Hazardous Area Information

Hazardous Areas are locations where the potential for fire or explosion exists because of gases,
dust, or easily ignitable fibers or flyings in the atmosphere. In North America, hazardous areas are
separated by classes, divisions, and groups to define the level of safety required for equipment
installed in these locations. Classes define the general form of the flammable materials in the
atmosphere. Divisions define the probability of the presence of flammable materials. Groups classify
the exact flammable nature of the material.
In Europe and countries outside of North America, classification of hazardous areas is accomplished
differently. Zones are used to define the probability of the presence of flammable materials.
Protection Types denote the level of safety for the device. Groups classify the exact flammable
nature of the material. These groups are separated differently than North American Groups.
Temperature Identifications convey the maximum surface temperature of the apparatus based on
104 F (40 C) ambient. These temperature codes are selected carefully not to exceed the ignition
temperature of the specific gas or vapor to be encountered in the application.
Some classifications are not shown here. For further detailed information, see specific standards
published by approval organizations.
Classifications Inside North America
Classes
Classes are used to define the explosive or ignitable substances that are present in the atmosphere.
Class I Flammable gases or liquid vapors
Class II Ignitable metal, carbon or organic dusts
Class III Ignitable fibrous materials
Divisions
Divisions are used to define the degree of hazard by determining the explosive or ignitable
substance's expected concentration in the atmosphere.
Division 1 Contains substances under normal conditions

Division 2 Contains substances under abnormal conditions

Groups
Groups are used to define substances by rating their explosive or ignitable nature, in relation to other
known substances.
Class I Substances
Group A Acetylene
Group B Hydrogen or > 30% Hydrogen by Volume
Group C Ethyl Ether & Ethylene
Group D Acetone, Ammonia, Benzene & Gasoline
Class II Substances
Group E Aluminum, Magnesium & Alloys
Group F Carbon, Coke & Coal
Group G Flour, Grain, Wood, Plastic & Chemicals
Classification Outside North America ATEX
Zones
Zones are used to define the degree of hazard by determining the explosive or ignitable substance's
expected concentration in the atmosphere.
Zone 0 Contains substances under normal conditions (Continuously)
Zone 1 Contains substances under normal conditions (Intermittently)
Zone 2 Contains substances under abnormal conditions
Protection Types
d Flameproof (Explosion proof) Enclosure
e Increased Safety
ia Intrinsic Safety
ib Intrinsic Safety
o Oil Immersion
p Pressurized Apparatus (Purged Apparatus)
q Powder Filling (Sand Filling)
m Encapsulation
n Normally Nonsparking and/or Nonincendive Circuits

Temperature Codes
F

T1 842 450
T2 572 300
T3 392 200
T4 275 135
T5 212 100
T6 185 85
Groups
Group I For application in below ground installations (mines) where methane (firedamp) and coal
dust may be present.
Group IIA For application in above ground installation where hazards due to propane may exist.
This group most closely matches the North American Group D.
Group IIB For application in above ground installations where hazards due to ethylene may exist.
This group most closely matches the North American Group C.
Group IIC For application in above ground installations where hazards due to hydrogen or
acetylene may exist. This group most closely matche

Explosion Proof and Intrinsic Safety 101

Portions of the standard Spill Buster system operate in various classified flammable or
explosive vapor zones or areas as defined in the US under the NEC codes. The location of the
equipment on the site must be designed properly; or the equipment must be enclosed in
appropriate enclosures, to prevent ignition of these vapors should the failure of a component
occur. Since this is such an important topic we will present a few basics in this manual to help
you or your customers understand the meaning of the various terms defining safe use when
planning or installing our equipment. Please note that what we have written here is not meant to
supersede anything that may be written in detail in the NEC codes or applicable local codes. It is
your responsibility and the responsibility of the Authority Having Jurisdiction to study and
follow these codes.
The Magnum Spill Buster system may need to be partially or completely located in areas that are
classified as Class 1, Division 1, Hazardous Atmospheres as defined in the NEC code section
500. A Class 1, Division 1, safety rating is the highest rating in the US for flammable and
combustible zones. There are several methods to insure that electrical systems are safe to operate
in these areas. The Standard Spill Buster system can be modified when required to utilize two of
these basic methods to achieve safe operations in these atmospheres per NEC 2011 electrical
codes: the Intrinsically Safe method, and the Explosion Proof Enclosure method.
The sections below provide a brief explanation of these two methods and the different ways in
which they make an electrical system safe for operation in Class 1 Div. 1 areas.

Intrinsic Safety
Intrinsic safety (IS) is a protection technique for safe operation of electrical equipment in
hazardous areas by limiting the energy available for ignition of explosive well gases. The
concept of (IS) circuits was originally driven by some devastating coal mine explosions in
Europe due to firedamp gases being ignited by electrical shorts in the wiring of early
communication devices such as the electric telegraph.
In signal and control circuits that can operate with low currents and voltages, the intrinsic safety
approach simplifies circuits and reduces installation costs over other protection methods. Highpower circuits such as electric motors or lighting cannot use intrinsic safety methods for
protection.
One of the most common methods for protection is to limit the current by using multiple series
resistors (assuming that resistors always fail open); and to limit the voltage with multiple Zener
devices to ground (assuming diodes always fail shorted). Approval standards for intrinsic safety
barriers require that the barrier maintains approved levels of voltage and current to the specified
components. This is accomplished by preventing ignition of the protected device and stopping
sparking of damaged wiring to the protected components.

An example of an Intrinsically Safe (IS) certified Zener barrier is shown

here.
Signals going to an electrical device located in a classified
zone are wired into one end of the modular barrier and then wired out into the classified zone.
These can be purchased off the shelf and are certified Intrinsically Safe by various 3rd body
testing laboratories.

Explosion Proof Enclosures

Explosion Proof (EXP) enclosures are not intended to seal the electrical equipment they contain
from the entry of explosive atmospheres that may be outside the enclosure. Instead, they prevent
any explosion that might occur within the enclosure from initiating a secondary fire or explosion
in the surrounding area outside of the enclosure. Since they are not tightly sealed, liquids and
gases may flow into the enclosure.
EXP enclosures are usually made of heavy cast aluminum or stainless steel and are of sufficient
thermal mass and mechanical strength to safely contain an explosion should ignition of the
flammable material occur within the housing. These enclosures are typically produced with wide,
flat, flanges but may not have a gasket between those flanges. Should an explosive mixture
ignite inside the enclosure because of an electrical short or an overheated component, the design
of the flanges cools down any hot gases escaping between them enough to prevent the ignition of
the external combustive atmosphere.
This is important to understand because it means that by design these enclosures are neither
completely air tight nor waterproof. The EXP enclosure that can be used with the Magnums
control box includes a window to allow the operator to see the instrument panel. We strongly
recommend that these enclosures be mounted in an upright position and raised off of the ground
to prevent possible internal flooding. If the housing must be at ground level, and especially if it
is laid flat with the control panel window in the horizontal position, a protective cover should be
used to keep rain from leaking inside the enclosure and flooding the control box electronics.
Another example of the Explosion Proof methodology would be the manner in which electrical
wire is fed through piping. Per the NEC electrical code spelled out in section 500, cabling fed
through piping usually utilizes tapered pipe threads. The code requires a minimum engagement
of six threads; and since it is tapered, the spaces between the threads get tighter as the pipe is
tightened up. There still is the potential for vapors to leak through these threads, but once again
any hot gases escaping through the threads are cooled enough to prevent a secondary explosion.
A third example of EXP methodology would be the use of a multi-conductor cable feed through.
The feed through fittings are once again designed to be strong enough to contain an explosion.
These fittings leave sufficient room to provide for stripping the outermost wire jacket and
enough room for separating the individual wires from each other. A powdered mixture is then

mixed together with water and poured in through an access plug to completely surround each
conductor. A common material used is a compound from Cooper Crouse-Hinds called Chico,
which cures to a cement-like consistency. In the event of an internal explosion, any hot,
explosive gases escaping through the hardened Chico are cooled before entering the explosive
atmosphere outside.
Here are examples of these two types of enclosures:

Flammability and Combustible Liquids Definitions 101

When using a Spill Buster system it is important to understand the difference between the
definition of flammable liquids and combustible liquids. All flammable and combustible liquids
will vaporize into flammable gases at certain temperatures and pressures. The temperature point
at which a liquid turns to a gas vapor is referred to as the flashpoint of the liquid. The
determination of the flashpoint for each flammable or combustible liquid is done by performing
what is commonly known as the closed cup flashpoint test.
It should be mentioned that flashpoint was selected as the basis for classification of flammable
and combustible liquids because it is directly related to a liquids ability to generate vapor, i.e.,
its volatility. Since it is the vapor of the liquid, not the liquid itself that burns, vapor generation
becomes the primary factor in determining the fire or explosive hazard.
Furthermore, the liquids vapor pressure is an important factor and is a measure of a liquids
propensity to evaporate. The higher the vapor pressure, the more volatile the liquid and, thus, the
more readily the liquid gives off flammable or explosive vapors.
The results of flashpoint testing have been used to help regulating bodies determine the
temperatures at which potentially combustible liquids turn into a vapor, creating a flammable or
explosive gas.
Hazardous locations are further defined by means of the class/division system and have been
formulated by the NEC, CSA, OSHA, and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
These definitions are as follows:
Flammable Liquids
Flammable fluids are defined as liquids having closed cup flash points below 100F (37C).
Flammable liquids are referred to as Class I liquids.
? A class IA flammable liquid is a liquid with a flashpoint below 73F (22.8C) and a boiling
point below 100F (37.8C). An example of a class IA liquid is n-pentane, since its flashpoint
and boiling point are 56F (49C) and 97F (36C), respectively.

