Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract
Tertiary and Quatemary magmatic rocks from West Sulawesi record the complex history of part of the Sundaland
margin where subduction and collision have been and are still active. The present study, based on pem3graphic data,
major- and trace-element chemistry and 4K-4Ar dating aims to document the age and chemical characteristics of the
magmafic formations from West Sulawesi and to determine the corresponding constraints on the geodynamic evolution of
the Sundaland border. The West Sulawesi magmatic province includes the South Ann of Sulawesi (Ujung Pandang area),
the western part of Central Sulawesi with the Toraja and Pain areas, and finally, the North Arm, extending from Palu to
Manado, which includes the Tolitoli and Manado areas.
Paleocene magraatic activity seems to be restricted to an episode of calc-alkaline magmatism in the Ujung Pandang area
(61-59 Ma). The major Eocene (50--40 Ma) magmatic event is tholeiitic and is documented in all areas except in Ujung
Pandang. It led to the emplacement of tholeiitic pillow-laves and basaltic dykes of back-arc basin (BAIl) affinity. These
rocks are potential equivalents to the Celebes Sea basaltic basement. From Oligocene to Miocene, magnmtic eruptions
produced successively island-arc tholeiRic (IAT) and calc-alkaline (CA) rock series. The youngest [AT activity occurred
around 18 Ma in the central part (Palu area) and around 14 Ma in the North Ann (Tolitoli area) while CA magmas were
emplaced in the North Arm at ca. 18 Ma (Tolitoli and Manado areas). Typical calc-alkaline activity resumed only in the
North Ann (Tolitoli and Manado areas) during the Late Miocene (9 Ma) and is still active in the Man._adoregion. In other
areas (Palu, Toraja and Ujung Pandang areas) an important and widespread magmatic event occurred between 13 and 10
Ma and emplaced K-rich magmas, either silica-undersaturated alkali-potassic besalts (AK), ultrapotessic basanites (UK) or
sbosbonites (SH). K-rich activity continued in the south until the Pleistocene (0.77 Ma) with alkali-potessic, ultrapotessic
and sbosbonitic magmas. In Central Sulawesi (Toraja and Palu areas) the most recent magmatic event occurred between
6.5 and 0.6 Ma. The corresponding products are granitic rocks and widely distributed rhyolitic pyroclestic flow deposits.
All these rocks are acidic in character (SiO2 > 60%), with trace-element and isotopic signatures (Sr-Nd--Pb) typical of a
strong continental imprint.
70
The most striking tectonic implication of this magmatic evolution is that West Sulawesi can no longer be considered
as a typical magmatic arc as previously assumed. With the exception of the Manado area beneath which subduction is still
active, calc-alkaline and island-arc tholeiitic lavas and plutonics are volumetrically minor with respect to K-rich magmas.
Their occurrence through time is also fairly restricted, mostly to the period between 30 and 15 Ma. Another important
feature is the occurrence of island-arc tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas crosscutting an older terrane of BAB affinity, the
Tinombo Formation (Manado, Tolitoli and Palu areas). As this formation is being regarded as an equivalent to the Celebes
Sea floor, the most likely explanation for this feature is the hypothesis of tectonic erosion linked to the NW-dipping
subduction beneath the North Arm.
The Late Miocene high-K magmatic activity in Central and South Sulawesi reflects the prevalence of a post-collisional
tectonic regime following the docking of microcontinents of Australian origin to Central Sulawesi during Neogene
times. The incompatible element-enriched character of these high-K rocks might reflect their derivation from a mantle
source enriched through metasomatism related to a previous subduction event. Such a model cannot account for the
Plio-Pleistocene CAK magmatism of Central Sulawesi, the acidic composition of which does not support a derivation from
an ultrabasic source. The trace-element patterns of the CAK rocks are very similar to those of the high-grade metamorphics
of Central Sulawesi, suggesting that the latter might represent their possible source. Such an anatectic model implies a
collisional to post-collisional tectonic regime limited to Central Sulawesi, while a post-subduction regime prevailed in the
south.
1. Introduction
According to geodynamic reconstructions, the
southeastern edge of the Eurasian plate, i.e. Sundaland, has been a region of successive subductions,
collisions and back-arc basin openings during the
Cenozoic (Rangin et al., 1990a,b; Daly et al., 1991).
