Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SAE TECHNICAL
PAPER SERIES
d-//,9&
The Engineering Society
=For
Advancing Mobility
and Sea Air and Space,
4 0 0 C O M M O N W E A L T H D R I V E , W A R R E N D A L E , P A 1 5 0 9 6 - 0 0 0 1 U.S.A.
Downloaded from SAE International by University of Michigan, Sunday, November 23, 2014
The appearance of the ISSNcode at the bottom of this page indicates SAE's consent
that copies of the paper may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients.
This consent is given on thecondition, however, that the copier pay a$5.00 per article
copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Operations Center, 27
Congress St., Salem, MA 01970 for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107
or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of
copying such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional
purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.
SAE routinely stocks printed papers for a period of three years following date of
publication. Direct your orders to SAE Customer Service Department.
To obtain quantity reprint rates, permission to reprint a technical paper or permission
to use copyrighted SAE publications in other works, contact the SAE Publications
Group.
ISSN 0148-7191
Copyright 1992 Society of Automotive Engineers, lnc.
Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not
necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the
paper. A process is available by which discussions will be printed with the paper if
it is published in SAE transactions. For permission to publish this paper in full or in
part, contact the SAE Publications Division.
Persons wishing to submit papers to be considered for presentation or publication
through SAE should send the manuscript or a 300 word abstract of a proposed
manuscript to: Secretary, Engineering Activity Board, SAE.
Printed in USA
Downloaded from SAE International by University of Michigan, Sunday, November 23, 2014
N = rotational speed
Ns = specific speed
ABSTRACT
Many kinds of turbochargers have been mounted to
engines for automotive use. Now, conventional, wastegated,
variable geometry turbocharger and many systems are
available. These turbocharged engines have many
advantages, such as a high specific output power and good
efficiency. Diesel engines are more suitable to turbocharging
than spark ignition engines. But recently for a growing
interest in acid rain and green house effect problems,
regulations of engine exhaust gas emission have been
tightened in Japan, USA and Europe. NOx and particulate
matter from automotive engines must be reduced. In the
USA, transient response of boost pressure has been important also for the EPA transient test mode. To cope with
these regulations, diesel engine manufacturers demand
turbocharger makers to provide far higher boost pressure
than ever to supply more air to engines to improve combustion process. The requirements for turbocharger performance
are wide operating range, high efficiency, and high specificspeed. Additionally, high pressure ratio also becomes
important.
To satisfy these requirements, the new type of turbocharger series has been developed.
A compressor impeller for high pressure ratio was
developed by reducing the impeller exit angle and increasing
number of impeller blades. Air flow capacity of this new
impeller was greater than conventional impeller by twenty
percent at the same impeller tip diameter. Further, the rig
test confirmed the reliability for low cycle fatigue life.
A mixed-flow turbine of small-diameter, light-weight
and large swallowing-capacity was also developed. Stress
analysis was proceeded on this new turbine impeller and
housing.
NOMENCLATURE
G = mass flow rate
g = gravity constant
Had = adiabatic head
kg/s
ds2
m
BACKGROUND
Many kinds of turbochargers have been mounted to
spark ignition and diesel engines for automotive use.
Turbochargers have been used to increase the specific
output power and to reduce the specific fuel consumption
for long time. On the other hand, as smog in the big city,
acid rain in the Northern hemisphere and green house effect
are interested in, exhaust gas emission fiom automotive
engines is going to be reduced. In many countries, exhaust
gas emission from spark ignition engines had been restricted
by some regulations about ten years ago. But in case of
Downloaded from SAE International by University of Michigan, Sunday, November 23, 2014
0. 5
1. 0
Q*
COMPRESSOR
HIGH PRESSURE RATIO COMPRESSOR-There are
several ways to get high pressure ratio of compressor. They
are as follows:
(1) increase of impeller peripheral speed
(2) reduction of impeller exit angle
(3) increase of number of impeller blades
Turbochargers for racing car can generate high pressure
ratio (e.g., 4.0) for extra high output power. But those
compressors are used under almost the high level limit of
peripheral speed of the impeller for automotive turbochargers. High peripheral speed produces the high level
centrifugal stress of impeller. The impeller for automotive
turbochargers is usually made of aluminum casting. The life
of trucks, which use mainly diesel engines, has been
elongated steadily to over one million kilometers and the
impellers have been used almost at the limit of durability.
Further with high peripheral speed, relative Mach number at
impeller inlet increases and shock wave loss also increases.
Therefore attempt to make high pressure ratio without
increase of peripheral speed was studied.
Since increase of impeller exit angle (large back swept
angle) makes flow range wider, it has been gradually
applied and now 30 to 40 degree is usually used. But this
method reduces pressure ratio at the same impeller peripheral speed. For automotive applications, turbochargers must
have enough flow range to satisfy the requirement of
'Numbers in parentheses designate references at the
end of the paper.
Downloaded from SAE International by University of Michigan, Sunday, November 23, 2014
10
12
14
16
M u 2 :peripheral s eed
rnach numb&
10
12
I6
14
b
I
0. 0
I
0. 6
1. 0
Q*
a) Velocity vector
b) Pressure contour
Downloaded from SAE International by University of Michigan, Sunday, November 23, 2014
new imDeller
conveniiona~impeller
0. 0
0. 2
'
0. 4
0. 6
M e r i d i o n a l d i s t a n c e ratio
0. 8
m/mz
1. 0
impell.,
Maximum circumferential
shape
and
maximum
Downloaded from SAE International by University of Michigan, Sunday, November 23, 2014
0. 0
0. 5
1. 0
V o l u m e flow ratio
2'
TURBINE
TURBINE DESIGN AND RELIABILITY TESTSAutomotive engines are operated various engine speed and
load conditions. Then turbochargers are required to have
wide flow range and good efficiency. Further, for appropriate flow characteristic of turbine is very important. In other
conventional model
ut = 434m/s
compressor side
0. 2 5
0.30
0.35
0. 4 0
ma/
Downloaded from SAE International by University of Michigan, Sunday, November 23, 2014
a) Fundamental mode
b) Second mode
Downloaded from SAE International by University of Michigan, Sunday, November 23, 2014
REFERENCES
:,
ra I I inflow
t
i
mtx d flow
turb%i
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.0
1.0
1.1
(GTT,/P,).
CONCLUSIONS
A high pressure ratio turbocharger for automotives was
developed. Compressor and turbine shape were decided
through many numerical simulations and experiments. The
compressor has high pressure ratio with high efficiency and
sufficient flow range. Turbine also has large volume flow
capacity with compact size and small rotational inertia.
Further stress level of these compressor and turbine are the
same as conventional compressor impeller and turbine wheel
respectively. These compressor and turbine were assembled
in a compact casing and tested on engine. This turbocharger
is expected to extract good engine performances.
In the future, exhaust gas regulations for automotive
engines are going to be tightened and much higher pressure
ratio will be required to automotive turbochargers. So we
will continue further efforts for' development of high
pressure ratio compressor and turbine for automotive
turbochargers on the basis of this research.