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Building and Industrial Automation
1. Analog - Also spelled analogue, describes a device or system that represents changing values as
continuously variable physical quantities. A typical analog device is a clock in which the hands move
continuously around the face. Such a clock is capable of indicating every possible time of day. In
contrast, a digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times (every tenth of a second,
for example).
2. Automatic Control System - An automatic control system is a preset closed-loop control system
that requires no operator action. This assumes the process remains in the normal range for the
control system. Automatic control system has two process variables associated with it: a controlled
variable and a manipulated variable.
3. Compensation Control - The addition of a transfer function in the forward path or feedback path for
the purpose of improving the transient or steady-state performance of a control system.
4. Control Agent - The medium or energy source, regulated by the controlled device which affects the
value of the controlled variable. For example, a heating coil application: the discharge air temperature is
the controlled variable, the valve is the controlled device, and the hot water is the control agent, or
control medium.
5. Control Point - the actual value of the controlled variable at any point in time.
6. Controlled Medium - Simply a storage medium which contains all the instructions necessary to
accomplish a desired manufacturing operation.
7. Controlled Variable - The medium property which is being controlled by a control loop. For example,
a heating coil application: the discharge air temperature is the controlled variable, the valve is the
controlled device, and the hot water is the control agent, or control medium.
8. Controller - a controller is a device, historically using mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or electronic
techniques often in combination, but more recently in the form of a microprocessor or computer, which
monitors and physically alters the operating conditions of a given dynamical system.
9. Corrective Action a process in control system which adjusts or manipulates the signal to achieve the
desired output.
10. Cycle A completed steps or logical processes in control system associated with loops and feedback.
11. Cycling The repetition of completed steps completed steps or logical processes in control system
associated with loops and feedback.
12.Cycling Rate - A periodic change of the controlled variable from one value to another in an automatic
control system per period of time.
13. Dead Band is an interval of a signal domain or band where no action occurs. Dead band is used in
voltage regulators and other controllers. The purpose is common, to prevent oscillation or repeated
activation-deactivation cycles.
14. Deviation an act or instance of diverging from an established way or in a new direction.
15. Directional Digital Control is the automated control of a condition or process by a digital device
(computer).
16. Digital Control is a branch of control theory that uses digital computers to act as system
controllers.
17. Droop The deviation from a preset value of a controlled liquid level, temperature, variable
pressure, or differential pressure (at minimum controllable flow) when the flow through a regulator is
gradually increased from its minimum controllable flow to its rated capacity.

18. Enhanced Proportional Integral Derivative Control are used for "process control" which includes
the automatic control of systems such as temperature, flow rate, pressure, and speed.
19. Final Control Element Final control elements are devices driven by a controller and are located in
process lines. Final control elements change the operating conditions of the process and require energy
to operate against the process pressure.
20.
Lag

is a common word meaning to fail to keep up or to fall behind.

In real-time
applications, the term is used when the application fails to respond in a timely fashion to inputs.
21. Manipulated Variable is independent variable that is manipulated to achieve a particular effect or
tested
to
determine
if
it
is
the
cause
of
the
effect.
22. Measured Variable A factor affecting the outcome of a process that is measured as part of a Six
Sigma project or other process improvement initiative. Measured variables may include process inputs
such as raw materials, or the time taken to complete a given step in a process, or other parameters of
the process to identify opportunities for defects or areas for improvement.
23. Microprocessor- Based Control system has been developed and used to provide satisfactory
control of a pneumatic servo system.
24. Modulating to regulate by or adjust to a certain measure or proportion.
25. OFFSET an abrupt change in the dimension or profile of an object or the part set off by such
change.
26. Pneumatic Control is the use of air as a control medium, or as the controlled medium, in which
one medium controls the flow of another.
27. Process a series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.
28. Proportional Band is often used instead of the controller gain. The value is expressed in percent
(%).
29. Proportional Control system is a type of linear feedback control system and more complex than
an on-off control system like a bi-metallic domestic thermostat, but simpler than a proportionalintegral-derivative (PID) control system used in something like an automobile cruise control.
30. Proportional Integral The combination of proportional and integral terms is important to increase
the speed of the response and also to eliminate the steady state error.
31. Proportional Integral Derivative Control is a control loop feedback mechanism(controller) widely
used in industrial control systems. A PID controller calculates an error value as the difference between a
measured process variable and a desired set point. The controller attempts to minimize the error by
adjusting the process through use of a manipulated variable.
32. Sensing Element - any device that receives a signal or stimulus (as heat or pressure or light or motion
etc.) and responds to it in a distinctive manner.

33. Set Point - the desired value in a closed-loop feedback system, as in regulation of temperature or
pressure. It is the desired or target value for an essential variable of a system, often used to describe a
standard configuration or norm for the system. Departure of a variable from its set point is one basis for
error-controlled regulation, that is, the use of feedback to return the system to its norm, as
in homeostasis. The target value that an automatic control system, for
example PID controller, will aim to reach.
34. Step Control - The step response of a system in a given initial state consists of the time evolution
ofits outputs when its control inputs are Heaviside step functions. In Electronics engineering and control
theory, step response is the time behavior of the outputs of a general system when its inputs change

from zero to one in a very short time. The concept can be extended to the abstract mathematical notion
of a dynamical system using an evolution parameter.
35. Zoning - Any continuous tract or area that differs in some respect, or is distinguished for some
purpose, from adjoining tracts or areas, or within which certain distinctive circumstances exist
or are established. To divide into zones, tracts, areas, etc., as according to existing characteristics or as
distinguished for some purpose.