Activity 1

Question 1
a) The various sub-system that exist in the business and their inter relationships.
solution:
Subsystems of a business are all the part of an organization working together for a common
purpose. Example of the subsystems is structure, vision, strategy, and culture. These
subsystems have their own independent ideas, structure but together they become the core of
an organization
Vision
The vision describes what the company is, what their missions are and where they want to
stand up in the future. The vision is extremely important for every employee to embrace.
Once a vision is cleared to everyone in the company, they share the vision and work toward
the collective goals of that vision.
Culture
The culture describes the atmosphere and environment. It includes people's behavior,
attitude and work ethic. An organization's culture should be learning-based, so people
always feel the need to learn new things and embrace change. The organization's shared
vision will help build a solid culture of which people will enjoy being a part.
Strategy
A company's policies and procedures help make up the strategy of the organization. The
strategy encompasses hiring the right people, training them to embrace the vision and the
culture of the company, and teaching them the correct way to do their jobs. Training them
from the first day of employment is important to establish standards and make sure
everyone understands what is expected of them.
Structure
The structure of the organization is important. The CEO or president and branches down to
lower levels within the organization can define structure as a top-down managerial
organization chart that is topped off. It is important to have an established structure from
the beginning, so employees know and understand where they stand in the organization, to
whom they answer and who is in charge. With established structure, the organization will
avoid any confusion when it comes for people to perform certain functions.
b) Analyse the input and outputs of the business .
solution:
Any business can be looked at as a process with inputs and outputs. Inputs are the resources
that companies use to deliver the outputs and outputs are specific things that the companies
deliver to achieve outcomes.

Input of the business: every production company adds value to the material it purchases in
order to sell those at profit. Thus inputs are everything necessary to add value to a product.
Raw materials and finished goods inventory are vital inputs for a wide range of businesses;
any interruption in this input can damage your companys revenue and image during an
emergency. Labor is a necessary input of a company. It is often a high cost input therefore
would be rated high for its potential to improve economic performance. These costs are also
outputs. Payments made to employees distribute wealth to individuals, families and
communities. Debt financing, as a necessary input, must be considered as well. Sources of
financing may dry up during a catastrophic event if your current lenders are nervous about
your company's ability to survive. Debt finance is the lifeblood of a range of companies,
and a lack of credit availability can be a death sentence for companies struggling to survive.
Output of the business: output is the products that can be sold after value has been added.
The main output of any business is its suite of products or services. Making sure that your
products or services reach customers during crises recovery is a core component of a
business. Success product is also a output but not in technically way.
c) List down the parties that are affected by the actions of the business as a whole.
solution:
Shareholders
Job
Suppliers
Costumers
Governments
In one way or the other these parties get affected due to the actions of the business and the
companies In turn is also affected by them, like is the capital is not provided by the
shareholders properly the company will not buy the raw material hence no product is made
by the company. This results in the reduction of the number of customers. Without money
no salaries paid to the employees and hence they will do work with honesty. When there is
no taxation towards the government, the infrastructure of company will not be satisfactory.
d) Solution:
SWOT matrix may helps to identify the internal and external environment of business.
When an organization matched internal strengths to external opportunities, it creates core
competencies in meeting the needs of its customers. SWOT is a structured planning tool
that may be used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
involved in running a business venture. A SWOT matrix may brakes into two parts: 1.
strength and weaknesses 2. Opportunities and threats. Internal environment factors are
strength and Weakness; External factors are Opportunities and Threats.
Strength and Weaknesses: this matrix helps to identify what changes need to be made to
the internal environmental factors an organization should look inward at its own strengths
and weaknesses. Internal environment has direct affect on business. Solid financial base, a
well-educated workforce, or high-tech equipments are an example of internal environment
factors which gives strengths to an organization. Some examples of organization's

weaknesses are unpaid employees, low morale, or poor direction from upper management.
A great organization tries to exploit their strengths and minimize their weaknesses.
Opportunities and Threats: Within in SWOT analysis, opportunities and risks make up
the external environment because these factors occur outside the company. External factors
like political factors, legal regulations, technology factors, these are outside environment.
These factors determine the Opportunities and threats or risks.

