
.
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Detexify web
How to write a mathematical symbol when you dont know

the proper syntax?
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Detexify web

the proper syntax?
Just draw the symbol in the web of Detexify
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Detexify web

the proper syntax?
Just draw the symbol in the web of Detexify
Select the right symbol and copy the code in LATEX
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Power and indices
The caret ^ character is used to raise something (like power in

a polynom).
The underscore _ is for lowering.
Use { } when more than one expression is raised or lowered.
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Power and indices
For example,
(a_n+b_{n+1})^2=a_n^2+b_{n+1}^2+2a_nb_{n+1}
results in the following expression:
2
(an + bn+1 )2 = an2 + bn+1
+ 2an bn+1
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Nested power and indices
For more complex situations, just write the expression inside of

^{...} and _{...}. For example,
\omega^{r_{i,j}+1}_{m_i+n_j}
gives the following expression:
r +1
mi,ji +nj
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Mathematical environment
Note that math symbols and equations are different than text. So,
a different environment must be used to properly write equations.
The math environment has a very simple form: $...$.
Observe the difference between y (y) and y ($y$).
Using $$...$$ yields a centered expression.
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Mathematical environment
For example, if you type:
The sum between $x=2$ and $y=3$ is
$$x+y=5$$
Then, the following expression is shown:
The sum between x = 2 and y = 3 is

x +y =5
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The equation environment

This environment is used to write math seriously:
\begin{equation}\label{EQ_name}
...
\end{equation}
Within this environment we can enumerate and
cross-reference equations.
If we dont need to enumerate the equation, the appropriate
syntax is:
\begin{equation*}
...
\end{equation*}
Use \ref{EQ_name} to call the corresponding equation.
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Reference
For example, type this:

\begin{equation}\label{Prob}
\int_{-\infty}^{infty}f(x)dx=1
\end{equation}
(\ref{Prob}) remains if $f(x)$ is a density function.
Gives:
f (x)dx = 1.
(1) remains if f (x) is a density function.
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The align environment
This environment allows us to align several equations.

Each line will be counted as a different equation, and each
equation will be enumerated.
Use \notag to remove enumeration.
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The align environment

For example,
\begin{align}
x&=2\\
y&=4\notag
\end{align}
gives the following expression:
x =2
y =4
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The cases environment
We can use this environment to write functions or any expression

involving cases. For example, it is useful to write discrete probability
functions. Cases environment must be typed inside of an equation
environment, $...$ or $$...$$.
(
n y
ny
for y = 0, 1, . . . , n
x p (1 p)
Pr (Y = y ) =
(3)
0
otherwise
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The cases environment

Consider the following code:
\begin{equation}
f(x)=
\begin{cases}
x&\text{if $x>2$}\\
x+1&\text{else}
\end{equation}
\end{cases}
that results in the following expression:
(
x
if x > 2
f (x) =
x + 1 else
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Matrices
As you should know, matrices are very common and useful in mathematics, statistics and related disciplines.
Different elements in a row are separated by & (ampersand
symbol) and the rows are separated by \\
The matrix environment must be typed inside of an equation
environment, $...$ or $$...$$.

A=
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Matrices
\begin{equation}
A=
\begin{pmatrix}
2 & 3\\
1 & 0
\end{pmatrix}
\end{equation}

A=
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Classwork
Remember the following rules when writing math:

Equations are sentences composed by subject, verb and,
predicate.
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predicate.
You must make sure than the former parts of a sentence are
present in your equation.
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predicate.
You must make sure than the former parts of a sentence are
present in your equation.
Respect the grammar: do not forget punctuation marks in
your entire paper! Even equations must respect grammar (if
need, use colon, semicolon and period).
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Classwork
Reproduce the following expressions:
jt
X
(jt )
(j )
xt |xt1 , , x1 , z tn p
+ a0 t +
xti
n/(n 2)
i=1
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Classwork
Reproduce the following expressions:
jt
X
(jt )
(j )
xt |xt1 , , x1 , z tn p
+ a0 t +
xti
n/(n 2)
i=1
(6)
f (x|z, x ) = f (xk+1 |xk , , x1 , z, x ) f (xT |xT 1 , , x1 , z, x )

