101 Muslim Scientists

101 Muslim Scientists
The Qur'an calls upon Muslims to look around them and study the physical world, so that they might
appreciate the majesty of Allah's creation.
"Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the earth; in the alternation of the night and the day; in the
sailing of the ships through the ocean for the benefit of mankind; in the rain which Allah Sends down
from the skies, and the life which He gives therewith to an earth that is dead; in the beasts of all kinds that
He scatters through the earth; in the change of the winds, and the clouds which they trail like their slaves
between the sky and the earth -- (Here) indeed are Signs for a people that are wise." (Surah Al-Baqarah
2:164)
And the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) told Muslims to "seek knowledge, even if it be in
China." (Meaning 'seek knowledge wherever it may be found.')
Throughout Islamic history, that is exactly what Muslims have done. Particularly in the 7th-13th centuries
C.E., the Islamic world was in the midst of its "Golden Age," paving the way for the growth of modern
sciences. Rather than stifling science, the religion of Islam encouraged its study. Scientific inquiry was
widespread, and some of the greatest scholars and scientists of the world made wondrous discoveries and
inventions. Muslims led the world in the study of medicine, astronomy, mathematics, geography,
chemistry, botany, and physics. They transmitted their studies to the West, where their work was built
upon and further disseminated.
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DISCLAIMER
This compilation presented here is purely done from information available in the internet. Being
encyclopedic in nature, there might be information that may not be hundred percent authentic, or there
might be information that needs further research. The purpose of this compilation is to trigger interest in
all of us, towards knowledge. Allah knows best.
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1: Prophet Mohammed Rasool Salallaho alayhiwassalam 570 CE- 632 CE / -52 AH 10 AH
NAME
FIELD
PAGE
2 : Abu Musa Jbir ibn Hayyn (Geber) 721 CE - 99 AH
Father of chemistry
15
3 : Yaqub ibn Tariq 7_ _ CE - 1_ _ AH
Astronomy
16
4 : Al-Khwarizmi 780/850 CE - 158 AH
Father of Algebra
17
5 : Al-Jahiz 781 CE - 159 AH
Polymath
18
6 : ibn Matar 786 CE 164 AH
Mathematician
19
7 : Al-Balkhi 787 CE - 165 AH
Polymath
20
8 : Muhammad ibn-Saad 790 CE - 168 AH
Historian
21
9 : Al-Fazari 796 CE - 174 AH
Inventor
22
10 : Ali Ibn Isa 800 CE 178 AH
Ophthalmologist
23
11 : Al-Kindi 800 CE - 178 AH
Polymath
24
12 : Banu Musa brothers 800 CE - 178 AH
Mechanics
25
13 : Hunayn ibn Ishaq 809 CE - 187 AH
Medicine
26
14 : Abbas Ibn Firnas 810 AH - 188 AH
Polymath
27
15 : Al-Dinawari 828 CE - 206 AH
Polymath
28
16 : Al Farghani 833 CE - 211 AH
Astronomy
29
17 : Ahmed ibn Yusuf CE 835 - 213 AH
Mathematician
30
18 : Thabit ibn Qurra 836 CE - 214 AH
Polymath
31
19 : Ibn Duraid 837 CE 215 AH
Philologist
32
20 : Al-Tabari 846 CE - 224 AH
Historian
33
21 : Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam 850 CE - 228 AH
Mathematician
34
22 : Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi 850 CE - 228 AH
Polymath
35
23 : Ibn Aslam 850 CE - 228 AH
Mathematician
36
24 : Al-Battani 853 CE - 231 AH
Mathematician
37
25: Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi 854 CE 232 AH
Medicine
38
26 : Al-farabi 870 CE - 248 AH
Polymath
39
8th CENTURY
9th CENTURY
27 : Abu al-Hasan 'Ali al-Mas'udi 896 CE - 274 AH
Historian
40
28 : Abu Ja'far al-Khazin 900 CE - 278 AH
Astronomy
41
29 : Al-Nayrizi 900 CE 278 AH
Mathematician
42
30 : Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi 903 CE - 281 AH
Astronomy
43
31 : Ibn Miskawayh 932 CE - 310 AH
Historian
44
32 : Abu Al-Qasim (Albucasis ) 936 CE - 314 AH
Medicine
45
33 : Ibn Sahl 940 CE - 318 AH
Physics
46
34 : Al-khujandi 940 CE - 318 AH
Astronomy
47
35 : al-Quhi 940 CE - 318 AH
Geomentry
48
36 : Ibn Hawqal 943 CE - 321 AH
Geography
49
37 : Al-Muqaddasi 945 CE - 323 AH
Geography
50
38 : Al-Sijzi 945 CE - 323 AH
Astronomy
51
39 : Ibn Yunus 950 CE 330 AH
Astronomy
52
40 : Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi 952 CE 330 AH
Mathematician
53
41 : Al-Karaji 953 CE - 331 AH
Mathematician
54
42 : Abu Nasr Mansur 960 CE - 338 AH
Astronomy
55
43 : Ibn Al Haitham (Alhacen) 965 CE - 343 AH
Physics
56
44 : Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) 972 CE - 350 AH
Philology
57
45 : Al-Biruni 973 CE - 351 AH
Polymath
58
46 : Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi 982 CE - 360 AH
Physician
59
47 : Ali ibn Ridwan 988 CE - 366 AH
Physician
60
48 : Al-Jayyani 989 CE - 367 AH
Mathematician
61
49 : Al-Saghani (d) 990 CE - 368 AH
Astronomy
62
50 : Abu'l-Wafa 998 CE - 376 AH
Mathematician
63
51 : Ibn Al-Jazzar 1000 CE - 378 AH
Medicine
64
52 : Abu Mansur Muvaffak 1000 CE - 378 AH
Medicine
65
53 : Al-Qumri 1000 CE - 378 AH
Medicine
66
10th CENTURY
11th CENTURY
54 : Ibn senna (Avicenna) 980 CE - 378 AH
Polymath
67
55 : Abi -l-Rijal 1000 CE- 378 AH
Astorlogy
68
56 : Al-Majriti 1008 CE - 386 AH
Astronomy
69
57: Ali ibn Ahmad al-Nasawi 1010 CE 388 AH
Mathematician
70
58 : Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) 1028 CE - 406 AH
Mathematician
71
59 : Ibn Al-Thahabi 1033 CE - 411 AH
Medicine
72
60 : Omar khayyam 1048 CE - 426AH
Mathematician
73
61 : Al-Baghdaadi 1080 CE - 458 AH
Medicine
74
62 : Ibn Zuhr 1091 CE - 469 AH
Medicine
75
63 : Ibn Bajjah 1095 CE - 473 AH
Polymath
76
64 : Al-Tughrai 1100 CE - 478 AH
Alchemy
77
65 : Al-Khazini 1100 CE - 478 AH
Polymath
78
66 : Al-Idrisi 1100 CE - 478 AH
Cartographer
79
67 : Jabir ibn Aflah 1100 CE - 478 AH
Astronomy
80
68 : Ibn Tufail 1105 CE - 483 AH8
Polymath
81
69 : Ibn Hubal 1122 CE - 500 AH
Medicine
82
70 : Ibn rushd (Averroes) 1126 CE - 504 AH
Polymath
83
71 : Al-Samaw'al 1130 CE - 508 AH
Mathematician
84
72 : Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 1135CE - 513 AH
Mathematician
85
73 : Ibn Jubayr 1145 CE 523 AH
Geography
86
74 : Al-razi 1149 CE - 527 AH
Polymath
87
75 : Ali ibn al-Athir 1160 CE - 538 AH
Historian
88
76 : Abd-el-latif 1162 CE - 540 AH
Medicine
89
77 : Ibn al-Baitar 1197 CE - 575 AH5
Botanist
90
78 : Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 1201CE - 579 AH
Polymath
91
79 : Al-Betrugi 1204 CE - 582 AH
Astronomy
92
80 : Al-Jazari 1206 CE - 584 AH
Emgineering
93
12th CENTURY
13th CENTURY
81 : Ibn al-Nafis 1213 CE - 591 AH
Physiologist
94
82 : Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 1236 CE - 614 AH
Polymath
95
83 : al-Samarqand 1250 CE 628 AH
Astronomy
96
84 : Ibn al-Banna 1256 CE - 634 AH
Mathematician
97
85 : Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (D) 1266 CE - 644 AH
Astronomy
98
86 : Kamal al-Din al-Farisi 1267 CE - 645 AH
Mathematician
99
87 : Ibn al-Shatir 1304 CE - 682 AH
Astronomy
100
88 : Ibn Battuta 1304 CE - 682 AH
Traveler
101
89 : Ibn Khaldun 1332 CE - 732 AH
Historian
102
90 : Qadi Zada al-Rumi 1364 CE 742 AH
Astronomy
103
91 : Jamshid al-Kashi 1380 CE - 758 AH
Astronomy
104
92 : Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu 1385 CE - 763 AH
Physician
105
93 : Ulugh Beg 1393 CE - 771 AH
Astronomy
106
94 : Al-Umawi 1400 CE 778 AH
Mathematician
107
95 : Ali Kuscu 1403 CE - 781 AH
Mathematician
108
96 : Al-Qalasadi 1412 CE - 79O AH
Algebra
109
97 : Ahmad Bin Majid 1421 CE - 799 AH
Cartographer
110
98 : Piri Reis 1465 CE - 843 AH
Cartographer
111
99 : Mansur Ibn Ilyas 1500 CE - 878 AH
Physician
112
100 : Taqi al-Din 1526 CE - 904 AH
Polymath
113
101 : Al-Birjandi 1528 CE 934 AH
Astronomy
114
14th CENTURY
15th CENTURY
16th CENTURY
BIOGRAPHY OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (pbuh)

Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq
http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/muhammad.html
Father
Mother
Grandfather
Uncle
:
:
:
:
Abdullah
Amina
Abdal Muttalib
Abu Talib
birth & upbringing

Prophet Muhammad (s) was born in 570 CE in Makkah (Bakka, Baca, Mecca). His father, Abdullah, died
several weeks before his birth in Yathrib (Medinah) where he went to visit his father's maternal relatives.
His mother died while on the return journey from Medinah at a place called Abwa when he was six years
old. He was raised by his paternal grandfather 'Abd al Muttalib (Shaybah) until the age of eight, and after
his grandfathers death by Abu Talib, his paternal uncle.
'Abd al Muttalib's (i.e: Rasools grandfather) mother, Salma, was a native of Medinah and he was born and
raised as a young boy in Medinah before his uncle Muttalib brought him to Makkah to succeed him. Many
years before Muhammad's birth, 'Abd al Muttalib had established himself as an influential leader of the
Arab tribe Quraish in Makkah and took care of the Holy sanctuary Kabah. Makkah was a city state
well connected to the caravan routes to Syria and Egypt in the north and northwest and Yemen in the
south. Muhammad (s) was a descendant of Prophet Ismail through the lineage of his second son Kedar.
adulthood & marriage
Under the guardianship of Abu Talib, Muhammad (s) began to earn a living as a businessman and a trader.
At the age of twelve, he accompanied Abu Talib with a merchant caravan as far as Bostra in Syria.
Muhammad (s) was popularly known as al-Ameen for his unimpeachable character by the Makkans and
visitors alike. The title Al-Ameen means the Honest, the Reliable and the Trustworthy, and it signified the
highest standard of moral and public life.
Upon hearing of Muhammads (s) impressive credentials, Khadijah, a rich merchant widow, asked
Muhammad (s) to take some merchandise for trade to Syria. Soon after this trip when he was twenty-five,
Khadijah proposed marriage to Muhammad (s) through a relative. Muhammad (s)accepted the proposal.
At that time, Khadijah was twice widowed and forty years old. Khadijah (ra) and Muhammad (s) were the
parents of six children - four daughters and two sons. His first son Qasim died at the age of two. He was
nicknamed Abul Qasim, meaning the father of Qasim. His second son Abdullah died in infancy. Abdullah
was also called affectionately as Tayyab and Tahir because he was born after Muhammads
prophethood. The four daughters were: Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah (ra).
Ka'bah is the first house of worship built on earth for the worship of Allah, the One True God. It was
re-built (raised from the existing foundation) by Prophets Ibrahim (Abraham) and Ismail (Ishmael). Allah
is the proper name of the One True God, creator and sustainer of the universe, who does not have a
partner or associate, and He did not beget nor was He begotten. Unlike the word god, the word Allah
does not have a plural or gender.
The Holy sanctuary Kabah was now filled with three hundred sixty idols. The original, pristine message
of Prophet Ibrahim was lost, and it was mixed with superstitions and traditions of pilgrims and visitors
from distant places, who were used to idol worship and myths. In every generation, a small group of men
and women detested the pollution of Kabah and kept pure their practice of the religion taught by
Prophets Ibrahim and Ismail. They used to spend some of their time away from this polluted environment
in retreats to nearby hills.
Messenger receives the Quran
Muhammad (s) was forty when, during his one of many retreats to Mount Hira for meditation during the
month of Ramadan, he received the first revelation from the Archangel Jibril (Gabriel). On this first
appearance, Gabriel (as) said to Muhammad: "Iqraa," meaning Read or Recite. Muhammad replied, "I
cannot read," as he had not received any formal education and did not know how to read or write. The
Angel Gabriel then embraced him until he reached the limit of his endurance and after releasing said:
"Iqraa." Muhammads answer was the same as before. Gabriel repeated the embrace for the third time,
asked him to repeat after him and said:
"Recite in the name of your Lord who created! He created man from that which clings. Recite; and thy
Lord is most Bountiful, He who has taught by the pen, taught man what he knew not."
These revelations are the first five verses of Surah (chapter) 96 of the Quran. Thus it was in the year 610
CE the revelation began.
Muhammad (s) was terrified by the whole experience of the revelation and fled the cave of Mt. Hira
[Qur'an 81:19-29]. When he reached his home, tired and frightened, he asked his wife: cover me, cover
me, in a blanket. After his awe had somewhat abated, his wife Khadijah asked him about the reason of his
great anxiety and fear. She then assured him by saying: "Allah (The One God) will not let you down
because you are kind to relatives, you speak only the truth, you help the poor, the orphan and the needy,
and you are an honest man. Khadijah then consulted with her cousin Waraqa who was an old, saintly man
possessing knowledge of previous revelations and scriptures. Waraqa confirmed to her that the visitor was
none other than the Angel Gabriel who had come to Moses. He then added that Muhammad (s) is the
expected Prophet. Khadijah accepted the revelation as truth and was the first person to accept Islam.
She supported her husband in every hardship, most notably during the three-year boycott of the
Prophets clan by the pagan Quraish. She died at the age of sixty-five in the month of Ramadan soon after
the lifting of the boycott in 620 CE.
Gabriel (as) visited the Prophet as commanded by Allah revealing Ayat (meaning signs, loosely referred to
as verses) in Arabic over a period of twenty-three years. The revelations that he received were sometimes a
few verses, a part of a chapter or the whole chapter. Some revelations came down in response to an
inquiry by the nonbelievers. The revealed verses were recorded on a variety of available materials (leather,
palm leaves, bark, shoulder bones of animals), memorized as soon as they were revealed, and were recited
in daily prayers by Muslims [Qur'an 80:13-16]. Angel Gabriel taught the order and arrangement of verses,
and the Prophet instructed his several scribes to record verses in that order [Qur'an 75:16-19 and 41:4142]. Once a year, the Prophet used to recite all the verses revealed to him up to that time to Gabriel to
authenticate the accuracy of recitation and the order of verses [Qur'an 17:106]. All the revealed verses
(over a period of 23 years and ending in 632 CE) were compiled in the book known as Quran. The
name Quran appears in the revealed verses. The Quran does not contain even a word from the Prophet.
The Qur'an speaks in the first person, i.e., Allah's commandments to His creation. Gabriel also visited the
Prophet throughout his mission informing and teaching him of events and strategy as needed to help in
the completion of the prophetic mission. The Prophets sayings, actions, and approvals are recorded
separately in collections known as Hadith.
The mission of Prophet Muhammad (s) was to restore the worship of the One True God, the creator and
sustainer of the universe, as taught by Prophet Ibrahim and all Prophets of God, and to demonstrate and
complete the laws of moral, ethical, legal, and social conduct and all other matters of significance for the
humanity at large.
The first few people who followed this message were: his cousin Ali, his servant Zayd ibn Harithah, his
friend Abu Bakr and his wife and daughters. They accepted Islam by testifying that:
"There is no Deity (worthy of worship) except Allah (The One True God) and Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allah."
Islam means peace by submission and obedience to the Will and Commandments of God and those who
accept Islam are called Muslims, meaning those who have accepted the message of peace by submission to
God.
The first few years of his mission
In the first three years of his mission forty people (men and women) accepted Islam. This small group
comprised of youth as well as older people from a wide range of economic and social background. The
Prophet was directed by a recent revelation to start preaching Islam to everyone. He then began to recite
revelations to people in public and invite them to Islam. The Quraish, leaders of Makkah, took his
preaching with hostility. The most hostile and closest to the prophet was his uncle Abu Lahab and his
wife. Initially, they and other leaders of Quraish tried to bribe him with money and power including an
offer to make him king if he were to abandon his message. When this did not work, they tried to
convince his uncle Abu Talib to accept the best young man of Makkah in place of Muhammad (s) and to
allow them to kill Muhammad (s). His uncle tried to persuade the Prophet to stop preaching but the
Prophet said: "O uncle, if they were to put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left hand to stop
me from preaching Islam, I would never stop. I will keep preaching until Allah makes Islam prevail or I
die."
The Quraish began to persecute Muslims by beating, torture and boycott of their businesses. Those who
were weak, poor or slaves were publicly tortured. The first person to die by this means was a Muslim
women by the name Umm Ammar (the mother of Ammar Ibn Yasir). The Muslims from well-to-do
families were physically restrained in their homes with the condition that if they recant they will be allowed
freedom of movement. The Prophet was publicly ridiculed and humiliated including frequent throwing of
filth on him in the street and while he prayed in the Kabah. In spite of great hardships and no apparent
support, the message of Islam kept all Muslims firm in their belief. The Prophet was asked by God to be
patient and to preach the message of Quran. He advised Muslims to remain patient because he did not
receive any revelation yet to retaliate against their persecutors. [Persecution]
Muslims migration to Abyssinia

