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Service Over IP
Raj Jain
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH 43210
Jain@CIS.Ohio-State.Edu
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/
Raj Jain
Overview
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Integrated services
Resource Reservation Protocol: RSVP
Differentiated Services
QoS routing
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) CoS
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Multimedia
Application Video Conferencing, Telephony, Fax
Transport Timing Sync, payload id, error recovery
Network
Datalink
Physical
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IETF Groups
Application Iptel, fax
Transport Avt (RTP), mmusic (RTSP)
Network
Datalink
IEEE 802.1p
Broadband Ethernet 10Broad36
Physical
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QoS Triangle
Low Capacity
Carrier
High Traffic Sender
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Receiver
High QoS
Components of QoS
Architecture
1. Services with different QoS: Service definitions
2. Ways for users to communicate what they need:
Signaling or admission control
3. Ways for providers to ensure that users are following
their commitment: Policing/shaping
4. Ways for providers to find the routes:
QoS based routing
5. QoS based forwarding: Buffer Allocation and Drop
Policy, Queueing Discipline and Service Policy,
Traffic Management of elastic traffic
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ATM vs IP
QoS Component ATM
Services
CBR, VBR,
ABR, UBR
Signaling
UNI 4.0
Policing/Shaping Leaky bucket
Forwarding
Per-VC/per-class
queueing
Elastic Traffic
ABR
Mgmt
Routing
PNNI
IP
Integrated
Services
RSVP
Token bucket
Differentiated
Services
RED, Slow-start
QoS routing
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Integrated Services
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Flow Specification
Traffic Spec Network Traffic Spec
Sender
Receiver
QoS Spec
Available Resources
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RSVP
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Path Messages
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Reservation Requests
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R4
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S2
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H3
Receivers must join multicast address to receive path
messages
Receivers generate reservation (RESV) requests
RESV messages contain resources to be reserved
RESV messages are forwarded along the reverse path
of PATH messages
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Reservation (Cont)
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Problems (Cont)
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Receiver Based:
Need sender control/notifications in some cases.
Which receiver pays for shared part of the tree?
Soft State: Need route/path pinning (stability).
Limit number of changes during a session.
Throughput and delay guarantees require support of
lower layers. Shared Ethernet IP cant do GS or
CLS. Need switched full-duplex LANs.
Cant easily do RSVP on ATM either
Most of these arguments also apply to integrated
services.
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COPS Protocol
Policy
Policy
COPS
Enforcement
Decision
TCP
Point
Point
Client
Server
Common Open Policy Service Protocol
When the routers (clients) receive a RSVP message,
they send the request the server and obtain authorization
Will work with other (non-RSVP) signaling
Routers can make local decisions but should keep
servers informed
Servers can send unsolicited responses for changes later
Local
Decision
Point
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IP ToS Field
Ver Hdr Len Precedence ToS Unused Tot Len
4b
4b
3b
4b
1b
16b
q IPv4: 3-bit precedence + 4-bit ToS
q RFC791: ToS determines packet treatment and
monitory considerations
q RFC1349: bit1 min delay, bit2 max throughput,
bit3 max reliability, bit4 min cost
q OSPF and integrated IS-IS can compute paths for each
ToS
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Differentiated Services
Working Group
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Diff-Serv Terminology
Service: Offered by the protocol layer
m Application: Mail, FTP, WWW, Video,...
m Transport: Delivery, Express Delivery,...
Best effort, controlled load, guaranteed service
q Per-Hop Behavior (PHB): Mechanisms - Drop
threshold, Queue assignment, Service priority, Service
Rate
q Flow: Packets with specific header fields, Destination
Address, Source Address, Port, Flow Label
q Aggregates: Stream of packets with the same DS byte
pattern
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Initial proposals
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ppp i 00
ppp = Precedence (Higher is generally better)
i = in/out bit In profile/out Profile
Drop preference. Allows in/out pkts in same Queue
Compatible with current usage
Precedence is used as an index to select a queue, or
VC, ...
In IEEE-802 switches, only 1, 2, or 3 msbs used
Unrecognized code points Default forwarding
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End-to-end QoS
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IntServ
Diff
IntServ
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R R
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RSVP
Serv
RSVP
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Issues
S1
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Standard code points (behaviors)
Receiver control over incoming low-speed link
Signaling: Should users signal
or network managers set resource allocations
Dynamic or Static management controls?
Billing: Bit for receiver billing. If receiver billing, the
receiver should be able to deny/drop packets received.
Congestion Check Bit: If set, network indicates
highest priority for which packets are being dropped
in the ToS byte.
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Inter-Domain QoS
Routing
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MPLS
Prefix
164.107.0.0/16
164.107.0.0/24
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Label
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Out-Port
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Out-Label
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Label
20b
The Ohio State University
Summary
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References
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References (Cont)
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References (Cont)
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References (Cont)
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List of Acronyms
ABR
ATM
BA
BGP
BOF
CBR
CDV
CFI
CLP
CLS
COPS
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Acronyms (Cont)
CoS
DA
DQDB
DSBM
DVMRP
FCS
FDDI
FIFO
FTP
GS
ICMP
Class of Service
Destination Address
Distributed Queue Dual Bus
Designated Subnet Bandwidth Manager
Distance Vector Routing Multicast Protocol
Frame Check Sequence
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
First in First out
File Transfer Protocol
Guaranteed Service
Internet Control Message Protocol
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Acronyms (Cont)
IEEE
IETF
IGMP
IP
IPv4
IPv6
IS
IntServ
LANs
LLC
LU
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Acronyms (Cont)
MAC
MBONE
MBS
MF
MPLS
MTU
NHRP
OOPS
OSPF
PASTE
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Acronyms (Cont)
PCR
PHB
PIM
PT
QOSPF
QoS
RED
ResV
RFC
RIF
RSVP
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Acronyms (Cont)
RSpec
RTP
SBM
SONET
TCP
TPID
TR
TSpec
ToS
UBR
UDP
QoS Specification
Real-time Transport Protocol
Subnet Bandwidth Manager
Synchronous Optical Network
Transmission Control Protocol
Tag Protocol ID
Token Ring
Traffic Specification
Type of Service
Unspecified Bit Rate
User Datagram Protocol
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Acronyms (Cont)
UNI
VBR
VC
VLAN
WAN
WFQ
User-Network Interface
Variable Bit Rate
Virtual Circuit
Virtual Local Area Network
Wide Area Network
Weighted Fair Queueing
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