Lecture 11: Principles of Radiation

and Antennas

Ref. Textbook, sec. 10-1, 10-2

What will you Learn

Why the EM wave will radiate?

How the EM radiation will look like?
What is the radiated pattern of Hertzian dipole?
How to describe basic radiation characteristics?
How the radiation interact with circuits?
What is the radiation of linear Antennas?

R. B. Wu
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EM Wave Generation
by accelerating charge model
v(t )
v

q moving along
z-axis
0

t
for t >> t

for t < 0

B1 = 0

E1

E2

B2
q

at z = v t

at z = 0

2001

Ref: Tessman & Finnel, 1967, Amer. J. Phys., 35, p.523

123

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EM Wave Generation (cont)

Process A
(Faraday law)
Process B
(Maxwells law)

B = B1 B 2

E =

B
t

E = E1 E 2

B =

E
t

dJ
dt

wave propagation

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EM Wave Generation (cont)

Er =

q
4 o r 2

E v sin t
=
Er
c t
(t >> t )

a=

Electric field lines around

an accelerating charge

E =

r
v t sin

r
v
;t =
t
c

q a sin

4 o c 2 r

c t

v t

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Far Field due to Oscillating Current

z
d

a=

d 2 z d

= ( j ) 2 e j t
dt 2
2

a=

d 2z
d

= ( j ) 2 e jt
dt 2
2

d

d

dS

idealization
q=

I
j

I = J dS
q

E (r , t ) =

[q ( q)] d2
( j ) 2 e
4 o c 2

j ( t cr )

sin
r

j o Id
e j (t r )
E =
sin
4r
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Far Field due to Short Dipole

HP

(assume same e jt factor)

P(r , , )

EP

for large r

d

I
Jdv = zId

z = ( r cos sin )
j 0
EP =
r ( r Jdv)e jr
4r

jo e jr
E P =
Id
sin
4r
1
H P = r E P ;

= 120

r (r Jdv) = (r Jdv )r Jdv

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Field Radiating
Freq.
dc

The current oscillates in the

wires and the field lines
propagate away from the
dipole and form closed loops.
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Hertzian Dipole
Q(t)

I (t ) = I 0 cos t

d

Q (t ) =

I0

sin t

-Q(t)

Freq.:

dc.


 Id
Id

A=
=
z
4r
4r
Magnetic vector potential for a
current element in static case, 4.5

Retarded vector potential

 I d

r
A = 0 cos t

4r
vp

I 0 d

cos ( t r )z
4r
I 0 d
jr

e z
phasor 4 r
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=

Realization of Hertzian Dipole

Capacitor plate
antenna makes the
current distribution
nearly uniform
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Potential Functions

 
E
H = J +
t

H
E =
t

B = 0

D =

J +
=0
t


2
2 A J
2 =
t

Ref.: Textbook, Sec.4.4



 B

H = ; B = A



A

E=
t


Lorentz

 1
2 A

J = A + 2 + gauge,
t
t


 =0
1 2 
2 A 1
A 2 + A +
=

t
t
2


= A + 2 = 2 2
t
t



A J
+ =

(
phasor

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Field due to Infinitesimal Current




2 A + 2 A = J

J = zI 0 d
at r = 0

A = Az (r )z
1 2 Az
2
r
+ A z = J z
r 2 r r

at dc Az (r ) =
at ac Az (r ) =

I 0 d

4r

I 0 d
jr
e
4r
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Fields due to Hertzian Dipole

 I d

A = 0 e jr z; z = r cos sin
4r

r
 1 r 2 sin r sin r
 1

H = A = r

A
rA 0
r

j I 0 d
sin jr
1

=
e 1 +
4r
jr



1
E=
H
j
1

jI 0 d
jr
1
1
1
r + sin 1 +

=
e 2 cos
+
+
2
4r
jr ( jr ) 2
jr ( jr )

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Near & Far Fields

Far field : as r , 1 r 3 << 1 r 2 << 1 r

 jI 0 d
sin jr
E=
e ;
4r

 j I 0 d
sin jr
H=
e
4r

Poynting vector varies proportionately to 1/r2 and is

directed entirely in the radial direction.
Near field : as r << 1, 1 r 3 >> 1 r 2 >> 1 r
 jI 0 d
jr
E=
e
2 cosr + sin
4r 3

 I d
sin jr
H= 0
e
4r 2

tends to static field

expressions
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Comparison with Uniform Plane Wave

Same properties
At large distance we have the expressions for the Far Field
At sufficient distance from the antenna, the radiated fields are
perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation.
The magnetic field and electric field are in phase

Significant Differences
The surfaces of constant phase are spherical instead of planar, and
the wave travels in the radial direction.
The intensities of the fields are inversely proportional to the
distance, therefore the field intensities decay while they are
constant for a uniform plane wave
The field intensities are not constant on a given surface of constant
phase. The intensity depends on the sine of the elevation angle
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Radiation Resistance
 jI 0 d
sin jr
E=
e
4r
Ae jr sin
=
;
4r
 Ae jr sin
H =