The best documented geodynamic events occurred
during the Neogene and were linked to the northward migration of microplates of Australian origin.
For instance, the Bird's Head microcontinent (Irian
Jaya) was dismembered ca. 17 Ma ago and some of
its fragments (Buton, Sula) collided with the Sundaland margin between 11 and 5 Ma (Smith and Silver,
1991; Hall, 1996). Earlier geodynamic events are
often difficult to reconstruct from kinematic and tectonic considerations due to the geological complexity and the high rate of plate movements. One way
to overcome this difficulty is to document the geochemical affinities and the possible geodynamic significance of the copious magmatic products erupted
along the Sundaland margin. The K-shaped island of
Sulawesi (eastern Indonesia; Fig. 1) is a challenging
target for such an investigation, due to its location
at the junction of the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and
Pacific plates.
The island may be subdivided into three main
geological provinces (Sukamto, 1975; Hamilton,
1979), namely: (1) West Sulawesi where prominent magmatic rocks and Tertiary sediments overlie
a high-grade metamorphic basement; (2) Central and
South-East Sulawesi made up mainly of Early Cretaceous metamorphic rocks; and (3) East Sulawesi
where a huge ophiolitic nappe rests on Mesozoic and
Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. The West Sulawesi
magmatic province includes the South Arm of Sulawesi (Ujung Pandang area), the western part of
Central Sulawesi (Toraja and Palu areas) and finally,
the North Arm which goes from Palu to Manado and
includes the Tolitoli and Manado areas (Fig. 1). With
the exception of the Manado active volcanoes (Jezek
et al., 1981; Morrice et al., 1983; Morrice and Gill,
1986; Tatsumi et al., 1991), there had been no extensive geochemical study of the various magmatic
rock suites until recently (Yuwono et al., 1988a;
Priadi et al., 1993, 1994; Bergman et al., 1996).
The bulk of West Sulawesi has often been considered as a calc-alkaline Tertiary magmatic arc (Katili,
1975, 1978; Hamilton, 1979), although leucite-bearing ultrapotassic lavas were reported from the Ujung
Pandang area by Iddings and Morley (1915). Our
new data on Northern and Central Sulawesi allow
us to characterize the geochemical affinities and the
time distribution of the main magrnatic units and to
discuss the constraints they impose on geodynamic
reconstructions.
71
MN.
SH. AK. UK
magmatism
Gorontalo
CAK magmatism
I ~ C E L E BSEEAS
PL
CA magmatism
IAT magmatism
MN
TT
PL
TJ
UP
Manado area
Tolitoli area
Palu area
Tana Toraja
Ujung Pandang area
UP
BAB magmatism
Fig. 1. Location of the main ma__gmatic types in West Sulawesi. The boundaries between the different areas and the major tectonic
features according to Monnier et al. (1995) are shown as insets.
2. Analytical methods
Thirty-six new samples were dated by the
4K-4Ar method either on whole-rock or on mineral separates, at the 'Laboratoire de G6ochimie,
G6achronologie, Universit6 de Bretagne Oeeidentale', following the procedure detailed in Bellon and
72
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E
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"6
;
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o
;
~i~ ~
!o
.~.o.
~lv#etaL/~cwn~si~2~(l~6~92
73
o
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(.q
<
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oo
r~
t~
E
E
-.
74
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<<<<
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g.
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75
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I=
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76
c q t"q
cq
t"q '~
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.'=
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o.ii /
~~i
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oo
~m
mm
77
'1 ~ t ' q
t'~ q
/'1
t~
O~
"i
~1 t~
~1
-H -H -H
-H
t'~
t~
~0
~1
r~
tJ
~
78
wt % K20
6'
o3
4"
o 4
&
06
+
40
+7
50
60
70
80
Wt % SiO2
Fig. 2. K20 versus SiO2 plot of samples from Table 7. 1 =
BAB: Lamasi and Kalamiseng formations; 2 = BAB: Tinombo
Formation; 3 = IAT; 4 = CA; 5 = CAK; 6 = SH; 7 = AK and
UK; 8 = ?.