"
#T k T

n+1
T
i1 Y
Y h
2
( n+1
)
et2
(jt )
2
=
h
1
+
n
n( n2 )
t=k+1
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Tables
Tables are very important to report results of analysis or represent

ideas in a simpler form. We use the environment tabular inside of
the environment table to create a table.
As you should know, a table is an array composed by rows and
columns.
Note that a table is different from a matrix, because we can customize it. You can insert horizontal lines, vertical lines, text, headers, etc.
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Tables
We use \\ to separate different rows and & to separate

different elements in a row (similar to the writing of a matrix).
We use c, l or r to indicate that each column is centred,
aligned to the left or right.
We use \hline to inset a horizontal line between rows.
We use \cline to inset a horizontal line between determined
columns.
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Tables
Consider the following nice table.

Coefficient
1
2
Estimation
0.5
-1.5
Standard error
0.23
0.43
Tabla 1 : A very interesting table
Did you notice the label?
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Structure of a table
Consider the following code generating the previous table:

\begin{table}
\label{Table1}\centering
\begin{tabular}{c|cc}\hline
Coefficient & Estimation & Standard error\\\hline
$\theta_1$ &0.5 &0.23\\
$\theta_2$ &-1.5 &0.43\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{A very interesting table}
\end{table}
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Merging rows and columns
Sometimes we need to merge columns or rows. To do so, we must

use the package multirow.
The usage is:
To merge columns:
\multicolumn{number of columns}{justification}{text}
To merge rows:
\multirow{number of rows}{*}{text}
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Consider the following table: it merges both columns and rows.
Coefficient
1
2
Estimation
Bayesian Classic
0.5
0.43
-1.5
-1.43
Tabla 2 : A very tricky table
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The previous table was created with the following code:
\begin{table}
\label{Table1}\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c|cc|} \hline
\multirow{2}{*}{Coefficient} &\multicolumn{2}{c|}
{Estimation} \\ \cline{2-3}
&Bayesian&Classic\\ \hline
$\theta_1$&0.5&0.43\\
$\theta_2$&-1.5&-1.43\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{A very tricky table}
\end{table}
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Classwork
Call the multirow package and reproduce the following table:

Density
Binomial
Poisson
Link function
log{/(1 )}
1 ()
log
Name
Logit
Probit
Log
Tabla 3 : Selected GLM families and corresponding link functions.
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Shorcut
Yeah right!!!
Doing tables in LATEX is a little
tricky!!!
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Using Excel2Latex
We used to write and customise our tables in MS Excel. There is

a complement called Excel2Latex that allows you to export the
table that you create the tables in Excel and translate them to LATEX
code.
http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/support/excel2latex/
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Using Excel2Latex
Before doing anything you must call the booktabs package. Then:
Install the complement.
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Using Excel2Latex
Create your table.
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Using Excel2Latex
Create your table.
Select your table.
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Using Excel2Latex
Create your table.
Select your table.
Go to format and click on export table to LATEX.
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Using Excel2Latex
Create your table.
Select your table.
Copy the code and paste it in LATEX.
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Using Excel2Latex
Create your table.
Select your table.
Copy the code and paste it in LATEX.
Enjoy.
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Figures in LATEX
Firstly, we load the package graphicx.

We use the commando
\includegraphics[options]{file name} in the
environment figure to insert images.
In options we specify the size, width, height and others
features.
We can insert images in format .jpg and .eps (Encapsulated
PostScript).
For simplicity, we paste the image file in the same folder as
the .tex file.
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The following instructions

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.45]{densidad_Weibull.eps}
\caption{The Weibull distribution density.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}
produce the following figure
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2.0
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1.5
Weibull(3,0.5)
Weibull(1,1)
Weibull(2,1)
1.0
Lists
0.5
Basics
0.0
Intro
Figure 1 : The Weibull distribution density.