QUESTION :2
solution:
The Bar chart is a time-scaled graphic representation of project activities. It is popular in
construction industry because of its ability to graphically represent a projects activities on
a time scale. A bar chart has become a vehicle for representing many pieces of a projects
information. A project must be broken into smaller, usually homogeneous components,
each of which is called an activity or task.
When to use bar charts?
A bar chart is also known as bar graph or a Gantt chart, named after H.L. Gantt who
published one of the first recorded bar charts in 1931. Bar chart is a graphical tool that can
be used to present data in a way that is easy to read, easy to understand, and provides the
ability for easy comparison of all provided data. It may be used to provide the project
related information data from the individual schedule activities and work breakdown
structure components. In a typical bar chart the left side of the chart displays the work
breakdown structure components or the individual schedule activities, the dates in question
are placed along the top of the chart, and the activity durations are represented by dateplaced horizontal bars. the bar charts may be colour coded or may be filled in with patterns.
Bar charts are most commonly used for exhibiting program progress or defining specific
work required to accomplish an objective. Bar charts are advantageous in that they are
simple to understand and easy to change. They are the simplest and least complex means of
portraying progress and can easily be expanded to identify specific elements that would be
developed by the program inception.

A Bar Chart

Bar charts have some major limitations.

The first limitation of bar charts: is, it does not show the interdependencies of the
activates. It doesnt represent network of activates. The relationship between
activates are crucial for controlling program. Without this relationship, bar chart has
little predictive value.
The second limitations: bar charts cannot show the early or late start activates. Bar
charts do not reflect the true status of project.
Third limitations: bar chart do not show the uncertainty involved in the
programming the activity and therefore doesnt readily admit itself to sensitivity
analysis. For instance- it does not show what the estimated time to activity
completion is?

Fig. 1- Bar chart for single activity

Fig. 2-Bar chart for combined activates

How to overcome these limitations: even with these limitations, it is a useful tool for
program analysis. Some of limitations can be overcome by combining single activates. As
shown in the above figure. But this method do not indicates whether it is beginning of
activity or ending of activity. Therefore, numbers should represent events rather than
activates, together with proper identification. The bar chart also fails to define clearly the
relationship between the multiple activities on a single chart. For example, must event3 be
completed prior to event 5? Often, combined activity bar charts can be converted to
milestone bar charts by placing small triangles at strategic locations in the bars to indicate
completion of certain milestones within each activity or grouping of activities, as shown in
below figure.

Fig.3-Bar/ milestone charts

Bar charts can be converted to partial interrelationship chars by indicating arrows, in order
to perform activates. The figure 4 given below representing the interrelationship of
activates in figure 1 and 2

Fig.4-Partial Interrelations Ip chart

A great deal of information and colour can be included to chart. Figure 5 showing
comparison of project performed during different years. When using different shading
techniques, each area should be easily definable and no major area should be contrasted
between shaded areas. When grouped bars appear on one chart, non shaded chart should be
avoided. Each bar should have shading.

Fig.5-comparison of 3 projects during last years

Activity 2
a) solution: Job description for a Mechanical Designer

Job description
Job Title

Senior Mechanical Design engineer

Department

Design Department

Company

Agni Auto Part

Job Objective

product design and development or

manufacturing.

Main TASK

Design and optimization of mechanical

components for automotive systems.

Responsibilities

Assisting with planning, conducting, and

evaluating approaches to meet project
objectives in a timely, cost-effective
fashion.

Supervision

provides assistance and guidance to other

staff assigned to section/department

complexity

supervision of Designing department, guide

other pensar staff.