From their major-element analyses, the non-orogenic magmatic rocks are mostly tholeiitic basalts
or their gabbroic equivalents (Fig. 2), although a
few rhyolites have been sampled. Their REE (+Y)
and multi-element diagrams are given in Fig. 4. All
UJUNG
PANDANG
AGE
(Ma)
0
Region
HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE
SWAK
CAK "~
I SWAK
TANA
TORAJA
PALU
Region
Region
CAK 0.59
' 0.77
1.63
2.33
I :-'~" ,.30
6.271
5
UPPER
10
M
I
0
MIDDLE
-j
3.42
PLIOCENE
6.50
AK/UI<
UK
AK
SH ] 8.95
UK
9.91
AK
AK
6.29
CAK 5.45
79
MANAOO
Region
TOLITOLI
Region
I
CAK
1.g2
CAK
5.08
CAK
5,35
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
0.O0
0.89
1.94
3.43
3.98
4.28
I
OAK
AK
AK
I 10.08
11.91
8.80
11,03
12.38
12.81
C
16
E
N
IAT
117.70
IAT
CA
18.38
LOWER
~
24
I 17.47
17.95
22.09
O
L
22.19
22.45
r--~-~
8A'~'~'B~ 26.60
cA
G
O
C
IA'~'~
j 29.9o
28.301
E
N
E
[~'8"~
3,4.46
BA"-"~
37
E
37,02
rl
UPPER
42
8A8
BAR
46 -=3.5
MIDDLE
44.6 =6.5 !
E
50
55
P
A
L
UPPER
E
60
63
65
O
C
E
-"~
59.17
61.41
MIDDLE
N
E
LOWER
Fig. 3. Summary of the time- and space-related distribution of magmatic types in West Sulawesi according to K-Ar datings and chemical
analyses.
80
t~
cq
<
,-q
F
Z
--
B~
<
o
c~
N
g
~ "
1/3
i
~ o ~ m ~ ~ m m
81
~e
==~q
~.
~.
~.
~"
O~
'e.~.
(,,q
&
~z~
s
i
(,~
oo
oo
5 ~5=
o~
82
100
50
Rocks/Chondrite
(a)
Rocks/Primitive Mantle
100 --
.,
'.
o PS 51
NL 39
~ NL 33
/'~
/ \
10
5
.J
11
La
100 --_'
Nd
(b)
Sm Eu To Y
By
Er
Yb
Rocks/Chon~ite
100 --
o Y7-7
Y23-7
50-
10/
5e
L~ Ce
No
Sm EU
Tb Y
0,1
Dy
Er
Yb
RoCks/Chondrite
Rocks/Primi#ve
Mantle
o
SN8908
BN171E
c TS140A
10
ec.
10-
'e~e
0.1
La Ce
NO
Sm Eu TD Y
0.1
Dy
Er
Yb
Fig. 4. Selected trace element patterns (including REE and other incompatible elements) of BAB rocks (a) from Lamasi Formation,
(b) from Kalamiseng Formation, (c) from Tinombo Formation. Chondrite and primitive mantle compositions are taken from Sun and
McDonough (1989).
volcanics have flat to slightly LREE-depleted patterns, roughly ten times more enriched as compared
to chondrites. The only exception corresponds to a
gabbro (NL39; Fig. 4) which displays a more depleted cumulate-type pattern. All these rocks present
light negative Nb (or Ta) anomalies with (La/Nb)N
83
tAT r n a ~ t i s m
100 -~
Rocks/Chondclte
1O0 "-:
R o c k s / P r i ~ Mllltm
o S1~002
TT167D
~0-
'
10
~'~
0.1
LaCe
. .Nil. . .Sm Eu ~
Y,
Er
YI)
0.1
canics, often basaltic pillow lavas, dykes and breccias, but gabbroic intrusions are also present. Some
of them show evidence of late tectonic deformation
(J. Girardeau and M. Villeneuve, peps. commun.,
1993; Bergman et al., 1996) and their contacts with
neighbouring units are either tectonic or hidden.
Their ages range from 150 to 15 Ma (Table 6) as
a result of variably combined effects of low initial
K contents, possible low temperature and hydrothermal interaction between basalts and seawater and
finally thermal effects linked to tectonic emplacement. Among them, analytically reliable bulk rock
ages, ca. 137 and 158 Ma, respectively, have been
measured for two relatively K-rich samples: a diorite
which intrudes a microgabbro and a basaltic dyke.