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Figures in LATEX
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=3cm,height=8cm]{densidad_Weibull.eps
\caption{The Weibull distribution density.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}
produce the figure
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1.5
Weibull(3,0.5)
Weibull(1,1)
Weibull(2,1)
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0.5
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not so short introduction

to LATEX
Figure 2 : The Weibull Adistribution
density.
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Figures in LATEX
In order to insert a image in format .jpg, we need to introduce the
dimensions of the file in options.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[bb=0 0 1200 1200, scale=0.15]{Votar.jpg}
\caption{We will vote.}
\end{figure}
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Figure 3 : We will vote.
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Figures in LATEX
We can insert figures with more that one image using the package
subfigure. For example
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\subfigure[Weibull density.]{
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{densidad_Weibull.eps}}
\subfigure[F density.]{
\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{densidad_F.eps}}
\caption{Two important densities.}
\end{figure}
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0.8
2.0
1.0
Lists
F(2,2)
F(2,5)
F(10,5)
F(10,10)
y
0.4
1.0
0.6
1.5
Weibull(3,0.5)
Weibull(1,1)
Weibull(2,1)
0.2
0.5
0.0
Basics
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Intro
(a) Weibull density.
(b) F density.
Figure 4 : Two important densities.
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We can also combine a table with figures with the package espfig,
the following instruction
\begin{table}[h!]
\centering\caption{Four interesting densities}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} \hline
Weibull density & Beta density \\
\epsfig{file=densidad_Weibull.eps,scale=0.15}
& \epsfig{file=densidad_beta.eps,scale=0.15} \\ \hline
F density & Binomial density \\
\epsfig{file=densidad_F.eps,scale=0.15}
& \epsfig{file=densidad_binomial.eps,scale=0.15} \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
produce the following table with figures.
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Tabla 4 : Four interesting densities
Beta density
Beta(0.5,1)
Beta(0.5,0.3)
f(x)
2.0
Weibull(3,0.5)
Weibull(1,1)
Weibull(2,1)
Weibull density
1.5
0.01
0.12
0.23
0.34
0.45
0.56
0.67
0.78
0.56
0.67
0.78
0.89
1.0
Beta(2,1)
Beta(2,3)
0.0
0.0
f(x)
0.5
2.0
1.0
0.01
0.12
0.23
0.34
0.45
0.89
Binomial density
0.8
0.20
1.0
0.25
F density
0.15
0.0
0.00
0.2
0.05
0.4
0.10
f(x)
0.6
F(2,2)
F(2,5)
F(10,5)
F(10,10)
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The correct writing of the bibliography is very important in

essays, articles, books or any scientific documents.
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We use the bibliographic references to
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1
resume the background of the investigation.
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1
2
resume the background of the investigation.

cite results that we need in our investigation.
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There are many different bibliographic styles such as Harvard, Chicago,

Turabian, APA (America Psychological Association), AMA (American Medical Association), ACS (American Chemical Society).
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Author - year format.

One of the most used styles.
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Journals that use this format include: JASA, Journal of
Forecasting, American Statistician, Biometrika.
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For example, Zhang & Gutierrez (2010) claim that ...
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In the bibliography list, the references are in alphabetical order
(according to the last name of the first author).
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In the bibliography list, the references are in alphabetical order
(according to the last name of the first author).
In case that you cite more than one reference of some authors,
the order is chronological.
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Numeric format
Journals as Pattern Analysis & Applications, Statistical
Methodology and Statistics use reference citations in the text
identified by numbers in parenthesis or square brackets.
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Numeric format
For example: This result was first demonstrated by Fisher in
1943 (see [2]).
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Numeric format
For example: This result was first demonstrated by Fisher in
1943 (see [2]).
In the bibliography list, the references may be displayed in
order of appearance or in alphabetical order.
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Alternative format
Journals as Significance use the reference citations in
superscript.
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Alternative format
superscript.
For example: see Buckland et al.1 for further details.
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Alternative format
superscript.
For example: see Buckland et al.1 for further details.
In the bibliography list, the references may be displayed in
order of appearance or in alphabetical order.
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The basic rule for citing bibliographic references is:

Every item included in the bibliography must be cited in the
document.
Every citation in the document must be in the bibliography.
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The bibliographic references we could cite include

1
Books
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1
Books
Articles published in journals
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1
Books
Doctoral or masters thesis
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1
Books
Conference proceedings
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1
Books
Technical reports
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1
Books
Technical reports
Technical manual
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What information do we need to include in a bibliographic reference?

When we cite a book, the basic information are title, authors,
year of publication, publisher, edition.
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In the case of an article, we need to include title, authors,
journal, year of publication, volume, number and pages.
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In the case of an article, we need to include title, authors,
journal, year of publication, volume, number and pages.
In the case of a thesis, we need to include title, authors,
educational institute, year and type (doctoral or master)
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When we cite a conference proceeding, we need to include

title, authors, name of the conference, year of publication,
organization or publisher, among others.
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In the case of a technical report, we need to include title,
authors, year of publication and institution.
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In the case of a technical report, we need to include title,
authors, year of publication and institution.
In the case of a technical manual, we need to include title,
authors, year of publication and the organization.
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Bibliography in LATEX
The structure in LATEX is as following:
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{Nieto2005} Nieto, F. H. (2005). Modeling
bivariate threshold autoregressive processes in the
pressence of missing data,
\textit{Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods}
\bibitem{Carli1995} Carlin, B.P. and Chib, S. (1995).
Bayesian model choice via Markov chain Montecarlo methods,
\textit{Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B},
\textbf{57}, 473-484.
\end{thebibliography}
produce the following bibliography
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Nieto, F. H. (2005). Modeling bivariate threshold

autoregressive processes in the pressence of missing data,
Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods
Carlin, B.P. and Chib, S. (1995). Bayesian model choice via
Markov chain Montecarlo methods, Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society Series B, 57, 473-484.
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To cite one of the references, we use \cite{Name}. For example,

This algorithm was firstly proposed by \cite{Nieto2005}
produces
This algorithm was firstly proposed by [1]
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For more flexible and more organised bibliography writing, we use

BIBTEX.
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BibTex
The usage of BibTex provides a unified format for

bibliographical references and is particularly useful when we
have a big number of references.
All you need to do is
1
2
3
4
5
Create a file of all references with extension .bib

Save the file in the same folder of the file .tex
Include the references with the instruction
\bibliography{Name} and
\usepackage[full]{harvard}in the tex document.
Specify the bibliographic style with \bibliographystyle{}
Run BibTex and then run tex as usual.
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BibTex
When you need to cite a reference, distinguish between

\cite{} and \citeasnoun{}.
When the reference forms part of the sentence, you use
\citeasnoun{}, otherwise you use \cite{}.
Use \nocite{*} if you want the complete list of references,
even those not cited in the document.
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Beamer
Beamer is specially designed to create presentations in LaTex.

With Beamer you can reproduce easily complicated equations
and have many styles for animation and presentation.
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Beamer
The usage of Beamer is as follows
\documentclass[12pt]{beamer}
\mode<presentation>{\usetheme{Antibes}}
\usecolortheme{dove}
\title{}
\author{}
\begin{document}
\frame{\titlepage}
\begin{frame}[option]
\frametitle{Name}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
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Beamer
Visit http://deic.uab.es/~iblanes/beamer_gallery/
for different themes.
Some common color themes are albatross, beaver, beetle,
crane, dolphin, dove, fly, lily, orchid, seahorse, whale and
wolverine
In the option of \begin{frame}, we can use t (top), c
(center) or b (bottom) to specify the ubication of text.
You can use different colors in the presentation, for example,
\textcolor{red}{Text in red} prodeces Text in red.
The block exampleblock and alertblock environment is
useful when we want to highlight some content.
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\begin{block}{Funny theorem}
This is important!
\end{block}
\begin{exampleblock}{Not so funny theorem}
This is very important!
\end{exampleblock}
\begin{alertblock}{Not funny at all}
Pay attention!
\end{alertblock}
produce the following
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Funny theorem
This is important!
Not so funny theorem
This is very important!
Not funny at all
Pay attention!
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Animation in presentations
The basic instruction for animation is \pause introducing a pause