When the persecution became unbearable for most Muslims, the Prophet advised them in the fifth year
of his mission (615 CE) to emigrate to Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) where Ashabah (Negus, a
Christian) was the ruler. Eighty people, not counting the small children, emigrated in small groups to
avoid detection. No sooner had they left the Arabian coastline, the leaders of Quraish discovered their
flight. They decided to not leave these Muslims in peace, and immediately sent two of their envoys to
Negus to bring all of them back. However, Negus allowed them to stay under his protection after he
investigated Muslim belief and heard the revelations about Jesus and Mary (peace be upon them
both), which appears in Chapter 19, entitled Mary, of the Quran. The emigrants were allowed freedom of
worship in Abyssinia.
The Quraish then made life even more difficult for the Prophet by implementing total ban on contact
with the Prophets family (Bani Hashim and Muttalib). The ban lasted for three years without the desired
effect. Just before the ban was lifted, the Prophet was contacted by the leaders of Quraish to agree to a
compromise under which they should all practice both religions (i.e., Islam and Idolatry). Upon hearing
this, the Prophet recited a revelation (Chapter 109) he had just received and which ends with the words:
"... For you your religion and for me mine." The ban was lifted when leaders of Quraish discovered that
their secret document on the terms of ban, which they had stored in Kabah, was eaten by worms and all
that was left were the opening words In Your name, O Allah. The effects of the three-year boycott left
the Prophet with more personal sorrow when he lost his beloved wife Khadijah (ra) and uncle Abu Talib
soon after the ban was lifted.
After Khadijah's death in 620 CE, the Prophet married a widowed Muslim woman, Sawdah (ra) who
was fifty years old. She and her husband had emigrated to Abyssinia in the early years of persecution.
After her husband died, she came back to Makkah and sought Prophets shelter. The Prophet, recognizing
her sacrifices for Islam, extended his shelter by marrying her. Later in the same year, the Prophet upon
receiving the divine command in a dream, after approval of Sawdah, contracted marriage to Aishah, the
daughter of his dear companion Abu Bakr. She joined the Prophet in Medinah, completing the marriage
contract. Sawdah and Aishah (ra) were the only wives until he was fifty-six years old.
Taif denies Islam
After the death of his uncle Abu Talib, the Prophet went to Taif (about 50 miles east, southeast of
Makkah) to seek their protection. They flatly refused and mocked at him, and severely injured him by
inciting their children to throw stones at him. Gabriel (as) visited the Prophet here suggesting that the
angels were ready to destroy the town if he were to ask Allah for the punishment. Nevertheless, the
Prophet declined and prayed for future generations of Taif to accept Islam [Taif]. It was on the return
journey from Taif that the verses from Surah Al Jinn (Chapter 72) were revealed. It indicated that the
Quran is a book of guidance to both the Jinns and Humankind.
al-Israa and al-Miraaj
Soon after the terrible disappointment at Taif, the prophet experienced the events of al-Israa and alMiraaj (621 CE). In the Al-Israa, Gabriel (as) took the Prophet from the sacred Mosque near Kabah to
the furthest (al-Aqsa) mosque in Jerusalem in a very short time in the latter part of a night. Here, Prophet
Muhammad met with previous Prophets (Abraham, Moses, Jesus and others) and he led them in prayer.
After this, in Al-Miraj, the Prophet was taken up to heavens to show the signs of God. It was on this
journey that five daily prayers were prescribed. He was then taken back to Kabah, the whole experience
lasting a few hours of a night. Upon hearing this, the people of Makkah mocked at him. However, when
his specific description of Jerusalem, other things on the way, and the caravan that he saw on this journey
including its expected arrival in Makkah turned out to be true, the ridicule of the nonbelievers stopped.
The event of Israa and Miraaj is mentioned in the Quran - the first verse of Chapter 17 entitled The
Children of Israel.
The Hijra in 622 ce
In 622 CE, the leaders of the Quraish decided to kill the Prophet and they developed a plan in which one
man was chosen from each of the Quraish tribes and they were to attack the Prophet simultaneously.
Gabriel informed the Prophet of the plan and instructed him to leave Makkah immediately. The Prophet,
after making arrangements to return the properties entrusted to him by several nonbelievers, left with Abu
Bakr in the night he was to be assassinated. They went south of Makkah to a mountain cave of Thawr [see
Qur'an 9:40], and after staying three nights they traveled north to Yathrib (Medinah) about two hundred
fifty miles from Makkah. Upon discovery of his escape, the leaders of Quraish put up a reward of one
hundred camels on him, dead or alive. In spite of all their best scouts and search parties, Allah protected
the Prophet and he arrived safely in Quba, a suburb of Medinah [Qur'an 28:85]. This event is known as
the Hijra (migration) and the Islamic calendar begins with this event. The people of Aws and Khazraj in
Medinah greeted him with great enthusiasm in accordance with their pledge made at Aqaba less than a
year ago during the annual pilgrimage. One by one those Muslims (men and women) of Makkah who were
not physically restrained, and who could make a secret exit, left for Medinah leaving behind their
properties and homes.
To insure the peace and tranquility, the Prophet proposed a treaty defining terms of conduct for all
inhabitants of Medinah. It was ratified by all - Muslims, non-Muslim Arabs and Jews. After his emigration
to Medinah, the enemies of Islam increased their assault from all sides.
The Battles of Badr, Uhud and Allies (Trench)
These battles were fought near or around Medinah. In these battles until the year 627 CE, the
nonbelievers with encouragement from Jews and other Arabian tribes attacked the Prophet and Muslim
community. The Muslims while defending their city and religion lost many men, which resulted in many
widowed Muslim women and numerous orphaned children. In these circumstances, Prophet
Muhammad (s) married several women during fifty-sixth year up to the sixtieth year of his life. He did not
contract any marriage in the last three years of his life, following the revelation limiting the number of
wives up to a maximum of four. This is the first time in the history of revealed scriptures that a limit on
the number of wives was imposed and the terms of conduct were specified. The Prophet was instructed
not to divorce any of his wives after this revelation [Qur'an 33:52]. All of the ladies he took as wives were
either widowed or divorced, except Aishah.
The Prophet married Umm Salamah (ra) in 626 CE. Her husband had died of wounds inflicted in the
Battle of Uhud (625 CE). When the Prophet asked her for marriage, she replied: "O Messenger of God, I
suffer from three shortcomings. I am a very jealous woman, and I am afraid this might cause me to do
things that you dislike. Secondly, I am an old woman. Finally, I have many children." The Prophet
answered: "Regarding your jealousy, I pray to God to remove it from you. As for your age, we are similar
in age. As for the children, your children are mine." Thus it was that she agreed to marry the Prophet. The
Prophets marriage contract with Umm Habibah (ra) was solemnized, by proxy, by Negus, King of
Abyssinia, in 628 CE.
Two of his wives, Juwayriah and Safiyah, were prisoners of war. Both belonged to the family of the chief
of their tribes and were set free by the Prophet; they then gladly accepted Islam and were pleased to
become the Prophets wives. The Prophets marriages provided security to women who would have
otherwise remained unmarried, unprotected, or felt humiliated. His marriages were also a means of
transmitting important teachings of Islam. The Prophet's wives, called the "Mothers of the
Believers,"[Qur'an Surah 33, Verse 6 and the last part of Verse 53] showed themselves as examples of
proper Muslim womanhood. All his wives, especially 'Aishah, transmitted many ahadith (sayings, deeds,
and actions) from Prophet Muhammad (s).
The treaty of Hudaybiyah
A year after the Battle of Allies (Trench), the Prophet and fifteen hundred of his companions left for
Makkah to perform the annual pilgrimage (628 CE). They were barred from approaching the city at
Hudaybiyah, where after some negotiations a treaty was signed allowing for them to come next year.
This treaty facilitated exchange of ideas among the people of the whole region without interference. Many
delegations from all regions of Arabia came to the Prophet to investigate the teachings of Islam, and a
large number of people accepted Islam within a couple of years. The Prophet sent many of his
companions (who memorized the Qur'an by heart) to new communities to instruct them about the
practice of Islam. More than fifty of them were murdered by non-believers.
A few weeks after Hudaybiyah the Prophet sent letters to several kings and rulers (including the two
superpowers - Byzantines and Persians) inviting them to Islam. Negus, the king of Abyssinia, and the
Ruler of Bahrain accepted Islam, and Emperor Heraclius acknowledged Muhammads
Prophethood. Among rulers who accepted Islam but without any initiative from the Prophet was
Chakrawati Farmas, a Hindu King of Malabar (located on the southwest coast of India).
About two years later at the end of 629 CE, the Quraish violated the terms of the Treaty of
Hudaybiyah by helping Banu Bakr in the surprise attack on Bani Khuzaah who were allied with the
Prophet. Some of Bani Khuzahs men escaped and took shelter in Makkah and they sought redress.
However, the leaders of Quraish did nothing. They then sent a message to the Prophet for help.
The conquest of Makka
The Prophet, after confirming all the reports of the attack and subsequent events, marched to Makkah
with an army consisting of three thousand Muslims of Medinah and Muslims from other Arab
communities that joined him on the way totaling ten thousand Muslims. Before entering the city he sent
word to citizens of Makkah that anyone who remained in his home, or in Abu Sufyans home, or in the
Kabah would be safe. The army entered Makkah without fighting and the Prophet went directly to the
Kabah. He magnified Allah for the triumphant entry in the Holy city. The Prophet pointed at each idol
with a stick he had in his hand and said, "Truth has come and Falsehood will neither start nor will it
reappear" [Qur'an 17:81]. And one by one the idols fell down. The Kabah was then cleansed by the
removal of all three hundred sixty idols, and it was restored to its pristine status for the worship of One
True God (as built by Prophets Ibrahim and Ismail).
The people of the city expected general slaughter in view of their persecution and torture of Muslims for
the past twenty years. While standing by the Ka'bah, the Prophet (s) promised clemency for the Makkans,
stating: "O Quraish, what do you think that I am about to do with you?" They replied, "Good. You are a
noble brother, son of a noble brother." The Prophet forgave them all saying:
"I will treat you as Prophet Yousuf (Joseph) treated his brothers. There is no reproach against you. Go to
your homes, and you are all free."
The Prophet also declared:
Allah made Makkah holy the day He created heavens and earth, and it is the holy of holies until
the Resurrection Day. It is not lawful for anyone who believes in Allah and the last day to shed
blood therein, nor to cut down trees therein. It was not lawful to anyone before me and it will not
be lawful to anyone after me.
The people of Makkah then accepted Islam including the staunch enemies of the Prophet. A few of the
staunchest enemies and military commanders had fled Makkah after his entry. However, when they
received the Prophets assurance of no retaliation and no compulsion in religion, they came back and
gradually the message of Islam won their hearts. Within a year (630 CE), almost all Arabia accepted Islam.
Among the Prophets close companions were Muslims from such diverse background as Persia,
Abyssinia, Syria and Rome. Several prominent Jewish Rabbis, Christian bishop and clergymen accepted
Islam after discussions with the Prophet.
One night in March 630 CE, Angel Gabriel visited the Prophet and addressed him as: "O father of
Ibrahim." A few hours later, the Prophet received the news of the birth of his son from his wife Mariah,
and the Prophet named him Ibrahim. He was the only child born after the six children from Prophets
first wife Khadijah. Ibrahim died when he was ten months old. On the day of Ibrahim's death, there was
an eclipse of the sun. When some people began to attribute it to the Prophet's bereavement, he said: "The
sun and the moon are two signs of the signs of God. Their light is not dimmed for any man's death. If you
see them eclipsed, you should pray until they be clear."
The great change in Arabia alarmed the two superpowers, Byzantines and Persians. Their Governors,
particularly the Byzantines, reacted with threats to attack Medinah. Instead of waiting, the prophet sent a
small army to defend the northmost border of Arabia. In the remaining life of the Prophet, all of the
major battles were fought on the northern front. The Prophet did not have a standing army. Whenever he
received a threat, he called the Muslims and discussed with them the situation and gathered volunteers to
fight any aggression.
His first & last Haj
The Prophet performed his first and last pilgrimage in 632 CE. One hundred twenty-thousand men and
women performed pilgrimage that year with him. The Prophet received the last revelation during this
pilgrimage. Two months later, Prophet Muhammad (s) fell ill and after several days died on Monday, 12
Rabi al-Awwal, the eleventh year after Hijra (June 8, 632 CE) in Medinah. He is buried in the same place
where he died.
Prophet Muhammad lived a most simple, austere and modest life. He and his family used to go without
cooked meal several days at a time, relying only on dates, dried bread and water. During the day he was
the busiest man, as he performed his duties in many roles all at once as head of state, chief justice,
commander-in-chief, arbitrator, instructor and family man. He was the most devoted man at night. He
used to spend one- to two-thirds of every night in prayer and meditation. The Prophet's possession
consisted of mats, blankets, jugs and other simple things even when he was the virtual ruler of Arabia. He
left nothing to be inherited except a white mule (a gift from Muqawqis), few ammunition and a piece of
land that he had made a gift during his life time. Among his last words were: "We the community of
Prophets are not inherited. Whatever we leave is for charity."
The Prophet. The Messenger. The Man
Muhammad (s) was a man and a messenger of Allah (The One God). He is the last of the prophets
[Qur'an 33:40] sent by Allah to guide man to the right path; Adam was the first Prophet. The Quran
mentions twenty-five Prophets by name and provides a great insight of their mission, struggle and their
communities. The Quran exonerates prophets from charges leveled against them in previous Scriptures.
The Quran also mentions four previously revealed Scriptures: Suhoof (Pages) of Ibrahim (Abraham),
Taurat ('Torah') as revealed to Prophet Moses, Zuboor ('Psalms') as revealed to Prophet David, and Injeel
('Evangel') as revealed to Prophet Jesus (pbuh). Islam requires belief in all prophets and revealed scriptures
(original, non-corrupted) as part of the Articles of Faith. Muhammad (s) is greatly respected as the model
of Quranic behavior. Muslims mention his name by adding "peace be upon him," a phrase used with the
name of all prophets [e.g., Qur'an Surah 37: verses 79, 109, 120 and 130; also 33:56]. All sincere Muslims
try to follow the Quran and the Prophets example to minute details. The account of every aspect of his
life has been preserved (numerous daily accounts including his family life). Prophet Muhammad (s) has
served as an example for all Muslims in all periods to modern times. He will remain a model example for
all of humanity.
At the end of his mission, the Prophet was blessed with several hundred thousand followers (men and
women) of Islam. Thousands prayed with him at the mosque and listened to his sermon. Hundreds of
sincere Muslims would find every opportunity to be with him following five daily prayers and at other
times. They used to seek his advice for their everyday problems, and listened attentively to the
interpretation and application of revealed verses to their situation. They followed the message of the
Quran and the Messenger of Allah with utmost sincerity, and supported him with every thing they had.
The most excellent among them are Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubair, 'Abdur Rahman ibn
Auf, S'ad bin Abi Waqqas, S'ad bin Zaid, Abu 'Ubeidah, Hasan, Hussain, and several dozen others. They
faithfully carried the message of Islam after the Prophet, and within ninety years the light of Islam reached
Spain, North Africa, the Caucasus, northwest China and India.
Allah: Allah is the proper name in Arabic for The One and Only God, The Creator and Sustainer of the universe. It is used by
the Arab Christians and Jews for the God (Eloh-im in Hebrew; 'Allaha' in Aramaic, the mother tongue of Jesus, pbuh). The
word Allah does not have a plural or gender. Allah does not have any associate or partner, and He does not beget nor was He
begotten. SWT is an abbreviation of Arabic words that mean 'Glory Be To Him.'
s or pbuh: Peace Be Upon Him. This expression is used for all Prophets of Allah.
ra: Radiallahu Anha (May Allah be pleased with her).
ra: Radiallahu Anhu (May Allah be pleased with him).
#2:
Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) 721 CE - 99 AH
He is considered by many to be the father of chemistry.

Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan 721 CE - 99 AH known also by his Latinised name Geber, was a
prominent Muslim polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer,
philosopher, and pharmacist and physician.
Jabir
was born in Tus, Khorasan, in Iran, then ruled by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate. He was the son
of Hayyan al-Azdi, a pharmacist of the Arabian Azd tribe who emigrated from Yemen to Kufa (in
present-day Iraq) during the Umayyad Caliphate. Jabir grew up in Yemen and studied the Koran,
mathematics and other subjects under a scholar named Harbi al-Himyari. After the Abbasids took
power, Jabir went back to Kufa, where he spent most of his career.
In Kufa he became a student of the celebrated Islamic teacher and sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. He began
his career practising medicine, under the patronage of the Barmakid Vizir of Caliph Haroun al-Rashid.
Contributions to chemistry
Jabir is mostly renowned for his contributions to the modern discipline of chemistry. He is credited with
the invention of many types of now-basic chemical laboratory equipment, and with the discovery and
description of many now-commonplace chemical substances and processes such as the hydrochloric and
nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation that have become the foundation of today's chemistry and
chemical engineering.
Jabir is also credited with the invention and development of several chemical instruments that are still
used today. Jabir applied his chemical knowledge to the improvement of many manufacturing processes,
such as making steel and other metals, preventing rust, engraving gold, dyeing and waterproofing cloth,
tanning leather, and the chemical analysis of pigments and other substances. He developed the use of
manganese dioxide in glassmaking, to counteract the green tinge produced by iron a process that is still
used today. He noted that boiling wine released a flammable vapor, thus paving the way to Al-Razi's
discovery of ethanol.
The seeds of the modern classification of elements into metals and non-metals could be seen in his
chemical nomenclature.
Ref:
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
www.pre-renaissance.com
# 3:
Yaqub ibn Tariq 7_ _ CE 1_ _ AH
He was an excellent astronomer who developed from Greek, Indian, and Iranian sources the basic
structure of Arabic astronomy.
Yaqub ibn Tariq is known as a contemporary and collaborator of the 8thcentury scholars in Baghdad
(particularly Fazari) who developed from Greek, Indian, and Iranian sources the basic structure of Arabic
astronomy. Works ascribed by later authors to Yaqub include the Zj malul fr al Sindhind lidaraja daraja
(Astronomical tables in the Sindhind resolved for each degree), Tarkb al aflk (Arrangement of the orbs),
and Kitab alilal (Rationales [of astronomical procedures]). He is also said to have written a Taqi kardajt
aljayb (Distribution of the kardajas of the sine [sine values]), and M irtafa a min qaws nif alnahr
(Elevation along the arc of the meridian), which may be related to or incorporated within one of his more
general works. An otherwise unknown astrological work entitled Al maqalat (Chapters) is also attributed
to Yaqb by one (unreliable) source. None of the above works is now extant, and only the first three are
known in any detail from later writings.
Contributions
Yaqub's zij (handbook with astronomical tables), like that of Fazar1, was apparently based on the Sanskrit
original of the Zj al Sindhind, translated by them in Baghdad in the 770s. (A highly embroidered 12th
century account of Yaqub's involvement in this translation is given by Abraham ibn Ezra.) Also like
Fazr's, the surviving fragments of Yaqub's zij are a heterogeneous mix from different traditions. For
example, the mean motion parameters are Indian, as is the rule for visibility of the lunar crescent; the
calendar is Persian; and the Indian sunrise epoch for the civil day appears to have been converted to the
Greek inspired noon epoch by the simple expedient of moving the prime meridian 90 (or 1/4th day)
eastward from the usual location of Arin (Ujjain).
The Tarkib alaflak was an early work on the topic that became known as haya or cosmography (i.e., the
arrangement, sizes, and distances of the celestial orbs). Yaqub's work apparently stated the orbital radii and
sizes of the planets, as well as rules for determining accumulated time according to techniques in Sanskrit
treatises. Biruni in the 11th century mentioned the Tarkib as the only Arabic source using the Indian
cosmographic tradition (although at least some of the same values were known from other zijes); if his
descriptions of some of Yaqub's rules are accurate, Yaqub did not always fully understand or correctly
interpret the Indian procedures.
It is also from Biruni that we derive our knowledge of the Kitb al ilal, an early representative of the genre
of rationales or causes treatises that undertook to provide mathematical explanations of the
computational rules in zjes. All of Birunis references to this work are contained in his al ilal (On
shadows), so they are limited to trigonometric procedures using gnomon shadows in calculations of time
and location. By this time, evidently, Yaqb's works were valued primarily for the information they
provided about early influences from the Indian tradition, many of which were replaced in later Islamic
astronomy by predominantly Ptolemaic techniques.
Ref:islamsci.mcgill.ca
#4:
al-Khwarizmi 780 - 850 CE / 158 AH
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

He is considered the Father of Algebra. The words algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi, the
Latinization of his name.
al-Khwarizmi was a Persian Islamic mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and geographer. He was born
around 780 in Khwrizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan) and died around 850. He worked most of his life as a
scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
His Algebra was the first book on the systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. Consequently
he is considered to be the father of algebra. His contributions not only made a great impact on
mathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations
used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book. The words algorism and algorithm stem from
Algoritmi, the Latinization of his name. His name is also the origin of the Spanish word guarismo and of
the Portuguese word algarismo, both meaning digit.
Contributions
His major contributions to mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography and cartography provided
foundations for later and even more widespread innovation in algebra, trigonometry, and his other areas
of interest. His systematic and logical approach to solving linear and quadratic equations gave shape to the
discipline of algebra, a word that is derived from the name of his 830 book on the subject, al-Kitab almukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa'l or: "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing".
The book was first translated into Latin in the twelfth century.
His book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825, was principally responsible for the
diffusion of the Indian system of numeration in the Middle-East and then Europe. This book also
translated into Latin in the twelfth century, as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. From the name of the author,
rendered in Latin as algoritmi, originated the term algorithm.
He also assisted in the construction of a world map for the caliph al-Ma'mun and participated in a project
to determine the circumference of the Earth, supervising the work of 70 geographers to create the map of
the then "known world".[9]
When his work was copied and transferred to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact
on the advancement of basic mathematics in Europe. He also wrote on mechanical devices like the
astrolabe and sundial.
ref:
www.famousmuslims.com
# 5:
Al-Jahiz 781 CE 159 AH
Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Fuqaimi al-Basri

Author of works on Arabic literature, biology, zoology, history, early Islamic philosophy, Islamic
psychology, Mu'tazili theology, and politico-religious polemics.
Not much is known about Al-Jahiz's early life, but his family was very poor. He used to sell fish
along one of the canals in Basra to help his family. Yet, despite his difficult financial troubles, that
didn't stop him from seeking knowledge since his youth. He used to gather with a group of other
youths at the main mosque of Basra, where they discussed various subjects of sciences. He also
attended various lectures done by the most learned men in philology, lexicography, and poetry. Over a
span twenty-five years, he had acquired great knowledge about Arabic poetry, Arabic philology, history
of the Arabs and Persians before Islam, and he studied the Qur'an and the Hadith. His education was
highly facilitated due to the fact that the Abbasid Caliphate was in a period of cultural, and intellectual
revolutions. Books became readily available, and this made learning easily available.
He moved to Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Islamic Caliphate at the time, in 816 AD, because the
Abbasid Caliphs encouraged scientists and scholars and had just founded the House of Wisdom. Due to
the Caliphs' patronage, his eagerness to reach a wider audience, and establish himself, al-Jahiz stayed
in Baghdad (and later Samarra) where he wrote a huge number of his books.
Other works
The earliest works on social psychology and animal psychology were written by al-Jahiz, who wrote a
number of works dealing with the social organization of ants and with animal communication and
psychology.[14]
ref:
www.salaam.co.uk
# 6:
ibn Matar 786 CE 164 AH
Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar

He was an Arab mathematician who made the first translation of Euclid's Elements from Greek into
Arabic.
Ibn Matar was an Arab mathematician who made the first translation of Euclid's Elements from Greek into
Arabic. He made a second, improved, more concise translation for al-Ma'mun. Around 829 he translated
Ptolemy's Almagest, which at that time had also been translated by Hunayn ibn Ishaq and Sahl al-abar.
Ref:
http://islamsci.mcgill.ca
# 7:
al-Balkhi 787 CE-165 AH
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi

Mathematician, astronomer, astrologer.
First astronomer to define astrological ages eg. the Age of Pisces, the Age of Aquarius.
Ja'far ibn Muammad Ab Ma'shar al-Balkhi (10 August 787 in Balkh, Afghanistan 9 March 886 in alWasit, Iraq), also known as al-Falaki or Albumasar was a South Asian Afghan mathematician, astronomer,
astrologer and Islamic philosopher. Many of his works were translated into Latin and were well known in
amongst many European astrologers, astronomers, and mathematicians (Mathematici) during the
European Middle Ages.
Astrology and natural philosophy
Richard Lemay has argued that the writings of Albumasar were very likely the single most important
original source of Aristotle's theories of nature for European scholars, starting a little before the middle of
the 12th century.[1]
It was not until later in the 12th century that the original books of Aristotle on nature began to become
available in Latin. The works of Aristotle on logic had been known earlier, and Aristotle was generally
recognized as "the master of logic." But during the course of the 12th century, Aristotle was transformed
into the "master of those who know," and in particular a master of natural philosophy. It is especially
interesting that the work of Albumasar (or Balkhi) in question is a treatise on astrology. Its Latin title is
Introductorium in Astronmiam, a translation of the Arabic Kitab al-mudkhal al-kabir ila 'ilm ahkam an-nujjum,
written in Baghdad in the year 848 A.D. It was translated into Latin first by John of Seville in 1133, and
again, less literally and abridged, by Hermann of Carinthia in 1140 A.D. Amir Khusrav mentions that Abu
Mashar came to Benaras (Varanasi) and studied astronomy there for ten years.
Astronomy
Abu Ma'shar has been credited as the first astronomer to define astrological ages - the Age of Pisces, the
Age of Aquarius, etc. - on the basis of the precession of the equinoxes through the zodiac.
Abu Ma'shar developed a planetary model which some have interpreted as a heliocentric model. This is
due to his orbital revolutions of the planets being given as heliocentric revolutions rather than geocentric
revolutions, and the only known planetary theory in which this occurs is in the heliocentric theory. His
work on planetary theory has not survived, but his astronomical data was later recorded by al-Hashimi and
al-Biruni.
ref:
# 8:
Muhammad ibn-Saad 790 CE-168 AH
A historian. Author of Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabeer.

