Acknowledgement

I am most humbly grateful to our lecturer Mr. Mihiran Galagedara at the I.C.B.T, for his kind
guidance and valuable instructions given to me in order to carry out this assignment successfully.
Last but not least, with great love I remember my parents for continuous encouragement in
completing this assignment. And also I get this opportunity to thank for my friends, who support
me to complete this assignment.

Content
Acknowledgement .... 01
Content .... 02 -02
Question 01 .... 03 - 08
Question 02 .... 09 -09
Question 03 10 -14
Question 04 15 - 17
Question 05 .... 18 -21
Question 06 .... 22 - 24
Question 07 25 - 27
Reference 28-28

Design 1

DESIGN MOMENT, M
Loading
Dead
Self weight of beam = 0.35

= 4.62 KNm-1

Total dead load (gk) = 20 + 4.62 = 24.62 KNm-1

Imposed
Total imposed load (qk) = 21 KNm-1
Ultimate load
Total ultimate load (W) = (1.4gk + 1.6qk)span
= (1.4 24.62 + 1.6 21)5
= 340.34 kN

Maximum design moment (M) =WL/8

= (340.34 x 5)/8
= 212.71KNm

Assume diameter of main bars ( ) = 25 mm

Assume diameter of links ( ) = 8 mm
From Table 3.6, cover for exposure class XC1 = 15 + c = 25 mm.

Effective depth

d=hc-

/2

d= 550 25 8 12.5
= 504.5 mm

K = M/bd2
K =212.71 x 103 /(350 x 504.52)
K= 2.4
Hence from Table 3.10
Interpellation
2.0
1.2
2.4
?
3.0
1.04
4

X = 1.2 -

(2-2.4 ) (1.2 -1)

( 2 -3

Correction factor(X) = 1.14

Ultimate moment

M = 0.156f bd2
u

cu

= 0.156 30 350 504.52

= 416.08 106Nmm
= 416.08 KNm

M>M
u

Since Mu > M no compression reinforcement is required.

MAIN STEEL, As
Coefficient

K = M/(fcu.b.d2)
K = (212.71 x 106)/(30 x 350 x504.52)
K = 0.079Nmm-3

Lever arm
Z = d(0.5 + (0.25 k/0.9)1/2)
Z

Z = 504.5(0.5 + (0.25 0.079/0.9)1/2)

Z = 455.45mm

Check the z value

Z 0.95d
455.45 479.27
Z value is ok

Main steel As (req)

As (req) = M/0.87FYZ

As (req) =( 212.71 x 10 )/(0.87 x500 x 455.44)

6

=1073.91 mm2

Hence from Table 3.10, provide 4H20 (As = 1260 mm2).

Number of beams = 4
Bar size = 20mm

Shear stress,V
V = (RA+ RB)/2 = 416/2KN
x

= 208 KN

V = Vx
V=
V = 1.178
V < permissible = 0 .8

= 4.38
6

Design concrete shear stress, Vc

Vc =
Vc =

=0.71

Diameter and spacing of links

Where V > (Vc + 0.4) = 0.71 + 0.4 = 1.11 Nmm2, design links required according to
Assuming

= 0.376
Maximum spacing of links is 0.75d = 0.75 504.5 = 378.37 mm. Hence from Table 3.13,
provide 8 mm diameter links at 250 mm centers
EFFECTIVE SPAN

4650 + d =4650 + 504.5

=5154.5mm
DEFLECTION
Effective depth ratio =

Actual span/effective depth ratio

9.91

Permissible span/effective depth ratio =

=
= 22.8

9.91 < 22.8

Actual span/effective depth ratio < Permissible span/effective depth ratio
According to bs 8110 the beam will not fail due to deflection

= 266.34
Present a suitable technique to minimize the material cost of this beam with proper calculations.
We can used lowest cost steel rods, beams in cover and strips between width, we can do less width
used to our beams. and used minimum cross sections in beams and we can used in maximum tow
stirrups between length. There have lots of sizes in steel rods, but we can used suitable steel rods.
there have low weight. Next is concretes, there also have lots of types; we can used suitable and
sustainable for over building.