in the text. For example
$$\int_0^3 f(x)dx\pause=\int_0^2f(x)dx\pause
+\int_2^3 f(x)dx\pause=1$$
produces
Z
f (x)dx
0
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produces
Z
Z
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx
0
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produces
Z
Z
f (x)dx =
Z
f (x)dx +
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produces
Z
Z
f (x)dx =
Z
f (x)dx +
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We can give different colours to specific parts using \color for
equation and \textcolor for text
$$\color<1>{red}{\int_0^3f(x)dx}\pause=\color<2>{purple}
{\int_0^2f(x)dx}\pause+\color<3>{green}{\int_2^3f(x)dx}
\pause=\color<4>{1}$$
produces
Z
f (x)dx
0
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produces
Z
Z
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx
0
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produces
Z
Z
f (x)dx =
Z
f (x)dx +
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produces
Z
Z
f (x)dx =
Z
f (x)dx +
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Another basic instruction is \onslide<range>{text}, where in

<range> we specify the order of appearen of text. For example,
In \onslide<3->{text}, text will be visible from step 3
onwards
In \onslide<-3>{text}, text will be visible to step 3
In \onslide<2-3>{text}, text will be visible from step 2 to
step 3
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The most common usage of \onslide is as follows
Probability density function\\
\onslide<1>{$f(x)\geq0$}\\
\onslide<2> {$P(X=x)=0$}\\
\onslide<3> {$P(1<X<2)=\int_1^2f(x)dx$}
gives:
Probability density function
f (x) 0
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\onslide<2> {$P(X=x)=0$}\\
gives:
P(X = x) = 0
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\onslide<2> {$P(X=x)=0$}\\
gives:
P(1 < X < 2) =
R2
1
f (x)dx
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The following instruction

\onslide<1->{$f(x)\geq0$}\\
\onslide<2-3>{$P(X=x)=0$}\\
\onslide<-3>{$P(1<X<2)=\int_1^2f(x)dx$}\\
\onslide<-4>{$f(x)=\frac{\partial F(x)}{\partial x}$}
give the results
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f (x) 0
P(1 < X < 2) =
f (x) = Fx(x)
R2
1
f (x)dx
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f (x) 0
P(X = x) = 0
R2
P(1 < X < 2) = 1 f (x)dx
f (x) = Fx(x)
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f (x) 0
P(X = x) = 0
R2
P(1 < X < 2) = 1 f (x)dx
f (x) = Fx(x)
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f (x) 0
f (x) =
F (x)
x
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The instruction \only<> is useful to make replacemenet. For example,

\only<1>{$f(x)\geq0$}
\only<2>{$P(X=x)=0$}
\only<3>{$P(1<X<2)=\int_1^2f(x)dx$}
gives
f (x) 0
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\only<2>{$P(X=x)=0$}
\only<3>{$P(1<X<2)=\int_1^2f(x)dx$}
gives
P(X = x) = 0
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\only<2>{$P(X=x)=0$}
\only<3>{$P(1<X<2)=\int_1^2f(x)dx$}
gives
Probability densityR function
2
P(1 < X < 2) = 1 f (x)dx
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We can show the items of itemize and enumerate progressively.
\begin{itemize}
\item<1-> Property 1
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
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\begin{itemize}
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
Property 2
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\begin{itemize}
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
Property 2
Property 3
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We get the same result using