? A class IB flammable liquid is a liquid with a flashpoint below 73F (22.8C) and a boiling
point at or above 100F (37.8C). An example of a class IB liquid is acetone, since
its flashpoint and boiling point are 0F (18C) and 133F (56C), respectively.
? A class IC flammable liquid is a liquid with a flashpoint at or above 73F (22.8C) and
below 100F (37.8C). An example of a class IC liquid is turpentine, since its flashpoint
lies in the range from 95 to 102F (35 to 39C).
Combustible Liquids
Combustible fluids are defined as liquids having closed cup flash points at or above 100F
(37C). Combustible liquids are referred to as Class II or Class III liquids.
? Class II liquids flash points at or above 100F (37.8C) and below 140F (60C).
? Class IIIA liquids flash points at or above 140F (60C) and below 200F (93.4C). c.
? Class IIIB liquids flash points at or above 200F (93.4C).
An example of a Combustible liquid is the Lamplight Ultra Pure Red Paraffin Lamp Oil that
CET uses for testing new and repaired units before shipment. This material has a flashpoint of
250F (121C) making it a class III liquid. Furthermore, its low toxicity makes it a safe testing
fluid due to its high ignition temperature and the lack of chemicals that are listed in the CERCLA
Hazardous Substance list. CET uses a red colored fluid but it also can be found in clear, or
colored green or blue.

Hazardous Area Classification and

Control of Ignition Sources
This Technical Measures Document refers to the classification of plant into hazardous areas, and the
systematic identification and control of ignition sources
The relevant Level 2 Criteria are 5.2.1.3(29)c, 5.2.1.11(63)f, 5.2.1.13 and5.2.4.2(93)a.
Design of plant, pipework and general plant layout is considered in Technical Measures Documents
on Plant Layout, Design Codes - Plant, Design Codes - Pipework, Plant Modification / Change
Procedures, Maintenance Procedures.
The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002 (DSEAR) provide for the first
time a specific legal requirement to carry out a hazardous area study, and document the conclusions, in
the form of zones.

General Principles
Hazardous Area Classification for Flammable Gases and Vapours
Area classification may be carried out by direct analogy with typical installations described in established
codes, or by more quantitative methods that require a more detailed knowledge of the plant. The starting
point is to identify sources of release of flammable gas or vapour. These may arise from constant
activities; from time to time in normal operation; or as the result of some unplanned event. In addition,
inside process equipment may be a hazardous area, if both gas/vapour and air are present, though there
is no actual release.
Catastrophic failures, such as vessel or line rupture are not considered by an area classification study. A
hazard identification process such as a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) or a Hazard and Operability
Study (HAZOP) should consider these abnormal events.
The most commonly used standard in the UK for determining area extent and classification is BS EN
60079 part 101, which has broad applicability. The current version makes clear the direct link between the
amounts of flammable vapour that may be released, the ventilation at that location, and the zone number.
It contains a simplistic calculation relating the size of zone to a rate of release of gas or vapour, but it is
not helpful for liquid releases, where the rate of vaporisation controls the size of the hazardous area.
Other sources of advice, which describe more sophisticated approaches, are the Institute of Petroleum
Model Code of Practice (Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations, 2002), and the Institution of
Gas Engineers Safety Recommendations SR25, (2001). The IP code is for use by refinery and
petrochemical type operations. The IGE code addresses specifically transmission, distribution and
storage facilities for natural gas, rather than gas utilisation plant, but some of the information will be
relevant to larger scale users.

Zoning
Hazardous areas are defined in DSEAR as "any place in which an explosive atmosphere may occur in
quantities such as to require special precautions to protect the safety of workers". In this context, 'special
precautions' is best taken as relating to the construction, installation and use of apparatus, as given in BS
EN 60079 -101.
Area classification is a method of analysing and classifying the environment where explosive gas
atmospheres may occur. The main purpose is to facilitate the proper selection and installation of
apparatus to be used safely in that environment, taking into account the properties of the flammable
materials that will be present. DSEAR specifically extends the original scope of this analysis, to take into
account non-electrical sources of ignition, and mobile equipment that creates an ignition risk.
Hazardous areas are classified into zones based on an assessment of the frequency of the occurrence
and duration of an explosive gas atmosphere, as follows:

Zone 0: An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously or for long periods;

Zone 1: An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is likely to occur in normal operation;

Zone 2: An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation and, if it occurs,
will only exist for a short time.
Various sources have tried to place time limits on to these zones, but none have been officially adopted.
The most common values used are:

Zone 0: Explosive atmosphere for more than 1000h/yr

Zone 1: Explosive atmosphere for more than 10, but less than 1000 h/yr

Zone 2: Explosive atmosphere for less than 10h/yr, but still sufficiently likely as to require controls over ignition
sources.
Where people wish to quantify the zone definitions, these values are the most appropriate, but for the
majority of situations a purely qualitative approach is adequate.
When the hazardous areas of a plant have been classified, the remainder will be defined as nonhazardous, sometimes referred to as 'safe areas'.
The zone definitions take no account of the consequences of a release. If this aspect is important, it may
be addressed by upgrading the specification of equipment or controls over activities allowed within the
zone. The alternative of specifying the extent of zones more conservatively is not generally
recommended, as it leads to more difficulties with equipment selection, and illogicalities in respect of
control over health effects from vapours assumed to be present. Where occupiers choose to define
extensive areas as Zone 1, the practical consequences could usefully be discussed during site
inspection.

As an example:

A proposal was made to zone an aircraft hanger as Zone 1, although the use of fuels handled above their
flash point would be a rare event. It proved difficult to obtain a floor-cleaning machine certified for Zone 1
areas, though the floor needed sweeping regularly. The option of writing out an exception to normal
instructions to allow a non Ex-protected machine to be used regularly is not recommended. Instead, a
more realistic assessment of the zones is needed, and special instructions issued for the rare event of
using more volatile fuels.
A hazardous area extent and classification study involves due consideration and documentation of the
following:

The flammable materials that may be present;

The physical properties and characteristics of each of the flammable materials;

The source of potential releases and how they can form explosive atmospheres;

Prevailing operating temperatures and pressures;

Presence, degree and availability of ventilation (forced and natural);

Dispersion of released vapours to below flammable limits;

The probability of each release scenario.

These factors enable appropriate selection of zone type and zone extent, and also of equipment. The IP
code gives a methodology for estimating release rates from small diameter holes with pressurised
sources, and shows how both the buoyancy and momentum of the release influence the extent of a zone.
It tabulates values for an LPG mixture, gasoline, natural gas, and refinery hydrogen for pressures up to
100barg. Similarly the IGE code gives a methodology for natural gas, relating the leak rate to the holesize and the operating pressure. The tables of dispersion distances to the zone boundary address in the
main quite large diameter deliberate vents. There is in practice little overlap between the codes.
The results of this work should be documented in Hazardous Area Classification data sheets, supported
by appropriate reference drawings showing the extent of the zones around (including above and below
where appropriate) the plant item.

Selection of Equipment
DSEAR sets out the link between zones, and the equipment that may be installed in that zone. This
applies to new or newly modified installations. The equipment categories are defined by the ATEX
equipment directive, set out in UK law as the Equipment and Protective Systems for Use in Potentially
Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 1996. Standards set out different protection concepts, with further
subdivisions for some types of equipment according to gas group and temperature classification. Most of
the electrical standards have been developed over many years and are now set at international level,
while standards for non-electrical equipment are only just becoming available from CEN.
The DSEAR ACOP describes the provisions concerning existing equipment.

There are different technical means (protection concepts) of building equipment to the different
categories. These, the standard current in mid 2003, and the letter giving the type of protection are listed
below.
Zone 0

Zone 1

Zone 2

Category 1

Category 2

Category 3
Electrical
Type 'n' - EN 50021 1999

'ia' intrinsically safe

'd' - Flameproof enclosure Non electrical

EN 50020, 2002

EN 50018 2000

EN 13463-1, 2001

'p' - Pressurised
Ex s - Special protection if specifically certified for Zone 0 EN 50016 2002
'q' - Powder filling
EN 50017, 1998
'o' - Oil immersion
EN 50015, 1998
'e' - Increased safety
EN 50019, 2000
'ib' - Intrinsic safety
EN 50020, 2002
'm' - Encapsulation
EN 50028, 1987
's' - Special protection
Correct selection of electrical equipment for hazardous areas requires the following information:

Classification of the hazardous area (as in zones shown in the table above);

Temperature class or ignition temperature of the gas or vapour involved according to the table below:
Temperature

Maximum Surface Temperature,

Ignition Temperature of gas or vapour,

Classification

T1

450

>450

T2

300

>300

T3

200

>200

T4

135

>135

T5

100

>100

T6

85

>85

If several different flammable materials may be present within a particular area, the material that gives the
highest classification dictates the overall area classification. The IP code considers specifically the issue
of hydrogen containing process streams as commonly found on refinery plants. Consideration should be
shown for flammable material that may be generated due to interaction between chemical species.

