Pulse Code Modulation

Digital Transmission of Analog Signals

Prepared By
Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE, GIT
GITAM UNIVERSITY

Key Issues
Need of PCM
Introduction to PCM
Block diagram of a PCM system
PCM transmitter Block
PCM receiver Block

SQER for PCM system

Data rate of PCM system
Transmission Bandwidth requirement of PCM
Advantaged of PCM system
Limitations of PCM system
Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,
Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

Need for PCM

Analog to Digital Conversion
A digital signal is superior to an analog signal because it is
more robust to noise and can easily be recovered, corrected
and amplified. Due to these reasons, It is required to
change an analog signal to digital data. pulse code
modulation is one such technique to convert Analog signal
into digital data.

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

Introduction to PCM
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally
represent analog signals.
In a PCM system, the amplitude of the continuous analog
signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, and each
sample is quantized to the nearest value within a range of
digital steps.
The process of PCM consists of discretisation of both time and
amplitude.
Discretisation of time (Sampling)
Discretisation of amplitude (Quantization)
Encoding
Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,
Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

Block Diagram of a PCM system

Discrete Time
Continuous Amplitude Signal

Sampling

Continuous Time
Continuous Amplitude Signal

Quantization

Discrete Time
Discrete Amplitude Signal

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

Encoding

Binary Bits

Block Diagram of a PCM Tx

x(t)

x(nTs)

LPF

S/H

xq(nTs)
q level
quantizer

Binary
Encoder
(Digitizer)

v digits
Parallel to
Serial
Converter
PCM

Timer

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

Block Diagram of a PCM Rx

PCM
+
NOISE

v digits
Regenera
tor

Serial to
Parallel
converter

xq(t)
Digital to
Analog
Converter

S/H

LPF

Analog Signal

Timer

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

SQER for PCM system

Let the amplitude be xmax

2
xmax
Power of the signal, P
2
Range of the signal xmax to xmax
Step size 2 xmax
L
SQER will be
2v
S
P
12Pq 3P * 2
2

2
N
2 xmax xmax 2
12
For normalized case S 3 * 22v
N
Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,
Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

SQER for PCM system

2

The quantization noise power N

12
The SQER in dB is = 4.8+6v dB

Where v is number of binary bits to encode a signal level

2 xmax
q

xmax is the maximum amplitude,

q is number of quantization level.

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

Data rate of PCM system

Data rate = v*fs

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

10

Transmission bandwidth
Transmission bandwidth is half of data rate.
Bandwidth = 0.5*(v*fs)

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

11

Advantages of PCM
Effect of channel noise and interference is
reduced.
PCM permits regeneration of pulses along the
transmission path. This reduces noise
interference.
The bandwidth and SNR are related by
exponential law.
Multiplexing of various PCM signals are easy.
Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,
Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

12

Disadvantages of PCM
The channel bandwidth is also increased
because of digital coding of alalog pulses.
PCM systems are complex compared to analog
pulse modulation methods.

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

13

queries related to this topic

can be mailed to
deviprasad.pattnaik@gmail.com

Prepared By Prof. Devi Prasad Pattnaik,

Asst Prof, Dept of ECE, GITAM University

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