Aerodynamics-II QB

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
AERODYNAMICS II
QUESTION BANK
PART - A
UNIT I ONE DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
1. What is meant by Supersonic flow?
2. What do you understand by the term Gas Dynamics?
3. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow
4. Write the Bernoullis equation for incompressible flow.
5. Write the adiabatic relation between temperature, pressure and density.
6. What is meant by Mach angle?
7. Draw the propagation of disturbance waves for subsonic and supersonic
condition.
8. Draw the flow around a wedge for subsonic and supersonic flow.
9. What is meant by Mach cone?
10. Define (i)Zone of action (ii) Zone of silence (iii) Mach Waves (or) Mach lines.
11. Classify the flow regimes interms of Mach number.
12. What is meant by Transonic and supersonic flow?
13. State the First Law of Thermodynamics.
14. Define (i) Adiabatic process (ii) Reversible process (iii) Isentropic process
15. What is meant by System and Surrounding?
16. Differentiate between open system and closed system.
17. State the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
18. Define Thermal and calorical properties.
19. What are the limitations of air consider as perfect gas.
20. What is meant by barotropic fluids?
21. How velocity of the flow varies in convergent and divergent ducts for subsonic
and supersonic condition.

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22. What is meant by De Laval Nozzle?

23. Write the Area Mach number relation?
24. Define the following terms:
(i) Static pressure (ii) Dynamic pressure (iii) Total pressure (iv) Pitot pressure (v)
Geometric pressure.
25. Define Pressure Coefficient.
26. Write the Bernoullis equation for compressible flow.

UNIT II NORMAL, OBLIQUE SHOCKS AND EXPANSION WAVES

27. What is meant by Normal Shock?
28. Write the shock relation of the perfect gas?
29. Write the Hugoniot equation and explain each terms involved in it.
30. Define (i) Wave Motion (ii) Wave Speed (iii) Plane waves
31. What is meant by shock tube?
32. What are the applications of shock tube?
33. Define Oblique shock?
34. Differentiate between shock wave and expansion wave.
35. Draw the flow pattern of supersonic flow over corners.
).) and Flow deflection angle (36. Define Shock angle (
).) and Flow deflection angle (37. Write the relation between Shock angle (
38. What is meant by Shock Polar?
39. Define Sonic circle.
40. What is meant by Detached shock?
41. Define Mach Reflection.
42. Write the Prandtl relation of Normal shock wave.
43. Define Hodograph Plane.
44. Draw the shock polar for different Mach numbers.
45. What is meant by Reflection and Intersection of Shocks and Expansion waves?
46. Define Simple and Non-simple regions.

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47. Distinguish between Like and Unlike reflection of shock wave.

48. What is meant by Diamond wave pattern in Supersonic nozzle?
49. Define Prandtl Meyer Expansion
50. Define Wave Drag.
UNIT III DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR STEADY COMPRESSIBLE
FLOWS
51. Write the equation of linearised small perturbation potential theory.
52. Write the Prandtl Glauret Rule.
53. Write the Geotherts Rule.
54. Define Mach waves.
55. Define Mach angles.
56. What is perturbation potential function?
57. How is flow over a cone different from flow over a wedge?
58. Write down the critical pressure coefficient from the Prandtl-Glauret rule.
59. What are the assumptions of small perturbation potential theory?
60. What is meant by linearised two-dimensional supersonic theory?
61. What are the assumptions used in linearised two-dimensional supersonic
theory?
62. What are the practical application of Prandtl-Glauert Rule?
63. What is importance of the Geotherts rule?
64. List out the practical application of linearised two-dimensional supersonic
theory.
65. Explain how lift and drag produced in supersonic profiles.
66. Define center of pressure.
67. Draw the pithching moment curve for supersonic profiles.
68. How pithching moment and center of pressure varies with angle of attack for
a supersonic profile?
69. Draw the various supersonic profiles.
70. How lift and drag varies with angle of attack for a supersonic profile?

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UNIT IV AIRFOIL IN HIGH SPEED FLOWS

71. State Supersonic area rule.
72. Explain how supersonic airfoil profiles are fundamentally different from
subsonic airfoil profiles
73. Define Critical Mach number.
74. Distinguish between Lower Critical Mach number and Upper Critical Mach
number.
75. What is meant by lift and drag divergence?
76. What is the cause of the Lift and drag divergence over airfoil in high speed
flows?
77. What is meant by shock induced separation?
78. List out the characteristics of swept wings?
79. What is the effect of thickness over the performance of wings?
80. What is the effect of camber over the performance of wings?
81. Define Aspect ratio.
82. What is the effect of aspect ratio over the performance of wings?
83. What is meant by Transonic area rule?
84. What is meant by Sonic barrier?
85. Why drag increases drastically over sonic speed?
86. How the drag coefficient (CD) varies with Mach number (M)?
87. What is meant by tip effects?
88. Name some transonic area ruled aircraft.
UNIT V HIGH SPEED WIND TUNNELS
89. What are the principles of model testing?
90. What are the salient features of Hypersonic wind tunnels?
91. What is a wind tunnel and classify the wind tunnels?
92. What instruments are used to measure the fluctuating pressures on the
models?
93. What are the characteristic features of Hypersonic wind tunnels?