4 r
2

 *
A sin 2
1
P = 2 Re E H =
r
32 2 r 2
2
2


2
A
1 2 d

Prad = r P r 2 sin d d =
= I 02

=0 =0
12 2 3
2
2
2 d

2 d

Rrad =
=
80

under uniform current

=
120

assumption!
3

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Total Radiated Power

The total radiated

power is
independent of
distance. Although
the power decreases
with distance, the
integral of power
over concentric
spherical wave
fronts remains
constant.
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Radiation Pattern
Electric Field and Magnetic Field

Fixed r

Plane containing the antenna

proportional to sin

Plane perpendicular to the antenna

omnidirectional or isotropic

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Time-average Power Flow

Fixed r

Plane containing the antenna

proportional to sin2

Plane perpendicular to the antenna

omnidirectional or isotropic

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Far-field Pattern of Short Dipole

(a) E-plane (b) H-plane (c) 3-dim. view with cutout

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10

Directivity
Pr =

P0
f ( , ) D = 4
r2

[ f ( , ) ]max

=0

=0

f ( , ) sin d d

For Hertzian dipole

at =
32 2 r 2
2
Pr max
= 1 .5
Directivity: D =
Pav
Pr

max

Pave =

Prad
4 r 2

The directivity gives a measure of

how the actual antenna performs in
the direction of maximum radiation,
with respect to the ideal isotropic
antenna which emits the average
power in all directions.

48 2 r 2

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Did you Learn

EM Generation by Accelerating Charge Model

Field generated by Hertzian dipole
Radiation Resistance and Directivity
Linear Antennas

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11

Homework
P10.1, P10.3, P10.6, P10.8, P10.10

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Antennas
Transmitter

Transmitting
Antenna

Transmission Line

Electromagnetic
Wave

Receiving
Antenna

Receiver
Transmission Line

Electromagnetic
Wave

Antennas are transducers that transfer electromagnetic energy

between a transmission line and free space.
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12

Examples of Common Antennas

Linear dipole fed
by a two-wire line

Linear monopole fed

by a single wire
over a ground plane

Coaxial ground
plane antenna

Linear elements connected

to outer conductor of the
coaxial cable simulate the
ground plane
Loop antenna

Multiple loop antenna wound

around a ferrite core
Uda-Yagi dipole array
Loop dipole

Parabolic (dish) antenna

Log-periodic array

Passive elements

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Equivalent Circuit
For transmitting antenna

Antenna behaves like an equivalent

impedance, and transmitter like a
generator

For receiving antenna

Antenna behaves like a generator,

and receive like a load impedance
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13

Dipole Antenna

Note: This is the return

current on the second wire,
not the reflected current
already included in the
standing wave pattern.

Note that the standing

wave pattern has been
modified.

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Linear Antennas in Time Domain

Gray scale: magnitude of the electric field

Line drawings: surface charge density

Radiation of a Gaussian pulse from the cylindrical monopole antenna by FDTD.

Source: Maloney et al., IEEE AP, pp.1059-68, 1990
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14

Center-fed Dipole current distribution

feeding line

I ( x, t ) = I m sin [k (
x )]e jt

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Solution by General Source

in far field, r-r >> r ;

r-r r r r
A (r )

jr
e J (r )e jrr dV
V
4r

j 0 jr
e r (r J (r)e jrr dV )
V
4r

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15

Center-fed Dipole
J (r ) dV ' = zI ( ) d
r ( r z ) = r sin
= sin

z
r cos
d

r r = z r = cos

2

j o e jr

E =
sin
4r

I ( )

I ( )e j cos d

If I ( ) = I m sin (
);

E = j 60 I m

e jr cos(
cos ) cos

r
sin

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31

Half-wave Dipole - Radiation Characteristics

( 2
= )
2

cos 2 (2 cos )
d
0
sin
= 36.7 I m2 = 12 I m2 Rrad

Prad = 60 I m2

Rrad = 73

cos(2 cos )
sin

D peak =

Pr ( = 90o )
= 1.64
Prad
or 2.15 dBi
4r 2

3dB Beamwidth = 78o

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16

Input Impedance
1+
1

|I|

feeding line
1+
VSWR =
1

Prad

I0
We, Wm

Ploss

Z in =

Prad + Ploss + 2 j (Wm We )

*
1
2 Io Io

circuit
model

Zo
transmission line

Z in Z o
Z in + Z o

Zin
Bandwidth: f over which || < 1/3,
(or VSWR < 2)
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Input Impedance of Half-wave Dipole

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17

Linear Antenna of Arbitrary Length

=

jI m e jr
F ( )
2r
jI e jr
H = m
F ( );
2r
E =

=0

cos(
cos ) cos

F ( ) =

sin

Rrad =
=

I ( ) = I m sin (
)

2
F ( ) sin d
0
[F 2 ( )]max

D peak =

F 2 ( ) sin d
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18