It is an encyclopedic work which the author intended to take up to 15 volumes, serving the Sunnah and
Hadith scholarship.
Muhammad ibn-Saad was born in Basrah. He traveled to Baghdad where he lived for many years, studying
under his well-known teacher, Muhammad ibn-Umar al-Waqidi. He also traveled to Kufah and Madinah.
There is no doubt that his trip to Madinah was prior to 200 AH, as he reports meeting several scholars
there, many of whom died before the beginning of the third century.
When he traveled his main occupation was to meet scholars, particularly scholars of Hadith, to read under
them, and to collect books. Hence, he was able to meet many of the most distinguished contemporary
figures in the study of Hadith. He is described by scholars as one who has transmitted numerous Hadiths
and read a large number of books.
This suggests that he authored several books, and had many interests, but historical sources mention only
three of his books which are really one book, known as Al-Tabaqat. The other two are a summary of this
book, and the life of the Prophet, which is perhaps an extraction of al-Tabaqat, as the first two volumes of
this book are devoted to the history of the Prophet and his life.
Although Ibn-Saad was highly interested in Hadith, biographies and history, he did not confine himself to
these. He appears to have given linguistic study fair attention, and mastered all methods of reciting the
Qur'an. The book that kept Ibn-Saad's name well-known in scholarly circles up to our present time, and is
likely to keep it that way forever, is known for short as Al-Tabaqat, while its full name is Kitab al-Tabaqat alKabeer. It is an encyclopedic work which the author intended to take up to 15 volumes, serving the Sunnah
and Hadith scholarship.
ref:
www. ibnalhyderabadee.wordpress.com
# 9:
al-Fazari 796 CE 174 AH
Muhammad al-Fazari is credited to have built the first astrolabe in the Islamic world.
al-Fazari was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer. He is not to be confused with his
father Ibrahim al-Fazari, also an astronomer and mathematician.
While some sources refer to him as an Arab, other sources state that he was a Persian.
Al-Fazari translated many scientific books into Arabic and Persian. He is credited to have built the first
astrolabe in the Islamic world.
Along with Yaqub ibn Tariq and his father he helped translate the Indian astronomical text by
Brahmagupta (fl. 7th century), the Brahmasphutasiddhanta, into Arabic as Az-Zj al Sin al-Arab., or the
Sindhind. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were
transmitted from India to Islam.
Ref:
www.muslimheritage.com
# 10
Ali Ibn Isa 800 CE 178 AH
Ali Ibn Isa or Ali Ben Isa was an Arab astronomer, geographer and ophthalmologist in the 9th century.
He wrote the landmark textbook on ophthalmology in medieval Islam, Notebook of the Oculists, for
which he was known in medieval Europe as Jesu Occulist, with "Jesu" being a Latin translation of "Isa",
the Arabic name for Jesus.
In Islamic astronomy and Islamic geography, together with Chalid Ben Abdulmelik in 827, he measured
the Earth's circumference, getting a result of 40,248 km (or, according to other sources, 41,436 km).
ref:
# 11:
Al-Kindi (Alkindus ) 800 CE- 178 AH
Yaqub ibn Isaq al-Kindi

House of Wisdom.
Translation of Greek texts into the Arabic language.
Introduction of Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christian world.
Pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology.
Also known by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus to the West, was a Muslim Arab polymath: a
philosopher, scientist, physicist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician,
musician, physician, psychologist, and meteorologist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim Peripatetic
philosophers, he was also a pioneer in chemistry, cryptography, medicine, music theory, physics,
psychology, and the philosophy of science.
Al-Kindi was a descendant of the Kinda tribe. He was born and educated in Kufa, before going to pursue
further studies in Baghdad. Al-Kindi became a prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, and a number
of Abbasid Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translation of Greek scientific and philosophical texts
into the Arabic language. This contact with "the philosophy of the ancients" (as Greek and Hellenistic
philosophy was often referred to by Muslim scholars) had a profound effect on his intellectual
development, and lead him to write a number of original treatises of his own on a range of subjects
ranging from metaphysics and ethics to mathematics and pharmacology.
In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the
Islamic and Christian world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology, and devised several new
methods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis method. Using his mathematical and
medical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their
medication. He also first experimented with music therapy.
Ref:
www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/kin.htm
# 12:
Banu Musa brothers 800 CE - 178 AH
The Banu Musa brothers "Sons of Ms" were three Persian scholars, of Baghdad, active in the
House of Wisdom:
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ms ibn Shkir (800-873), who specialised in astronomy, engineering,
geometry and physics. Ahmad ibn Ms ibn Shkir (805-873), who specialised in engineering and
mechanics. Al-Hasan ibn Ms ibn Shkir (810873), who specialised in engineering and geometry.
The Banu Musa brothers invented a number of automata (automatic machines) and mechanical
devices, and they described a hundred such devices in their Book of Ingenious Devices. Some of
these inventions include:
Book on the motion of the orbs
In physics and astronomy, Muhammad ibn Musa was a pioneer of astrophysics and celestial
mechanics. In the Book on the motion of the orbs, he was the first to discover that the heavenly
bodies and celestial spheres were subject to the same laws of physics as Earth, unlike the ancients
who believed that the celestial spheres followed their own set of physical laws different from that of
Earth.
Astral Motion and The Force of Attraction: In mechanics and astronomy, Muhammad ibn Musa,
in his Astral Motion and The Force of Attraction, discovered that there was a force of attraction
between heavenly bodies,[7] foreshadowing Newton's law of universal gravitation.[8]
On mechanics: Ahmad (c. 805) specialised in mechanics and wrote a work on pneumatic devices
called On mechanics.
The Book of the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures: The Banu Musa's most famous
mathematical treatise is The Book of the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures, which
considered similar problems as Archimedes did in his On the measurement of the circle and On the
sphere and the cylinder.
The elongated circular figure: The youngest brother, al-Hasan (c. 810), specialised in geometry
and wrote a work on the ellipse called The elongated circular figure.
Ref:
# 13:
Hunayn ibn Ishaq 809 CE 187 AH
Assyrian scholar, physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating scientific and medical works in
Greek into Arabic.
Hunayn ibn Ishaq known in Latin as Johannitius, was a famous and influential Assyrian scholar,
physician, and scientist, known for his work in translating scientific and medical works in Greek into
Arabic. Although Arabic historical sources refer to him as an Arab, as well as some modern sources, other
modern sources refer to him as Assyrian.
Hunein was born in Al-Hira, near Kufa, the son of a Nestorian pharmacist. As a young man, Hunayn
went to Baghdad where he enrolled in a medical school under the direction of Masawaiyh. Hunein learned
Greek and began privately to translate Greek medical texts into Arabic. In 830, he was put in charge of the
Bayt al Hikmah (House of Wisdom), a college of scholars supported by the Abbasids for the purpose of
translating Greek texts. He translated many treatises of Galen and the Galenic school into Syriac, and
thirty-nine into Arabic; through his renderings some important works of Galen escaped destruction.
Hunayn also translated Aristotle's Categories, Physics, and Magna Moralia; Platos Republic, Timaeus, and
Laws; Hippocrates Aphorisms, Dioscorides Materia Medica, Ptolemy's quadri-partition, and the Old
Testament from the Septuagint Greek.
In addition to his work of translation, he wrote treatises on general medicine and various specific topics,
including a series of works on the eye which remained influential until the fifteenth century.
Hunayn and the Caliph
Hunayn is also famous for his ethics as a physician. Supposedly Caliph Al-Mutawakkil decided to test
Hunayn by offering him a large sum to create a poison to use against an enemy; when Hunayn put him
off, he offered him more money. Hunayn then lectured him that it was against his professional ethics to
harm rather than heal. Al-Mutawakil had Hunayn imprisoned, and threatened to execute him for his
defiance. When Hunayn still refused, Al-Mutawakil had him released from prison and richly rewarded for
his ethical behavior and integrity.
Ref:
# 14:
Abbas Ibn Firnas 810 CE 188 AH
He was a polymath: an aviator, chemist, humanitarian, inventor, musician, physician, poet, and technologist.
'Abbas Ibn Firnas, or 'Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas (Latinized name: Armen Firman) was a Berber
polymath: an aviator, chemist, humanitarian, inventor, musician, physician, poet, and technologist.[3] He
was born in Izn-Rand Onda, al-Andalus (today's Ronda, Spain), and lived in the Umayyad Caliphate of
Crdoba in al-Andalus, together with the Persian contemporary musician Ziryab. Like Ziryab, Ibn
Firnas worked at a huge variety of enterprises. He was studied in chemistry, physics, and astronomy. He
also set up astronomical tables and wrote poetry. The name 'Abbas ibn Firnas' was later Latinized as
Armen Firman. Ibn Firnas crater on the Moon is also named in his honor.
Inventions
He designed a water clock called Al-Maqata. He also devised means of manufacturing colorless glass by
additions to the frit from which it was produced, and he developed a chain of rings that could be used to
display the motions of the planets and stars. He also developed a process for cutting rock crystal. Up to
then, only the Egyptians knew how to facet crystal. Thereafter Spain no longer needed to export quartz to
Egypt, but could finish it at home.
Aviation
In 852, under the new Caliph 'Abd al-Rahman II, Armen Firmen decided to fly off the minaret of the
Mezquita mosque in Crdoba using a huge wing-like cloak to break his fall, which he survived with
minor injuries. This was the first example of an early parachute.
In 875, at an age of 65 years, Ibn Firnas made the first attempt at controlled flight when he invented a
hang glider with artificial wings as flight control surfaces, and launched himself from the Mount of the
Bride (Jabal al-'arus) in the Rusafa Area, near Crdoba. He apparently managed to fly for quite some time,
by some accounts as long as ten minutes. This was the first attempt at controlled flight, as he was able to
alter his altitude and change his direction in order to return to where he flew from. The flight was largely
successful, and was widely observed by a crowd that he had invited. However, after successfully returning
to his starting point, the landing was bad and he eventually crashed to the ground. He injured his back,
and left critics saying he hadn't taken proper account of the way birds pull up into a stall, and land on their
tails. He'd provided neither a tail, nor means for such a maneuver, and he later said that the landing could
have been improved by providing a tail apparatus.[3][4]
Ibn Firnas died twelve years later in 887, at the age of 77 years old.
Ref:
http://www.turntoislam.com
# 15:
Al-Dinawari 828 CE 206 AH
Abu anifah Amad ibn Dawud Dinawari

Main interests: historian, geographer, metallurgy, astronomer and mathematician
Abu anifah Amad ibn Dawud Dinawari was a Kurdish polymath excelling as much in astronomy,
botany, and metallurgy as in geography, mathematics and history. He was born in Dinawar, (halfway
between Hamadan and Kermanshah in present-day western Iran). He studied astronomy, mathematics
and mechanics in Isfahan and philology and poetry in Kufa and Basra. He died on July 24, 896 at
Dinawar. His most renowned contribution is Book of Plants, for which he is considered the founder of
Arabic botany. He is also considered among the very first writers to discuss the ancestry of the Kurds. He
wrote a book about this subject called Ansb al-Akrd (Ancestry of the Kurds).
Botany
Al-Dinawari is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Kitab al-Nabat (Book of Plants), which
consisted of six volumes. Only the third and fifth volumes have survived, though the sixth volume has
partly been reconstructed based on citations from later works. In the surviving portions of his works, 637
plants are described from the letters sin to ya. He also discusses plant evolution from its birth to its death,
describing the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit.[1]
Astronomy and meteorology

Parts of al-Dinawari's Book of Plants deals with the applications of Islamic astronomy and meteorology to
agriculture. It describes the astronomical and meteorological character of the sky, the planets and
constellations, the sun and moon, the lunar phases indicating seasons and rain, the anwa (heavenly bodies
of rain), and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, rivers, lakes,
wells and other sources of water.[1]
Earth sciences
Parts of al-Dinawari's Book of Plants deals with the Earth sciences in the context of agriculture. He
considers the Earth, stone and sands, and describes different types of ground, indicating which types are
more convenient for plants and the qualities and properties of good ground.
Ref:
www.kurdistanica.com
# 16 :
Al Farghani 833 CE-211 AH
Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani

He is one of the most prominent and distinguished Arab astronomers.
His most important work, is "Elements of Astronomy" (Kitab fi al-Harakat al-Samawiya wa Jawami Ilm al-Nujum),
a thorough nonmathematical summary of Ptolemaic astronomy. Elements, which was translated into Latin
language, exerted great influence upon European astronomy before Regiomontanus. Two treatises on astrolabes by
Al-Farghani also survive.
Al Farghani adopted Ptolemy's theory and value of the precession, and reached the conclusion that it doesnt only
affected the stars but also the planets. He determined the diameter of the earth to be 6,500 miles.
Ahmed al-Farghani was one of the Pleiad scientists, a member of the House of Wisdom founded by Caliph ALMa'mun in the 9th century. The House of Wisdom was also known at that time as the al-Ma'mun Academy. It was
first in Mery, then in Baghdad that the scientists whom he invited from Khoresm, Sogdiana, Shash, Farab,
Khorosan conducted their scientific. The two observatories were equipped with the most modern equipment at that
time. It was there that astronomers from the al-Ma'mun Academy calculated the Earth's circumference, the degree
length of the Earth's meridian, investigated the stars, compiled the "zibjes" (tables) and wrote scientific reports.
AI-Farghani was also invited to work along with these scientists. During the period he spent in Egypt, he created
the famous "Cairo Nilemeter", a measuring device for the water in the Nile. This tool was an invention that has
preserved its scientific value up till now.
Also Al-Farghani contributions in the science of engineering. According to Ibn Tughri Birdi, he supervised the
construction of the Great Nilometer at al-Fustat (old Cairo). It was completed in 861, the year in which the Caliph
al-Mutawakkil, who ordered the construction, died.
'The Elements' was Al- Farghani's major work and most important. Abd al-Aziz al-Qabisi (d. 967) wrote a
commentary on it, which is preserved in the Istanbul manuscript, Aya Sofya 4832, fols. 97v-114v. Two Latin
translations of 'The Elements' were written in the 12th century, one by John of Seville in 1135 (revised by
Regiomontanus* in the 1460's) and the other by Gerard of Cremona* before 1175, the latter work providing Dante*
with the astronomical knowledge used in his 'La Vita Nuova'.
Together with these works, al-Farghani's summary was to a great extent influential in bringing Ptolemy's astronomy
to Europe. Jacob Anatoli made a Hebrew translation of al-Farghani's book, and this became the basis for a third
Latin version in 1590. Jacob Golius published a new Latin text, along with the Arabic original, in 1669.
Al-Farghani also wrote a book on the construction of sundials, and a treatise on the astrolabe (written around 857)
which discussed the mathematical theory of the astrolabe and introduced features (not found on earlier instruments)
such as the universal plate of horizons.
Ref:
www.pre-renaissance.com
# 17:
Ahmed ibn Yusuf
CE 835 -213 AH
He was an renowned Arab mathematician
Ahmed ibn Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Tammam al-siddiq Al-Baghdadi also known as Abu
Ja'far Ahmad ibn Yusuf and Ahmed ibn Yusuf al-misri (835 - 912) was an Arab
mathematician, like his father Yusuf ibn Ibrahim
Life
Ahmed ibn Yusuf was born in Baghdad (today in Iraq) and moved with his father to Damascus in 839. He
later moved to Cairo, but the exact date is unknown: since he was also known as al-Misri, which means the
Egyptian, this probably happened at an early age. Eventually, he also died in Cairo. He probably grew up in
a strongly intellectual environment: his father worked on Mathematics, Astronomy and Medicine,
produced astronomical tables and was a member of a group of scholars. He achieved an important role in
Egypt, which was caused by Egypt's relative independence from the Abbasid Caliph.
Work
For some of the work attributed to Ahmed, it is not exactly clear whether he wrote his, whether his father
wrote it or whether they wrote it together. It is clear, however, that he worked on a book on ratio and
proportion. This was translated to Latin by Gherard of Cremona and was a commentary of Euclid's
Elements. This book influenced early European mathematicians such as Fibonacci. Further, in On similar
arcs, he commented on Ptolemy's Karpos (or Centiloquium); many scholars believe that ibn Yusuf was in fact
the true author of that work. He also wrote a book on the astrolabe. He invented methods to solve tax
problems that were later presented in Fibonnacci's Liber Abaci. He was also quoted by mathematicians
such as Thomas Bradwardine, Jordanus de Nemore and Luca Pacioli.
Ref:
# 18 :
Thabit ibn Qurra 836 CE - 214 AH
He was an Arab astronomer, mathematician and physician.

Al-abi Thabit ibn Qurra al-arrani (836 in Harran, Mesopotamia February 18, 901 in Baghdad) was an
Arab astronomer, mathematician and physician who was known as Thebit in Latin.
Biography
Thabit was born in Harran (known as Carrhae in antiquity) in Mesopotamia (in modern day Turkey).
Thabit went to study in Baghdad at the House of Wisdom. Thabit and his pupils lived in the midst of the
most intellectually vibrant, and probably the largest, city of the time, Baghdad. He occupied himself with
mathematics, astronomy, astrology, magic, mechanics, medicine, and philosophy. His native language was
Syriac, which was the eastern Aramaic dialect from Edessa, and he knew Greek well too. He translated
from Greek Apollonius, Archimedes, Euclid and Ptolemy. Thabit had revised the translation of Euclid's
Elements of Hunayn ibn Ishaq. He had also rewritten Hunayn's translation of Ptolemy's Almagest and
translated Ptolemy's Geography, which later became very well-known. Thabit's translation of a work by
Archimedes which gave a construction of a regular heptagon was discovered in the 20th century, the
original having been lost.
Later in his life, Thabit's patron was the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid (reigned 892902). Thabit became the
Caliph's personal friend and courtier.
Works
According to Copernicus, Thabit determined the length of the sidereal year as 365 days, 6 hours, 9
minutes and 12 seconds (an error of 2 seconds). Copernicus based his claim on the Latin text attributed to
Thabit. Thabit published his observations of the Sun.
In mathematics, Thabit discovered an equation for determining the amicable numbers. He also wrote on
the theory of numbers, and extended their use to describe the ratios between geometrical quantities, a
step which the Greeks never took. Another important contribution Thabit made to geometry was his
generalization of the Pythagorean theorem, which he extended from special right triangles to all triangles
in general, along with a general proof.
In physics, Thabit rejected the Peripatetic and Aristotelian notions of a "natural place" for each element.
He instead proposed a theory of motion in which both the upward and downward motions are caused by
weight, and that the order of the universe is a result of two competing attractions (jadhb): one of these
being "between the sublunar and celestial elements", and the other being "between all parts of each
element separately".[3]
Ref:
www.islamonline.com
# 19:
Ibn Duraid 837 CE 215 AH
An Arab poet and philologist.