These ages are close to a group of ages (121-137
Ma) measured by the 39Ar/4Ar method (Bergman et
al.,1996) for the same formation.
Another group of ages ranging from 15 to 21
M a have been obtained on the Lamasi Formation.
They fitwith the 5-20 M a group of Bergrnan et al.
(1996). In the discussion they can be linked with the
ones measured on volcanics from the Kalamiseng
Formation (Ujung Pandang area) by Yuwono (1987)
and Yuwono et al. (1988a). In both cases, they were
obtained on pillowed basaltic flows associated with
cherts and volcanic breccias. In both places there is
much evidence for tectonic deformation. Therefore
we support the proposal of Yuwono and coworkers
for the Kalamiseng Formation, who considered these
young ages as tectonic emplacement or deformation
ages rather than magrnatic emplacement ages.
84
Fig. 6)with a moderate LREE enrichment as compared to HREE (5 < (La/Yb)N < 10). Multi-element diagrams show a general and progressive enrichment in incompatible elements, following their
degree of incompatibility. All spectra display significant negative anomalies in Ta and/or Nb associated
with minor ones in Hf, Zr, Ti. All these features are
typical of subduction-related magmatism and consistent with an important role played by fluids in
the incompatible-element enrichment of the mantle
sources (Tatsumi et al., 1986; Tatsumi, 1989).
If the chemical features of Sulawesi CA magmatism are rather typical, its relative paucity is surprising. In contrast with previous opinions (Katili,
1975; Hamilton, 1979), our data show that, with the
exception of the present-day CA magmatism in the
Manado area, it has a limited occurrence, both in
space and time, in all areas.
There is one CA occurrence in the Ujung Pandang
area which contains the oldest CA rocks: the Bua
Formation dated at ca. 59-61 Ma (Van Leeuwen et
al., 1881; Yuwono et al., 1988b; Figs. 1 and 3).
CA lava flows and volcanic breccias are overlain
by calcareous and clay deposits. This event seems
unrelated to any other subduction-related magmatism
in Sulawesi and its location might be better related
to the CA magmatism occurring at the same time
in the Meratus, Kalimantan (Yuwono et al., 1988b).
Again in the Ujung Pangang area, a CA magrnatic
event might have occurred at 19-18 Ma (Yuwono,
1987), was then almost completely eroded and is
represented mostly by clasts in volcano-sedimentary
rocks (Camba I Formation). In the Toraja area, CA
Rocks/C~ondate
Rocks/Prlmlave Mantle
1000
~ LP129A
KW187
SN8947
100-
10-
i
i
LICe
i
NO
~ i
I
~
Sm Eu TIo Y
i
Dy
i
Er
i
YD
Y25-9
Y25-10
85
Rocks/Pdmltive Mantle
lOOO -~
o NP07
MA4
o NG12
NO15
100-
10-
-t
JI
i
La Ce
Nd
T--SIn EU "rb
Dy
Er
Yb
C~bBaTh
\1~'~
SH Magnetism
1000 "-:
RocksA~mlave
o Y1-11
r~
1
1-I
Y19-14
cJ Y10-9
i~y
Er
Yb
, i
, i
~ i
y Yb
86
looo -~
Rocks/Chondrite
1000 - -
Rocks/Pflmltlve
Mantle
o
Y12-9
Yll-8
Y19-5
Y6-5
I
1
.--~
La Co
Nd
Sm Eu Tb
Dy
Er
YO
.....
w - f - ~
Fig. 9. Selectedtrace elementspatternsof AK and UK rocks. Note the general incompatibleelementenrichmentfrom BAB to SH, AK
and UK, associatedwith more and more pronouncednegativeHFSEanomalies.
the Plio-Pleistocene Lompobatang Volcano. In the
Toraja area, it is represented by large volumes of
slightly undersaturated alkali-basaltic, trachybasaltic
and trachyandesitic flows erupted between 12 and 10
Ma ago. It is interesting to note that in the Toraja
area, the last high-K intrusion, the syenodiorite NM
43A, is 6.3 Ma old and is therefore contemporaneous
with the first CAK granitic intrusion (SU 9). There
are in addition a few shoshonitic dykes, ca. 11 Ma
old, near Tolitoli (Table 2).
