MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE

Momentum Equation: Derivation

dBsys

The control volume equation is

dt

d
cv bdV cs b V dA
dt

Let B equal the momentum of the system, therefore b, the corresponding intensive property or

momentum per unit mass is simply the velocity V , which is fluid velocity relative to cs at the

d mV

location where the flow is crossing the surface. Then,

sys

dt

d
dt

cv

V dV

cs

V V dA

According to Newtons second law, the summation of all externalforces on

a system is equal to the rate

d mV
dV
m
ma F
dt
dt

d
A
F

d
V

dt cv
cs

of change of momentum of that system,

Thus,

In word, the vector sum of the real applied external forces acting on the system, or in the cv (e.g,
forces acting ON the jet by vane or wall etc.) equal the time rate of increase of linear momentum in the
cv plus the net rate at which momentum is leaving through the cs. Forces may be surface forces (like
pressure forces pA) or body forces (like weight, W = V).
d
When there is uniform velocity in the stream crossing the cs, F
dt

cv

V dV

V V A
cs

For uniform velocity across flow sections, the momentum equation in the Cartesian coordinates in
x direction:
y direction:
z direction:

d
Vx V A

d
V

x
x
cs
dt cv

d
Vy V A

d
V

y dt cv y
cs

d
Vz V A

d
V

z dt cv z
cs

Moment of Momentum Equation:

rF

The moment of a force

about a point O is given by
which is the cross

or vector product of F and the position vector r of a point on the line of action
of the force from O as shown in figure.

d
r F M dt r V dV r V V dA

O
Fig.
is the net moment, applied to a system = Rate of change of angular momentum
of 4.1
the system.
cs

cv

rF

In words, moment applied to a system is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum in the cv
plus the flow of angular momentum across the cs. The origin for evaluating moments, may be selected
at any convenient location. For uniform flow across a cs

d
M dt r V dV r V V A

cv

cs

Momentum equation is often used in applications involving hydraulic machines (pumps and turbines),

and in those cases the origin for r is taken as the axis of the rotating shaft of the machine.
Example 5:

This bend discharges water into

the atmosphere. Determine the
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force components at the flange

required to hold the bend in place.
The bend lies in a horizontal
plane. Assume viscous forces are
negligible. The interior volume of
the bend is 0.25 m3, D1 = 60 cm,
D2 = 30 cm, and V2 = 10 m/s. The

mass of the bend material is 250 kg.

{Ans. 18.6 i 6.12

+4.91 k }

kN
Example 6:

For laminar flow in a pipe, the velocity distribution changes from uniform to parabolic as
shown. At the fully developed section (section 2), the velocity is distributed as follows:

r
V V max 1

r0
V

. Derive a formula for the resisting shear force F as a function of

(the mean velocity in the pipe), , p1, p2, and D (the pipe diameter).

{Ans. F p1 p 2

Example 7:

V
3

D2

}
4

Figure shows an isometric view of a short

section of pipe that protrudes from a wall.

1.0 m

The pipe diameter is 20 cm, and both

pipe bends are 90. Water enters the pipe
at the base and exists at the open end with
a speed of 10 m/s. Calculate the torsional
moment and the bending moment at the
base of the pipe. Neglect the weight of the
water and pipe.

{Ans. 3.142 i +2.356

0.5 m
0.75 m

} kN

m
10 m/s
*****************************
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ADVANCED FLUID DYNAMICS

Problem Sheet No. 3
1. A water jet of diameter 30 mm and speed v = 20
m/s is filling a tank. The tank has a mass of 20 kg
and contains 20 liters of water at the instant shown
in Fig. 1. The water temperature is 15C. Find the
force acting on the bottom of the tank and the force
acting on the stop block. Neglect friction.
(Ans: 658
N, 97 N)
2. Water at 15C flows through a nozzle that contracts
from a diameter of 10 cm to 2 cm. The exit speed
is v2 = 25 m/s, and atmospheric pressure prevails at
the exit of the jet. Calculate the pressure at section
1 shown in Fig. 2, and the force required to hold
the nozzle stationary. Neglect weight.
(Ans: 312kPa; 2.26 kN to
the left)

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

3. A pipe 15 cm in diameter bends through 135. The velocity of flow of gasoline (S = 0.8) is
8 m/s, and the pressure is 100 kPa gage throughout the bend. Neglecting gravitational force,
determine the external force
required to
hold thebend against the action of the gasoline.