Decision Span

make decision on Design process and final

design. it depends on type of process and
accordingly decision is taken.

b) solution:
1. Health of employees: there is a special law for the health of employees working in
my Boeing company it is Factory Act 1948 along with this state insurance act and
the workmen compensation act 1923 a compensatory with it.

The main objectives of factories act 1948 is to protect the workers from long hours
of bodily strain or manual labour it focuses that the employees should work in a
healthy and sanitary condition environment and the manufacturing can allow and all
the precautions should be taken by the company for their complete safety and
prevention of accidents.
2. Safety of employees: Factory Act 1948 also counted for the safety of the
employees. For the security purpose of the employee his insure is necessary under
state insurance act 1948 and workmens compensation Act 1923 is also
compensatory to him. There is also a special act for safety and health purpose
known as the dock workmens act 1923 but it is limited to the ships only.
3. Environmental risks: if there is an industrial environmental misbehaviour a special
law is considered for the benefit of the employee known as state insurance act 1948.
It is social security legislation towards the employee. Enacted with the object of
ameliorating the various risks and contingencies sustained by employees while
serving in the company.
The main objective of the act is to provide the cash benefit in the case of sickness,
maternity and employment injury; pension to the dependents of the employees who had
died due to employment injuries and a medical benefit to the workers working in the
company. An ESI fund is made a contribution paid by employer and employees it includes
payment of benefits, provision of medical treatment to insured families meet charges in
connection with medical treatment.

Activity 3
The company is being produce various types of bicycles. David is choosing a Ten-speed
bicycle which is well known in market. He is doing reverse engineering on this product
and analyze the change that have been made over last years.

 Reverse engineering of Ten -speed bicycle

Customer's Perspective:Provide transportation at moderate speeds, with reasonable
comfort, safety, and reliability, without excessive effort, and at an affordable cost.
Engineer's Perspective:Transportation of one individual and cargo weighing up to XX
pounds, dimensions not to exceed A x B x C, with max speed up to YY mph on level or
concrete pavement, sustainable speed of ZZ mph for up to 3 hours, etc.
Functional Requirements:Required Speed: affected by weight, gearing, tire size, tire
design, frame design, streamlining.
Controllability: affected by handlebar position, dimensions, brake grip design, front tube
angle
Safety:
Braking Capability: braking capability affected by brake materials and design.
Tire Puncture: tire material, construction design affect the tire puncture. so,
construction of tyre and design should be so that less the chances of puncture.
Structure: the structure should be durable and affected by frame material, thickness,
welding, frame design.
Visibility: affected by finish, accessories, lights, reflectors.
Ergonomics:

seat design and construction affect the riding comfort.

handlebar location and designing affect the steering stability, and gear changing.
Braking affected by design of brake handgrip, calipers, leverage.
Power Delivery affected by frame size, crankset dimensions, gearing, gearshift
location, size, and type.

Economics:
material used in manufacturing and labour increase initial cost.
Maintenance Cost affected by tire materials, brake materials, durability of
components, complexity of subsystem design.
sub-systems of bicycle

Frame
Seat
Steering, including handlebar and fork
Wheels, including hubs, spokes, rim, and tires
Power Input, including crankset and foot pedals
Power Transmission, including front and rear derailleurs, gears, gear shift levers,
and chain
Brakes, including brake pads, calipers, cables, and handgrips
list of changes that have been made over last years:

 Early designs used aluminum alloys to make the structure of bicycle. because this is
lightweight and gives more efficiency.
the gear ratio is improved.
they are now used tubeless tyre to reduce maintenance cost.
the handle of cycle is designed in such a ergonomic way. it gives more comfort while
changing gears and do braking.
Innovation in design
The chainless bicycle is very innovative idea for new product. it will replace the chain
and transmits power to the driven wheel through a mechanism other than a metal chain. the
components used in this idea is bevel gears and a metal shaft.the helical design of bevel
gears will produce less noise and reductions.drive shaft is much durable than chain. drive
shaft need less maintenance and no production of noises.
Advantages of this design:

durable design
less noise and vibrations
efficient
comfort ride
lower cost
clean design due to no chain