Ignition Sources - Identification and Control

Ignition sources may be:

Flames;

Direct fired space and process heating;

Use of cigarettes/matches etc;

Cutting and welding flames;

Hot surfaces;

Heated process vessels such as dryers and furnaces;

Hot process vessels;

Space heating equipment;

Mechanical machinery;

Electrical equipment and lights

Spontaneous heating;

Friction heating or sparks;

Impact sparks;

Sparks from electrical equipment;

Stray currents from electrical equipment

Electrostatic discharge sparks:

Lightning strikes.

Electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths

Vehicles, unless specially designed or modified are likely to contain a range of potential ignition sources
Sources of ignition should be effectively controlled in all hazardous areas by a combination of design
measures, and systems of work:

Using electrical equipment and instrumentation classified for the zone in which it is located. New mechanical
equipment will need to be selected in the same way. (See above);

Earthing of all plant/ equipment (see Technical Measures Document onEarthing)

Elimination of surfaces above auto-ignition temperatures of flammable materials being handled/stored (see
above);

Provision of lightning protection

Correct selection of vehicles/internal combustion engines that have to work in the zoned areas (see Technical
Measures Document on Permit to Work Systems);

Correct selection of equipment to avoid high intensity electromagnetic radiation sources, e.g. limitations on the
power input to fibre optic systems, avoidance of high intensity lasers or sources of infrared radiation

Prohibition of smoking/use of matches/lighters

Controls over the use of normal vehicles

Controls over activities that create intermittent hazardous areas, e.g. tanker loading/unloading

Control of maintenance activities that may cause sparks/hot surfaces/naked flames through a Permit to Work
System

Precautions to control the risk from pyrophoric scale, usually associated with formation of ferrous sulphide inside
process equipment

Direct Fired Heaters, Hot Oil Systems and Processes

Operating Above Auto-Ignition Temperatures
A range of petrochemical and refinery processes use direct fired heaters, e.g. steam crackers for ethylene
production. Clearly, if the fuel supply to the heater or the pipework carrying the process fluid leaks close
to the furnace, any leak must be expected to find a source of ignition, either directly at the flames, or by a
surface heated by a flame. In these circumstances, hazardous area classification, and appropriate
selection of ATEX equipment is not suitable as a basis of safety for preventing fire and explosion risks.
Instead, safety should be achieved by a combination of a high standard of integrity of fuel and process
pipelines, together with a means of rapid detection and isolation of any pipes that do fail. The
consequences of the failure of a pipe carrying process materials within the furnace should be considered
in any HAZOP study.
Other processes (such as hot oil heating circuits) may handle products above their auto-ignition
temperature. Any such processes should be specifically identified in a safety case. Again, area
classification is not a suitable means of controlling the ignition risks, and the same considerations apply,
as with fired heaters.

Lightning Protection
Protection against lightning involves installation of a surge protection device between each non-earth
bonded core of the cable and the local structure. Further guidance can be found in BS 6651:1999 1 (Code of practice for protection of structures against lightning). Ignitions caused by lightning cannot be
eliminated entirely, particularly with floating roof tanks, where vapour is usually present around the rim
seal. In these circumstances, measures to mitigate the consequences of a fire should be provided.

Vehicles
Most normal vehicles contain a wide range of ignition sources. These will include electrical circuits; the
inlet and exhaust of any internal combustion engine; electrostatic build up; overheating brakes, and other
moving parts. Site rules should be clear where normal road vehicles may be taken, and areas where they
must be excluded.

Standard EN 17551 sets out the requirements for diesel powdered ATEX category 2 or 3 lift trucks.
Electric powered vehicles can also be built using a combination of this standard and the normal electrical
standards. No specification is available for vehicles with spark ignition engines, and it is unlikely that such
an engine could be built economically. Vehicles certified to ATEX requirements are however expensive,
and for many applications an unprotected type has to be extensively rebuilt. Consequently, many
employers are likely to try and justify not zoning storage compounds, where lift trucks handle flammable
liquids or gases in containers. In some stores, perhaps with limited use of a vehicle, this may be
acceptable. Discussions have been held with the British Chemical Distributors and Traders Association,
with the objective of clarifying when storage areas should be classified as zone 2. The conclusions from
this exercise will be made available in due course. Discussions are also ongoing, about vehicles with gas
detection systems, designed to shut the engine and isolate other sources of ignition in the event of a gas
release. At present these are sold without any claim for ATEX compliance, but with the suggestion they
may be useful in cases of remote risk.
For the purposes of COMAH, an assessment is needed of the risk that an ignition within a storage
compound will produce a major accident, either directly or because a fire or explosion spreads to involve
other materials. If this is possible, it is more appropriate to provide controls to prevent the spread, rather
than simply apply more conservative zoning, and more restrictive rules on the equipment used in the
store.
Where specialist vehicles (e.g. cranes) are needed during maintenance operations, proper controls and
plant isolation may allow the normal zones to be suspended. Typically these will involve written
instructions, as specified in DSEAR schedule 1, or a formal permit to work system.
Many sites will have operations of filling and emptying road tankers with flammable materials. Controls
will be needed to prevent or minimise the release of gas or vapour but controls over ignition sources are
also needed. Hazardous areas may be considered to exist during the transfer operation, but should not
be present once the transfer is complete. Safe systems of work are needed to ensure safety where such
'transient' zones exist.

Factors for Assessor of a Safety Case to Consider

Is a full set of plans identifying hazardous areas available? For a large site they need not all be provided in the
report, but those examples relevant to the representative set of major accidents upon which the ALARP
demonstration is based must be included.

Have all flammable substances present have been considered during area classification, including raw materials,
intermediates and by products, final product and effluents? Commonly these will be grouped for the purposes of
any area classification study.

Locations where a large release is possible and the extent of hazardous areas has been minimised by the use of
mechanical ventilation should be identified, e.g. gas turbine power generation units, compressor houses. Some
reference to design codes, and commissioning checks to ensure the ventilation achieves the design aim, should be

provided. The consequences of a loss of power to the system should be included in any section looking at other
consequences of power loss.

Have appropriate standards been used for selection of equipment in hazardous areas? Existing plant will not meet
the formula in DSEAR, but older standards distinguished between electrical equipment suitable for zones 0, 1 and
2. Does the report identify old electrical equipment still in service in a hazardous area, and what assessment has
been made to ensure it remains safe for use?

Is there a reference to the impact upon extent and classification of hazardous areas in the section describing plant
modification (see Technical Measures Document on Plant Modification / Change Procedures); passive items like
new walls and buildings can influence this if they obstruct natural ventilation of adjacent plant

Have all ignition sources been considered? A check list is provided in the DSEAR ACOP on control and
mitigation measures, and BS EN 1127 part 11 (Explosive atmospheres. Explosion prevention and protection.
Basic concepts and methodology).

Factors that could be considered during an on site

inspection

If there are any large areas of zone 1 on the drawings, is there evidence that by design and operation controls, the
sources of release and consequently the location and extent of hazardous areas have been minimised?

Do any zone 2 areas extend to places where the occupier has inadequate control over activities that could create
an ignition source, or is there any suggestion that the zone boundaries have been arbitrarily adjusted to avoid
this?

Has ignition protected electrical equipment been installed and maintained by suitably trained staff.

Are the risks from static discharges controlled properly? Earthing of plant, drums and tankers is the most basic
requirement; other precautions are described in the references

What control measures over ignition sources are adopted in hazardous areas during maintenance; where ignition
sources must be introduced, typical precautions include the use of supplementary ventilation, portable gas
detectors, and inerting of sections of plant. A local project onElectrical Equipment in Flammable
Atmospheres

was undertaken and a report of the project's conclusions completed.

Dust Explosions
The COMAH Regulations do not apply to any material if the only risk created is that of a dust explosion.
However, many toxic materials are handled in fine powder form, and a serious dust explosion could
cause a major accident. A dust explosion involving a non-toxic dust like polyethylene would not result in a
major accident as defined in the regulations, unless it also led to loss of containment of a COMAH
substance. A dust explosion could then be an initiator of a major accident. Measures to prevent major
accidents should address all potential initiators.
DSEAR requires that hazardous area classification for flammable dusts should be undertaken in the
same manner as that for flammable gases and vapours. Zoning as described above may be applied,
replacing 'gas atmosphere' with 'dust/air mixtures'. The zone numbers used are 20, 21 and 22,
corresponding to 0,1 and 2 used for gases/vapours

The only relevant standard to help people zone their plant is BS EN 50281 part 3, 2002 1, which is an
adaptation of the IEC equivalent.
Where toxic dusts are processed, releases into the general atmosphere should be prevented, and the
extent of any zone 21 or 22 outside the containment system should be minimal or non-existent. The
inside of different parts of the plant may need to be zoned as 20, 21 or 22, depending on the conditions at
particular locations.
Classification of dusts relating to autoignition and minimum ignition current is undertaken similarly to
gases/vapours, but involves additional complications.
The explosibility of dusts is dependent upon a number of factors:

chemical composition;

particle size;

oxygen concentration;
Where toxic dusts are handled, in most cases occupiers will need to carry out testing of the product for its
explosion properties. Companies able to undertaken such testing are listed in the IChemE's book on the
prevention of dust explosions. There is no legally defined test for an explosible dust. However, for many
years we have used a small-scale screening test, the vertical tube test, described in HSG 103 2. The
issues about representative samples of dust, and other factors that might cause the results to vary are
also discussed in this guidance. In general, dusts with a particle size greater than 500 m are unlikely to
cause an explosion. For most chemical products it is preferable to test dust taken from the process, but if
the particle size distribution varies, it is common to test material that passes a 63-micron sieve, and take
this as the worst case.
Ignition due to a hot surface is possible, but the temperature needed to ignite a dust layer depends on
layer thickness and contact time. For COMAH sites with toxic dusts, the most likely hazard would arise in
drying processes, if substantial quantities were held for extended periods hot enough to start self heating
or smouldering combustion.

