CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Geology is the study about the problems of earth sciences, particularly
with regard to style and processes of the earth's crust affecting bumi.Geologi can
also be defined as the study of planet Earth limu especially regarding constituent
materials, a process that occurs pdanya, the results of this process, the history of
the planet and forms of life since the earth was formed.
As with other sciences, geology has a concept and methodology
komprehensifsebagai a discipline ilmu.Oleh Therefore, knowledge and experience
in the field of science students is needed to obtain the relevance among other
sciences.
B. Purpose
1. Students are able to define the geological sense as disciplines.
2. Students are able to explain the benefits tortured science, chemistry and
biology as auxiliary ilmmu geological sciences.
3. Students are able to mention at least five branches of science that supports
the science of geology.
4. Students can recognize and use a variety of tools that exist in the geology
lab.
5. Students can understand concepts and dynamics of the depth of the earth.
6. Students can read and interpret maps properly geologi
7. Students can identify the physical properties of rock types.
8. Students can mengidntifikasi and determine the types of fossils.
9. Students can create a picture / chart forms tektonik. like deformation:
fractures / faults, folds, cracks, etc.
10. Students can learn geosphere phenomena that exist on earth after studying
geology.

CHAPTER 11
BASIC THEORY
Basic basic geology of oil and gas
A. Petrology
Is the science that studies the rocks forming the Earth's crust that covers the
way, the rock composition and its relationship with processes and geological
history.
The rocks forming the earth's crust can be generally divided into three types:
1. Rock Frozen

Formed as a result of freezing magma in the earth's surface and above the
earth's surface (melt).
2. Sedimentary rocks

Formed as a result of deposition of material derived from fragments, a

lump of rock that were destroyed by natural processes, then transported by
water, wind, ice and accumulated in one place and compressed /compacted
into a new rock layers. Have the feature layered sedimentary rocks as a
result of repeated deposition.
3. Metamorphic rocks

Metamorphic rocks derived from igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks

modified in the earth as a result of temperature and pressure is very high,
resulting in changes in physical and chemical properties.

B. Trap Reservoir
Reservoir trap is an impermeable layer (impermeable) which restricts the
movement of oil and gas, where the gas that enters the layer can not be out so
caught / trapped there.

Types of Traps Reservoir:

1) Structural traps
Structural traps are traps of the most original and to this day is the most
important pitfalls. The various elements that make up the trap insulating
layer and the reservoir layer, so as to trap hydrocarbons, due to tectonic
symptoms or structure, such as folding and faulting.

2) Trap Stratigraphy

Levorsen (1958), suggests that the stratigraphic trap is a general term for
the traps that occur due to a variety of lateral variations in lithology a

reservoir layer in the continuation or termination of the distribution of oil

in the earth.
The principle of stratigraphic traps is that oil and gas trapped in its journey
upwards unobstructed from all directions, especially from the top and
sides, because the reservoir rock facies disappear or change into another
rock.
3) combination trap

Hydrocarbon trap is a trap many structural traps with a combination of

stratigraphic traps.
C. Petroleum Geology
Petroleum geology is one branch of geology to determine the presence of
oil under the ground, then explore and produce it. In general there are two types of
petroleum geology, the geological petroleum exploration that includes a search of
petroleum and petroleum geology production. Production of petroleum in oil is
not meant to make petroleum, but just making facilities to drain the oil from
underground to above ground, using drilling and pumps.
The theory of the existence of petroleum there are two, namely the theory
of organic and inorganic theory. Organic theory is now widely embraced by
geologists, petroleum which is believed to be produced by the remains of dead
organisms millions of years ago. While most of the inorganic theory developed in
Eastern Europe and Russia where experts believe that oil can be produced instead
of organic material. Principles of petroleum geology are now commonly used is