Ibn Duraid (Abu Bakr Mahommed ibn al-Hasan ibn Duraid al-Azdi) (837) Arab poet and
philologist, was born at Basra of south Arabian stock. Here he was trained under various teachers, but fled
in 871 to Oman at the time Basra was attacked by the Zanj, under Muhallabi.
After living twelve years in Oman he went to Persia, and, under the protection of the governor, Àbdallah
ibn Mahommed ibn Mikal, and his son, Ismail, wrote his chief works. In 920 he went to Baghdad, where
he received a pension from the caliph Moqtadir.
The Maqsurah, a poem praising Ibn Mikal and his son, has been edited by A. Haitsma (1773), E. Scheidius
(1786), and N. Boyesen (1828). Various commentaries on the poem exist in manuscript (cf. C.
Brockelmann, Gesch. der arab. lit., i. 211 ff., Weimar, 1898). The Jamhara fi 'l-lugha is a large dictionary
written in Persian (published in Hyderabad, India, 4 vol. 1926-30). Another work is the Kitab ul-Ishtiqaq
("Etymology"), edited by F. Wstenfeld (Gottingen, 1854); it was written in opposition to the anti-Arabian
party to show the etymological connection of the Arabian tribal names.
Ref:
# 20 :
al-Tabari 846 CE - 224 AH
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

He is known for his exegetes of the Qur'an, most famous for his Tarikh al-Tabari (History of the Prophets
and Kings) and Tafsir al-Tabari.
al-Tabari was one of the earliest, most prominent and famous Persian historians and exegetes of the
Qur'an, most famous for his Tarikh al-Tabari (History of the Prophets and Kings) and Tafsir al-Tabari.
Biography: He was born in Amol, Tabaristan some twenty kilometres south of the Caspian Sea. He left
home to study in A.H. 236 when he was twelve. He first went to Ray (Rages), where he remained for
some five years. Then he went to Baghdad to study. In his late twenties he travelled to Syria, Palestine and
Egypt. In Beirut he made the highly significant connection of al-Abbas b. al-Walid b. Mazyad al-'Udhri alBayruti (c.169-270/785-6 to 883-4
Works
At Tabari wrote history, theology and Qur'anic commentary. His biographers stress his reverence for
scholarship and his keen intent to offer his readers hard fact.
Initially he identified as a Shafi'ite in law and later was seen as one establishing his own school. Although
he had come to Baghdad in youth to study from Hanbal, he incurred the vehement wrath of the
Hanbalites. Tabari's madhhab is usually designated by the name Jariri after his patronymic. However, in
the keenly competitive atmosphere of the times, his school failed to endure.
His wrote extensively; his voluminous corpus containing two main titles:
History of the Prophets and Kings - or Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk or Tarikh al-Tabari)
The first of the two large works, generally known as the Annals (Arabic Tarikh al-Tabari). This is a
universal history from the time of Qur'anic Creation to AD 915, and is renowned for its detail and
accuracy concerning Muslim and Middle Eastern history.
The commentary on the Qur'an - (Arabic: al-musamma Jami al-bayan fi ta'wil al-Qur'an or Tafsir alTabari)
His second great work was the commentary on the Qur'an, (Arabic Tafsir al-Tabari), which was marked
by the same fullness of detail as the Annals. The size of the work and the independence of judgment in it
seem to have prevented it from having a large circulation, but scholars such as Baghawi and Suyuti used it
largely. It was used in compiling the Tafsir ibn Kathir.
Ref:
http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/Al-Tabari.htm
# 21 :
ibn Aslam 850 CE-228 AH
Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam

Abu Kamil was a specialist in the field of algebra.
Abu Kamil was an Egyptian mathematician during the Islamic Golden Age. He has also been called alHasib al-Misriliterally, "the Egyptian calculator."
Unlike the many polymaths of this eranotably al-Khwarizmi, al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen in the
West), al-Biruni, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and Ibn Rushd (Averroes)Abu Kamil was a specialist. His field
was algebra. His Book on rare things in the art of calculation treated systems of equations whose solutions
are whole numbers or fractions and also combinatorics. This work led to later research into the real
numbers, solutions of polynomials, and finding roots by later scientists of the age such as al-Karaji and
Ibn Yay al-Maghrib al-Samawal. His work The Book of Precious Things in the Art of Reckoning
contains general methods for solving linear equations.
Ref:
# 22:
Ahmed ibn sahl al-Balkhi 850 CE-228 AH
Abu Zaid Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi

Main interests: Geography, Mathematics, Medicine, Neuroscience, Psychology, Science
al-Balkhi was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and
scientist. Born in Shamistiyan, in the Persian province of Balkh (now in Afghanistan), he was a disciple of
al-Kindi.
Works
Of the many books ascribed to him in the al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, one can note the excellency of
mathematics; on certitude in astrology. His "Figures of the Climates" (Suwar al-aqalim) consisted chiefly
of geographical maps. He also wrote the medical and psychological work, Masalih al-Abdan wa al-Anfus
(Sustenance for Body and Soul).
In Muslim psychology and the neurosciences, the concepts of mental health and "mental hygiene" were
introduced by Abu Zayd al-Balkhi.
Abu Zayd al-Balkhi was the first known cognitive psychologist and medical psychologist, the first to
differentiate between neurosis and psychosis, and the first to classify neurotic disorders and pioneer
cognitive therapy in order to treat each of these classified disorders. Al-Balkhi also introduced the
concept of reciprocal inhibition (al-ilaj bi al-did), which was re-introduced over a thousand years later
by Joseph Wolpe in 1969.
Psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine
al-Balkhi was a pioneer of psychotherapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. He
recognized that the body and the soul can be healthy or sick, or "balanced or imbalanced", and that
mental illness can have both psychological and/or physiological causes. He wrote that imbalance of the
body can result in fever, headaches and other physical illnesses, while imbalance of the soul can result
in anger, anxiety, sadness and other mental symptoms. He recognized two types of depression: one
caused by known reasons such as loss or failure, which can be treated psychologically through both
external methods (such as persuasive talking, preaching and advising) and internal methods (such as
the "development of inner thoughts and cognitions which help the person get rid of his depressive
condition"); and the other caused by unknown reasons such as a "sudden affliction of sorrow and
distress, which persists all the time, preventing the afflicted person from any physical activity or from
showing any happiness or enjoying any of the pleasures" which may be caused by physiological
reasons (such as impurity of the blood) and can can be treated through physical medicine. He also
wrote comparisons between physical disorders with mental disorders, and showed how psychosomatic
disorders can be caused by certain interactions between them.
Ref:
# 23:
ibn Aslam 850 CE 228 AH
Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam

He was a specialist in algebra
Ab Kmil Shuj ibn Aslam ibn Muammad ibn Shuj (c. 850 c. 930) for short, was an Egyptian
mathematician during the Islamic Golden Age. He has also been called al-Hasib al-Misriliterally, "the
Egyptian calculator."
Unlike the many polymaths of this eranotably al-Khwarizmi, al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen in the
West), al-Biruni, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and Ibn Rushd (Averroes)Abu Kamil was a specialist. His field
was algebra. His Book on rare things in the art of calculation treated systems of equations whose solutions
are whole numbers or fractions and also combinatorics. This work led to later research into the real
numbers, solutions of polynomials, and finding roots by later scientists of the age such as al-Karaji and
Ibn Yay al-Maghrib al-Samawal. His work The Book of Precious Things in the Art of Reckoning
contains general methods for solving linear equations.
Ref:
# 24:
al-Battani 853 CE 231 AH
Abu Abd Allah Muammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Raqqi al-arrani alabi al-Battani
He was an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician. The Albategnius crater on the Moon was
named after him. the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds.
al-Battani Latinized as Albategnius, Albategni or Albatenius was an Arab astronomer, astrologer, and
mathematician, born in Harran near Urfa, which is now in Turkey.
Astronomy
One of his best-known achievements in astronomy was the determination of the solar year as being 365
days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds.
Al Battani worked in Syria, at ar-Raqqah and at Damascus. He was able to correct some of Ptolemy's
results and compiled new tables of the Sun and Moon, long accepted as authoritative, discovered the
movement of the Sun's apogee, treats the division of the celestial sphere, and introduces, probably
independently of the 5th century Indian astronomer Aryabhata, the use of sines in calculation, and
partially that of tangents, forming the basis of modern trigonometry.
His most important work is his zij, or set of astronomical tables, known as al-Zj al-Sabi with 57 chapters,
which by way of Latin translation as De Motu Stellarum by Plato Tiburtinus (Plato of Tivoli) in 1116
(printed 1537 by Melanchthon, annotated by Regiomontanus), had great influence on European
astronomy. During his observations for his improved tables of the Sun and the Moon, he discovered that
the direction of the Sun's eccentric was changing, which in modern astronomy is equivalent to the Earth
moving in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. His times for the new moon, lengths for the solar year and
sidereal year, prediction of eclipses, and work on the phenomenon of parallax, carried astronomers "to the
verge of relativity and the space age."
Copernicus mentioned his indebtedness to Al-Battani and quoted him, in the book that initiated the
Copernican Revolution, the De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.
Mathematics
Battani produced a number of trigonometrical relationships:He also solved the equation sin x = a cos x
discovering the formula:He also used al-Marwazi's idea of Tangents ("shadows") to develop equations for
calculating tangents and cotangents, compiling tables of them.
Ref:
www.islamonline.net
#25 :
Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi 854 CE -232 AH
The physician Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi of Syria first described the peer review process.
He stated that a physician must make notes of a patient's condition on every visit. When the patient
was cured or had died, the notes were examined by a local medical council to decide whether the
physician had met the required standards of medical care. If their reviews were negative, the
physician could face a lawsuit from a maltreated patient.
As early as the 17th century, scientific clubs (or societies) of gentleman scholars argued over the
origin and validity of different theories and discoveries, and helped establish a formal process for
announcing, validating and accrediting scientific discovery to the appropriate person.
Peer review has been a formal part of scientific communication since the first scientific journals
appeared more than 300 years ago. The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is thought
to be the first journal to formalize the peer review process.
Albert Einstein's "Annus Mirabilis" was not peer reviewed except by the journal's editor in chief and
co-editor.
Today, validation by peers and publication in a scientific journal continues to be the method through
which authors register, validate, disseminate and archive their discoveries and results. The
publication process and the speed at which articles are peer reviewed and published are key elements
in the appropriate accreditation of scientific findings.
The peer review process is an essential part of the publishing process. It validates and confirms a
researchers work and establishes a method through which work can effectively be evaluated.
Ref:
www.elsevier.com/wps/find/reviewershome.reviewers/history
#26 :
Al-Farabi 870 CE -248 AH
Abu Nasr Mohammad Ibn al-Farakh al-Farabi

Turkistani Muslim Philosopher: Farabi contributed considerably to science, philosophy, logic, sociology,
medicine, mathematics and music.
al-Farabi was born in a small village Wasij, near Farab in Turkistan. His parents were originally of Persian
descent, but his ancestors had migrated to Turkistan. Known as al-Phrarabius in Europe, Farabi was the
son of a general. He completed his earlier education at Farab and Bukhara but, later on, he went to
Baghdad for higher studies, where he studied and worked for a long time viz., from 901 A.D. to 942 A.D.
During this period he acquired mastery over several languages as well as various branches of knowledge
and technology. He lived through the reign of six Abbasid Caliphs. As a philosopher and scientist, he
acquired great proficiency in various branches of learning and is reported to have been an expert in
different languages.
Farabi contributed considerably to science, philosophy, logic, sociology, medicine, mathematics and music.
His major contributions seem to be in philosophy, logic and sociology and, of course, stands out as an
Encyclopedist. As a philosopher, he may be classed as a Neoplatonist who tried to synthesize Platonism
and Aristotelism with theology and he wrote such rich commentaries on Aristotle's physics, meteorology,
logic, etc., in addition to a large number of books on several other subjects embodying his original
contribution, that he came to be known as the 'Second Teacher' (al-Mou'allim al-Thani) Aristotle being the
First. One of the important contributions of Farabi was to make the study of logic more easy by dividing
it into two categories viz., Takhayyul (idea) and Thubut (proof).
In sociology he wrote several books out of which Ara Ahl al-Madina al-Fadila became famous. His books
on psychology and metaphysics were largely based on his own work. He also wrote a book on music,
captioned Kitab al-Musiqa. He was a great expert in the art and science of music and invented several
musical instruments, besides contributing to the knowledge of musical notes. It has been reported that
he could play his instrument so well as to make people laugh or weep at will. In physics he demonstrated
the existence of void.
Although many of his books have been lost, 117 are known, out of which 43 are on logic, 11 on
metaphysics, 7 on ethics, 7 on political science, 17 on music, medicine and sociology, while 11 are
commentaries. Farabi exercised great influence on science and knowledge for several centuries.
Ref:
www.islamonline.net
www.amaana.org/ISWEB/contents.htm
# 27:
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali al-Mas'udi 896 CE-274 AH
Main interests: History and Geography

al-Mas'udi was an Arab historian and geographer, known as the Herodotus of the Arabs. He was one of
the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin
al-jawahir (The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems), a world history.
Birth, travels and literary output
"Al-Mas'udi's travels actually occupied most of his life. Besides Iraq, his journeys took him to most of the
Persian provinces, Armenia, Adharbayjan and other regions of the Caspian Sea; as well as to Arabia, Syria
and Egypt. He also travelled to the Indus Valley, and other parts of India, especially the western coast; and
he voyaged more than once to East Africa. he also sailed on the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the
Mediterranean and the Caspian.
The titles of more than twenty books attributed to him are known, including several about Islmic beliefs
and sects but most of his writings have been lost. Ibn Khaldn, the great 14th-century Arab philosopher
of history, describes al-Masudi as an imam (leader, or example) for historians.
Al-Masudi was a pupil of a number of prominent Iraqi intellectuals, including the philologists al-Zajjaj, ibn
Durayd, Niftawayh and ibn Anbari. In addition he was familiar with the medical work of Galen, with
Ptolemaic astronomy, with the geographical work of Marinus and with the studies of Islamic geographers
and astronomers.
Al-Masudi and lands beyond Islam
In general his surviving works reveal an intensely curious mind, a universalist eagerly acquiring as
extensive a background of the entire world as possible. The geographical range of his material and the
reach of his ever inquiring spirit is truly impressive.
Al-Masudi's original approach
Al-Masd's approach to his task was original: he gave as much weight to social, economic, religious, and
cultural matters as to politics. Moreover, he utilized information obtained from sources not previously
regarded as reliable. He related what he learned from merchants, local writers (including non-Muslims),
and others he met on his travels. He displayed interest in all religions, including Hinduism and
Zoroastrianism, as well as Judaism and Christianity.
Ref:
# 28:
Abu Ja'far al-Khazin 900 CE-278 AH
He was a persian astronomer and mathematician.

Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Al-Khazini was a Persian astronomer and mathematician from
Khorasan. He worked on both astronomy and number theory.
Khazini was one of the scientists brought to the court in Ray, Iran by the ruler of the Buyid dynasty,
Adhad ad-Dowleh, who ruled from 949 to 983 AD. In 959/960 Khazini was required by the Vizier of
Ray, who was appointed by ad-Dowleh, to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic.
One of al-Khazin's works Zij al-Safa'ih ("Tables of the disks of the astrolabe") was described by his
successors as the best work in the field and they make many references to it. The work describes some
astronomical instruments, in particular an astrolabe fitted with plates inscribed with tables and a
commentary on the use of these. A copy of this instrument was made but vanished in Germany at the
time of World War II. A photograph of this copy was taken and examined in D.A. King's New light on
the Zij al-Safa'ih of Abu Ja'far al-Khazin, Centaurus 23 (2) (1979/80), 105-117.
Khazeni also wrote a commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest in which he gives nineteen propositions relating
to statements by Ptolemy. He also proposed a different solar model from that of Ptolemy.
Ref:
# 29 :
Al-Nayrizi 900 CE 278 AH
Abull-Abbas al-Fal ibn atim al-Nairizi

al-Nairizi (Latin name: Anaritius), was a 9-10th century Persian mathematician and astronomer
from Nayriz, a town near Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
He flourished under al-Mu'tadid, Caliph from 892 to 902, and compiled astronomical tables, writing a
book for al-Mu'tadid on atmospheric phenomena.
Nayrizi wrote commentaries on Ptolemy and Euclid. The latter were translated by Gerard of Cremona.
Nairizi used the so-called umbra (versa), the equivalent to the tangent, as a genuine trigonometric line (but
he was anticipated in this by al-Marwazi).
He wrote a treatise on the spherical astrolabe, which is very elaborate and seems to be the best Arabic
work on the subject. It is divided into four books:
1. Historical and critical introduction.
2. Description of the spherical astrolabe; its superiority over plane astrolabes and all other
astronomical instruments.
3. Applications.
4. Applications.
Ibn al-Nadim mentions Nayrizi as a distinguished astronomer with Eight works by him listed in his book
al-Fihrist. TheFihrist (Index) was a work compiled by the bookseller Ibn an-Nadim in 988. It gives a full
account of the Arabic literature which was available in the 10th century and in particular mentions alNayrizi as a distinguished astronomer.
Ref:
www.tebyan.net
#30 :
Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi 903 CE - 281 AH
He worked on translating and expanding Greek astronomical works

Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi was a Persian astronomer also known as 'Abd ar-Rahman as-Sufi, or 'Abd
al-Rahman Abu al-Husain, and known in the west as Azophi.
He lived at the court of Emir Adud ad-Daula in Isfahan, Persia, and worked on translating and expanding
Greek astronomical works, especially the Almagest of Ptolemy. He contributed several corrections to
Ptolemy's star list and did his own brightness and magnitude estimates which frequently deviated from
those in Ptolemy's work. He identified the Large Magellanic Cloud, which is visible from Yemen, though
not from Isfahan; it was not seen by Europeans until Magellan's voyage in the 16th century.
He was a major translator into Arabic of the Hellenistic astronomy that had been centred in Alexandria,
the first to attempt to relate the Greek with the traditional Arabic star names and constellations, which
were completely unrelated and overlapped in complicated ways.
He made earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy in 964 A.D.; describing it as a "small
cloud". He observed that the ecliptic plane is inclined with respect to the celestial equator and more
accurately calculated the length of the tropical year. He observed and described the stars, their positions,
their magnitudes and their colour, setting out his results constellation by constellation. For each
constellation, he provided two drawings, one from the outside of a celestial globe, and the other from the
inside (as seen from the earth). Al Sufi also wrote about the astrolabe, finding numerous additional uses
for it.
Al Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars in 964, describing much of his work, both in textual
descriptions and pictures.
The lunar crater Azophi and the minor planet (12621) Alsufi are named after him.
Ref:
# 31:
Ibn Miskawayh 932 CE 310 AH
Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Miskawayh Razi

Main interests: History, ethics and philosophy, evolution, forrunner to Darwins theory of
evolution.
Ibn Miskawayh was a prominent Persian philosopher, scientist, poet and historian from Ray, Iran. He was
active politically during the Buwayhid era.
His effect on Islamic philosophy is mainly concerned with ethical issues. He was the author of the first
major Islamic work on philosophical ethics, entitled Tadhib al-akhlaq (Ethical Instruction), focusing on
practical ethics, conduct, and refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from the public realm,
and contrasted the liberating nature of reason with the deception and temptation of nature.
Evolution
Ibn Miskawayh was one of the first to clearly describe the idea of evolution. Muhammad Hamidullah
describes the evolutionary ideas found in Ibn Miskawayh's al-Fawz al-Asghar as follows:
"[These books] state that God first created matter and invested it with energy for development. Matter,
therefore, adopted the form of vapour which assumed the shape of water in due time. The next stage of
development was mineral life. Different kinds of stones developed in course of time. Their highest form
being mirjan (coral). It is a stone which has in it branches like those of a tree. After mineral life evolves
vegetation. The evolution of vegetation culminates with a tree which bears the qualities of an animal. This
is the date-palm. It has male and female genders. It does not wither if all its branches are chopped but it
dies when the head is cut off. The date-palm is therefore considered the highest among the trees and
resembles the lowest among animals. Then is born the lowest of animals. It evolves into an ape. This is
not the statement of Darwin. This is what Ibn Maskawayh states and this is precisely what is written in the
Epistles of Ikhwan al-Safa. The Muslim thinkers state that ape then evolved into a lower kind of a
barbarian man. He then became a superior human being. Man becomes a saint, a prophet. He evolves into
a higher stage and becomes an angel. The one higher to angels is indeed none but God. Everything begins
from Him and everything returns to Him."
Arabic manuscripts of the al-Fawz al-Asghar were available in European universities by the 19th century.
This work is believed to have been studied by Charles Darwin, who was a student of Arabic, and it is
thought to have had an influence on his inception of Darwinism.
Ref:
# 32:
Abu Al-Qasim (Albucasis ) 936 CE - 314 AH
Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis )

He is considered the father of modern surgery
Abu al-Qasim also known in the West as Abulcasis, was an Andalusian-Arab physician, surgeon,
chemist, cosmetologist, and scientist. He is considered the father of modern surgery, and as Islam's
greatest medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical texts shaped both Islamic and European
surgical procedures up until the Renaissance. His greatest contribution to history is the Kitab al-Tasrif, a
thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices.
Biography
Abu al-Qasim was born in the city of El Zahra, six miles northwest of Crdoba, Spain. He was descended
from the Ansar Arab tribe who settled earlier in Spain. Few details remain regarding his life, aside from his
published work, due to the destruction of El-Zahra during later Spanish-Moorish conflicts. His name first
appears in the writings of Abu Muhammad bin Hazm (993 - 1064), who listed him among the greatest
physicians of Moorish Spain. But we have the first detailed biography of El-Zahrawi from al-Humaydi's
Jadhwat al-Muqtabis (On Andalusian Savants), completed six decades after El-Zahrawi's death.
He lived most of his life in Crdoba. It is also where he studied, taught and practiced medicine and
surgery until shortly before his death in about 1013, two years after the sacking of El-Zahra.
The street in Cordoba where he lived is named in his honour as "Calle Albucasis". On this street he
lived in house no. 6, which is preserved today by the Spanish Tourist Board with a bronze plaque
(awarded in January 1977) which reads: "This was the house where lived Abul-Qasim."
Works
Abu al-Qasim was a court physician to the Andalusian caliph Al-Hakam II. He devoted his entire life and
genius to the advancement of medicine as a whole and surgery in particular. His best work was the Kitab
al-Tasrif. It is a medical encyclopaedia spanning 30 volumes which included sections on surgery, medicine,
orthopaedics, ophthalmology, pharmacology, nutrition etc.
In the 14th century, French surgeon Guy de Chauliac quoted al-Tasrif over 200 times. Pietro Argallata (d.
1453) described Abu al-Qasim as "without doubt the chief of all surgeons". In an earlier work, he is
credited to be the first to describe ectopic pregnancy in 963, in those days a fatal affliction. Abu AlQasim's influence continued for at least five centuries, extending into the Renaissance, evidenced by alTasrif's frequent reference by French surgeon Jaques Delechamps (1513-1588).
Ref:
www.ummah.net/history/scholars/ZAHRAWI.html
#33:
Ibn Sahl 940 CE - 318 AH
Abu Sa`d al-Àla' ibn Sahl

Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law
Reproduction of a page of Ibn Sahl's manuscript showing his discovery of the law of refraction (from
Rashed, 1990).
Ibn Sahl was an Arabian mathematician and optics engineer associated with the court of Baghdad.
About 984 he wrote a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses in which he set out his understanding of
how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law
of refraction, usually called Snell's law.[1][2] He used the law of refraction to work out the shapes of
lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses.
In the reproduction of the figure from Ibn Sahl's manuscript, the critical part is the right-angled triangle.
The inner hypotenuse shows the path of an incident ray and the outer hypotenuse shows an extension of
the path of the refracted ray if the incident ray met a crystal whose face is vertical at the point where the
two hypotenuses intersect. According to Rashed, the ratio of the length of the smaller hypotenuse to the
larger is the reciprocal of the refractive index of the crystal.
The lower part of the figure shows a representation of a plano-convex lens (at the right) and its principal
axis (the intersecting horizontal line). The curvature of the convex part of the lens brings all rays parallel
to the horizontal axis (and approaching the lens from the right) to a focal point on the axis at the left.
In the remaining parts of the treatise, Ibn Sahl dealt with parabolic mirrors, ellipsoidal mirrors, biconvex
lenses, and techniques for drawing hyperbolic arcs.
1. Ibn Sahl's treatise was used by Ibn al-Haitham (9651039), one of the greatest Arabic scholars of
optics. In modern times, Rashed found the manuscript to have been dispersed over two libraries.
He reassembled it, translated it, and published it.[4]
Ref:
#34 :
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi 940 CE-318 AH
Helped build an observatory near the city of Ray (near today's Tehran) in Iran .
Abu Mahmood Khujandi or Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn al-Khidr Al-Khujandi was a Persian (Tajik)
astronomer and mathematician who lived in the late 10th century and helped build an observatory near
the city of Ray (near today's Tehran) in Iran . He was born in Khudzhand (now Tajikistan) about 940 and
died in 1000.
The few facts about Khujandi's life that are known come from both his surviving writings and comments
made by Nassereddin Tusi. From Tusi's comments it is fairly certain that Khujandi was one of the rulers
of the Mongol tribe in the Khudzhand region, and thus must have come
In Islamic astronomy, Khujandi worked under the patronage of the Buwayhid Amirs of Ray, Iran, where
he is known to have constructed the first huge mural sextant in 994 AD.
Al-Khujandi accurately computed the axial tilt to be 2332'19" (23.53),[2] which was a significant improvement over
the Greek estimate of 2351'20" (23.86)[3] and still very close to the modern measurement of 2326' (23.44).
Mathematics
In Islamic mathematics, he stated a special case of Fermat's last theorem for n = 3, but his attempted
proof of the theorem was incorrect. The law of sines may have also been discovered by Khujandi, but it
is uncertain whether he discovered it first, or whether Abu Nasr Mansur or Abul Wafa discovered it
first.
Ref:
# 35:
al-Quhi / al-Kuhi 940 CE 318 AH
Abu Sahl Waijan ibn Rustam al-Quhi

A leading figure in a revival and continuation of Greek higher geometry in the Islamic
world.
He came from the village of Quh in Tabaristan. He was brought up during the period that a new dynasty
was being established which would rule over Iran.
In 969 'Adud ad-Dawlah ordered that observations be made of the winter and summer solstices in Shiraz.
These observations of the winter and summer solstices were made by al-Quhi, al-Sijzi and other scientists
in Shiraz during 969/970.
Sharaf ad-Dawlah was 'Adud ad-Dawlah's son and he became Caliph in 983. He continued to support
mathematics and astronomy so al-Quhi remained at the court in Baghdad working for the new Caliph.
Sharaf ad-Dawlah required al-Quhi to make observations of the seven planets and in order to do this alQuhi had an observatory built in the garden of the palace in Baghdad. The instruments in the observatory
were built to al-Quhi's own design and installed once the building was complete. Al-Quhi was made
director of the observatory and it was officially opened in June 988.
In mathematics, he is more famous, being the leading figure in a revival and continuation of Greek higher
geometry in the Islamic world. The geometric problems that al-Quhi studied usually led to quadratic or
cubic equations.
Ref:
# 36:
Ibn Hawqal 943 CE 321 AH
Mohammed Abul-Kassem ibn Hawqal

writer, geographer, and chronicler
10th century map of the World by Ibn Hawqal.

ibn Hawqal was a 10th century Arab writer, geographer, and chronicler. His famous work, written in 977,
is called Surat al-Ardh "The face of the Earth".
What little is known of his life is extrapolated from his book, which was a revision and extension of the
Masalik ul-Mamalik of Istakhri (951). That itself was a revised edition of the Suwar al-aqalim of Ahmed ibn
Sahl al-Balkhi, who wrote about 921. Ibn Hawqal was clearly more than an editor; he was a traveller who
spent much of his time writing about the areas and things he had seen. He spent the last 30 years of his
life travelling to remote parts of Asia and Africa. One of his travels brought him 20 south of the equator
along the East African coast. One of the things he noticed was that there were large numbers of people
living in areas that the Greeks, working from logic rather than experience, said must be uninhabitable.
His descriptions were accurate and very helpful to travellers. Surat al-Ardh included a detailed description
of Muslim-held Spain, Italy and particularly Sicily, and the "Lands of the Romans," the term used by the
Muslim world to describe the Byzantine Empire. In it, among other things, he describes his first-hand
observation that 360 languages are spoken in the Caucasus, with Azeri and Persian languages being used
as Lingua Franca across the Caucasus, he also gives a description of Kiev, and is said to have mentioned
the route of the Volga Bulgars and the Khazars, perhaps by Sviatoslav I of Kiev Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
Ref:
# 37:
Al-Muqaddasi 945 CE 323 AH
Muhammad ibn Ahmad Shams al-Din Al-Muqaddasi

He was a geographer & author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi Ma`rifat il-Aqalim (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the
Regions).
Al-Maqdisi and el-Mukaddasi, was a notable medieval Arab geographer, author of Ahsan at-Taqasim fi
Ma`rifat il-Aqalim (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions).
Biography
Al-Muqaddasi was born in Jerusalem in 945/946 AD, and published his masterwork forty years later after
extensive travels. His name derives from the Arabic name for Jerusalem, Bayt al-Muqaddas, which is
linguistically equivalent to the Hebrew Beit Ha-Mikdash, the Jewish Temple.
Ref:
# 38:
Al-Sijzi 945 CE-323 AH
Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi

Persian astronomer and mathematician.
al-Sijzi was a Persian astronomer and mathematician.
Al-Sijzi is thought to have been born around 945 CE, and lived through about 1020. His main scientific
focus was astronomy. He had a deep knowledge of literature which he used to his advantage. He
dedicated work to 'Adud al-Daula and the prince of Balkh. He also worked in Shiraz making astronomical
observations from 969-970. He also did a lot of geometry work.
Astronomy
Al-Biruni wrote that al-Sijzi believed in a heliocentric system in which the Earth was moving and that he
invented an astrolabe called the "Zuraqi" based on this idea:[1]
"I have seen the astrolabe called Zuraqi invented by Abu Sa'id Sijzi. I liked it very much and praised him a
great deal, as it is based on the idea entertained by some to the effect that the motion we see is due to the
Earth's movement and not to that of the sky. By my life, it is a problem difficult of solution and
refutation. [...] For it is the same whether you take it that the Earth is in motion or the sky. For, in both
cases, it does not affect the Astronomical Science. It is just for the physicist to see if it is possible to refute
it."
Mathematics
Sijzi was a mathematician who made a special study of the intersections of conic sections and circles. He
replaced the old kinematical trisection of an angle by a purely geometric solution (intersection of a circle
and an equilateral hyperbola.)
Ref:
#39:
Ibn Yunus 950 CE 328 AH
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali abi Sa'id 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus al-Sadafi al-Misri
Ibn Yunus was an important Egyptian Muslim astronomer and mathematician.The crater
Ibn Yunus on the Moon is named after him.
His works are noted for being ahead of their time, having been based on almost modern-like
meticulous calculations and attention to detail.
Early in the life of Ibn Yunus, the Fatimid dynasty came to power and the new city of Cairo was
founded. In Cairo, he worked as an astronomer for the Fatimid dynasty for twenty-six years, first for
the Caliph al-Aziz and then for al-Hakim. Ibn Yunus dedicated his most famous astronomical work,
al-Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi, to the latter.
Ibn Yunus' most famous work in Islamic astronomy, al-Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi (c. 1000 AD), was a
handbook of astronomical tables which contained very accurate observations, many of which may
have been obtained with very large astronomical instruments. According to N. M. Swerdlow, the Zij
al-Kabir al-Hakimi is "a work of outstanding originality of which just over half survives".
Modern knowledge of the positions of the planets confirms that his description and his calculation
of the distance being one third of a degree is exactly correct. In the 19th century, Simon Newcomb
found Ibn Yunus' observations on conjunctions and eclipses reliable enough to use them in his lunar
theory to determine the secular acceleration of the moon.[8][9] Ibn Yunus' other observations also
inspired Laplace's Obliquity of the Ecliptic and Inequalities of Jupiter and Saturn's. Ibn Yunus also
observed more than 10,000 entries for the sun's position for many years using a large monumental
astrolabe with a diameter of nearly 1.4 metres.
Ref:
# 40 :
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi 952 CE 330 AH
Abu'l Hasan Ahmad ibn Ibrahim Al-Uqlidisi

Mathematician
was an Arab mathematician, possibly from Damascus. He wrote the earliest surviving book on the
positional use of the Arabic numerals, (Hindu place-value system) around 952. It is especially notable for
its treatment of decimal fractions, and that it showed how to carry out calculations without deletions.
Ref:
# 41:
Al-Karaji 953 CE 331 AH
Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn al husayn al-Karaji

His enduring contributions to the field of mathematics and engineering are still recognized today in the
form of the table of binomial coefficients, its formation law: and the expansion: for integer n.
al-Karaj was a 10th century Persian Muslim mathematician and engineer. His three major works are AlBadi' fi'l-hisab (Wonderful on calculation), Al-Fakhri fi'l-jabr wa'l-muqabala (Glorious on algebra), and AlKafi fi'l-hisab (Sufficient on calculation).
Because al-Karaji's original works in Arabic are lost, it is not certain what his exact name was. It could
either have been al-Karkh, indicating that he was born in Karkh, a suburb of Baghdad, or al-Karaji
indicating his family came from the city of Karaj. He certainly lived and worked for most of his life in
Baghdad, however, which was the scientific and trade capital of the Islamic world.
Al-Karaji was an engineer and mathematician of the highest calibre. His enduring contributions to the
field of mathematics and engineering are still recognized today in the form of the table of binomial
coefficients, its formation law:and the expansion: for integer n.
Al-Karaji wrote about the work of earlier mathematicians, and he is now regarded as the first person to
free algebra from geometrical operations, that were the product of Greek arithmetic, and replace them
with the type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. His work on algebra and polynomials,
gave the rules for arithmetic operations to manipulate polynomials. The historian of mathematics, F.
Woepcke, in Extrait du Fakhri, trait d'Algbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhacan Alkarkhi (Paris,
1853), praised Al-Karaji for being "the first who introduced the theory of algebraic calculus". Stemming
from this, Al-Karaji investigated binomial coefficients and Pascal's triangle.
Al-Karaji wrote about the work of earlier mathematicians, and he is now regarded as the first person to
free algebra from geometrical operations, that were the product of Greek arithmetic, and replace them
with the type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. His work on algebra and polynomials,
gave the rules for arithmetic operations to manipulate polynomials. The historian of mathematics, F.
Woepcke, in Extrait du Fakhri, trait d'Algbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhacan Alkarkhi (Paris, 1853),
praised Al-Karaji for being "the first who introduced the theory of algebraic calculus". Stemming from
this, Al-Karaji investigated binomial coefficients and Pascal's triangle.
He was also the first to use the method of proof by mathematical induction to prove his results, which he
also used to prove the sum formula for integral cubes, an important result in integral calculus.[2] He also
used a proof by mathematical induction to prove the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle.[3]
Ref:
# 42:
Abu Nasr Mansur 960 CE - 338 AH
Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq

Astronomer Mathematician. He is well known for discovering the sine law.
Abu Nasr Mansur was a was a Persian Muslim mathematician. He is well known for discovering the sine
law.
Abu Nasr Mansur was born in Gilan, Persia, to the ruling family of Khwarezm, the Banu Iraq. He was
thus a prince within the political sphere. He was a student of Abu'l-Wafa and a teacher of and also an
important colleague of the mathematician, Al-Biruni. Together, they were responsible for great discoveries
in mathematics and dedicated many works to one another.
Most of Abu Nasr's work focused on math, but some of his writings were on astronomy. In mathematics,
he had many important writings on trigonometry, which were developed from the writings of Ptolemy. He
also preserved the writings of Menelaus of Alexandria and reworked many of the Greeks theorems.
He died in the Ghaznavid Empire (modern-day Afghanistan) near the city of Ghazna.
Ref:
# 43:
Ibn al-Haitham (Alhacen) 965 CE- 343 AH
He is considered the father of optics for his writings on and experiments with lenses, mirrors,
refraction and reflection.
Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitham Latinised: Alhacen or Alhazen), was an Muslim mathematician,
astronomer, and physicist, who made significant contributions to the principles of optics and the use of
scientific experiments. He is sometimes called al-Basri after his birthplace Basra,Iraq, then part of
Buwayhids dynasty, Persia.
He made a thorough examination of the passage of light through various media and discovered the laws
of refraction. He also carried out the first experiments on the dispersion of light into its constituent
colours. His book Kitab-at-Manazir (Book of Optics) was translated into Latin in the Middle Ages, as also his
book dealing with the colours of sunset. He dealt at length with the theory of various physical phenomena
like shadows, eclipses, the rainbow, and speculated on the physical nature of light. He is the first to
describe accurately the various parts of the eye and give a scientific explanation of the process of vision.
He contradicted Ptolemy's and Euclid's theory of vision that objects are seen by rays of light emanating
from the eyes; according to him the rays originate in the object of vision and not in the eye. Through these
extensive researches on optics, he has been considered as the father of modern optics.
The Latin translation of his main work, Kitab-at-Manazir, exerted a great influence upon Western science
e.g. on the work of Roger Bacon and Kepler. It brought about a great progress in experimental methods.
His contribution to mathematics and physics was extensive. In mathematics, he developed analytical
geometry by establishing linkage between algebra and geometry. He studied the mechanics of motion of a
body and maintained that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its
direction of motion. This is the first law of motion, later rediscovered by Galileo.
The list of his books runs to 200 or so, very few of which have survived. Even his monumental treatise on
optics survived only through its Latin translation. During the Middle Ages his books on cosmology were
translated into Latin, Hebrew and other languages. He has also written on the subject of evolution a book
that deserves serious attention even today.
In his writing, one can see a clear development of the scientific methods as developed and applied by the
Muslims and comprising the systematic observation of physical phenomena and their linking together into
a scientific theory. This was a major breakthrough in scientific methodology, as distinct from guess and
gesture, and placed scientific pursuits on a sound foundation comprising systematic relationship between
observation, hypothesis and verification.
Ibn al-Haitham's influence on physical sciences in general, and optics in particular, has been held in high
esteem and, in fact, it ushered in a new era in optical research, both in theory and practice.
Ref:
# 44:
Al-Mawardi (Alboacen ) 972 CE 350 AH
He was an Arab Muslim jurist of the Shafii school; who made contributions to Qur'anic interpretations,
philology, ethics, and literature.
Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi, known in Latin as Alboacen, was an Arab
Muslim jurist ; he also made contributions to Qur'anic interpretations, philology, ethics, and literature. He
served as judge at several Iraqi districts, including Baghdad, and as an ambassador of the Abbasid caliph to
several Muslim states. Al-Mawardi's works on Islamic governance are recognized as classics in the field.
Biography
He was born in Basrah (present-day Iraq) during the year 972 C.E. Here he learnt Fiqh (Islamic
Jurisprudence) from Abu al-Wahid al-Simari before travelling to Baghdad to study. Since both Basrah and
Baghdad were homes of the Mu'tazili school of thought (a non-Sunni group) at this time he was
influenced by their teachings. His contribution in political science and sociology comprises a number of
monumental books, the most famous of which is Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w'al-Wilayat al-Diniyya (The
Ordinances of Government). He is also credited with the creation of the Doctrine of Necessity.
Works
Al-Ahkam al-Sultania w'al-Wilayat al-Diniyya (The Ordinances of Government)
Qanun al-Wazarah (Laws regarding the Ministers)
Kitab Nasihat al-Mulk (The Book of Sincere Advice to Rulers)
Kitab Aadab al-Dunya w'al-Din (The Ethics of Religion and of this World)
Ref:
# 45:
al-Biruni 973 CE-351 AH
Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni

He was a scientist and physicist, an anthropologist and psychologist, an astronomer, a chemist, a critic of
alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and
geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and physician, an Islamic philosopher and Ash'ari Sunni
theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields.
The Al-Biruni crater, on the Moon, is named after Biruni.
He was the first Muslim scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as
the father of Indology, the father of geodesy, and "the first anthropologist". He was also one of the earliest
leading exponents of the experimental scientific method, and was responsible for introducing the
experimental method into mechanics, the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical
phenomena, and a pioneer of experimental psychology.
Works
Biruni's works number 146 in total. These include 35 books on astronomy, 4 on astrolabes, 23 on
astrology, 5 on chronology, 2 on time measurement, 9 on geography, 10 on geodesy and mapping theory,
15 on mathematics (8 on arithmetic, 5 on geometry, 2 on trigonometry), 2 on mechanics, 2 on medicine
and pharmacology, 1 on meteorology, 2 on mineralogy and gems, 4 on history, 2 on India, 3 on religion
and philosophy, 16 literary works, 2 books on magic, and 9 unclassified books. Among these works,
only 22 have survived, and only 13 of these works have been published.[14] 6 of his surviving works are
on astronomy.
Theories
In 1030, Biruni discussed the Indian heliocentric theories of Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Varahamihira in
his Indica. Biruni noted that the question of heliocentricity was a philosophical rather than a mathematical
problem.
Abu Said al-Sijzi, a contemporary of Biruni, suggested the possible heliocentric movement of the Earth
around the Sun, which Biruni did not reject. Biruni agreed with the Earth's rotation about its own axis,
and while he was initially neutral regarding the heliocentric and geocentric models,[30] he considered
heliocentrism to be a philosophical problem. He remarked that if the Earth rotates on its axis and moves
around the Sun, it would remain consistent with his astronomical parameters:
At the age of 17, Biruni calculated the latitude of Kath, Khwarazm, using the maximum altitude of the
Sun. Al-Biruni also solved a complex geodesic equation in order to accurately compute the Earth's
circumference, which were close to modern values of the Earth's circumference. His estimate of 6,339.9
km for the Earth radius was only 16.8 km less than the modern value of 6,356.7 km.
Ref:
# 46 :
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi 982 CE-360 AH
He was a Persian physician and psychologist most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the
Medical Art, his textbook on medicine and psychology.
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi also known as Masoudi, or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian physician and
psychologist most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art, his textbook on
medicine and psychology.
The Complete Art of Medicine
Al-Majusi is best known for his Kitab Kamil as-Sina'a at-Tibbiyya ("Complete Book of the Medical Art"),
later called The Complete Art of Medicine,[1] which he completed circa 980. He dedicated the work to the
Emir, and it became known as the Kitab al-Maliki ("Royal Book", or in Latin Liber Regalis or Regalis
Dispositio). The book is a more systematic and concise encyclopedia than Razi's Hawi, and more practical
than Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, by which it was superseded.
Medical ethics and research methodology
The work emphisized the need for a healthy relationship between doctors and patients, and the
importance of medical ethics. It also provided details on a scientific methodology that is similar to modern
biomedical research.
Neuroscience and psychology

Neuroscience and psychology were discussed in The Complete Art of Medicine. He described the
neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology of the brain and first discussed various mental
disorders, including sleeping sickness, memory loss, hypochondriasis, coma, hot and cold meningitis,
vertigo epilepsy, love sickness, and hemiplegia. He placed more emphasis on preserving health through
diet and natural healing than he did on medication or drugs, which he considered a last resort.
Psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine

Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi was a pioneer in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. He described
how the physiological and psychological aspects of a patient can have an affect on one another in his
Complete Book of the Medical Art.
EXTRA INFO:
He shares with al-Qumri the fame of having been one of the teacher of Avicenna, the prince of mediaeval
physicians. It is even possible that one of Abu Sahl's treatises gave Avicenna the first idea of composing
his Qanun.
Ref:
# 47:
Ali ibn Ridwan 988 CE-366 AH
Abu'l Hasan Ali ibn Ridwan Al-Misri

He was an Egyptian Muslim physician, astrologer and astronomer, born in Giza.
He was a commentator on ancient Greek medicine, and in particular on Galen; his commentary on
Galen's Ars Parva was translated by Gerardo Cremonese. He is also known for his observation of the SN
1006 supernova in the year 1006. This was written in a commentary on Ptolemy's work Tetrabiblos.
He was later cited by European authors as Haly, or Haly Abenrudian.
Works
a commentary on Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos (the pseudo-Ptolemaic Centiloquy and its commentary, which is
sometimes attributed to Ali, is actually the work of Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn al-Daya)
De revolutionibus nativitatum (The Revolutions of Nativities), edited by Luca Gaurico, printed in Venice
(1524)
Tractatus de cometarum significationibus per xii signa zodiaci (Treatise on the Significations of Comets in the
twelve Signs of the Zodiac), printed in Nrnberg (1563)
Ref:
# 48:
Al-Jayyani 989 CE 367 AH
He was an Arab mathematician.

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muadh Al-Jayyani,
Al-Jayyani an Arab mathematician from Al-Andalus (in present-day Spain). Al-Jayyani wrote important
commentaries on Euclid's Elements and he wrote the first treatise on spherical trigonometry. Little is
known about his life. Confusion exists over the identity of Al-Jayyani the scholar and Al-Jayyani the
mathematician. It is unknown whether they are the same person.
Al-Jayyani wrote the first treatise on spherical trigonometry, entitled The book of unknown arcs of a sphere,
although earlier mathematicians, such as Menelaus of Alexandria, did have books that dealt with spherical
trigonometry.[1] Al-Jayyani's treatise "contains formulae for right-handed triangles, the general law of sines,
and the solution of a spherical triangle by means of the polar triangle." This treatise later had a "strong
influence on European mathematics", and his "definition of ratios as numbers" and "method of solving a
spherical triangle when all sides are unknown" are likely to have influenced Regiomontanus.
Ref:
# 49:
Al-Saghani (d) 990 CE-368 AH
Abu Hamid Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Saghani al-Asturlabi

He was a Persian astronomer and historian of science.
Al Saghani was a Persian astronomer and historian of science. He flourished in Baghdad, where he died in
990 AD. An inventor and maker of instruments, he worked in Sharaf al-dawla's observatory and, perhaps,
constructed the instruments which were used there. Worked on the trisection of the angle.
History of science
Al-Asturlabi wrote some of the earliest comments on the history of science. These included the following
comparison between the "ancients" (including the ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks and Indians)
and the "modern scholars" (the Muslim scientists of his time):
"The ancients distinguished themselves through their chance discovery of basic principles and the
invention of ideas. The modern scholars, on the other hand, distinguish themselves through the invention
of a multitude of scientific details, the simplification of difficult (problems), the combination of scattered
(information), and the explanation of (material which already exists in) coherent (form). The ancients
came to their particular achievements by virtue of their priority in time, and not on account of any natural
qualification and intelligence. Yet, how many things escaped them which then became the original
inventions of modern scholars, and how much did the former leave for the latter to do."
Ref:
# 50:
Abu'l-Wafa 998 CE-376 AH
Mohammad Abu'l-Wafa Al-Buzjani

Mathematician
Like many scientist of his period, Abu'l-Wafa translated and wrote commentaries, which have since been
lost, on the works of Euclid, Diophantus and al-Khwarizmi. Some time between 961 and 976 he wrote
Kitab fi ma yahtaj ilayh al-kuttab wa'l-ummal min 'ilm al-hisab (Book on what Is necessary from the
science of arithmetic for scribes and businessmen). In the introduction to this book Abu'l-Wafa writes that
it:
... comprises all that an experienced or novice, subordinate or chief in arithmetic needs to know, the art of
civil servants, the employment of land taxes and all kinds of business needed in administrations,
proportions, multiplication, division, measurements, land taxes, distribution, exchange and all other
practices used by various categories of men for doing business and which are useful to them in their daily
life.
It is interesting that during this period there were two types of arithmetic books written, those using
Indian symbols and those of finger-reckoning type. Abu'l-Wafa's text is of this second type with no
numerals; all the numbers are written in words and all calculations are performed mentally.
Another text written by Abu'l-Wafa for practical use was A book on those geometric constructions which
are necessary for a craftsman. This was written much later than his arithmetic text, certainly after 990. The
book is in thirteen chapters and it considered the design and testing of drafting instruments, the
construction of right angles, approximate angle trisections, constructions of parabolas, regular polygons
and methods of inscribing them in and circumscribing them about given circles, inscribing of various
polygons in given polygons, the division of figures such as plane polygons, and the division of spherical
surfaces into regular spherical polygons.
Abu'l-Wafa is best known for the first use of the tan function and compiling tables of sines and tangents
at 15' intervals. This work was done as part of an investigation into the orbit of the Moon, written down
in Theories of the Moon. He also introduced the sec and cosec and studied the interrelations between the
six trigonometric lines associated with an arc.
Abu'l-Wafa devised a new method of calculating sine tables. His trigonometric tables are accurate to 8
decimal places (converted to decimal notation) while Ptolemy's were only accurate to 3 places.
His other works include Kitab al-Kamil (Complete book), a simplified version of Ptolemy's Almagest.
Although there seems to have been little of novel theoretical interest in this work, the observational data
in it seem to have been used by many later astronomers.
Ref:
# 51:
Ibn Al-Jazzar 1000 CE 378 AH
He was a 10th century influential Muslim physician

Abu Ja'far Ahmad bin Abi Khalid Ibn al-Jazzar was a 10th century influential Muslim physician who
became famous for his writings on medicine. He was born in Qayrawan in modern-day Tunisia. He
was known in Europe by the Latinized name Algizar.
His major work was Zad El-Musafir. He also had some books on geriatric medicine and health of elderly
(Kitab Tibb Al Machayikh) or (Teb Al-Mashaikh wa hefz sehatahom)[3]. Also a book on sleep disorders
and another one on forgetfulness and how to strengthen memory (Kitab Al Nissian wa Toroq Taqwiati
Adhakira) and a Treatise on causes of mortality (Rissala Fi Asbab Al Wafah). Also he had cother books on
the pediatrics, Fevers, Sexual disorders, Medicine of the poors, Theraputics, Vaticum, Coryza, Stomach
disorders, Leprosy, Separate drugs, compound drugs and this is beside his books in other areas of Science
e.g. History, Animals and literature.
Ref:
http://www.muslimheritage.com
# 52 :
Abu Mansur Muvaffak 1000 CE 378 AH
He was a 10th century Persian physician.

He flourished in Herat of Persia(Iran), under the Samanid prince Mansur I ibn Nuh, who ruled from 961
to 976.
He was apparently the first to think of compiling a treatise on materia medica in Persian; he travelled
extensively in Persia and India to obtain the necessary information.
He wrote, between 968 and 977, the Book of the Remedies (Kitab al-abnyia 'an Haqa'iq al-adwiya), which is the
oldest prose work in modern Persian. It deals with 585 remedies (of which 466 are derived from plants, 75
from minerals, 44 from animals), classified into four groups according to their action.
Abu Mansur distinguished between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and seems to have had
some knowledge about arsenious oxide, cupric oxide, silicic acid, and antimony; he knew the toxilogical
effects of copper and lead compounds, the depilatory vertue of quicklime, the composition of plaster of
Paris and its surgical use.
Ref:
# 53:
Al-Qumri 1000 CE 378 AH
Persian physician of the 10th century who lived in Khorasan.

Qumri was the teacher of Avicenna.
Abu Mansur al-Hasan ibn Nuh al-Qumri was a Persian physician of the 10th century who lived in
Khorasan. Qumri was the teacher of Avicenna. He was court physician to the Samanid prince al-Mansur,
to whom he dedicated the only treatise by him that is preserved: the Kitab al-Ghina wa-al-muna (The Book
of Wealth and Wishes), which was also known as al-Shamsiyah al-mansuriyah (The Mansurian Sunshade)
after its dedicatee. Little else in known of his life except that he died shortly after 990.
Ref:
# 54 :
Ibn sina (Avicenna) 980 CE - 378 AH
He was a Persian Muslim polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his
time.
Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina was known as Ibn Sina and commonly known in English
by his Latinized name Avicenna (Greek), was a Persian Muslim polymath and the foremost physician and
Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, poet,
psychologist, physicist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian.
Ibn Sn wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In
particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on
medicine. His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific
encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European
universities up until the early 19th century. The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the
universities of Montpellier and Louvain as late as 1650. Ibn Sina developed a medical system that
combined his own personal experience with that of Islamic medicine, the medical system of the Greek
physician Galen, Aristotelian metaphysics (Avicenna was one of the main interpreters of Aristotle) , and
ancient Persian, Mesopotamian and Indian medicine. He was also the founder of Avicennian logic and the
philosophical school of Avicennism, which were influential among both Muslim and Scholastic thinkers.
Ibn Sina is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, particularly for his introduction of systematic
experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology, his discovery of the contagious nature of
infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the
introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled
trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacology, neuropsychiatry, risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,
and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health. He is also
considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics, and regarded as a pioneer of
aromatherapy.
The Canon of Medicine
A Latin copy of the Canon of Medicine, dated 1484, located at the P.I. Nixon Medical Historical Library
of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
Ref:
www.ummah.net/history/scholars/ibn_sina/
# 55 :
Abi l-Rijal Haly (Abenragel) 1000 CE -378 AH
Abu l-Hasan Ali ibn Abi l-Rijal

He was an Arab astrologer of the late 10th and early 11th century, best known for his Kitb al-bri' fi akhm
an-nujm.
Abu l-Hasan 'Ali ibn Abi l-Rijal (commonly known as Haly, Hali, Albohazen Haly filii Abenragel or Haly
Abenragel, from ibn Rijal) was an Arab astrologer of the late 10th and early 11th century, best known for
his Kitab al-bari fi akham an-nujum. He was a court astrologer to the Tunisian prince al-Mu'izz ibn Bdis
in the first half of the 11th century. Haly died after 1037 in Kairouan in what is now Tunisia.
His Kitab al-bari fi akham an-nujum was translated by Yehuda ben Moshe into Old Castilian for Alfonso
X of Castile in 1254 under the title El libro conplido en los iudizios de las estrellas ("The complete book
on the judgment of the stars"). The only surviving manuscript of the Old Castilian translation is MS 3605
at the National Library in Madrid, which however only contains 5 of the 8 books of the complete Old
Castilian translation.
In 1485 at Venice a complete copy of the Old Castilian manuscript was translated into Latin and
published by Erhard Ratdolt as Praeclarissimus liber completus in judiciis astrorum ("The very famous
complete book on the judgment of the stars"). This printing (and later Latin versions) is commonly
known as De iudiciis astrorum (or De judiciis astrorum).
Ref:
www.teachislam.com
# 56 :
al-Majriti 1008 CE 386 AH
Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti

He was an Arab Muslim astronomer, chemist, mathematician and scholar in Islamic Spain.
Maslama al-Majriti was an Arab Muslim astronomer, chemist, mathematician and scholar in Islamic
Spain. He took part in the translation of Ptolemy's Planispherium, improved existing translations of the
Almagest, introduced and improved the astronomical tables of al-Khwarizmi, aided historians by working
out tables to convert Persian dates to Hijri years, and introduced the techniques of surveying and
triangulation. The authorship of part of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Sincerity has also been attributed to
him, but this is unlikely.
Ref:
# 57 :
Ali ibn Ahmad al-Nasawi 1010 CE 388 AH
He wrote a book on arithmetic in Persian, and then Arabic, entitled the "Satisfying (or Convincing) on
Hindu Calculation" (al-muqni fi-l-hisab al Hindi).
Ali ibn Ahmad al-Nasawi was a Persian mathematician from Khurasan, Iran. He flourished under the
Buwayhid sultan Majd al-dowleh, who died in 1029-30AD, and under his successor. He wrote a book on
arithmetic in Persian, and then Arabic, entitled the "Satisfying (or Convincing) on Hindu Calculation" (almuqni fi-l-hisab al Hindi). He also wrote on Archimedes's lemmata and Menelaus's theorem (Kitab al-ishba, or
"satiation"). where he made corrections to The Lemmata as translated into Arabic by Thabit ibn Qurra,
which was last revised by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.
Al-Nasawi's arithmetic explains the division of fractions and the extraction of square and cubic roots
(square root of 57,342; cubic root of 3, 652, 296) almost in the modern manner. It is remarkable that alNasawi replaces sexagesimal by decimal fractions.
Ragep and Kennedy also give an analysis of a mid-12th century manuscript in which a summary of
Euclid's Elements exists by al-Nasawi.
Ref:
# 58 :
al-Zarqali (Arzachel) 1028 CE-406 AH
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali
He was a leading Arab mathematician and the foremost astronomer of his time. The
Arzachel crater on the Moon is named after him.
al-Zarqali Latinized as Arzachel, was a leading Arab mathematician and the foremost astronomer of his
time. He flourished in Toledo in Castile, Al-Andalus (now Spain).
Combining theoretical knowledge with technical skill, he excelled at the construction of precision
instruments for astronomical use. He constructed a flat astrolabe that was 'universal,' for it could be used
at any latitude. This instrument came to be known as the Saphaea in Latin Europe. Al-Zarqali also built a
water clock capable of determining the hours of the day and night and indicating the days of the lunar
months.
Al-Zarql also wrote a treatise on the construction of an instrument (an equatorium) for computing the
position of the planets using diagrams of the Ptolemaic model. This work was translated into Spanish in
the 13th century by order of King Alfonso X in a section of the Libros del Saber de Astronomia entitled the
"Libros de los laminas de los vii planetas."
Al-Zarql corrected Ptolemy's geographical data, specifically the length of the Mediterranean Sea. He was
the first to prove conclusively the motion of the aphelion relative to the fixed background of the stars. He
measured its rate of motion as 12.04 seconds per year, which is remarkably close to the modern
calculation of 11.8 seconds. He also contributed to the famous Tables of Toledo, a compilation of
astronomical data of unprecedented accuracy. Al-Zarql was famous as well for his own Book of Tables.
Many "books of tables" had been compiled, but his almanac (Spanish-Arabic al manakh; "calendar"[1])
contained tables which allowed one to find the days on which the Coptic, Roman, lunar, and Persian
months begin, other tables which give the position of planets at any given time, and still others facilitating
the prediction of solar and lunar eclipses. He also compiled valuable tables of latitude and longitude.
His work was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century, and contributed to the
rebirth of a mathematically-based astronomy in Christian Europe. Four centuries later, Copernicus
mentioned his indebtedness to Al-Zarql and quoted him, in the book that gave new meanings to the
term 'revolution,' De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium.
In dealing with Ptolemy's complex model for the planet Mercury, in which the center of the deferent
moves on a secondary epicycle, al-Zarql noted that the path of the center of the primary epicycle is not a
circle, as it is for the other planets. Instead it is approximately oval and similar to the shape of a pignon.[2]
Some writers have misinterpreted al-Zarql's description of an earth-centered oval path for the center of
the planet's epicycle as an anticipation of Kepler's sun-centered elliptical paths for the planets.[3]
Ref:
# 59 :
Ibn Al-Thahabi 1033 CE 411 AH
Abu Mohammed Abdellah Ibn Mohammed Al-Azdi

He was an Arab physician, famous for writing the first known alphabetical encyclopedia of medicine.
He was born in Suhar, Oman. He moved then into Basra, then to Persia where he studied under Al-Biruni
and Ibn Sina. Later he migrated to Jerusalem and finally settled in Valencia, in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
He is famous for his book Kitab Al-Ma'a (The Book of Water), which is a medical encyclopedia. that lists the
names of diseases, its medicine and a physiological process or a treatment. It is the first known
alphabetical classification of medical terms. In this encyclopedia, Ibn Al-Thahabi not only lists the names
but adds numerous original ideas about the function of the human organs. Indeed, he explains an original
idea of how the vision takes place. It also contains a course for the treatment psychological symptoms.
The main thesis of his medication is that cure must start from controlled food and exercise and if it
persists then use specific individual medicines if it still persists then use medical compounds. If the disease
continued, surgery was performed.
Ref:
# 60:
Omar Khayym 1048 CE 426AH
Ghiya od-Di Abul-Fatah Oma ibn Ibrai Khayya Nishaui