Status of Guidance
Existing codes of practice provide information with respect to good practice for hazardous area
classification. The standards detailing selection of appropriate electrical apparatus have been updated to
take into consideration ventilation effects.
European equipment standards may become 'harmonised' when a reference to them is published in the
Official Journal of the European Community. A list of ATEX harmonised standards can be checked on
the EU web site

Equipment built to such a harmonised standard may assume automatic conformity with those essential
safety requirements of relevant directives that are covered by the standard. The EPS regulations describe
the conformity assessment procedures that apply to different types of equipment.

Reference Documents

HS(G)512 Storage of flammable liquids in containers, HSE, 1998.

Appendix 3 describes the requirements for hazardous area classification. The use of BS EN 60079-10: 20031, and
the Institute of Petroleum Code 'Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations: Model Code of practice in
the Petroleum Industry' Part 15 are recommended. It suggests all drum stores should be zone 2, to a height 1m
above the stack. The same advice appears in HSG 166 and HSG 113 on ignition protected lift trucks. Discussions
with industry on the relaxation of this in particular circumstances are ongoing.

HS(G)712 Chemical warehousing: the storage of packaged dangerous substances, HSE, 1998.
This contains very limited information on hazardous area classification or control of ignition sources

HS(G)1032 Safe handling of combustible dusts: precautions against explosions, HSE, 2nd Edition, 2003

HS(G)1132 Lift trucks in potentially flammable atmospheres. The contents of this have been overtaken to some
degree by DSEAR, and the EPS regulations.

HS(G)1402 Safe use and handling of flammable liquids, HSE, 1996.

Appendix 3 describes the requirements for hazardous area classification. The use of BS EN 60079-141 and the
Institute of Petroleum Code 'Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations: Model Code of practice in the
Petroleum Industry' Part 15 are recommended. This is aimed mainly at small scale handling, with containers of
200 litres or less.

HS(G)1662 Formula for health and safety: guidance for small and medium sized firms in the chemical industry,
HSE, 1997.
The guidance describes the requirements for hazardous area classification, and gives some typical examples.
These should now be seen as rather conservative. The use of BS EN 60079-14, BS EN 50281 and BS EN
605291 are recommended. This is basic level guidance, and COMAH reports should normally reference more
specific publications, such as the other HSG series books listed, and other items in this list.

HS(G)1762 The storage of flammable liquids in tanks, HSE, 1998.

Paragraphs 35 to 39 describe the requirements for hazardous area classification. This cross references BS EN
60079-10: 20031, and the Institute of Petroleum Code 'Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations:
Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe Practice, part 15, area classification for installations handling
flammable fluids, 2nd edition 2002.

HS(G)1862 The bulk transfer of dangerous liquids and gases between ship and shore, HSE, 1999.
Appendix 2 describes the requirements for hazardous area classification. The use of BS EN 60079-101 and the
Institute of Petroleum Code 'Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations: Model Code of practice in the
Petroleum Industry' Part 15 are recommended. Contains useful information about electrostatic hazards during
unloading.

LPGA CoP 1 Bulk LPG storage at fixed installations. Part 1: Design, installation and operation of vessels located
above ground, LP Gas Association, 1998.

LPGA codes have not previously drawn a clear distinction between hazardous areas, and separation distances
required for other reasons. These are currently under revision, and will specify hazardous areas, that in most cases
will be smaller than the separation distance. Current codes are listed on the UKLPG website

Model Code of practice in the Petroleum Industry' Part 15 is recommended. The guidance also recommends that
zones be recorded in a plan to prevent sources of ignition being brought in.

Electrical Equipment

Standards produced by Europe in the BS EN 50014 range are gradually being superseded by international
standards produced in the range BS IEC 60079 1. Equipment built to older standards, including purely national
standards may remain in service, provided it is properly maintained. The IEC range of standards also includes
documents on selection, installation and maintenance of equipment for use in explosive atmospheres.

Non-electrical equipment

The first standard for explosion protected non-electrical equipment is BS EN 13463 part 11. It describes
requirements for "Category 3" equipment. Further parts of this standard are well advanced and will appear during
2004.

BS EN 1127-1: 19981 Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 1: Basic concepts and
methodology, British Standards Institution.
This gives additional general advice on the many of the issues covered in this TMD.

Electrostatic ignition risks

The most recent general source of advice was drafted by a European standards working group, but was
published in the UK as BS PD R044-001 and not as a full standard. It contains much useful advice about
limiting pumping speeds, electrostatic risks from clothing, and many detailed operations. The two parts of
the older BS 5958: 19911 Code of Practice for the control of undesirable static electricity remain current,
because they contain some useful information not duplicated by the PD. The two parts are:
Part 1: 1991 General considerations;
Part 2: 1991 Recommendations for particular industrial situations

BS EN 502811. The different parts of this standard set out requirements for construction of equipment for use in
atmospheres containing explosive dusts; information about selection and maintenance; and

BS EN 50281-3: 20021 covers the classification of areas where combustible dusts are or may be present.

BS 6651:19991. Code of practice for protection of structures against lightning, British Standards Institution.
Section 9 provides guidance on lightning protection of structures with inherent explosive risks.

BS 7430:19981 Code of practice for earthing, British Standards Institution.

Lightning protection. Section 23 provides guidance on lightning protection.

Further Reading Material

Cox, A.W., Lees, F.P. and Ang, M.L., 'Classification of Hazardous Locations', 1993.
This was a study led by a consortium of the chemical, electrical and mechanical engineering institutes,
and showed how the subject spanned the traditional divides. It was important in the development of
ideas, but provides no new methodology for users.

A Guide to Safety in Aerosol Manufacture, BAMA, Third Edition, 1999.

Dust Explosion Prevention and Protection: A Practical Guide, IChemE,ISBN 0852954107
A practitioner's handbook - Electrical installation and maintenance in potentially explosive atmospheres

Publication No. 186, The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association, 1997.

References

Danger of Explosion Due to Explosion Proof Instruments in the Presence of

Acetylene
Author Dipl. Ing. Jrg Liebetruth
In the every day life of the fire brigade, the danger of acetylene is equivalent to the danger of
other flammable gases and vapors and can create one of the most explosive situations.

Acetylene has been the cause of many fires and disastrous accidents in the industry, and fire
brigades must be aware of the danger an acetylene leak can cause.
Two kinds of danger can arise from acetylene gas bottles:
First of there is the danger of pressure when overheating occurs due to fire, causing the gas bottle
to explode. The second danger arises from an unsupervised acetylene leak; e.g., gas bottles which
are not air-tight. Under certain circumstances, acetylene can form a dangerously explosive gas-air
mixture with the ambient air.
With acetylene there is the danger of ignition followed by an explosion in a wide range of the gas-air
ratio. In other words, acetylene ignites at almost every gas-air ratio.
The explosive range of any explosive gas or vapor is limited by the lower and upper explosion limits
(LEL and UEL), which are measured in a ratio of the % volume of flammable material to the total
volume of the mixture. Below the LEL, the mixture is too sparse and above the UEL the content is
too concentrated. The explosive range for acetylene is between 2.3 and 78.0% volume, so any
ignition source must be avoided.

For the fire brigade, this means that their personal protective clothing and electrical equipment, such
as lights, radio equipment, and gas detectors must be explosion proof. However, explosion
approvals
differ
as
explained
below:
Explosion proof electrical instruments are divided into different categories, which are specified in the
approval description. Consequently, it is possible that fire fighters can expose themselves to danger
despite "explosion proof instruments," and that their instruments do not have approval for use in
areas
where
certain
flammable
gases
occur.
In explosive atmospheres only appropriately certified instruments, which are marked as such, may
be used. The details on the explosion proof instruments label must include the manufacturer's
name, the device designation, and the product number. The label must be visible, legible, and longlasting. As an example, the G750 label is shown below:

EEx

ib d

II C

T5

EEx

Electrical equipment for explosion hazardous areas

The instrument complies with valid European (EN) standards
(certified by a recognized European testing authority).

Ex

The instrument complies with valid German (DIN) standards

(certified by a recognized testing authority).
d

Types of ignition protection

Flameproof enclosure

Increased safety

ia

Intrinsic safety:

ib

Category ia
Category ib

Molding

Pressurized apparatus

Oil immersion

Powder filling
I

Explosion groups
Electrical equipment for mining

II

Electrical equipment for all other hazardous areas

II A

Limit of slot
width:

> 0.9mm (flameproof enclosure)

II B

0.5mm to 0.9mm (flameproof enclosure)

II C

< 0.5mm (flameproof enclosure)

T1 to T6 Temperature classes

Table 1

Identification of electrical equipment for explosion hazardous areas (EN 50014)

The type of ignition protection describes (according to the manufacturing requirements of the EN
50014 standards) the technical details of the ignition protection of explosion proof electrical
instruments. In assessment it plays only a secondary roll, as from a safety point of view all
standardized types of ignition protection are regarded as similar. The application depends in
essence on the type and function of the instrument. The type of ignition protection for gas warning
devices
is
in
most
cases
"intrinsic
safety"
or
"flameproof
enclosure."
Fire brigade members should pay special attention to EXPLOSION GROUPS and TEMPERATURE
CLASSES:
Flammable gases have specific material characteristics that must be considered when assessing
ignition danger. Some gases are easy to ignite, while others are difficult. Instruments that are used
in these atmospheres must take these characteristics into account and must be manufactured
accordingly.
The easiest method would be to manufacture all explosion proof electrical instruments in
accordance with the maximum requirements, independent from their respective applications. Since
this is economically impossible, all explosion proof material is categorized by the qualities of the
specific components
of
the
explosive atmosphere for
which
it
is
intended.