organic theory that oil is often called fossil fuels. When the inorganic theory is
proven, it will appear again petroleum resources which have not been explored.
Frozen rock
Igneous rock or often called igneous rocks are rocks formed from one or
more minerals and formed by the freezing of magma. Based on the texture of
igneous rocks can be distinguished into plutonic and volcanic igneous rock. The
difference between the two can be seen from the large rock constituent minerals.
Plutonic igneous rock formed from freezing magma generally relatively slower so
that the constituent minerals are relatively large. Examples of these plutonic
igneous rocks such as gabbro, diorite and granite (which is often used as home
decoration). While the volcanic igneous rock is generally formed from magma
that is very rapid freezing (eg due to volcanic eruptions) so that the smaller
constituent minerals. Examples are basalt, andesite (which is often used as the
foundation of the house), and dacite
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks often called sediment sedimentary rock formed
naturally in the Earth's surface from fragments of rock that solidifies and hardens
back into rock. Formation of sedimentary rocks affected by water power, wind or
ice. Most sedimentary rocks show characteristic layering. Although only 5% of
the Earth's crust is built by sedimentary rocks, but 75% of the rocks are exposed at
the surface of the Earth is a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks are classified
into three categories:
clastic sedimentary rocks, which originated from previous rock fragments;
chemical sedimentary rocks, which occur usually in the ocean or in the
lake from the precipitation of dissolved minerals;
organic sedimentary rock, formed from the former or shells of animals or
plants. That is why fossils found only in sedimentary rocks. The most common of
clastic sedimentary rocks are sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone formed from

sand and mudstone rocks derived finer material (silt or clay). Sandstone and
mudstone formed from fragments carried by the wind, water, river, ocean currents
and the glacier. Sand dunes are usually deposited as in the desert; or as a stream
sediment and sediment beaches. While the finer clay tends to be longer float in
sea water and will settle on a calmer atmosphere, such as the deep ocean floor or
on the lake bottom. This sediment pile material would weigh and pressing the
layer below it becomes more compact. The precipitate was then glue each other to
form a hard rock. Chemical sedimentary rocks are most commonly referred to as
rock evaporates, because formed from the evaporation of sea water or lake water.
Rock materials dissolved in the water will crystallize forming minerals such as
gypsum and halite. Gypsum is a mineral material used industry sabagai plaster
materials; halite salt is the base material. The most common of organic
sedimentary rock is limestone (limestone). Marine animals such as corals and
mollusks have shells made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When the animals die,
their shells will be piled into the seabed and form a thick pile of calcium
carbonate. Piles of calcium carbonate will condense and glue to form limestone.
The shell of an animal or plant species into these rocks diesebut preserved fossils.
Coal including organic sedimentary rocks.
Metamorphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks is one of the major groups of rocks that are the result
of transformation or alteration of a type of rock that have been there before,
protolith, by a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form".
Protolith were subjected to heat (greater than 150 Celsius) and extreme pressure
will change the physics and / or chemistry major. Protolith can be sedimentary,
igneous rocks, or other metamorphic rocks older. Some examples of metamorphic
rocks is Gneiss, slate, marble, and skist. Metamorphic rocks up a large part of the
Earth's crust and are classified by texture and chemical composition and mineral
from (facies metamorphic) They formed deep below the earth's surface by a large
emphasis on the rocks above and pressure and high temperature. They also
formed by the intrusion of molten rock, called magma, into solid rock and is

formed mainly on the contact between magma and rock high temperature.
Research metamorphic rocks (currently exposed at the Earth's surface due to
erosion and removal) gives us valuable information about temperatures and
pressures that occur deep within the earth's surface.

Not infrequently layer hollow rocks covered by a layer that is not hollow
like mud, salt, or lime. It is forming a kind of cage for hydrocarbons collected in
one part of it. As the tectonic movement, the rock layers turned into folds that
cause hydrocarbons come to adjust himself. Hydrocarbons are trapped and then
move up to the bottom layer is not hollow, with gas formation at the very top, the
oil and water settle to the bottom layer.