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94. What is shock tube and what is its application?

95. What is meant by Blow down tunnel?
96. Distinguish between indraft and induction tunnel?
97. What are the components on the Transonic wind tunnel?
98. List out the calibration carried out in the Transonic wind tunnel.
99. What are the components on the supersonic wind tunnel?
100. List out the calibration carried out in the supersonic wind tunnel.
101. What are the components on the hypersonic wind tunnel?
102. List out the calibration carried out in the hypersonic wind tunnel.
103. What is meant by helium tunnels?
104. What is meant by gun tunnel?
105. What are the application of gun tunnels?
106. What is meant by Shock tube?
107. What are the applications of Shock tube?
108. What is meant by flow visualizations?
109. What are the data we can get from the flow visualization?
110. List out the various flow visualization methods.
111. What are the optical flow visualization methods?
112. Draw the shadowgraph flow visualization setup?
113. Draw the Schlieren flow visualization setup?

PART - B
UNIT I ONE DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
1. Derive the fundamental equation for compressible flow.
2. Explain Quasi-one dimensional flow and area velocity relation.
3. Define De Laval Nozzle and derive the Area Mach number relation.
4. With neat sketch briefly explain the flow in a Convergent-divergent nozzle.
5. Write short notes on
6. Pitot Pressure Probe (ii) Static Pressure Probe (iii) Pitot static probe.
7. Derive the expression for Pressure coefficient with and without compressibility

Aerodynamics-II QB

correction.
8. For an aircraft flying at a speed of 1000kmph, find the variation of speed of
sound a, and Mach number M, with sea level and 11km altitude.
9. During a flight, a fighter aircraft attains its cruise speed of 600 m/s at 10km
altitude after taking off at 150 m/s from sea level. Assuming the speed to have
increased linearly with altitude during the climb, compute the Mach number
variation with altitude.
10. A fighter aircraft attains its maximum speed of 2160 kmph at an altitude of 12
km. The take-off speed at sea level is 270 kmph. If the flight speed increases
linearly with altitude, compute the variation of stagnation temperature with
altitude for a climb up to the maximum speed.
11. Air flows through a duct. The pressure and temperature at station 1 are P1 =
0.7 atm and T1 = 300C, respectively. At a second station, the pressure is 0.5 atm.
Calculate the temperature and density at the second station. Assume the flow to
be isentropic.
12. Air is allowed to expand from an initial state A (where PA = 2.068 x 105 N/m2
and TA = 333K) to state B (where PB = 1.034 x 105 N/m2 and TB = 305 K).
Calculate the change in the specific entropy of the air, and show that the change
in entropy is the same for (a) an isobaric process from A to some intermediate
state C followed by an isovolumetric change from C to B, and (b) an isothermal
change from A to some intermediate state D followed by an isentropic change
from D to B.
13. A storage chamber of a compressor is maintained at 1.8 atmospheres
absolute and 200C. The surrounding ambient pressure is 1 atm. Calculate (a) the
velocity with which airflow will take place from the chamber to the outside
through a unit area hole, (b) the mass flow rate per unit area. Assume air as a
perfect gas.
= 213 K, at exit Pexit = 0.3 atm). = 0.3 atm and T14. A ramjet flies at 11 km
altitude with a flight mach number of 0.9. In the inlet diffuser, the air is brought
to the stagnation condition so that it is stationary just before the combustion
chamber. Combustion takes place at constant pressure and a temperature
increase of 15000C results. The combustion products are then ejected through
the nozzle. (a) Calculate the stagnation pressure and temperature. (b) What will

Aerodynamics-II QB

be the nozzle exit velocity? ( At inlet P

15. A De Laval Nozzle has to be designed for an exit Mach number of 1.5 with exit
diameter of 200mm. Find the ratio of throat area to exit area necessary. The
reservoir conditions are given as P0 = 1 atm; T0 = 200C. Find also the maximum
mass flow rate through the nozzle. What will be the exit pressure and
temperature?