The explosion groups classify the ability of an explosive gas-air mixture to ignite, whereas the
temperature classes subdivide the gas-air mixtures according to their ignition temperature.
The danger of the gas increases from explosion groups IIA to IIC and also from temperature class
T1 to T6. Therefore, the requirements for electrical instruments increase within these explosion
groups and temperature classes. Instruments that are used by fire brigades are all group II
instruments.

Explosion
groups
IIA

Temperature Classes (maximum temperature)

T1
(450C)

T2
(300C)

T3
(200C)

T4 (135C)

Ammonia
630C

Ethyl acohol
425C

Benzine
220C - 330C

Acetaldehyde
140C

Carbon
monxide
605C

Trichlor
ethylene
410C

Diesel fuel
220C - 330C

Methane
595C

n-Propyl
alcohol
375C

Benzene
555C
Acetone
540C
Toluene
535C

n-Butane
365C

T5
(100C)

T6
(85C)

Heating oils
220C - 330C
n-Hexane
240C

n-Butyl alcohol
340C

Ethane
515C
Propane
470C
Ethyl
acetate
460C
Methanol
455C

IIB

Town gas
560C

Ethylene oxide
440C
Ethylene
425

IIC

Hydrogen
560C

Acetylene
305C

Hydrogen
sulphide
270C

Ethyl ether
180C

Ethyl glycol
235C
Carbon
disulphide
95C

For the incalculable work of fire brigade forces, explosion proof material must be categorized
according to maximum requirements. Where a fireman has to deal with any kind of dangerous gas,
his instruments should have the marking IIC (explosion group), since these instruments are
classified
for
use
with
all
lower
explosion
groups,
as
well.

The maximum demand, namely temperature group T6, is excessive because technically it requires a
lot of research and development time, energy, and money. The only gas which falls in group T6
(carbon disulphide) is found very rarely, and moreover the toxic effect of this gas is more dangerous
than the explosion danger. Therefore, T6 is rarely found in portable instruments. Groups IIC T4 or
T5
are
sufficient,
as
they
cover
more
then
99.9%
of
all
gases.
Sometimes instruments are approved for a specific explosion group, but individual gases from a
higher explosion group are also tested (e.g. instruments with the marking EEx ib d IIB+H2 T4).
These instruments can be used in atmospheres which contain IIB gases and hydrogen, but in an
atmosphere which contains acetylene there is the danger of ignition and therefore they are not
recommended
for
fire
brigade
use.
Multicomponent
Gas
Detectors
The G750 gas measuring and warning unit from GfG Instrumentation can simultaneously measure
and monitor up to six different gases. With interchangeable, plug-in "smart sensors," the user is able
to adjust the compact, hand-held instrument to comply with new or changing requirements. Every
sensor has a memory chip with pre-set data that is automatically transferred to the instrument once
it
is
plugged
in.
The G750 meets the highest demands of measuring technique suitability and approval for operation
in explosive atmospheres. The suitability of its measuring technique is certified by the PFG function
test. The G750 can be used for IIC, the most dangerous explosion group. In addition, it is the only
multi-gas detector that is equipped with an IR-CO2 sensor, and which is allowed to be used in a
dangerously explosive acetylene atmosphere. All measured gas concentrations are simultaneously
displayed on a rich in contrast graphic display, which offers additional display illumination and a
zoom function for single gas concentration readouts. In normal operation, the instrument can be
operated with only two buttons ("ON" and "OFF"). In addition, there are also special buttons for the
available
user
functions.
In service mode the instrument can be configured with a menu, and the most important parameters
are protected by safety codes. With a rechargeable battery the G750 can operate for more than 8
hours
on
one
charge
in
diffusion
mode.
For every measured gas, three alarm thresholds are possible. Different alarm frequencies indicate
which threshold has activated the alarm, and the display shows which alarm was caused by which
gas. Monitoring is performed continuously through diffusion or with the help of a built-in pump. If
needed, the G750 can also perform a dosimeter function to control short and long term exposure
levels.
The alarm signals must be clearly recognizable in every situation. Therefore, the instrument
provides
4
different
warning
systems:
1.
A
penetrating
audible
signal
with
a
sound
level
of
80
dB.
2.
An
earphone
alarm
for
very
loud
environments.
3.
A
flashing
alarm
light
with
6
LEDs.
4.
A
built-in
vibrating
alarm
(optional).
An optional built-in data logger can save peak, average, and current values together with the date,
time, and location when the measurements of dangerous goods are required to be documented,
according to regulations. The data can be transmitted to a computer by means of professionally
developed DOS or Windows programs.

g
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Difference between intrinsically safe and explosion

proof
by Susan Bender | on Thursday, 27 December 2012 | in Process and Industrial Products | 0 Comments

Many of our products are electrical equipment and used in hazardous areas, so were often asked
What is the difference between explosion proof and intrinsically safe?
At times electrical equipment must be used or installed in locations where vapors or gases are present.
These areas are commonly referred to as hazardous locations. When equipment needs to be installed
in these areas strict material and design guidelines must be followed. The NEC or National Electrical
Code is a document providing guidelines for electricians, electrical contractors, inspectors and engineers
In the United States. These guidelines are part of the National Fire Code Series and published by the
National Fire Protection Association, with updates every three years.
The NEC defines protection techniques equipment manufacturers must use when designing equipment
intended for use in hazardous areas. NEC definitions set the parameters manufacturers must comply with
for any component that is to be installed in a hazardous area. These definitions are: Explosion proof, dust
ignition proof, dust tight, purged/pressurized, intrinsically safe, and hermetically sealed.
The majority of the equipment we represent that is used in hazardous locations is either explosion
proof orintrinsically safe.

Explosion proof

Equipment with an explosion proof classification

doesnt mean the equipment will survive an
explosion. Instead it means that the equipment is
housed or has an enclosure which prevents an
internal spark from causing a much larger explosion.
In this case, the enclosure must be engineered to
contain any flash or explosion. The housing on this
type of equipment is generally constructed of
stainless steel or cast aluminum and strong enough
to contain an explosion should gas or vapors seep
into the enclosure and the internal electronics ignite.
The equipment must be designed so that if there is
an internal explosion, the external surface
temperature does not meet or exceed the ignition
temperature of the gases in the group the equipment
has been rated for.

8100 Solid State LED Explosion Proof Kick-It

Tough Work Light
Class I Div 1 and Div 2 Groups C & D / Class II Div
1 and Div 2 Groups E, F & G

Intrinsically Safe
An Intrinsically safe rating means that the electronics or wiring contained within the equipment cannot
spark or cannot accumulate enough energy to ignite the gas or vapor at the location. Additionally the
surface temperature of the equipment cannot get high enough to ignite the gas or vapor at the location.

Classifications of Hazardous Atmospheres

The NEC also is a classification tool for hazardous conditions. Many of the products we sell are typically
associated with a hazardous location classification. For example, some of Western Technology Lights are
Class I Division 1 and 2, and Class II Division 1 and 2. The following explains what the classification
denotes.
There are three types of hazardous conditions or classes:

Class I - gases and vapor

Class II combustible dust
Class III - fibers and flyings

There are two kinds of hazardous conditions within a class.

With Class I pertaining to gases and vapor hazards, the two kinds are:

Division 1: The gases or vapors are always present at sufficient concentrations to be an

explosion hazard.
Division 2: The gases or vapors may be present, and if they are they are likely to be in sufficient
concentrations to be an explosion hazard.

In Class I there are four Groups (A, B, C, D): which are classifications of atmospheres by the degree of
volatility with A being the most hazardous and D being the least volatile group.

Group A: Acetylene
Group B: Hydrogen and manufactured gases containing Hydrogen
Group C: Petrochemicals
Group D: Petrochemicals (includes methane)

For information on Class II and Class III download Hazardous location and OSHA Regulation information.
What is the difference between explosion proof and intrinsically safe? In explosion-proof equipment the
internals must be engineered to contain an internal explosion, and avert a much larger detonation.
Intrinsically safe rating means the electronics cannot spark or create sufficient energy to ignite. In both
cases the equipments surface temperature cannot meet or ignite the gas or vapor ignition temperatures
of the group it is rated in.
Common Class locations:

Class I Locations
Class II Locations
Petroleum refineries, and
Grain elevators
gasoline storage and dispensing Flour and feed mills
areas
Plants that manufacture, use
Dry cleaning facilities where or store magnesium or
vapors from cleaning fluids are aluminum powders
present
Plastic, medicine and
Spray finishing areas
firework manufacturers
Aircraft hangars and fuel
Starch or candy producers
servicing areas
Spice-grinding plants, sugar
Utility gas plants and
plants and cocoa plants; and
operations involving the storage Coal preparation plants and
and handling of liquified
other carbon handling or
petroleum gas or natural gas
processing areas

Class III Locations

Textile mills, cotton gins;
Cotton seed mills, flax
processing plants; and
Plants that shape, pulverize
or cut wood and create sawdust
or flyings.