The process of formation of the oil wells are still happening today. But oil
wells are still young (less than 60 million years old) to form a saturated yet ready
to be drilled. In some cases, erosion and strong encouragement of the folds of
rocks cause leakage of hydrocarbons out of the cage. Some hydrocarbons are
moving towards the surface and can be harvested without drilling, but it took a
complicated processing to separate sand and other impurities.

Seismic data and 3D visual modeling the main reference in the drilling
plan. After observation and survey conducted soil layer, then the evaluation phase
of oil wells have been completed and the stage of development can begin. At this
stage will be the construction of wells which include drilling, installation of
tubular, cementing, and production preparation. The series of special equipment
used to drill oil wells called rigs. The main characteristic of the rig is a tower
made of steel and is used to raise and lower the pipes tubular wells so that the
contents can be accessed wells.

The main component of the rig is a tower (derrick), pulpit base (floor),
drawworks, power source (drive), and medium mud (mud handing). To gain
access to the wells, then a segment of pipe (drill string) installed every 30 meters.
Put pressure on the pipe rotation and torque is obtained from hydraulic or
electrical stimulation generated at the top of the tower. Components of the drill bit
(cone) contained in the bottom of the well is used for digging rocks. Types of
rocks excavated material will affect the drill bit and the type of material used. All
components are fully controlled by the drawworks. Exact calculation is necessary
for drawwork not damage the pipe and drill bit at the bottom of the well.

Mud component serves to bring shale rock to the surface and cleans and
cools the drill bit at the bottom of the well. To prevent leakage of oil and gas, the
sludge must be able to give the equilibrium value of the pressure at the bottom of
the well. Oil and gas leak can cause an explosion situation (blow-out) and rig
equipment damage. Last prevention tool that is often used to prevent unwanted
situations explosion is underground safety valve mounted on the well pipe.

Usually the direction of drilling vertical wells dideviasi deliberately

towards the well. In modern drilling, the well is accessible 80o from the vertical
axis in order to more easily penetrated septum formation and flow more oil.
Drilling efficiency can also be done by making the branches of the pipe so that the
wells at different locations can be accessed by the same rig.

The shape and structure of the rig tends to vary according to the type of
operation and function in the development stage. Rigs operating on the surface of
the water (offshore rigs) are classified based on the depth of the well is accessed.
The range of depths ranging from seven to thousands of feet in the deep sea. Tools
rig to drill ship put on a ship and is controlled using a computer as a very remote
area of operation, far from land, and is used to access the on-sea wells. The rig has
been successfully accessing the well will be given a protective outer (casing) and
cement so that the layer formation along the well remained isolated and axial
loads can wellbore
Mohs scale
Mohs scale of mineral hardness classify scratch resistance of various
minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. This
scale was created in 1812 by the geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs
Germany and is one of several definitions of hardness in comparison violence
material.Metode techniques to see which one is able to scratch the mineral other
minerals have long existed, was first mentioned by Theophrastus in his On The
rocks around the year 200 BC, followed by Pliny the Elder in Natural History
about 77 AD
mineral
Mohs scale of mineral hardness is based on the natural ability of the
sample material to scratch another material. The sample material used Mohs is all
minerals. Minerals are pure substances found in nature. Teruat rocks from one or
several mineral.as hardest natural substance that never existed when the scale is
made, the diamond is placed at the top of the scale. Material hardness is measured
against the scale by finding the hardest material that can scratch a soft material or
otherwise. For example, if some materials capable scratched by apatite but not by
fluorite, the hardness on the Mohs scale can occupy grades 4 and 5.

Mohs scale is a purely ordinal scale. For example, corundum two times
harder than topaz, but diamond is almost four times harder than corundum. The
table below shows a comparison with absolute hardness measured using
Sclerometer with sample images.
Mohs

absolute

Mineral

Chemical formula

Talek

Mg3Si4O10(OH)2

Gipsum

CaSO42H2O

Kalsit

CaCO3

Fluorit

CaF2

21

hardness

Apatit

Feldspar Ortoklas

Ca5(PO4)3(OH,Cl

hardness

,F)