\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Property 1
\item Property 2
\item Property 3
\end{itemize}
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With the following instruction we can emphasize the actual item
\begin{itemize}[<+-|alert@+>]
\item Property 1
\item Property 2
\item Property 3
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
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\item Property 1
\item Property 2
\item Property 3
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
Property 2
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\item Property 1
\item Property 2
\item Property 3
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
Property 2
Property 3
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With the following instruction we can give other formats to the
actual item
\begin{itemize}
\item<1-> \textbf{Property 1}
\item<2-> \textcolor{green}{Property 2}
\item<3-> \textbf{\textcolor{blue}{Property 3}}
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
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actual item
\begin{itemize}
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
Property 2
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actual item
\begin{itemize}
\end{itemize}
gives
Property 1
Property 2
Property 3
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Homework: Elaborate a presentation with animation and figures!
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Writing books with
When the document we wanto to create is quite large (book, thesis), we can divide it in separate chapters. This way, we can work
individually on each chapter and save time in compilation process.
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Writing books with

The basic components of a book include
Title page: title, authors, dedicatory, editorial information,
among others.
Preface
Table of contents
Chapters
Possible apprendix
Bibliography
List of figures
List of tables
Subject index
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Writing books with

We need a main .tex file with
\documentclass[options]{book} where we include all
parts of the book. In this file we compile the book.
Parts as title page, preface and chapters are included in the
document using \include{portada},\include{preface},
\include{Chapter}. At the beginning of the document, use
\chapter{name} and then just write the text without
\bocumentclass, \begin{document}.
Other parts can be included by \tableofcontents,
\bibliography{ref}, \listoffigures, \listoftables
and \printindex.
In order to create the subject index, we use
\index{Intervalo de confianza!bilateral} throughout
the document.
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Poster
Conference poster are used to exhibit investigation results in

academic events.
Usually the poster is printed in paper bigger than letter paper,
such as A3.
Multiple columns are used to improve the appearence.
We use a small amount of text and more figures, tables and
equations to attact attention.
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Poster
Use
\usepackage[a3paper,landscape,centering]{geometry}
to establish A3 as the paper size and orizontal orientation.
Use \begin{minipage} to insert the title of the poster.
Use another \begin{minipage} to insert the authors
information.
Use \begin{multicols}{3} to divide the mai text in 3
columns.
Visit http://www.latextemplates.com/cat/conference-posters for various poster templates.
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Computational codes in La Tex
In statistical articles, is common to include computational

codes in the document.
We need to distinguish between the font for the code and the
text.
When the code is not too long such as softwares names,
package, functions, we use \verb .
When the codes are too long, we use the verbatim
environment.
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knitr package in R
With the knitr package we can produce easily pdf document with
our codes and graphs in R.
We use Rstudio to ilustrate the usage.
First, we install and call the knitr package.
In the option Tools, Global options, choose the options
for Sweave and specify knitr for Weave Rnw files using.
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To write a new document, just choose New file and

R Sweave.
Create your tex document as usual
The R codes should be between <<>>= and @.
To create the pdf document, choose Compile PDF and see
how knitr convert your codes in wonderful outputs.
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A Not So Short Introduction To LATEX

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A Not So Short Introduction To LATEX

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Intro

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is not?

According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is not:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is not?

According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is not:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is not?

According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is not:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is not?

According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is not:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is?

According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is?

According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is?

According to Davidian and Luca LATEX is:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is?

According to me LATEX is:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is?

According to me LATEX is:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

What LATEX is?

According to me LATEX is:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

Why should we use LATEX?

In this class we encourage the use of this language because:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

Why should we use LATEX?

In this class we encourage the use of this language because:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

Why should we use LATEX?

In this class we encourage the use of this language because:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

Why should we use LATEX?

In this class we encourage the use of this language because:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

Why should we use LATEX?

In this class we encourage the use of this language because:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

Why should we use LATEX?

In this class we encourage the use of this language because:

A not so short introduction to LATEX

Remember that LATEXis not a WYSIWYG typesetting software. The

A not so short introduction to LATEX

Remember that LATEXis not a WYSIWYG typesetting software. The