Design 2

N = 0.35f A + 0.67fc A
cu

sc

(
14-0

-.42

+10.125

Assuming that the column is square,

b
h=
h =329.15mm
Hence a 350 mm square column constructed of concrete fcu = 35 Nmm2would be suitable.

Design 3

12KNm-1 dead load

12KNm-1 imposed load

35KN imposed load

B
10 m
RB

RA

Overall loads = 1.6 gk+ 1.4 qk

= (1.6 12) + (1.4 12)
= 36 KN
Point load

= 35 KN partial factor of loads

=35 KN 1.6
= 56KN

(from Table 4.2 Partial factors for loads (Table 2, BS 5950)

Considering Forces
RA+ RB= 56KN + 36KNm-110m
RA+ RB= 416KN

RB 10m = 56KN 5m + 360KN 5m

RB= 208 KN
RA= 208 KN

10

0<X<5

VxM

X
208
Vx= 208KN 36X KN
T

M = 208KN Xm - 36 KN X
M = 208X KNm - 18 X2KNm

0 <X < 10

56KN

S
X

M
Vx

208

Vx= 208 KN -56KN 36 X KN

S

M=

208KN X - 36 KN X

- 56 (X-5)m

M = 152X KNm - 18 X2KNm + 280 KNm

Maximum bending point
X=5
M = 152X KNm - 18 X2KNm + 280 KNm
M = 590KNm

11

590KN

Bending moment diagram

208

28
x
-28

-208

Shear force diagrams

12

INITIAL SECTION SELECTION

Assuming py= 275 N/mm2
M= maximum bending moment
= design strength of steel

S>
x

S x>
Sx> 2.145 10-3 m3
Sx> 2145 cm3

Next using the Table B1 Dimensions and properties of steel universal beams (structural sections to BS
4: Part 1).we can select the suitable beam sections.

Suitable sections are:

1. 457 191 98 UB: Sx = 2230 cm3

select profile

2. 305 305 137 UB: Sx = 2300 cm3

3. 533 210 92 UB: Sx = 2370 cm3

Check the beam of deflection

Check whether the selected beam section is suitable to cover with a plaster or any kind of
brittle. (using table 4.5)
If plaster :
13

Smax=
= 27.77 mm

Stranded case and relevant deflection

S ctual =
a

= 0.0167 m + 0.00778m
= 24.48mm

Smax>

S ctual
a

Check for deflection under other beams ( Table 4.5)

Other beams =
=
= 50 mm
There have many type of beams. But we ne to think our scope. What kind do for used this beam,
what kind of weight and many matters in every beams.my section is 457 191 98 UB:
Sx = 2230 cm3
This beam is very good for our house; I choose this one is its matching to cross section in theory
calculation. And this one is low weight, and many think of this beam, other beams high weights,
larger cross sections, and not suitable to our situation.

14

Design 4

Using table 4.2 partial factors for load in lecture notes (Table 2, BS 5950)

Type of load and load combination

Dead load
Imposed load

Factor
1.4
1.6

Factored load (Fc) = 1.4gk+ 1.6 qk

Factored load (Fc) = 2100 + 1600
= 3700 KN

Effective length (

), from table 4.15

= 0.7L
= 0.7 7
= 4.9 m

15

Section using the table of dimensions and properties of steel universal beam,
Initial trial., 254 254 107 UC:
Py = 265KNm

ry = 65.7 cm

Ag = 13700 cm

b/t = 6.3

d/t = 15.4

b/t = 8.2

d/t = 20.7

=
= 75.58

Pc = A
= 15000 208/
= 3120
3120 > 3700, so this is not ok

second trial., 305 305 118 UC:

Py = 265KNm

ry = 77.5 cm

Ag = 15000 cm

=
= 63.22
Pc = 191 N/
Pc = A
= 15000 222/
= 3330
3330 > 3700, so this is not ok

16

Third trial. Try 305

305 158

Py = 265

ry = 78.9 cm

Ag = 21000 cm

b/t = 6.21

d/t = 15.7

=
= 62
Pc = 191 N/
Pc = A
= 21000 191/
= 4011
4011 > 3700, so this is ok

305 305 158 section beam used our building, there have lots of beams sections, but we want
decide to what is best for our scope. gross cross-sectional area of section is main factor of this
section changed, its mainly connect with width ,length, Inertia and thats why thinks, I choose
its over 300 cross sections, its rise direct change in this value, our Factored load is high, and
next i think good weight may be over 135. And medium every values good for our house. This
is single story house, we dont need high sectional beams.