2. Five years warranty

3. Pass UL,TUV(GS,CE),SAA certification
Its the first Anti-explosion LED high bay light in domestic,with Ex-marking ExnR II T4GC, which access to the
national explosion-proof certification by the authority.
Explosion-proof certificate
Products Warranty Service regulation
Application
1. Gas station,processing workshop or storage warehouse for Edible Oil,food and other oil products,smelting
workshop which easily producing explosive dust and gases; chemical factories,warehouses and other special places.
2. Also can applied in Factories,workshops,Cargo space,exhibition centers,shopping malls or
supermarkets,stadiums,toll stations, etc.
150W explosion-proof LED High Bay Light Applied in Thailand

1Product Appearance

Specialty
1,Using high power COB Leds and Meanwell driver; the lamps luminous efficiency can reach 80-100LM/W, and Ra
>80;Fins heating dissipation design enables the LED Tj within 85, lifespan more than 35,000 hours ,the max power
up to 200W; with protecting rate: IP65.
2, The anti-explosion high bay light is designed and certified according to standards for safety as below: GB3836.12010 Explosive environment Part 1:Equipment General Requirements;GB3836.8-2003 Electrical apparatus for
explosive gas atmospheres-Part8: standards for n type electrical equipment; with Ex-marking ExnRT4Gc.
3, The light can be used at a place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of explosive dust or combustible
fibre in mixture with air is likely to occur continuously or frequently in short time, or for long periods in normal
operation. According to the classification of explosion proof grade and application, the light can be use in Zone2.
Surface temperature of item for safety:135,Such as chemical factory or warehouse, gas station except mines.
2Shape Structure
Shell MaterialAluminum Alloy
Shell Colorhoar/ Black
Weight13.5Kg

3Explosion-proof Parameters
1Explosion-proofGrade
ExnRT4Gc
ExExplosion-proof
1nR-Explosion proof form code of explosion proof electric equipment, nR for restrict breathing type, the others: D
for explosion suppression type; IA for flameproof intrinsically safe type; MB for pouring type .;

2-Explosion proof electrical equipment is divided into type ,,class; class I used for coal mine gas
environment; class II, III used for other explosive gases electric equipments except coal mines which can easily
generate gas.
3T4-equipment external surface temperature range ( T4 means the temperature of any point on the external
surface of UFO explosion-proof mining lamp 135 );
4Gc-Electric equipment protection level, and has a corresponding relationship to its used place, Gc level of
protection for the general, and it can be used in explosive gas environment Zone 2;
(2)Hazardous area classification
Chinese
standard

Explosive substance Area definition

GasClass

Dust or fiber
Class/Class

Under normal circumstances, the explosive gas mixture

Zone 0
continuously or long time existence.
Under normal circumstances, the explosive gas mixture is
Zone 1
likely to existent site
Under normal circumstances, the explosive gas mixture is
not possible appear, Only in abnormal circumstances,
Zone 2
occasionally or short time existed site ;
Under normal circumstances, explosive dust or combustible
fibre and air mixture may be continuous, a short time
Zone 10
frequent appear or long time existence.
Under normal circumstances, explosive dust or combustible
fibre and air mixture can not appear, just in case of
Zone 11
abnormal condition, occasionally or short time appears.

(3)Gas temperature group

Explosion proof
Temperature
electrical equipment
category
surface temperature
T1

450

T2

300

T3

200

T4

135

T5
T6

100
85

Foreign
standards
Div.1

Div.2

Div.1

Div.2

Common explosive gas

MethaneTolueneMethyl esterEthanePropaneAcetoneAcrylic
acidBenzeneStyreneCarbon monoxideEthyl acetateAcetic acid
ChlorobenzeneMethyl acetateAmmoniaAcrylic esterTwo etherCity
gasHydrogenWater gas
MethanolEthanolEthyl benzenePropyl alcoholPropyleneButyl
alcoholButaneButyl acetate Amyl acetateCyclopentaneButadiene
Epoxy propaneEthyleneAcetylene
PentaneAmyl alcoholHexaneHexyl alcoholHeptaneOctaneRing
of ethanolTurpentine oilNaphthaPetroleum (gasoline )Fuel oil
Amyl alcoholfourTwo etherAcroleinHydrocarbon
AcetaldehydeTetrafluoroethyleneTrimethylamineEthyl etherTwo
ether
Carbon disulfide
Acid ethyl esterNitrous acid ethyl ester

This series explosion-proof lamp temperature group is T4, according to the above standard data, this series lamp can
be used in the warehouse, workshop in the scope of T1, T2, T3, T4, and related places that require explosion-proof
lamp lighting can be applied.
4Parameter
Input Voltage
FreqencyRange

AC100240V Color Rendering Index

5060Hz

Beam Angle

Ra80
100

Power Factor

>0.97

LED Reduction Rate

Power Efficiency

>92%

Color Temperature

LED Working Voltage DC3036V Working Temperature

LED Power

200W

IP Grade

Total Power

217W

Working Life-span

Luminous Efficiency 80100lm / W Power line

Connect wire

13% / 1,000Hrs
27007000K
-20+45
IP65
>35000H
VDE 31.5mm2

BrownL BlueN Yellow or GreenG

7Illumination Distance/illuminance/Irradiated Area

You are here: Leoyo Holdings Group Co.,Ltd. Products

dJ82 Flame-proof explosion- proof Energy-saving lamp (II C)

Application
1Can be used in hazardous environments of petroleum exploitation, smelting, chemical
industry, military industry etc. enterprise;
2Can be used in Zone 1 and Zone 2 explosive atmosphere;
3Can be used in explosive atmosphere of temperature between T1 and T5 of class IIA , IIB
and IIC.
4Can be used in locations which contain corrosive gas;
5Can be used as lighting of workshop, warehouse, factory building and outdoors .
Type implication

Features
1The shell is formed by die-cast Aluminum Alloy of

high quality, treated with high voltage electrostatic plasticspraying and advanced baking process after shot-blasting
cleaning, with strong corrosion-proof capacity.
2The shell uses optimal design and high-precision diecasting so that it has compact structure, aesthetic
appearance, dense material and higher mechanical strength.
3Both of flame-proof compartments of explosion-proof
lamp are completely independent and adopt screw thread
flame-proof and silastic obturating ring to prevent water
entering, of which purpose-made obturating ring and
unique structure has strong water-proof and dust-proof
function without affecting explosive gas lit object that may
be produced to spill from flame-proof threads joint face.
4Convenient to install and maintain. Install lamp cap and
connect power cord at first when installing, then screw
main lamp body onto lamp cover ( note: align arrow tip,
combine cover and body closely) and fasten? side? retainer
bolt ; demount the main lamp body when maintaining so
that it will be very convenient to examine and repair for
circuitry and bulb etc.
5Toughened steel glass shade can withstand high energy
(4J) impact and thermal shot test without damage.
6The steel pipe or the electric cable wiring.
Main standards
GB3836.1-2000. GB3836.2-2000 which are equivalent to IEC60079-0. IEC60079-1. EN50014.
EN50018
Outline and installation dimension

Outline and typical installation example

Explosion Proof Standards Comparison

Guide
Explosion Proof Standards Comparison Guide
The Digital Vortex Flow Meter carries with it the Ex d II BT4 rating.
Click on the image below to see more detail about the rating.

Explosion Proof Comparison for Digital Vortex Flowmeter

Explosion proof rated equipment is constructed so that it cannot set off an explosion when
surrounded by specified flammable gases or dust. These specifications are complex and every
country insists on making their own rating system.

In Explosion Proof Equipment the manufacturer is ensuring that the equipment you purchase is
suitable for the environment you wish to use it in.
Devices that are Intrinsically Safe are also required to carry an intrinsically safe label for use in the
desired environment.
For example a household refinery is designed either to contain any explosion within the device, or is
designed not to produce sparks with sufficient energy to trigger an explosion. Selecting an explosion
proof digital vortex meter is a way engineers ensure the ultimate safety of the use of flow measuring
devices in their factories and plants.
Many strategies exist for safety in electrical installations. The simplest strategy is to minimize the
amount of electrical equipment installed in a hazardous area, either by keeping the equipment out of
the area altogether or by making the area less hazardous by process improvements or ventilation with
clean air. non-incendive equipment and wiring methods are practices where apparatus is designed
with low power levels and low stored energy, so that an arc produced during normal functioning of
the equipment or as the result of equipment failure has insufficient energy to initiate ignition of the
explosive mixture. Equipment enclosures can be pressurized with clean air or inert gas and designed
with various controls to remove power or provide notification in case of supply or pressure loss of
such gases. Arc-producing elements of the equipment can also be isolated from the surrounding
atmosphere by encapsulation, immersion in oil, sand, etc. Heat producing elements such as motor
winding, electrical heaters, including heat tracing and lighting fixtures are often designed to limit
their maximum temperature below the autoignition temperature of the material involved. Both
external and internal temperatures are taken into consideration.
As in most fields of electrical installation, different countries have approached the standardization
and testing of equipment for hazardous areas in different ways. As world trade becomes more
important in distribution of electrical products, international standards are slowly converging so that
a wider range of acceptable techniques can be approved by national regulatory agencies.
Area classification is required by governmental bodies, for example the U.S. Occupational Safety
and Health Administration and compliance is enforced.
Documentation requirements are varied. Often an area classification plan-view is provided to identify
equipment ratings and installation techniques to be used for each classified plant area. The plan may
contain the list of chemicals with their group and temperature rating, and elevation details shaded to
indicate Class, Division(Zone) and group combination. The area classification process would require
the participation of operations, maintenance, safety, electrical and instrumentation professionals, the
use of process diagrams and material flows, MSDS and any pertinent documents, information and
knowledge to determine the hazards and their extent and the countermeasures to be employed. Area
classification documentations are reviewed and updated to reflect process changes.
Contents