Activity 4
various inspection techniques using that are employee in the company
Sorting out failures: The most common type of inspection that has been done for years on
the assembly lines involves sorting the defective items from the acceptable product. This
method is sometimes referred to as "creating quality by inspection" and is not considered an
effective quality management approach.
Production line inspection: For example, at the end of a production line the inspector
gives final approval whether or not parts are good. The rejects are put into scrap or are reworked. This assures only quality material reaches the next stage, but it does not address
the cause of the failed parts nor does it correct that problem.

Office work inspection: In another situation, office workers may complete reports only to
have their manager reject many of them as unacceptable. Those reports must be re-done
until acceptable. Again, the reason for the failures is not addressed, and the rejection rate
remains constant.
Approach
In both cases, sorting out failures can be a wasteful and expensive method to get quality
goods. Another thing it does is to accept a certain level of failure. That acceptance subtly
creates an atmosphere of accepting failure in all work that is done by the company.
Gathering failure information
A more effective method to inspect consists of gathering information and using data gained
from inspection to control the process and prevent future defects. Statistical Process Control
(SPC) is a type of this type of inspection.
Inspections at intermediate stages: Since work-in-process undergoes many operating steps
as it is moved through a manufacturing facility, inspections are often conducted at
intermediate stages in the process. The inspections give statistical information necessary to
determine the cause of the quality problem, so that it can be prevented in the future. SPC
does not aggressively seek to eliminate defects and in some cases changes may be
implemented too slowly to be fully effective.

White collar examples: One example in the office is that the boss may inspect a report at
various stages, making corrections. He may then see that perhaps there was a
communication problem in stating the requirements that may be rectified. In the office, the
engineering manager may monitor the designs of his engineers, making corrections along
the way. The engineers learn from his changes and the final design is relatively free of
errors. This method of making inspections at intermediate stages is certainly better than
waiting until the product in completed to inspect for acceptance or rejection.
Inspection by workers
One other inspection method is to have workers inspect the item from the prior operation
before proceeding. In this way quality feedback can be given on a much timelier basis.
Each operation performs both production and quality inspection.
By monitoring where most problems occur in a production line, a quality manager can
pinpoint causeswhether it is a drunken worker or a defective piece of equipment. In an
office environment, there is no individual monitoring the quality of the work, as there often
is in a factory. Perhaps there should be. Typically, when a piece of work gets passed from
one person to another, informal corrections is told to the previous worker.
Quality control techniques used in the company under my study:

Quality control is generally used in company in developing systems to ensure products or

services. They are designed to meet or exceed customer requirements and are often
developed together with other business and engineering disciplines. Choosing the best
quality control methods for your manufacturing business can sometimes be difficult. It is a
vital part of any good manufacturing business and without a good quality control method in
place a system has no chance of staying in control of the worth of their product in the eyes
of
the consumer. Different quality control methods there are several different quality
control methods you can choose from: quality assurance, failure testing, statistical process
control, company quality, total quality control.
Statistical Process Control (SPC)
this company used statistical control to bring the organization to Six Sigma levels of
quality. Traditional statistical process controls in manufacturing operations usually proceed
by randomly sampling and testing a fraction of the output.
Statistical Process Control (SPC) is an effective method of monitoring a production process
through the use of control charts. By collecting in-process data or random samples of the
output at various stages of the production process, one can detect variations or trends in the
quality of the materials or processes that may affect the quality of the end product. Because
data are gathered during the production process, problems can be detected and prevented
much earlier than methods that only look at the quality of the end product. Early detection
of problems through SPC can reduce wasted time and resources and may detect defects that
other methods would not. Additionally, production processes can be streamlined through
the identification of bottlenecks, wait times, and other sources of delay by use of SPC.