4.5. Potassic calc-alkaline magmatism
5. Geodynamic implications
The margin of Eurasia in Sulawesi was the site of
accretion of continental fragments originating from
Gondwana (Sclater and Fisher, 1974; Johnson et
al., 1976; Metcalfe, 1993). The youngest of these
collision and accretion events occurred during the
Neogene (Rangin et al., 1990a,b; Smith and Silver,
1991) and involved microblocks created from the
dislocation of Bird's Head, Irian Jaya (Hall, 1996).
These events followed a ca. 25 Ma period of subduction which began around 48 Ma as indicated
by the age of the first magnetic anomaly identified
in the Celebes Sea back-arc basin (Weissel, 1980;
Rangin and Silver, 1991). The Early Paleocene and
Late Cretaceous are suspected to be another period
of accretion with docking of other block(s) of Australian origin along the active Eurasian margin at the
level of Sulawesi (Hamilton, 1979; Rangin et al.,
1989; Daly et al., 1991). This later collision event
in turn marked the end of a largely accepted but
poorly documented period of subduction following
the rifting and dislocation of the Australian margin
during Jurassic--Cretaceous times (Audley-Charles,
1983; Audley-Charles et al., 1988).
Our goal is to discuss the observed and dated
magmatism and to link it to this rather complex tectonic scenario. Remarkably the two periods of major
geodynamic changes around 50 Ma and 15 Ma,
respectively, correspond to abrupt changes in the
magmatic record in West Sulawesi: 50 Ma is the oldest available ages of the Tinombo BAB, postdating
by ca. 10 Ma the oldest recorded CA event recognised at ca. 60 Ma (Bua Formation, Ujung Pandang
area). In addition, as shown before, CA volcanism
is presently active in the Manado area where it began at 4.3 Ma (Table 1) and occurred in the Tolitoli
area between 8.8 and 7 Ma (Table 2). The youngest
IAT magmatism found in Sulawesi is 13.9 Ma old
(Tolitoli area). Then, volcanic activity resumed at ca.
13 Ma in Central (Palu area, Toraja area) and South
Sulawesi (Ujung Pandang area) with K-rich magmas
of completely different geodynamic significance.
In tile following discussion, the links between
magmatism and tectonic episodes in Sulawesi are
discussed from the youngest to the oldest events.
The geodynamic/magmatic calendar has thus been
divided into three main periods: 0--15 Ma, 15-50
Ma, and >50 Ma.
5.1. Present-day tectonic regime of Sulawesi
87
of magmatism is indicated by the increase of incompatible elements and the more radiogenic Sr and Pb
isotopic signature away from the trench (Tatsumi et
al., 1991).
The southward subduction zone beneath the North
Ann of Sulawesi dies out eastwards (Silver et al.,
1983) and involves the western part of the Celebes
Sea basin where the magnetic anomalies show an
asymmetric pattern 0Veissel, 1980). The active volcano of Una-Una, in the Gorontalo Gulf, is the only
potential product of this subduction, although it is
located 250 km away from the trench.
Other parts of Sulawesi are tectonically linked by
strike-slip faults (Fig. 1, inset) which extend eastward in the North Banda Sea (Rthanlt et al., 1991).
The North Banda Sea is a marginal pull-apart basin
which started its opening in a transtensional environment during the Late Miocene and is presently
consumed along the Tolo trench, below Eastern Sulawesi (Rthault et al., 1994). The Bone Gulf, although presently poorly known, might be a similar
example of a young pull-apart basin. To the west,
Sulawesi is separated from Borneo by the Makassar
basin which is currently interpreted either as a foreland basin (Bergman et al., 1996) or a part of the
Celebes Sea marginal basin (Hall, 1996).
5.2. 0--15 Ma: the collision and its magmatic effects
Central Sulawesi was the site of docking of Australian microblocks with the Eurasian active margin.