(Ans: F = {4.56 i 1.89 j }kN)

4. A horizontal reducing bend turns the flow of water through 60. The inlet area is 0.001m2, and
the outlet area is 0.0001m2. The water from the outlet discharges into the atmosphere with a
velocity of 50 m/s. What horizontal force (parallel to the initial flow direction) acting through
the metal of the bend at the inlet is required to hold the bend in place?
(Ans: 1140 N)
5. The water flows in a duct as shown in Fig. 3. The
inlet water velocity is 10 m/s. The cross-sectional
area of the duct is 0.1m2. Water is injected normal
to the duct wall at the rate of 500 kg/s midway
between stations 1 and 2. Neglect frictional forces
on the duct wall. Calculate the pressure difference
(p1 p2) between stations 1 and 2.
(Ans:
125 kPa)
6. Water flows through a horizontal bend and T
section as shown in Fig. 4. At section a the flow
enters with a velocity of 6 m/s, and the pressure is
4.8 kPa. At both sections b and c the flow exits
the device with a velocity of 3 m/s, and the
pressure at these sections is atmospheric ( p = 0).
The cross-sectional areas at a, b, and c are all the
same: 0.20 m2. Find the x and y components of
force necessary to restrain the section.

(Ans:
=
{9.96
F
i

j
1.8 }kN)

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Page 3 of 5

7. A 15 cm nozzle is bolted with six bolts to the flange of a 30 cm pipe. If water discharges from
the nozzle into the atmosphere, calculate the tension load in each bolt when the pressure in the
pipe is 200 kPa. Assume irrotational flow.
(Ans: 1.24 kN)
8. The double nozzle, shown in Fig. 5, discharges water into
the atmosphere at a rate of 0.50 m3/s. If the nozzle is lying
in a horizontal plane, what x component of force acting
through the flange bolts is required to hold the nozzle in
place? Note: Assume irotational flow, and assume the water
speed in each jet to be the same. Jet A is 10 cm in
diameter, jet B is 12 cm in diameter, and the pipe is 30 cm
in diameter.
(Ans: 18.27 kN)
9. The Fig. 6 illustrates the principle of the jet pump. Derive a
formula for p2 p1 as a function of Dj, Vj, D0, V0, and .
Assume that the fluid from the jet and the fluid initially
flowing in the pipe are the same, and assume that they are
completely mixed at section 2, so that the velocity is
uniform across the section. Also assume that the pressures
are uniform across both sections 1 and 2. What is p2 p1 if
the fluid is water, Aj/A0 = 1/3, Vj = 15 m/s, and V0 = 2 m/s.
Neglect shear stress.
(Ans: 32 kPa)

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

10. A horizontal jet of water that is 6 cm in

diameter and has a velocity of 20 m/s is
deflected by the vane as shown in Fig. 7. If
the vane is moving at a rate of 7 m/ s in the
x direction, what components of force are
exerted on the vane by water in the x and y
direction? Assume negligible friction
between the water and the vane.

(Ans:
=
{815.8
F
i

338 j }N)

Fig. 7

11. A modern turbofan engine in a commercial

jet takes in air, part of which passes through
the compressors, combustion chambers, and
turbine, and the rest of which bypass the
compressor and is accelerated by the fans.
The mass-flow rate of bypass air to the
mass-flow rate through the compressorcombustor-turbine path is called the bypass
Fig. 8
ratio. The total flow rate of air entering a
turbofan is 300 kg/s with a velocity of 300 m/s. the engine has a bypass ratio of 2. the bypass
air exits at 600 m/s, whereas the air through the compressor-combustor-turbine path exits at
Page 4 of 5

1000 m/s. What is the thrust of the turbofan engine? Clearly show your control-volume and
application of momentum equation.
(Ans: 130 kN)
********************************

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