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1.Introduction
Applications for Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) have been on the rise since
the 20th century. AGVs may be described as mobile robots used to move materials in a
manufacturing facility or a warehouse along fixed predefined paths, with the help of wires
in the floor, magnets, lasers or other sensors for navigation.
The major objective with using AGVs was to improve efficiency and reduce costs in
situations that involve:
Repetitive movement of materials over a distance.
Regular delivery of stable loads.
Processes where tracking is important.
On-time delivery is critical and late deliveries cause inefficiency.
AGVs can be deployed in any stage of a manufacturing process, raw material
handling stage where initial raw materials are received from the warehouse and delivered
directly to production lines to work in process stages where in-process inventory is
transported between machine stations where operations are performed to finish product
handling stage where goods are stored or sent to dock for delivery to final customer.
AGVs being able to enter the site once the AGV vacates the site due to repetitive looping
of the transmitter signal.
Dynamic algorithms have now been developed that help avoid this error and account
for efficient functioning of the system. Once a path has been decided by the system,
localized control measures are used to avoid collisions among the AGVs.
2.3 Zone Control
Zone control is a cost efficient way to control AGVs. It involves the use of a wireless
transmitter that is used to transmit signals to AGVs from each zone in the plant. AGVs are
equipped with a sensor to receive and transmit signals back to the sensor. If there are no
AGVs in a particular zone, the signal is set to clear allowing an AGV to pass through the
zone. When an AGV is in a zone, the transmitter signal is set to stop and all AGVs entering
the area stop and wait for their turn to pass through. One of the issues with this form of
control is when an individual zone goes down, there is a risk that all AGVs directed to pass
through that zone are prone to collisions.
The transmitters on the shop floor, sensors and PLCs on the AGVs contribute the real
time control elements of the system. This system helps avoid multiple AGVs entering the
same storage isle or one blocking the other during travel in a large warehouse.
Zone Control:
The transmitter signal is set to clear or stop based on if or not an AGV is currently in a
zone based on real time information and AGVs are expected to respond to this data
immediately.
Forward Sensing Control:
Forward sensing control helps avoid collisions if the sensor mounted on the vehicles
returns a positive reading which directs the AGV to come to a stop upon processing the
information.
Combination Control:
Combination control is a result of both zone and forward sensing control.
- The similarity between all the control mechanisms described here are that they work with
real time data to overcome collisions between systems once a path has been assigned.
4. Consequences of Failure
If the collision avoidance system in the facility fails, it leaves the AGVs prone to
collisions between each other and to equipment and personnel in the plant, which is a cause
of concern to both safety of personnel and financial needs of a firm.
Hence, it is vital that the system is able to function smoothly and make computational
decisions correctly and importantly in a timely manner once a path has been assigned.