UNIT II NORMAL, OBLIQUE SHOCKS AND EXPANSION WAVES

16. (i) Derive the equation of motion for a Normal shock wave.
(ii) Derive the Prandtl Normal Shock relation for a Perfect gas.
17. Derive the Hugoniot equation and explain the Hugoniot Curve.
18. Briefly explain the Shock tube and its applications.
).) and Flow deflection angle (19. Derive the Relation between Shock angle (
20. Briefly explain the Shock Polar.
21. Briefly explain the functions of Pitot static tube and list out the corrections
needed for subsonic and supersonic flows.
22. How Oblique shock forms? And explain its properties in detail.
23. Briefly explain the characteristic of flow over wedges and concave corners.
24. Briefly explain the features of two dimensional supersonic nozzle contours.
25. Write short notes on:
(i) Weak and detached shocks
(ii) Rayleigh Flow
(iii) Fanno flow
26. Briefly explain the Reflection and Intersection of Shock wave and Expansion
wave.
27. With neat sketches explain the Supersonic shock expansion theory.
28. The flow Mach number, pressure, and temperature ahead of a normal shock
are given as 2.0, 0.5 atm and 300 K respectively. Determine M2, P2 , T2, and V2
behind the wave.
= 1.4 and R = 287 J/kg-K.29. A re-entry vehicle (RV) is at an altitude of 15,000 m
and has a velocity of 1850 m/s. A bow shock wave envelops the RV. Neglecting

Aerodynamics-II QB

dissociation, determine the stagnation pressure and temperature just behind the
shock wave on the RV center line where the shock wave may be treated as
normal shock.. Assume that the air behaves as perfect gas, with

30. A normal shock moves in a constant area tube as shown in figure. In region 1,
V1 = 100 m/s, T1 = 300C and P1 = 0.7 atm. Shock speed CS with respect to a fixed
coordinate system is 600 m/s. Find fluid properties in region 2.

V2 2 1 V1
CS
P2 T2 P1 T1

31. Write short notes on

(i) Supersonic flow over a wedge
(ii) Weak Oblique shocks
(iii) Supersonic Compression
(iv) Supersonic Expansion by Turning

Aerodynamics-II QB

UNIT III DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR STEADY COMPRESSIBLE

FLOWS
32. Derive the linearised small perturbation potential theory.
33. Write short notes on.
(i) Mach waves
(ii) Mach angles
(iii) Solutions for Supersonic flows.
34. Derive the Linearised two-dimensional supersonic flow theory.
35. Derive the Prandtl Glauret affine transformation relations for subsonic flows.
36. Briefly explain the lift, drag, pitching momemt and center of pressure of
supersonic profiles.
37. Write short notes on:
(i) Shock Expansion method
(ii) Small perturbation equation for compressible flows
38. (i) Explain with a neat sketches, swept wing, swing wing and Ogee planform
(8)
(ii) What is a critical Mach number and explain from P-G rule (Prandtl Glauert) (8)
39. (i) What is the main application of small pertubation equation for
compressible flows? Given an example with a neat sketch. (8)
(ii) Explain Prandtl-Glauert compressibility correction for compressible flows.
What are the other methods for compressibility correction? (8)
(iii) What is Area Rule? (8)

UNIT IV AIRFOIL IN HIGH SPEED FLOWS

40. Explain the rules, wing fuselage combinations designs for the Transonic
configurations and supersonic configurations.
41. Briefly explain the characteristics features of the lower critical mach number

Aerodynamics-II QB

and upper critical mach number.

42. Explain in detail about lift and drag divergence.
43. Explain with neat sketch about the shock induced separation.
44. Briefly explain the characteristics features of swept wings.
45. Briefly explain the effects of thickness, camber and aspect ratio over the
performance of wings in high speed flows.
46. Briefly explain the need and characteristic features of Transonic area rule.
47. Explain the following;
(iii) Disadvantages of Swept wings
(iv) Delta wing
UNIT V HIGH SPEED WIND TUNNELS
48. Explain the Hypersonic wind tunnel (Helium) with sketches.
49. (i) Sketch a typical shock tunnel and explain its principle of operation. What
are the advantages and limitations of shock tunnel? (8)
(ii) Explain how measurements of pressure, velocity and Mach number can be
done in a supersonic wind tunnel. (8)
50. Draw a neat sketch of a supersonic wind tunnel circuit and explain the
function of each component.
51. Draw a neat sketch of a transonic wind tunnel circuit and explain the function
of each component.
52. Draw a neat sketch of a hypersonic wind tunnel circuit and explain the
function of each component.
53. Briefly explain the Blow down, indraft and induction tunnel layouts and their
design features.
54. Explain in detail about the various calibration of supersonic wind tunnel.
55. Explain in detail about the various calibration of transonic wind tunnel.
56. Explain in detail about the various calibration of hypersonic wind tunnel.
57. Briefly explain the Helium and gun tunnels and its applications.
58. What is meant by Shock tube? Explain in detail its working principle and
characteristics and list out its application.
59. Briefly explain the various optical methods of flow visualization.