48

KAlSi3O8

72

Image

Mohs

absolute

Mineral

Chemical formula

Kuarsa

SiO2

100

Topaz

Al2SiO4(OH,F)2

200

Korundum

Al2O3

400

10

Intan

1600

hardness

hardness

Image

On the Mohs scale, graphite (the main part of the "lead" pencils) has
hardness of 1.5; Nail 2.2-2.5; copper coins from 3.2 to 3.5; 5.1 pocket knife; 5.5
blade body; 5.5 window glass; and 6.5 files. A plate line (non-glazed porcelain)
has a hardness of 7.0. The use of ordinary materials with hardness that has been
known to be a simple way to estimate the position of a mineral on this scale.

List of minerals
The table below lists the mineral and scale Mohsnya:

violence

Substances or minerals

0.20.3 sesium, rubidium

0.50.6 litium, natrium, kalium
1

talk

1.5

galium, stronsium, indium, timah, barium, talium, timbal, grafit

boron nitrida heksagonal, kalsium, selenium, kadmium, sulfur, telurium,

bismut

2.53

magnesium, emas, perak, aluminium, seng, lantanum, serium, jet (lignit)

kalsit, tembaga, arsenik, antimon, torium, dentin

fluorit, besi, nikel

44.5

platinum, baja

apatit, kobal, zirkonium, paladium, tooth enamel, obsidian (kaca

vulkanik)

5.5

berilium, molibdenum, hafnium

ortoklas, titanium, mangan, germanium, niobium, rodium, uranium

67

kaca, kuarsa gabungan, besi pirit, silikon, rutenium, iridium, tantalum,

opal

kuarsa, vanadium, osmium, renium

7.58

baja keras, tungsten, zamrud, spinel, Phenakite, beril, Euclase, zirkon

topas, zirkonia kubik

8.5

krisoberil, kromium, Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG)

99.5

korundum (rubi, safir), silikon karbida (karborundum), tungsten karbida,

titanium karbida, stisovit

9.510

renium diborida, tantalum karbida, titanium diborida, boron [11][12][13]

10

intan/berlian, karbonado (berlian hitam)

>10

intan nanokristalin (hiperintan, fulerit ultrakeras)

CHAPTER 1II
CLOSING
Conclusions

Geology is the science of the earth, about asl, structure, composition, and
history (including the development of life), as well as the processes that
led to the state of the Earth has slowed now ini.Dengan studied geology
we can know everything about the earth and its contents.

In the field of the introduction of the necessary tools and materials tools
and materials research data collectors who wish to be observed.

In

earth-bedding

consists

of

bedding,

that

each

layer

has

karakteristiktersendiri properties, khisusnya for layering palingdalam have

magmatic latin properties (liquid, gas, and incandescent) is called magma.

Divergent boundaries / constructive (divergent / constructive boundaries)

occurs when two plates move away from each other. Mid-oceanic ridge
and fracture zones (rifting) active is an example of divergent boundaries

Limit convergent / destructive (convergent / destructive boundaries)

occurs when two plates rub against each other approaches to form a

subduction zone when one plate moves under another, or continental

collision (continental collision) if the two plates contain continental crust.

Frozen rocks are rocks formed by the freezing of magma in the earth or
freezing lava on the surface of the earth.

Rock formed as a result of the destruction of the host rock lithifikasi.

Lithifikasi rocks include authigenic compaction and diagenesis processes
(process terubahnya loose materials into compact rock).

Sedimentary rock is very much kind and widespread in thickness from a

few centimeters to a few miles. In the lateral spread of sedimentary rocks
reaches 70% of the rocks on the surface but only sedimentary rocks is 5%
of the rocks at the earth.

REFERENCES
http://kazekageadhey.blogspot.com/2012/03/makalah-geologi-dasar.html
Drs.Sriyanto .2004. Geologi umum.Semarang :UNNES.
Graha,Doody Stia. 1987. Batuan dan Mineral. Bandung:ITB Press.
Katili, JA dan P.Marks. 1960. Geologi. Jakarta:Dep. Urusan Research
Nasional.