17

Design 5

EFFECTIVE SPAN

Clear spam =3000mm

bearing length 150 mm

effective span = 3150mm

Permissible deflection

(
(

longer-span domestic floor joists,

Deflection due to bending

Deflection due to bending

18

Step 1
Deflection due to bending

Permissible deflection

Deflection due to bending

9.45 10-3

I
19

using the Table 6.8 ,select the beam section

75 300
100 300
this section can be consider as the most suitable

Step 2
75300 section

20

= 9.163 mm + 1.158 mm
=10.321 mm

9.45

100300 section

(
= 6.88 mm + 0.902 mm
=7.782 mm

9.45
Therefore a beam with a section is adequate for bending and deflection. Its very suitable for our scope
and agree with all equations

100300 for beams our building.

21

Design 6
Slenderness ratio

From table 6.11, Effective length of compression members

Restrained at both ends in position but not in direction = 1.0

Effective length
Le= 1.0 h
Le= 1.0 3500
Le= 3500mm
The slenderness ratio should not exceed 180 for compression members carrying dead and
imposed loads

i=

I=
A = bd

22

i=
i=

i=
i = 31.754
Slenderness ratio
=

=
= 110.223
GRADE STRESSES AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
From table 6.2, Grade GS whitewood belongs to strength class C16
Compression parallel to grain ( c.g.l l )

Modulus elasticity ( Emin)

6.8

5800Nmm-1

MODIFICATION FACTOR
=

= 852.9

23

From table 6.6,

Modification factor for compression members ( K12)
By interpolation,
100

110.22

800 0.371
852

120
0.280

0.33

900 0.397

0.304

AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY

.adm l l

= permissible bending stress perpendicular to grain

dm l l

c.a

= c,g l l K3K12
= 6.8 1.0 0.339
= 2.3052Nmm-2

Hence the long-term axial load capacity of column is

dm l l A

c.a

= 2.3052 ( 110 )2 10-3

= 27.893KN

24

Design 7

LOADING
Ultimate design load, N = 140 KN m-1 = 140 N mm-1
Small plan area modification factor does not apply since horizontal cross-sectional area of wall,
A=

0.21m 3.0m
= 0.63 m2> 0.2 m2

Hence modified characteristic compressive strength is 1.15fk

Safety factor for materials (m)

Manufacture and construction controls categories are, respectively, II and normal. Hence
from Table 5.10, m forcompression = 3.5
Capacity reduction factor ()
Eccentricity
Since wall is axially loaded assume eccentricity of loading, ex < 0.05t

25

Slenderness ratio

Slenderness ratio=

= 0.75 height = 0.75 3000 = 2250 mm

= actual thickness (single leaf) = 210 mm
Slenderness ratio

=10.71
Hence, from Table 5.11, =0.955 modified characteristic strength

Design vertical load resistance of wall (NR)

DETERMINATION OF
For structural stability

26

SELECTION OF BRICK AND MORTAR TYPE

From Table 5.9(a), any of the following brick/mortar combinations would be appropriate:

Assuming the wall will be plastered on both sides, the appearance of the bricks is not an issue.

27

References
Chanakya, A. (2009) Design of Structural Elements, 3rd edn, Spon Press.
Hibbler, R.C. (2004) Statics and Mechanics of Materials; SI edn; Prentice- Hall, Inc.
Beer, F. P., De-Wolf, J. T. (2004) Mechanics of materials. 3rd edn: Tata McGraw-Hill.
Hearn, E.J. (2000) Mechanics of Materials. 3rd edn: BH.
Kiusalaas, J., Pytel, A. (2012) Mechanics of Materials, 2nd edn., Cenagage Learning.

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