1 History.
2 Divisions or zones (gases, vapors and dust.)
3 Zones (dusts)
4 Gas groups
5 Equipment Protection Level (EPL)
6 Temperature classification
6.1 Auto-ignition temperatures (vapors & gases)
6.2 Auto-ignition temperatures (dust)
7 Type of protection

7.1 Multiple protection

8 ANSI/NFPA areas description
9 Equipment category
10 Labeling
10.1 Europe
10.2 North America
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
14 Further reading

[edit] History.
Soon after the introduction of electric power into coal mines, it was discovered that lethal explosions
could be initiated by electrical equipment such as lighting, signals, or motors. The hazard of fire
damp or methane accumulation in mines was well known by the time electricity was introduced,
along with the danger of suspended coal dust. At least two British mine explosions were attributed to
an electric bell signal system. In this system, two bare wires were run along the length of a drift, and
any miner desiring to signal the surface would momentarily touch the wires to each other or bridge
the wires with a metal tool. The inductance of the signal bell coils, combined with breaking of
contacts by exposed metal surfaces, resulted in sparks which could ignite methane, causing an
explosion.[1]
[edit] Divisions or zones (gases, vapors and dust.)
In an industrial plant such as a chemical process plant, handling of large quantities of flammable
liquids and gases creates a risk of leaks. In some cases the gas, ignitable vapor or dust is present all
the time or for long periods. Other areas would have a dangerous concentration of flammable
substances only during process upsets, equipment deterioration between maintenance periods, or
during an incident. Refineries and chemical plants are then divided into areas of risk of release of
gas, vapor or dust known as divisions or zones. The process of determining the type and size of these
hazardous areas is called area classification. Guidance on assessing the extent of the hazard is given
in the NFPA 497 Standard, or API 500 and according to their adaptation by other areas gas zones is
given in the current edition of IEC 60079.10. For hazardous dusts, the guiding standard is IEC
61421.10.
Typical gas hazards are from hydrocarbon compounds, but hydrogen and ammonia are common
industrial gases that are flammable.
Safe area
An area such as a residence or office would be classed as safe area, where the only risk
of a release of explosive or flammable gas would be such things as the propellant in
an flammability limit (or lower explosive limit (LEL)).
Division 2 or Zone 2 area
This is a step up from the safe area. In this zone the gas, vapor or mist would only be
present under abnormal conditions (most often leaks under abnormal conditions). As a
general guide for Zone 2, unwanted substances should only be present under 10
hours/year or 00.1% of the time.[2]
Division 1 or Zone 1 area
Gas, vapor or mist will be present or expected to be present for long periods of time
under normal operating conditions. As a guide for Zone 1, this can be defined as 10
1000 hours/year or 0.110% of the time.[2]

Zone 0 area
Gas or vapor is present all of the time. An example of this would be the vapor space
above the liquid in the top of a tank or drum. The ANSI/NEC classification method
consider this environment a Division 1 area. As a guide for Zone 0, this can be defined as
over 1000 hours/year or >10% of the time.[2]
[edit] Zones (dusts)

An explosion of dust at this grain elevator in Kansas killed five workers in 1998.
Flammable dusts when suspended in air can explode. An old system of area classification to a British
standard used a system of letters to designate the zones. This has been replaced by a European
numerical system, as set out in directive 1999/92/EU implemented in the UK as the Dangerous
Substances and Explosives Atmospheres Regulations 2002
The boundaries and extent of these three dimensional zones should be decided by a competent
person. There must be a site plan drawn up of the factory with the zones marked on.
The zone definitions are:
Zone 20
A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in
air is present continuously, or for long periods or frequently.
Zone 21
A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in
air is likely to occur, occasionally, in normal operation.
Zone 22
A place in which an explosive atmosphere in the form of a cloud of combustible dust in
air is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short
period only
[edit] Gas groups
Explosive gases, vapors and dusts have different chemical properties that affect the likelihood and
severity of an explosion. Such properties include flame temperature, minimum ignition energy, upper
and lower explosive limits, and molecular weight. Empirical testing is done to determine parameters
such as the maximum experimental safe gap, minimum ignition current, explosion pressure and time
to peak pressure, spontaneous ignition temperature, and maximum rate of pressure rise. Every
substance has a differing combination of properties but it is found that they can be ranked into similar
ranges, simplifying the selection of equipment for hazardous areas.[3]
Flammability of combustible liquids are defined by their flash-point. The flash-point is the
temperature at which the material will generate sufficient quantity of vapor to form an ignitable
mixture. The flash point determines if an area needs to be classified. A material may have a relatively
low autoignition temperature yet if its flash-point is above the ambient temperature, then the area
may not need to be classified. Conversely if the same material is heated and handled above its flashpoint, the area must be classified.[citation needed]
Each chemical gas or vapour used in industry is classified into a gas group.

GROUP

REPRESENTATIVE GASES

All Underground Firedamp (methane)

IIA

Industrial petrol and the majority of industrial

IIB

Ethylene, coke oven gas and other industrial gases

IIC

carbon disulphide

Apparatus marked IIB can also be used for IIA gases. IIC marked equipment can be used for both
IIA and IIB. If a piece of equipment has just II and no A, B, or C after then it is suitable for any gas
group.
A list must be drawn up of every chemical gas or vapor that is on the refinery/chemical complex and
included in the site plan of the classified areas. The above groups are formed in order of how volatile
the gas or vapor would be if it was ignited, IIC being the most volatile and IIA being the least. The
groups also indicate how much energy is required to ignite the gas by spark ignition, Group IIA
requiring the most energy and IIC the least.
[edit] Equipment Protection Level (EPL)
In recent years also the Equipment Protection Level is specified for several kinds of protection. The
required Protection level is linked to the intended use in the zones described below:

MINIMUM TYPE OF

GROUP

EX RISK

ZONE EPL

PROTECTION

I
(mines)

energized

Ma

I
(mines)

de-energized in presence of Ex
atmosphere

Mb

II (gas)

explosive atmosphere > 1000 hrs/yr

Ga

II (gas)

explosive atmosphere between 10 and

1000 hrs/yr

Gb ib, mb, px, py, e, o, q, s

II (gas)

explosive atmosphere between 1 and 10

hrs/yr

Gc

III
(dust)

explosive surface > 1000 hrs/yr

20

Da

explosive surface between 10 and 1000

21

Db

III

ia, ma

n, ic, pz

(dust)

hrs/yr

III
(dust)

explosive surface between 10 and 10

hrs/yr

22

Dc

[edit] Temperature classification

Another important consideration is the temperature classification of the electrical equipment. The
surface temperature or any parts of the electrical equipment that may be exposed to the hazardous
atmosphere should be tested that it does not exceed 80% of the auto-ignition temperature of the
specific gas or vapor in the area where the equipment is intended to be used.
The temperature classification on the electrical equipment label will be one of the following
(in degree Celsius):
USAC

UK C

GERMANY CCONTINUOUS SHORT TIME

T1 450

T3A 180

T1 450

G1: 360 400

T2 300

T3B 165

T2 300

G2: 240 270

T2A 280

T3C 160

T3 200

G3: 160 180

T2B 260

T4 135

T4 135

G4: 110 125

T2C 230

T4A 120

T5 100

G5: 80 90

T2D 215

T5 100

T6 85

T3 200

T6 85

The above table tells us that the surface temperature of a piece of electrical equipment with a
temperature classification of T3 will not rise above 200 C.

[EDIT] AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURES (VAPORS & GASES)

The auto-ignition temperature of a liquid, gas or vapor is the temperature at which the substance will
ignite without any external heat source. The exact temperature value determined depends on the
laboratory test conditions and apparatus. Such temperatures for common substances are:

GAS

TEMPERATURE

Methane

580 C

Hydrogen

560 C

Propane

493 C

Ethylene

425 C

Acetylene

305 C

Naphtha

290 C

Carbon disulfide

102 C

The surface of a high pressure steam pipe may be above the autoignition temperature of some fuel/air
mixtures.

