System Development

Life Cycle

Buildingnewinformationsystem
ChangeManagement(People)
TechnologyChange(Technology)
gy
g (
gy)
SpecificBusinessProcesses

CommonformofITenabledorganizationalchange
Automation
Redesigning

ClassicalSystemDevelopmentLifeCycle
PrototypeModelApproach
SpiralModelApproach
Vshaped
FourthGenerationTechniques
AgileMethods
HybridApproach

Planning
a
g

Customer
Evaluation

Risk Analysis

Engineering
g
g

Emphasizestheverificationand
validation
lid ti oftheproduct.
fth d t
Theproductfromeveryphase
needstobecheckedand
approvedbeforemoving
forward.
Developerandtesterworks
parallel.
Itisnotproposedforshortterm
projectsasitreq iresre ie sat
projectsasitrequiresreviewsat
eachstage.

Thetermagilestandsfor
movingquickly
Thetermagilestandsfor'movingquickly'
Agilemethodologyhasanadaptiveteamwhichisableto
respondtothechangingrequirements.

Coreprinciples
Continuoustestingandvalidation
Consistentteamcollaboration
Rapidresponsetochange
Ongoingcustomerinvolvement
Frequentdeliveryofworkingsoftware
8

SystemAnalyst
l

BusinessAnalyst

InfrastructureAnalyst
y

ProjectManager

Enduser
9

STEP1. ThePreliminary
Investigation

10

ProblemDefinition:
Statementofobjectives&scopeofproblems
S
f bj i &
f bl
Roughestimatesoftime&resources
Endresultsofpreliminaryinvestigationsare:
g
SystemObjectives
Systemenvironment
Systemconstraints

FeasibilityStudy:
TechnicalFeasibility
EconomicFeasibility
OperationalFeasibility
ScheduleFeasibility
S h d l
bl
OrganizationalFeasibility
11

TechnicalFeasibility

Istherequisitetechnologyavailableandproven?
h
h l
l bl
d
Aretherelevanttechnicalskillsavailabletoexploitit?
EnsuretheS/W&H/Wexisttobuildthesystem?
Familiaritywithtechnology
Haveweuseditbefore?Hownewisit?
Compatibilitywithexistingsystems

EconomicFeasibility

Howtoincreaseproductivity?
Howtoreduceworkforce&expensegrowthrate?
Costsavings
Increasedprofits

12

OperationalFeasibility:
Isthedatabaseavailable&reliable?
DoestheMIShavemanagementsupport?
Determinesthesystemwillbeusedasintendedtoits
fullcapacity

ScheduleFeasibility:
Whetherprojectcanbefinishedwellbeforetheactual
requirementofitsusage.

13

STEP2:SYSTEM/REQUIREMENT
ANALYSIS

14

1. Analysisofthepresentsystem
Reviewhistoricalfacts/Analyzeinputs
Reviewmethods&procedures
Analyzeoutputs
a y e outputs
Reviewinternalcontrols

2 Identifyingimprovementinexistingsystem
2.
3. Developinganewsystem
Report requestforapprovaltoproceedwithdevelopmentina
particularmanner.

15

SystemDevelopmentTools
y
p
AnalysisTool

16

PictorialRepresentationofanalgorithm
Importance
MakingLogicClear
M ki L i Cl
ProperCommunication
EffectiveAnalysis
UsefulinCoding
ProperTesting
AppropriateDocumentation

17

 Adataflowdiagramisagraphicrepresentationofasystem
orportionofsystem.Itconsistsofdataflows,processes,
sources,destinations,andstores alldescribedthroughthe
useofeasilyunderstoodsymbols
useofeasilyunderstoodsymbols.
Describeflowofdatainsystemwithonlyfoursymbols:
Externalentities
Processes
Datastores
Datadirection

18

Process
Data flow
Data store
External
entity
i
19

Employee

Accounts
Department

Employee.
Data

G oss Sa
Gross
Salary
ay
Processing

SINK

Salary
Statement

Employees
Gross Salary

Net Salary
Computation
Updated Data

SOURCE
Various
Deductions

Updated Data on
Employee

20

21

Ittriestoexpressverbalstatementsinamorelogical
framework.

Itusesnaturallanguagealongwiththeideasoflogic&block
structuring

22

If customerpaysadvance
t

d
then
Give5%discount
else
if
purchaseamount10,000
h
t
then
if
customerisaregularcustomer
then
Gi %di
Give5%discount
t
else
Nodiscount
endif
else
l
Nodiscount
endif
endif

23

Theseareappropriatewhenalargenumberofconditionsare
tobecheckedinarrivingatasetofactions

Rulesareformed

Fillthedecisiontable

24

RULE1:

Ifadvancepaymentmade
thengive5%discount

RULE2:

Ifnoadvancepaymentismadeandifthepurchase
amount10,000andthecustomerisaregularcustomer
thengive5%discount

RULE3:

Ifnoadvancepaymentismadeandifthepurchaseamount
is10,000andthecustomerisnotaregularcustomer
thengivenodiscount

RULE4:

Ifnoadvancepaymentismadeandifthepurchaseamount
isnot10,000
thengivenodiscount

25

Conditions
Advancepaymentsmade?
Purchaseamount10,000?
Regularcustomer

Rule1

Rule2

Rule3Rule4

N
Y
Y

N
Y
N

N
N

Actions
Give5%discount
5
NoDiscount

26

Graphicalwayofdepictingifthenelselogic

27

28

Custom
Development

Packaged System

Outsourcing

Business
need

The business need is

unique

The business need

is common

The business need is

not core to the business

In-house
experience

In-house functional
and technical
experience exists

In-house
functional
experience exists

In-house functional or
technical experience
does not exist

Project skills

Desire to build in
inhouse skills

Skills are not

strategic

Outsourcing is a
strategic decision

Project
management

Have highly skilled

project manager and
proven methodology

Project manager
can coordinate
vendors
vendor
s efforts

Highly skilled project

manager at appropriate
organizational level

Time frame

Time frame is
flexible

Time frame is short

Time frame is short or

flexible

29

30

SystemAcquisition&Testing

HardwareandSoftwareAcquisition
Testing
Documentation

31

System Documentation
Intendedtohelpprogrammersandanalysts

understandandmaintainthesystemafteritis
installed

User Documentation
Intendedtohelpusersoperatethesystem

32

33

g
y
g g
g
Transitioningtonewsystemsinvolvesmanagingchange
frompreexistingnormsandhabits.

Changemanagementinvolves:
g
g
Unfreezing looseninguppeopleshabitsandnorms
Moving transitionfromoldtonewsystems
Refreezing institutionalizeandmakeefficientthenew

wayofdoingthings

34

35

36

Risk

Cost

Time

37

Systemmaintenanceisaprocessofrefiningthesystemto
S
i
i
f fi i h

makesurethatitcontinuestomeetbusinessneeds.

WhyRequired?

Bugsinthesystem
Enhancementtothesystem
Software&networkchanges
Tochangeinorganizationsstrategy

38

39