First impact of collision can be traced back to 23
Ma ago from geodynamic reconstructions and corresponds to the onset of a compressional regime in
the Southwest Pacific marginal basins. As discussed
below, the youngest CA magmatic activity stopped
at 18 Ma in the Ujung Pandang area (Yuwono et
al., 1988a) and even earlier in Central Sulawesi, in
front of the apex of the collision zone, whereas in the
North Arm, IAT/CA magrnatism continued from the
Mio--Pliocene up to the present day.
In the Toraja and Ujung Pandang areas, magmatic
activity resumed at 13 Ma with the emplacement of
high-K magnms ranging from shoshonites to ultrapotassic basanites. In Central Sulawesi (Toraja and
Palu areas) this event was very short (13-11 Ma)
although important volumes of lavas and intrusive
rocks were emplaced. In South Sulawesi the high-K
88
between Sula and Sulawesi is still continuing, inducing a shortening within the microblocks in the Banda
Sea along the Tolo thrust (R6hault et al., 1994).
However, the precise meaning of the initiation of
CAK magmatic activity at 6.5 MA with respect to
the recent collision events is still uncertain. It could
correlate with a crustal thickening event linked to the
docking of the Sula block at ca. 5 Ma (Hall, 1996).
Alternatively it could result from decompression and
melting following the previous crustal thickening
event linked to the docking of the Buton-Tukang
Besi microblock at 11 Ma (Hall, 1996).
In contrast with the other parts of Western Sulawesi, subduction-related magmatism appears to be
continuous along the North Arm for the last 15 Ma
(Table 1). In the Tolitoli and Manado areas, IAT/CA
magmas are documented at ca. 22-14 Ma, whereas
CA activity resumed at 8.8 Ma (Tolitoli area) and
4.3 Ma (Manado area), respectively, and is well documented from ca. 4 Ma (Pinogu volcanics) to the
present (Manado active volcanoes). In other words,
there seems to be an eastward migration of this magmatism with time, from the central part of the North
Arm (Marisa--Gorontalo area) to its eastern termination where calc-alkaline volcanoes are still active.
Volcanic rocks related to this magmatism dated at ca.
4 Ma in the Gorontalo area were rotated clockwise
20, as are the ca. 30 Ma volcanic rocks in Bilungala (Surmont et al., 1994). This implies that the
subduction causing this rotation is younger than 4
Ma and thus cannot be responsible for the emplacement of the Late Miocene-Pliocene CA magmatism.
The major part of this 15-4 Ma subduction-related
magmatism might be associated with north-dipping
subduction, which is progressively younger towards
the east.
5.3. 15-50 Ma: the prominent subduction regime
89
Nappe which is thrust onto the western arm, as suggested by Yuwono et al. (1988a) and Bergrnan et
al. (1996). Basalts displaying negative Nb and Ta
anomalies are also reported in the East Sulawesi
Ophiolite (Monnier et al., 1994; Monnier et al.,
1995). However the crystallisation age of amphibole
from gabbros belonging to this ophiolitic sequence
is Middle Eocene (Monnier et al., 1994) and thus appears to be incompatible with this interpretation. Alternatively the Lamasi and Kalamiseng Formations
might correspond to fragments of back-arc crust created during the Mesozoic dislocation of Asian blocks
of Gondwana origin. Indeed, carbonate platform sediments of postulated Jurassic and Cretaceous ages
in Sulawesi have been interpreted as parts of the
Australian margin rifted during the Jurassic (Audley-Charles et al., 1988). Some of these carbonate
deposits have been dated as Late Triassic (Com6e
et al., 1994). They are overlain by Jurassic turbiditic
limestones and radiolarites, the occurrence of which
suggests a rapid subsidence during Early and Middle
Jurassic times.
6. Conclusion
90
Acknowledgements
The authors thank J.C. Philippet and Dr J. Cotten
for their analytical contribution to this study. Field
work was supported by the INSU-MAE joint program PICS#46 and the French-Indonesian (INSUDGGMR) agreement. B.P.'s thesis grant was provided by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Laboratory work has been supported by a CNRSDBT grant on CAK magmatism. This paper benefited greatly from informal discussions within the
PICS group and especially from Dr J. Malod's synthetic views. Reviews by Drs R. Hall et B.C. Burchfield helped greatly to improve the manuscript. R.
Hall is particularly thanked for his comments on the
tectonic history and timing of events in Sulawesi.
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92