[EDIT] AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURES (DUST)

The auto-ignition temperature of a dust is usually higher than that of vapours & gases. Examples for
common materials are:

SUBSTANCE

TEMPERATURE

Sugar

460 C

Wood

340 C

Flour

340 C

Grain dust

300 C

Tea

300 C

[edit] Type of protection

To ensure safety in a given situation, equipment is placed into protection level categories according
to manufacture method and suitability for different situations. Category 1 is the highest safety level
and Category 3 the lowest. Although there are many types of protection, a few are detailed

EX

CODE DESCRIPTION

FLAMEPROOF

STANDARD

Equipment construction
is such that it can
withstand an internal
explosion and provide
relief of the external
pressure via flamegap(s)
such as the labyrinth
created by threaded
fittings or machined
IEC/EN 60079-1

LOCATION

USE

Zone 1 if gas
group &
temp. class
correct

Motors,
lighting,
junction boxes,
electronics

flanges. The escaping

(hot) gases must
sufficiently cool down
along the escape path
that by the time they
reach the outside of the
enclosure not to be a
source of ignition of the
outside, potentially
ignitable
surroundings.Equipment
has flameproof gaps
(max 0.006 hydrogen)

INCREASED SAFETY

OIL FILLED

Equipment is very
robust and components
are made to a high
quality

Equipment components
are completely
submerged in oil

IEC/EN 60079-7

Zone 2 or
Zone 1

Motors,
lighting,
junction boxes

IEC/EN 60079-6

Zone 2 or
Zone 1

Heavy current
equipment

Equipment components
are completely covered
with a layer of Sand,
powder or quartz

IEC/EN 60079-5

Zone 2 or
Zone 1

Electronics,
telephones,
chokes

Equipment components
of the equipment are
usually encased in a
resin type material

IEC/EN 6007918

Zone 1 (Ex
mb) or Zone 0 Electronics (no
(Ex ma)
heat)

Equipment is
pressurised to a positive
pressure relative to the
surrounding atmosphere
with air or an inert gas,
thus the surrounding
ignitable atmosphere
can not come in contact
with energized parts of
the apparatus. The
overpressure is
monitored, maintained
and controlled.

SAND/POWDER/QUARTZ

FILLED

ENCAPSULATED

PRESSURISED/PURGED

IEC/EN 60079-2

Zone 1 (px or
py), or zone 2
(pz)

Analysers,
motors, control
boxes,
computers

INTRINSICALLY SAFE

NON INCENDIVE

SPECIAL PROTECTION

Any arcs or sparks in

this equipment has
insufficient energy
(heat) to ignite a
vapourEquipment can
be installed in ANY
housing provided to
IP54.A Zener Barrier
or opto isol or
galvanic unit may be
used to assist with
certification.A special
standard for
instrumentation is
IEC/EN 60079-27,
describing requirements
for Fieldbus Intrinsically
Safe Concept (FISCO)
(zone 0, 1 or 2)

Equipment is nonincendive or nonsparking.A special

standard for
instrumentation is
IEC/EN 60079-27,
describing requirements
for Fieldbus NonIncendive Concept
(FNICO) (zone 2)

This method, being by

definition special, has
no specific rules. In
effect it is any method
which can be shown to
have the required degree
of safety in use. Much
early equipment having
Ex s protection was
designed with
encapsulation and this
has now been
incorporated into IEC
60079-18 [Ex m]. Ex s
is a coding referenced in
IEC 60079-0. The use of IEC/EN 60079EPL and ATEX
33

IEC/EN 6007925IEC/EN
60079ia: Zone 0
11IEC/EN60079- &ib: Zone
27
1ic: zone 2

Instrumentation,
measurement,
control

IEC/EN 6007915IEC/EN
60079-27

Motors,
lighting,
junction boxes,
electronic
equipment

Zone 2

Zone
depending
upon
As its
Manufacturers certification
Certification. states

Category directly is an
alternative for s
marking. The IEC
standard EN 60079-33
is made public and is
expected to become
effective soon, so that
the normal Ex
certification will also be
possible for Ex-s
The types of protection are subdivided into several sub classes, linked to EPL: ma and mb, px, py and
pz, ia, ib and ic. The a subdivisions have the most stringent safety requirements, taking into account
more the one independent component faults simultaneously.

[EDIT] MULTIPLE PROTECTION

Many items of EEx rated equipment will employ more than one method of protection in different
components of the apparatus. These would be then labeled with each of the individual methods. For
example a socket outlet labeled EExde might have a case made to EEx e and switches that are
made to EEx d.
[edit] ANSI/NFPA areas description
Class I, Div. 1 Where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, vapors or liquids are present
continuously or frequently within the atmosphere under normal operation conditions.
Class I, Div. 2 Where ignitable concentrations of flammable gases, vapors, or liquids are present
within the atmosphere under abnormal operating conditions.
Class II, Div. 1 Where ignitable concentrations of combustible dusts are present within the
atmosphere under normal operation conditions.
Class II, Div. 2 Where ignitable concentrations of combustible dust are present within the
atmosphere under abnormal operating conditions.
Class III, Div. 1 Where easily ignitable fibers or materials producing combustible flyings are
present within the atmosphere under normal operation conditions.
Class III, Div. 2 Where easily ignitable fibers or materials producing combustible flyings are
present within the atmosphere under abnormal operating conditions.
Common Materials within Associated Class & Group Ratings, such as Class I, Division 1,
Group A:
Class I Areas: Group A: Acetylene / Group B: Hydrogen / Group C: Propane and Ethylene / Group
D: Benzene, Butane, Methane & Propane
Class II Areas: Group E: Metal Dust / Group F: Carbon & Charcoal / Group G: Flour, Starch, Wood
& Plastic
Class III Areas: NO GROUP: Cotton & Sawdust
For more information see Article 500 of NFPA 70 The National Electric Code, as published by the
National Fire Protection Association.
[edit] Equipment category
The equipment category indicates the level of protection offered by the equipment.

Category 1 equipment may be used in zone 0, zone 1 or zone 2 areas.

Category 2 equipment may be used in zone 1 or zone 2 areas.
Category 3 equipment may only be used in zone 2 areas.
[edit] Labeling
All equipment certified for use in hazardous areas must be labelled to show the type and level of
protection applied.

[EDIT] EUROPE

In Europe the label must show the CE mark and the code number of the certifying body. The CE
marking is complemented with the Ex mark, followed by the indication of the Group, Category and,
if group II equipment, the indication relating to gases (G) or dust (D). For example: Ex II 1 G
(Explosion protected, Group 2, Category 1, Gas) Specific type or types of protection being used will
be marked.
EEx ia IIC T4. (Type ia, Group 2C gases, Temperature category 4).
EEx nA II T3 X (Type n, non-sparking, Group 2 gases, Temperature category 3, special
conditions apply).
In the United Kingdom, industrial electrical equipment for hazardous area has to conform to standard
BS 60079 and in some cases, certified as meeting that standard. Independent test houses (known as
Notified Bodies)are established in most European countries, and a certificate from any of these will
be accepted across the EU. The DTI appoint and maintain a list of Notified Bodies within the UK, of
which Baseefa are the most well known.
[EDIT] NORTH AMERICA

In North America the suitability of equipment for the specific hazardous area must be tested by
a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory. Such institutes are UL, MET, FM, CSA or Intertek
(ETL), for example.
The label will always list the Class(es), Division(s) and may list the Group(s) and temperature Code.
Directly adjacent on the label one will find the mark of the listing agency.
Some manufacturers claim suitability or built-to hazardous areas in their technical literature, but
in effect lack the testing agencys certification and thus unacceptable for the AHJ (Authority Having
Jurisdiction) to permit operation of the electrical installation/system.
All equipment in Division 1 areas must have an approval label, but certain materials, such as rigid
metallic conduit, does not have a specific label indicating the Cl./Div.1 suitability and their listing as
approved method of installation in the NEC serves as the permission. Some equipment in Division 2
areas do not require a specific label, such as standard 3 phase induction motors that do not contain
normally arcing components.

Also included in the marking are the manufacturers name or trademark and address, the apparatus
type, name and serial number, year of manufacture and any special conditions of use. The IP
code may also be indicated, but it is usually independent of the Classified Area suitability.
[edit] See also
Electrical conduit
Intrinsic safety
ATEX directive
Pressure piling
Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable
Grounding kit
[edit] References
1. ^ Bossert 86 page 17
2. ^ http://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/techmeasareaclas.htm
3. ^ John Bossert and Randolph Hurst, Hazardous Locations A Guide for the Design,
Construction and Installation of Electrical Equipment, Canadian Standards Association,
Toronto 1986 ISBN 0-9690124-5-4, Chapter 9
[edit] External links
ATEX Explained
ATEX Use Directive
ATEX Directive in Detail
Hazardous area basics
Hazardous area information
(PDF) Cable Gland Adaptors & Reducers ATEX Certification
Chart,http://www.etscc.co.uk/sites/default/files/newtechspecs/ETSCC%20Adaptor%20%26%20Reducer%20Selection%20Guide.pdf.
[edit] Further reading
Alan McMillan, Electrical Installations in Hazardous Areas, Butterworth-Heineman
1998, ISBN 0-7506-3768-4, preview available at Google Books
athttp://books.google.ca/books?id=Ojke07cRCzQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=electrical+instal
lations+in+hazardous+areas+mcmillan#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Peter Schram Electrical Installations in Hazardous Locations, Jones and Bartlett, 1997, ISBN
0-87765-423-9, preview available at Google Books
athttp://books.google.ca/books?id=WbKRE9FfhOQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=electrical+ins
tallations+in+hazardous+areas&lr=&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=5#v=onepage
&q=electrical%20installations%20in%20hazardous%20areas&f=false
(PDF) Intrinsic Safety in Cellphones, Smartphones and PDAs, Airo
Wireless,http://www.airowireless.com/docs/IntrinsicallySafe.pdf.
Source: Wikipedia
Explosion Proof Standards Comparison Guide

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