He was a Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer. A lunar crater Omar Khayyam was
named after him in 1970. A minor planet 3095 Omarkhayyam discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila
Zhuravlyova in 1980 is named after him.
He is best known for his poetry, and outside Iran, for the quatrains (rubaiyaas) in Rubaiyat of Omar
Khayyam, popularized through Edward Fitzgerald's re-created translation. His substantial mathematical
contributions include his Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra, which gives a geometric
method for solving cubic equations by intersecting a hyperbola with a circle. He also contributed to
calendar reform and may have proposed a heliocentric theory well before Copernicus.
Omar Khayyam was famous during his times as a mathematician. He wrote the influential Treatise on
Demonstration of Problems of Algebra (1070), which laid down the principles of algebra, part of the
body of Arabic Mathematics that was eventually transmitted to Europe.
Omar Khayym was also famous as an astronomer. In 1073, the Seljuk dynasty Sultan Sultan Jalal al-Din
Malekshah Saljuqi (Malik-Shah I, 1072-92), invited Khayym to build an observatory, along with
various other distinguished scientists. Eventually, Khayym and his colleagues measured the length of
the solar year as 365.24219858156 days (correct to six decimal places). This calendric measurement
has only an 1 hour error every 5,500 years, whereas the Gregorian Calendar, adopted in Europe four
centuries later, has a 1 day error in every 3,330 years, but is easier to calculate.
Omar Khayyam was part of a panel that introduced several reforms to the Persian calendar, largely
based on ideas from the Hindu calendar. On March 15, 1079, Sultan Malik Shah I accepted this
corrected calendar as the official Persian calendar.
It is said that Omar Khayyam also estimated and proved to an audience that included the then-prestigious
and most respected scholar Imam Ghazali, that the universe is not moving around earth as was believed
by all at that time.
Ref:
# 61 :
al-Baghdaadi 1080 CE-458 AH
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi
He was a Muslim physicist, scientist, philosopher and psychologist of Jewish-Arab descent from
Baghdad, Iraq.
His Hebrew name was Nathanel. It is known that Abu-l-Barakat had converted to Islam at some point
in his life. His thought influenced the Illuminationist school of classical Islamic philosophy as well as the
medieval Jewish philosopher 'Izz ad-Dawla Ibn Kammuna.
He wrote a critique of Aristotelian philosophy and Aristotelian physics entitled Kitab al-Mu'tabar, in which
he developed concepts which resemble several modern theories in physics.
Al-Baghdaadi's theory of motion was vaguely foreshadowing Newton's second law of motion, by
distinguishing between velocity and acceleration and for showing that force is proportional to acceleration
rather than velocity.
He also suggested that motion is relative, writing that "there is motion only if the relative positions of the
bodies in question change." This vaguely foreshadows the principle of relativity, in recognizing the idea of
an inertial frame of reference.
Al-Baghdaadi criticized Aristotle's concept of time as "the measure of motion" and instead redefines the
concept with his own definition of time as "the measure of being", thus distinguishing between space and
time, and reclassifying time as a metaphysical concept rather than a physical one.
Psychology
On his contributions to Islamic psychology, Langermann writes:[1]
"Al-Baghdadi's most significant departure in psychology concerns human self-awareness. Ibn Sina had raised the
issue of our consciousness of our own psychic activities, but he had not fully pursued the implications for
Aristotelian psychology of his approach. Al-Baghdadi took the matter much further, dispensing with the traditional
psycholgical faculties and pressing his investigations in the direction of what we would call the unconscious."
Ref:
# 62 :
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) 1091 CE-469 AH
Ab Merwn Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr

He is considered as the father of experimental surgery.
He was an Arab Muslim physician, pharmacist, surgeon, Islamic scholar, and teacher. Ibn Zuhr was also
the teacher of Averroes.
He is considered as the father of experimental surgery, for introducing the experimental method
into surgery, introducing the methods of human dissection and autopsy, inventing the surgical
procedure of tracheotomy, performing the first parenteral nutrition of humans with a silver
needle, discovering the cause of scabies and inflammation, and refutating of the theory of four
humours.
Al-Taisir
Ibn Zuhr's most famous work is his Al-Taisir, in which he introduced the experimental method into
surgery, for which he is considered the father of experimental surgery. He was the first to employ animal
testing in order to experiment with surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. He also
performed the first dissections and postmortem autopsies on humans as well as animals.
He invented the surgical procedure of tracheotomy, as he was the first to give a correct description of the
tracheotomy operation for suffocating patients. He established surgery as an independent field of
medicine, by introducing a training course designed specifically for future surgeons, in order that they be
qualified before being allowed to perform operations independently, and for defining the roles of a general
practitioner and a surgeon in the treatment of a surgical condition.
He performed the first parenteral nutrition of humans with a silver needle, and wrote a book on it entitled
The Method of Preparing Medicines and Diet.
During his medical experiments on anatomy and physiology, Ibn Zuhr was the first physician known to
have carried out human dissection and postmortem autopsy. He proved that the skin disease scabies was
caused by a parasite, which contradicted the erroneous theory of four humours supported by Hippocrates,
Galen and Avicenna. The removal of the parasite from the patient's body did not involve purging,
bleeding or any other traditional treatments associated with the four humours. His works show that he
was often highly critical of previous medical authorities, including Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.
Ref:
www.ummah.net/history/scholars/ZUHR.html
# 63 :
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) 1095 CE-473 AH
Ab-Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Syigh

He was an Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath: an astronomer, logician, musician, philosopher, physician,
physicist and scientist, psychologist, and poet.
He was known in the West by his Latinized name, Avempace. He was born in Zaragoza in what is today
Spain and died in Fes, Morocco in 1138. Avempace worked as vizir for Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim Ibn Tfilwt,
the Almoravid governor of Saragossa. His philosophic ideas had a clear effect on Ibn Rushd and Albertus
Magnus. Most of his writings and book were not completed (or well organized) because of his early death.
He had a vast knowledge of Medicine, Mathematics and Astronomy. His main contribution to Islamic
Philosophy is his idea on Soul Phenomenology, but unfortunately not completed.
His beloved expressions were Gharib and Mutawahhid , two approved and popular expressions
of Islamic Gnostics.
Ibn Bajjah was also a renowned poet. In his explanation of the Zajal E.G. Gomes writes: "There is some
evidence for the belief that it was invented by the famous philosopher and musician known as Avempace.
Its chief characteristic being that it is written entirely in the vernacular. (Emilio Gracia Gomes in his
essay Moorish Spain")
Though many of his works have not survived, his theories on astronomy and physics were preserved by
Maimonides and Averroes respectively, which had a subsequent influence on later astronomers and
physicists in the Islamic civilization and Renaissance Europe, including Galileo Galilei.
Ref:
www.muslimphilosophy.com
# 64:
Al-Tughrai 1100 CE-478 AH
Mu'ayyad al-Din Abu Ismail al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Tughra'i

He was a famous alchemist & poet.
He was an 11th-12th century Persian physician. Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Tughra'i, was born in Isfahan in
1061CE, and was an important alchemist, poet, and administrative secretary (therefore the name
Tughra'i'). He ultimately became the second most senior official (after the vizier) in the civil
administration of the Seljuki empire.
He was, however, executed in 1121CE having been accused (unjustifiably, according to most historians) of
being an apostate.
He was a well-known and prolific writer on astrology and alchemy, and many of his poems (diwan) are
preserved today as well. In the field of alchemy, al-Tughra'i is best known for his large compendium titled
Mafatih al-rahmah wa-masabih al-hikmah, which incorporated extensive extracts from earlier Arabic
alchemical writings, as well as Arabic translations from Zosimos of Panopolis old alchemy treatises written
in Greek, which were until 1995 erroneously attributed to unknown alchemists by mistakes and
inconsistencies in the transliteration and transcription of his name into Arabic[1]
In 1112CE, he also composed Kitab Haqa'iq al-istishhad, a rebuttal of a refutation of alchemy written by
Avicenna.
Ref:
www.absoluteastronomy.com
# 65:
Al-Khazini 1100 CE 478 AH
Abd al-Rahman al-Khazini

He was a Muslim scientist, physicist, astronomer, chemist, biologist, mathematician and philosopher.
He was a Muslim scientist, physicist, astronomer, chemist, biologist, mathematician and philosopher
of Byzantine Greek descent from Merv, then in the Khorasan province of Persia but now in
Turkmenistan, who made important contributions to physics and astronomy. He is considered the
greatest scholar from Merv.[2]
Al-Khazini was a Byzantine Greek slave of the Seljuq Turks, who was taken to Merv after the Seljuq
victory over the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV. His master, al-Khazin, gave him the best possible
education in mathematical and philosophical subjects. Al-Khazini was also a pupil of the famous Persian
poet, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher Omar Khayym (1048-1131), who was living in Merv at
the time. Al-Khazini later became a mathematical practitioner under the patronage of the Seljuk court,
under Sultan Ahmed Sanjar.
The Book of the Balance of Wisdom

Al-Khazini is better known for his contributions to physics in his treatise The Book of the Balance of Wisdom,
completed in 1121, which remained an important part of Muslim physics. Al-Biruni and al-Khazini were
the first to apply experimental scientific methods to the fields of statics and dynamics, particularly for
determining specific weights, such as those based on the theory of balances and weighing.
Treatise on Instruments
His Risala fi'l-alat (Treatise on Instruments) has seven parts describing different scientific instruments: the
triquetrum, dioptra, a triangular instrument he invented, the quadrant and sextant, the astrolabe, and
original instruments involving reflection.[26]
Ref:
# 66:
Muhammad al-Idrisi 1100 CE 478 AH
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi

He was an Arab cartographer, geographer and traveller. Christopher Columbus used the world maps ,
which was originally taken from Al-Idrisi's work.
Al-Idrisi was an Arab cartographer, geographer and traveller who lived in Sicily, at the court of King
Roger II. Muhammad al-Idrisi was born in Sabtah, then belonging to the Almoravid Empire (nowadays
Ceuta, Spain) and died in Sicily, or maybe in Sabtah. Al Idrisi was a direct descendant of the prophet
Muhammad.
In 1154 al-Idrisi made a large, south-oriented mappa mundi known as the Tabula Rogeriana and an
accompanying book, named Geography. Taken together, they were named Nuzhat al-Mushtak by Roger, but
Kitab Rudjar ("Roger's Book") by al-Idrisi.
Al-Idrisi constructed a world globe map of 400 Kg pure silver and precisely recorded on it the seven
continents with trade routes, lakes and rivers, major cities, and plains and mountains.
His world map was used in Europe for centuries to come. It is worth mentioning that Christopher
Columbus used the world maps , which was originally taken from Al-Idrisi's work.
A second, expanded edition was produced in 1161 with the remarkable title The Gardens of Humanity and the
Amusement of the Soul, but all copies of it have been lost. An abridged version of this edition, named Garden
of Joys -- but usually referred to as the Little Idrisi -- was published in 1192.
The book is not a perfect historical source, as al-Idrisi (as was common then and for many more
centuries) relied on other sources for it. For example, when writing about Poland he has conflated it with
the land that is the modern-day Czech Republic, because he wrote about "a country surrounded by
mountains".
Legacy
A widely used and well known Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software, developed by Clark
Labs in USA, is named Idrisi as a dedication to the Arab geographer.
Ref:
# 67:
Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber) 1100 CE-478 AH
Abu Muhammad Jabir ibn Aflah

He was an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician and inventor.
Abu Muhammad Jabir ibn Aflah was an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician and inventor whose
works, once translated into Latin (under his Latinized name Geber), influenced later European
mathematicians and astronomers. He invented an observational instrument known as the torquetum, a
mechanical device to transform between spherical coordinate systems.Gerolamo Cardano noted much of
the material of Regiomontanus on spherical trigonometry was plagiarised from the twelfth-century work
of the Jabir ibn Aflah
Ref:
www.islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Jabir_ibn_Aflah_BEA.htm
# 68:
Ibn Tufail 1105 CE - 483AH
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail al-Qaisi al-Andalusi
He was an Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath: an Arabic writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, theologian,
physician, vizier, and court official.
Ibn was an Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath: an Arabic writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher,
theologian, physician, vizier, and court official.
As a philosopher and novelist, he is most famous for writing the first philosophical novel, Hayy ibn
Yaqdhan, also known as Philosophus Autodidactus in the Western world. As a physician, he was an early
supporter of dissection and autopsy, which was expressed in his novel.
Born in Guadix near Granada, he was educated by Ibn Bajjah (Avempace). He served as a secretary for
the ruler of Granada, and later as vizier and physician for Abu Yaqub Yusuf, the Almohad ruler of AlAndalus, to whom he recommended Averros as his own future successor in 1169. Averros later reports
this event and describes how Ibn Tufail then inspired him to write his famous Aristotelian commentaries:
Abu Bakr ibn Tufayl summoned me one day and told me that he had heard the Commander of the Faithful
complaining about the disjointedness of Aristotle's mode of expression or that of the translators and the
resultant obscurity of his intentions. He said that if someone took on these books who could summarize them and
clarify their aims after first thoroughly understanding them himself, people would have an easier time
comprehending them. If you have the energy, Ibn Tufayl told me, you do it. I'm confident you can, because I
know what a good mind and devoted character you have, and how dedicated you are to the art. You understand
that only my great age, the cares of my office and my commitment to another task that I think even more vital
keep me from doing it myself.[3]
Averroes became Ibn Tufayl's successor after he retired in 1182. He died several years later in Morocco in
1185. The astronomer Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi was also a disciple of Ibn Tufail.
Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus was written as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers.
Hayy ibn Yaqdhan had a significant influence on both Arabic literature and European literature, and it went
on to become an influential best-seller throughout Western Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.[5] The
work also had a "profound influence" on both classical Islamic philosophy and modern Western
philosophy. It became "one of the most important books that heralded the Scientific Revolution" and
European Enlightenment, and the thoughts expressed in the novel can be found "in different variations
and to different degrees in the books of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Immanuel
Kant."
Ref:
www.1911encyclopedia.org/Ibn_Tufail
# 69:
Ibn Hubal 1122 CE 500 AH
Muhadhdhib al-Dn Abl-Hasan Al ibn Ahmad Ibn Hubal

He was an Arab physician and scientist born in Baghdad.
Ibn Hubal was an Arab physician and scientist born in Baghdad. He was known primarily for his medical
compendium titled Kitab al-Mukhtarat fi al-tibb - "The Book of Selections in Medicine." It was written in
1165 in Mosul, north of Baghdad, where Ibn Hubal spent most of his life. The popular medical
encyclopedia is highly dependent upon the Qanun of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), with occasional passages
transcribed verbatim.
The chapters on kidney and bladder stones were edited and translated into French by P. de Koning in his
Trait sur le calcul dans les reins et dans la vessie (1896).[2] Other chapters have been translated by Dorothee
Thies in Die Lehren der arabischen Mediziner Tabari und Ibn Hubal ber Herz, Lunge, Gallenblase und Milz (1968).
Ref:
www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/bioI.html
# 70 :
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 1126 CE- 504 AH
Averroes is most famous for his translations and commentaries of Aristotle's works. He has been
described as the founding father of secular thought in Western Europe.
Ibn-Rushd known as was an Andalusian-Arab philosopher, physician, and polymath: a master of
philosophy, theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, astronomy, geography, mathematics, medicine,
physics, psychology and science. He was born in Crdoba, modern day Spain, and died in Marrakech,
modern day Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism. He has been described as the
founding father of secular thought in Western Europe.
He wrote commentaries on most of the surviving works of Aristotle. These were not based on primary
sources (it is not known whether he knew Greek), but rather on Arabic translations. On each work, he
wrote the Jami, the Talkhis and the Tafsir which are, respectively, a simplified overview, an intermediate
commentary with more critical material, and an advanced study of Aristotelian thought in a Muslim
context. The terms are taken from the names of different types of commentary on the Qur'an.
Averroes is also a highly-regarded legal scholar of the Maliki school. Perhaps his best-known work in this
field is Bidyat al-Mujtahid wa Nihyat al-Muqtaid, a textbook of Maliki doctrine in a comparative
framework. He is also the author of al-Bayn wal-Tal, wal-Shar wal-Tawjh wal-Ta`ll fi Masil alMustakhraja, a long and detailed commentary based on the Mustakhraja of Muammad al-Ùtb al-Qurtub.
In medicine, Averroes wrote a medical encyclopedia called Kulliyat ("Generalities", i.e. general medicine),
known in its Latin translation as Colliget. He also made a compilation of the works of Galen (129-200) and
wrote a commentary on The Canon of Medicine (Qanun fi 't-tibb) of Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037).
According to him, there is no conflict between religion and philosophy, rather that they are different ways
of reaching the same truth. He believed in the eternity of the universe. He also held that the soul is divided
into two parts, one individual and one divine; while the individual soul is not eternal, all humans at the
basic level share one and the same divine soul. Averroes has two kinds of Knowledge of Truth. The first
being his knowledge of truth of religion being based in faith and thus could not be tested, nor did it
require training to understand. The second knowledge of truth is philosophy, which was reserved for an
elite few who had the intellectual capacity to undertake this study.
In medicine, Averroes discussed the topic of human dissection and autopsy. Although he never undertook
human dissection, he was aware of it being carried out by some of his contemporaries, such as Ibn Zuhr
(Avenzoar), and appears to have supported the practice. Averroes stated that the "practice of dissection
strengthens the faith"due to his view of the human body as "the remarkable handiwork of God in his
creation."
Ref:
www.muslimphilosophy.com/ir/index.html
# 71 :
al-Samaw'al 1130 CE 508 AH
Ibn Yahal-Maghribial-Samawl
He was a mathematician and astronomer.
He was a Muslim mathematician and astronomer of Jewish descent. His father was a Jewish Rabbi from
Morocco, but al-Samawal converted to Islam on 8 November 1163 after a great deal of thought.
He also wrote the famous polemic book debating Judaism known as "Silencing the jews" (Reutation of the
Jews) or in Spanish "Epistola Samuelis Maroccani" and later known in English as "the blessed jew of
Morocco"
Mathematics
Al-Samaw'al wrote the mathematical treatise al-Bahir fi'l-jabr, meaning "The brilliant in algebra", at the
young age of nineteen.
He also developed the concept of proof by mathematical induction, which he used to extend the proof of
the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle previously given by al-Karaji. Al-Samaw'al's inductive argument
was only a short step from the full inductive proof of the general binomial theorem.
Ref:
# 72:
Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 1135 CE-513 AH
Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar ibn Muhammad ibn al-Muaffar al-Tusi

He was a Persian mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age.
Tusi taught various mathematical topics including the science of numbers, astronomical tables and
astrology, in Aleppo and Mosul. His best pupil was Kamal al-Din ibn Yunus. In turn Kamal al-Din ibn
Yunus went on to teach Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, one of the most famous of all the Islamic scholars of the
period. By this time Tusi seems to have acquired an outstanding reputation as a teacher of mathematics,
for some travelled long distances hoping to become his students.
Tusi wrote some treatises on algebra. There, he went on to give what we would essentially call the RuffiniHorner method for approximating the root of a cubic equation. Although this method had been used by
earlier Arabic mathematicians to find approximations for the nth root of an integer, Tusi is the first that
we know who applied the method to solve general equations of this type.
Another famous work by Tusi is one in which he describes the linear astrolabe, sometimes called the "staff
of al-Tusi", which he invented.
In his Al-Mu'Adalat, Tusi found algebraic and numerical solutions of cubic equations and was the first to
discover the derivative of cubic polynomials, an important result in differential calculus.
Ref:
www.turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Sharaf.html
# 73:
Ibn Jubayr 1145 CE 523 AH
He was an geographer, traveler and poet from al-Andalus.

Born in Valencia, then the seat of an Arab emirate, Jubayr was the son of a civil servant. He studied at
Granada, Spain, the Qur'an, hadith, law and literature, and later became secretary to the Almohad
governor of that city. During this time he composed many poems. In 1182 he took the decision to
perform his duty of pilgrimage to Mecca in order to atone for a sin that he had been compelled to do by
the governor of Valencia.
He gives a highly detailed and graphic description of the places he visited during his travels in his book
The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, which has been translated into English by Roland Broadhurst. Differently from its
contemporaries, Jubayr's account was not a mere collection of toponyms and descriptions of monuments,
showing in-depth analysis qualities in the observation of geographical details as well as cultural, religious
and political matters. Particularly interesting are his notes about the declining faith of his fellow Muslims
in Palermo after the recent Norman conquest, and about what he perceived as the Muslim-influenced
customs of king William II of Sicily (see Arabo-Norman civilization).
Ref:
# 74 :
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 1149 CE - 527 AH
Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Umar ibn al-Husayn al-Taymi al-Bakri al-Tabaristani Fakhr alDin al-Razi
He was a well-known Persian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher. He also wrote on medicine,
physics, astrology, literature, history and law.
Fakhruddin Razi was a well-known Persian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher. He was born in
Ray of Persia (Iran). He also wrote on medicine, physics, astrology, literature, history and law.
He should not to be confused with Rhazes, also known as al-Razi.
He was born in Ray now a district of modern Tehran. He studied Kalam, Fiqh and other Islamic sciences
from his father, Diya'uddin known as Khatib al-Rayy. He then studied from Majduddin al-Jili and Kamal
Samnani. He was from the Shafiì school of Islamic law and Asharite school of theology. He was also
known as Ibn al-Khatib and Khatib al-Rayy. He is mostly called as Imam Razi in Iran and Afghanistan.
Razi traveled to Khwarazm, Khorasan and Transoxiana. He attracted a large number of students in each
city that he went. He recorded the account of the places he visited, the scholars he met, and summaries of
their discussions in his book Munazarat Fakhr al-Din al Razi fi Bilad Ma Wara' al-Nahr. As a result of his
discussions in various cities, he found many opponents such as the Mutazilites, Hanbalites (who opposed
philosophy and Kalam), Batinites and Qarmatians of whose al-Razi criticized the teachings. He settled in
his late years of life in Herat where a mosque was built for him and died in 1209.
Razi's most major works is Tafsir-e Kabir (The Great Commentary) (his Exegesis (Tafsir) on the Quran),
also named as Mafatih al-ghayb (The Keys to the Unknown). However, his most important philosophical
works are Sharh al-Isharat (a commentary on Ibn Sina's Kitab al-isharat wa-'l-tanbihat), "al-Mahsul" in usul-alfiqh and Mabahith al-mashriqya (Eastern Discussions).
The person who did the most to defend Ibn Sina's philosophy against the criticisms of al-Razi was Nasir
al-Din al-Tusi, whose commentary on the Kitab al-isharat was in large measure a refutation of al-Razi's
opinions.
Ref:
/www.muslimphilosophy.com
# 75 :
Ali ibn al-Athir
1160 CE 538 AH
He was an Arab muslim historian.

Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, better known as Ali 'izz al-Din Ibn al- Athir alJazari was an Arab muslim historian born in Cizre, a town in present-day rnak province in southeastern Turkey, from the Ibn Athir family. According to the 1911 Edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica,
he was born in Jazirat Ibn Umar in Kurdistan.
He spent a scholarly life in Mosul, but often visited Baghdad. For a time he was with Saladin's army in
Syria and later lived in Aleppo and Damascus. His chief work was a history of the world, al-Kamil fi attarikh (The Complete History). He includes some information on the Rus' people in his chronology.
The Complete History (Arabic: Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh).
The Lions of the Forest and the knowledge about the Companions (Arabic: Usud al-Ghabah fi Ma'rifah
al-Sahabah).
Ref:
# 76 :
Abd-el-latif
1162 CE- 540 AH
Abd-al-latif, Abd-el-latif or Abd-ul-Latif

He was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist. and traveller.
Also known as al-Baghdadi, was a celebrated physician, historian, Egyptologist. and traveller, and one of
the most voluminous writers of the Near East in his time.
An interesting memoir of Abdallatif, written by himself, has been preserved with additions by Ibn AbuOsaiba (Ibn abi Usaibia), a contemporary. From that work we learn that the higher education of the youth
of Baghdad consisted principally in a minute and careful study of the rules and principles of grammar, and
in their committing to memory the whole of the Qur'an, a treatise or two on philology and jurisprudence,
and the choicest Arabic poetry.
After attaining to great proficiency in that kind of learning, Abdallatif applied himself to natural
philosophy and medicine. To enjoy the society of the learned, he went first to Mosul (1189), and
afterwards to Damascus. With letters of recommendation from Saladin's vizier, he visited Egypt, where he
realized his wish to converse with Maimonides, the Eagle of the Doctors.
His love of travel led him to visit different parts of Armenia and Asia Minor in his old age. Also, he was in
the process of setting out on a pilgrimage to Mecca when he died at Baghdad.
Al-Mukhtarat fi al-Tibb
Al-Baghdadi's Mukhtarat fi al-Tibb was one of the earliest works on hirudotherapy. He introduced a more
modern use for medicinal leech, stating that leech could be used for cleaning the tissues after surgical
operations. He did, however, understand that there is a risk over using leech, and advised patients that
leech need to be cleaned before being used and that the dirt or dust "clinging to a leech should be wiped
off" before application. He further writes that after the leech has sucked out the blood, salt should be
"sprinkled on the affected part of the human body."
Medicine from the Book and the Life of the Prophet

He wrote a book called Al-Tibb min al-Kitab wa-al-Sunna (Medicine from the Book and the Life of the Prophet)
describing the Islamic medical practices from the time of Muhammad.
Diabetes
Al-Baghdadi was also the author of a major book dealing with diabetes.
Ref:
# 77 :
Ibn al-Baitar 1197 CE-575 AH
Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din al-Malaqi
it's believed that he was the greatest botanist and pharmacist of the Islamic Golden Age and Muslim
Agricultural Revolution.
He was an Arab scientist and one of the greatest scientists of Muslim Spain, and it's believed that he was
the greatest botanist and pharmacist of the Islamic Golden Age and Muslim Agricultural Revolution.
Born in the Spanish city of Mlaga at the end of the 12th century, he learned botany from the Mlagan
botanist Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati with whom he started collecting plants in and around Spain. In 1219 he
left Mlaga to travel in the Islamic world to collect plants. He travelled from the northern coast of Africa
as far as Anatolia. The major stations he visited include Bugia, Constantinople, Tunis, Tripoli, Barqa and
Adalia.
After 1224, he entered the service of al-Kamil, an Ayyubid Sultan, and was appointed chief herbalist. In
1227 al-Kamil extended his domination to Damascus, and Ibn al-Baitar accompanied him there which
provided him an opportunity to collect plants in Syria His researches on plants extended over a vast area
including Arabia and Palestine.
Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada

Ibn al-Baitars major contribution is Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada which is considered one of the
greatest botanical compilations in history, and was a botanical authority for centuries. It was also a
pharmaceutical encyclopedia and contains details on at least listing 1,400 plants, foods, and drugs, 300 of
which were his own original discoveries. His work was was translated into Latin in 1758 and was being
used in Europe up until the early 19th century. The book also contains references to 150 other previous
Arabic authors as well as a few previous Greek authors.
Kitab al-Mlughni fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada

Ibn Al-Baitars second major work is Kitab al-Mlughni fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada which is an encyclopedia of
Islamic medicine, which incorporates his knowledge of plants extensively for the treatment of various
ailments, including diseases related to the head, ear, eye, etc.
Cancer therapy
In cancer therapy, Ibn al-Baitar discovered the earliest known herbal treatment for cancer: "Hindiba", a
herbal drug which he identified as having "anticancer" properties and which could also treat other tumors
and neoplastic disorders. After recognizing its usefulness in treating neoplastic disorders, Hindiba was
patented in 1997 by Nil Sari, Hanzade Dogan, and John K. Snyder.
Ref:
www.muslimmedianetwork.com
# 78 :
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 1201 CE 597 AH
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-hasan al-Tusi

He was a prolific polymath writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher,
physician, scientist, theologian, and Marja Taqleed.
A 60-km diameter lunar crater located on the southern hemisphere of the moon is named after him as
"Nasireddin".
Better known as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (or Tusi in the West), was a Persian of the Twelver Shi'a Islamic
belief. He was a prolific polymath writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher,
physician, scientist, theologian.
He was apparently born into a shia ismaili family and lost his father at a young age. Fulfilling the wish of
his father, the young Muhammad took learning and scholarship very seriously and travelled far and wide
to attend the lectures of renowned scholars and acquire the knowledge which guides people to the
happiness of the next world. At a young age he moved to Nishapur to study philosophy under Farid alDin Damad and mathematics under Muhammad Hasib. He met also Farid al-Din al-'Attar, the legendary
Sufi master who was later killed in the hand of Mongol invaders and attended the lectures of Qutb al-Din
al-Misri.
During his stay in Nishapur, Tusi established a reputation as an exceptional scholar. He created the
famous sine formula for plane triangles, which was one of his main mathematical contributions
a / sin A = b / sin B = c / sin C.
In 1265, Tusi wrote a manuscript regarding the calculation for nth roots of an integer. Moreover, he
revealed the coefficients of the expansion of a binomial to any power giving the binomial formula and the
Pascal triangle relations between binomial coefficients. He also wrote a famous work on theory of colour,
based on mixtures of black and white, and included sections on jewels and perfumes.
Tusi made very accurate tables of planetary movements as depicted in his book Zij-i ilkhani (Ilkhanic
Tables). This book contains astronomical tables for calculating the positions of the planets and the names
of the stars. His model for the planetary system is believed to be the most advanced of his time, and was
used extensively until the development of the heliocentric model in the time of Nicolaus Copernicus.
Between Ptolemy and Copernicus, he is considered by many to be one of the most eminent astronomers
of his time.
Ref:
www.ummah.net/history/scholars/TUSI.html
# 79 :
al-Betrugi (Alpetragius ) 1204 CE-582 AH
Nur ad-Din al-Betrugi

He advanced a theory on planetary motion. The Alpetragius crater on the Moon is named after him. He
was a contemporary of Averroes. The Alpetragius crater on the Moon is named after him.
Nur ad-Din al-Betrugi (known in the West by the Latinized name of Alpetragius) was an Arab
astronomer and philosopher of the Islamic Golden Age (Middle Ages). Born in present-day Morocco, he
settled in Seville, in Andalusia. He became a disciple of Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and was a contemporary of
Averros.
Works
Al Betrugi wrote the Kitab-al-Hayah translated from the Arabic into Hebrew, and then into Latin (printed
in Vienna in 1531).
He advanced a theory on planetary motion in which he wished to avoid both epicycles and eccentrics, and
to account for the phenomena peculiar to the wandering stars, by compounding rotations of homocentric
spheres. This was a modification of the system of planetary motion proposed by his predecessors, Ibn
Bajjah (Avempace) and Ibn Tufail (Abubacer). His efforts were unsuccessful in replacing Ptolemy's
planetary model, due to the numerical predictions of the planetary positions in his configuration being less
accurate than that of the Ptolemaic model, mainly because he followed Aristotle's notion of perfect
circular motion.
Ref:
# 80 :
Al-Jazari 1206 CE 584 AH
Abu al-'Iz Ibn Isma'il ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari

He was an important scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, craftsman, artist and
astronomer from Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia who flourished during the Islamic Golden Age.
He is best known for writing the Kitb f ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya (Book of Knowledge of
Ingenious Mechanical Devices) in 1206, where he described fifty mechanical devices along with
instructions on how to construct them.
Little is known about Al-Jazari, and most of that comes from the introduction to his Book of
Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. Al-Jazari was part of a tradition of craftsmen and was thus
more of a practical engineer than an inventor who appears to have been "more interested in the
craftsmanship necessary to construct the devices than in the technology which lay behind them" and
his machines were usually "assembled by trial and error rather than by theoretical calculation." Some
of his devices were also inspired by earlier devices, such as one of his monumental water clocks
being based on that of a Pseudo-Archimedes.
The hand-operated crank was known in Han China, but Al-Jazari was the first to incorporate it in a
machine and he thus invented the crankshaft. It transforms continuous rotary motion into a linear
reciprocating motion, and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal
combustion engine and automatic controls.
The connecting rod was also invented by al-Jazari, and was used in a crank and connecting rod
system in a rotating machine he developed in 1206, in two of his water-raising machines: the crankdriven saqiya chain pump and the double-action reciprocating piston suction pump.
Ref:
/www.history-science-technology.com
# 81 :
Ibn al-Nafis 1213 CE - 591 AH
Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi

The father of circulatory physiology and "the greatest physiologist of the Middle Ages." Ibn al-Nafis is
most famous for being the first physician to describe the pulmonary circulation.
Commonly known as Ibn al-Nafis, was an Arab Muslim polymatha physician, anatomist, physiologist,
surgeon, ophthalmologist, Hafiz, Hadith scholar, Shafiì jurist and lawyer, Sunni theologian, Islamic
philosopher, logician, novelist, psychologist, sociologist, scientist, science fiction writer, astronomer,
cosmologist, futurist, geologist, grammarian, linguist and historianwho was born in Damascus, Syria,
and worked in Cairo, Egypt.
Ibn al-Nafis is most famous for being the first physician to describe the pulmonary circulation, and the
capillary and coronary circulations, which form the basis of the circulatory system, for which he is
considered the father of circulatory physiology and "the greatest physiologist of the Middle Ages." He was
also an early proponent of experimental medicine, postmortem autopsy, and human dissection, first
described the concept of metabolism, and developed his own new Nafisian systems of anatomy,
physiology, psychology and pulsology to replace the Avicennian and Galenic doctrines, while discrediting
many of their erroneous theories on the four humours, pulsation, bones, muscles, intestines, sensory
organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, and the anatomy of almost every other part of the human
body. Ibn al-Nafis also drew diagrams to illustrate different body parts in his new physiological system.
He also wrote works on the Islamic religious disciplines, notably a short account of the Methodology of
Hadith, which introduces a more rational and logical classification for the science of hadith. He also wrote
works on fictional Arabic literature. Both of these works were mainly an attempt by Ibn al-Nafis at
reconciling reason with revelation, both by highlighting the rationality of Islamic beliefs and by promoting
the use of reason in the science of hadith.
Ibn al-Nafis was an orthodox Sunni Muslim and a scholar of the Shafiì school of Fiqh (Islamic
jurisprudence) and Sharia (Islamic law). He wrote a number of works on philosophy, and was particularly
interested in reconciling reason with revelation and blurring the line between the two. Unlike some of his
contemporaries and predecessors, he made no distinction between philosophy and theology. Ibn al-Nafis
adhered to the teachings of the Qur'an and accepted the authority of the hadiths, but required each hadith
to be rationally acceptable.
During and after his lifetime, Ibn al-Nafis' 80-volume medical encyclopedia, The Comprehensive Book on
Medicine, had eventually replaced The Canon of Medicine of Avicenna (Ibn Sina) as a medical authority in the
medieval Islamic world. Muslim biographers, historians and reviewers from the 13th century onwards
considered Ibn al-Nafis the greatest physician in history, with some referring to him as "the second Ibn
Sina" and others considering him even greater than all his predecessors.
Ref:
# 82 :
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 1236 CE-614 AH
He was the first to give a correct explanation for the formation of the rainbow.
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi was a 13th century Persian Muslim astronomer, mathematician, physician,
physicist and scientist and from Shiraz, Iran.
He and his master Nasir al-Din Tusi wrote critiques of the Almagest of Ptolemy. He also continued the
optical studies of Alhazen. It was Qutb al-Din who first gave a correct explanation for the formation of
the rainbow, which was elaborated on by his student Kaml al-Dn al-Fris.
He produced two prominent works on astronomy - The Limit of Accomplishment concerning
Knowledge of the Heavens (Nihayat al-idrak fi dirayat al-aflak) completed in 1281, and The Royal Present
(Al-Tuhfat al-Shahiya) completed in 1284. Both presented his models for planetary motion, improving on
Ptolemy's principles. In his The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens, he also
discussed the possibility of heliocentrism.
Besides astronomy he wrote extensively on medicine, mathematics and "traditional" Islamic sciences.
Qutb al-Din was also a Sufi from a family of Sufis in Shiraz. He is famous for the commentary on Hikmat
al-ishraq of Suhrawardi, the most influential work of Islamic Illuminist philosophy. Qutb al-Din alShirazi's most famous work is the Pearly Crown (Durrat al-taj li-ghurratt al-Dubaj), written in Persian
around AD 1306 (705 AH).
Ref:
# 83 :
al-Samarqandi 1250 CE 628 AH
Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ashraf al-Husayni al-Samarqandi

He was a 13th century astronomer and mathematician from Samarkand.
Nothing is known of al-Samarqandi's life except that he composed his most important works around
1276. He wrote works on theology, logic, philosophy, mathematics and astronomy which have proved
important in their own right and also in giving information about the works of other scientists of his
period.
Al-Samarqandi wrote a work Risala fi adab al-bahth which discussed the method of intellectual
investigation of reasoning using dialectic. Such methods of enquiry were much used by the ancient
Greeks. He also wrote Synopsis of astronomy and produced a star catalogue for the year 1276-77.
In mathematics al-Samarqandi is famous for a short work of only 20 pages which discusses 35 of Euclid's
propositions. Although a short work, al-Samarqandi consulted widely the works of other Arab
mathematicians before writing it. For example he refers to writings by Ibn al-Haytham, Omar Khayyam,
al-Jawhari, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, and Athr al-Dn al-Abhar.
Ref:
# 84 :
Ibn al-Banna 1256 CE 634 AH
Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi al-Azdi

He was an amazing mathematician and astronomer. The Al-Marrakushi crater, on the Moon, is named
after him.
Al-Banna, the son of an architect, was born in Marrakesh in 1256. Having learned basic mathematical and
geometrical skills he proceeded to translate Euclid's Elements into Arabic.
Al-Banna wrote between 51 to 74 treatises, encompassing such varied topics as Algebra, Astronomy,
Linguistics, Rhetoric, and Logic. One of his works, called Talkhis amal al-hisab (Arabic,) (Summary of
arithmetical operations), includes topics such as fractions, sums of squares and cubes etc. Another,
called Tanbih al-Albab, covers topics related to:
calculations regarding the drop in irrigation canal levels,
arithmetical explanation of the Muslim laws of inheritance
determination of the hour of the Asr prayer,
explanation of frauds linked to instruments of measurement,
enumeration of delayed prayers which have to be said in a precise order,and
calculation of legal tax in the case of a delayed payment
Yet another work by al-Banna was Raf al-Hijab (Lifting the Veil) which included topics such as computing
square roots of a number and theory of continued fractions.
Ref:
# 85 :
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi 1266 CE - 644 AH
He developed a non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion. In particular, the Urdi lemma he developed was
later used in the geocentric model of Ibn al-Shatir in the 14th century and in the heliocentric Copernican
model of Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century.
Muayyad al-Din al-Urdi was an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician, architect and engineer
working at the Maragheh observatory. He was born in Aleppo, Syria, and later moved to Maragheh,
Azarbaijan, Persia, to work at the Maragha observatory under the guidance of Nasir al-Din Tusi.[1]
He is known for being the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a non-Ptolemaic model of
planetary motion. In particular, the Urdi lemma he developed was later used in the geocentric model of Ibn
al-Shatir in the 14th century and in the heliocentric Copernican model of Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th
century.
As an architect and engineer, he was responsible for constructing the water supply installations of
Damascus, Syria, in his time.
Ref:
# 86 :
Kamal al-Din al-Farisi 1267 CE - 642 AH
Kamal al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Muhammad Al-Farisi

He made two major contributions to mathematics, one on optics, the other on number theory.
Al-Farisi was a prominent Persian Muslim mathematician, physicist and scientist born in Tabriz,
Iran. He made two major contributions to mathematics, one on optics, the other on number theory.
Al-Farisi was a pupil of the great astronomer and mathematician Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, who in turn
was a pupil of Nasir al-Din Tusi.
His work on optics was prompted by a question put to him concerning the refraction of light. Shirazi
advised him to consult the Book of Optics of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), and al-Farisi made such a deep
study of this treatise that Shirazi suggested that he write what is essentially a revision of that major work,
which came to be called the Tanqih. Qutb al-Din Al-Shirazi himself was writing a commentary on works
of Avicenna at the time.
Al-Farisi is known for giving the first mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow. His research
in this regard was based on theoretical investigations in dioptrics conducted on the so-called Burning
Sphere (al-Kura al-muhriqa) in the tradition of Ibn Sahl (d. ca. 1000) and Ibn al-Haytham (d. ca. 1041)
after him. As he noted in his Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of the Optics), al-Farisi used a large
clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with water, in order to have an experimental
large-scale model of a rain drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a controlled
aperature for the introduction of light. He projected light unto the sphere and ultimately deducted through
several trials and detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the colors of the rainbow
are phenomena of the decomposition of light. His research had resonances with the studies of his
contemporary Theodoric of Freiberg (without any contacts between them; even though they both relied
on Ibn al-Haytham's legacy), and later with the experiments of Descartes and Newton in dioptrics (for
instance, Newton conducted a similar experiment at Trinity College, though using a prism rather than a
sphere).
Number theory
Al-Farisi made a number of important contributions to number theory. His most impressive work in
number theory is on amicable numbers. In Tadhkira al-ahbab fi bayan al-tahabb ("Memorandum for
friends on the proof of amicability") introduced a major new approach to a whole area of number theory,
introducing ideas concerning factorization and combinatorial methods. In fact al-Farisi's approach is based
on the unique factorization of an integer into powers of prime numbers.
Ref:
# 87 :
Ibn al-Shatir 1304 CE - 682 AH
Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Shatir

Ibn al-Shatir was an astronomer and engineer.
He was an Arab Muslim astronomer, mathematician and engineer who worked as muwaqqit (religious
timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.
Ibn al-Shatir's model for the appearances of Mercury, showing the multiplication of epicycles, thus
eliminating the Ptolemaic eccentrics and equant.
His most important astronomical treatise was the Kitab nihayat al-sul fi tashih al-usul (The Final Quest
Concerning the Rectification of Principles), in which he drastically reformed the Ptolemaic models of the
Sun, Moon, and planets, by his introducing his own non-Ptolemaic models which eliminates the epicycle
in the solar model and which eliminate the eccentrics and equant by introducing extra epicycles in the
planetary and lunar models.
While previous Maragha school models were just as accurate as the Ptolemaic model, Ibn al-Shatir's
geometrical model was the first that was actually superior to the Ptolemaic model in terms of its better
agreement with empirical observations.
Unlike previous astronomers, Ibn al-Shatir generally had no philosophical objections against Ptolemaic
astronomy, but was only concerned with how well it matched his own empirical observations. He would
usually test the Ptolemaic models, and if any did not match his observations, then he would formulate his
own non-Ptolemaic model in its place which did match his observations.
Although his system was firmly geocentric, he had eliminated the Ptolemaic equant and eccentrics, and the
mathematical details of his system were identical to those in Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus. His
lunar model was also no different from the lunar model used by Copernicus. It is thus believed that Ibn
al-Shatir's model was adapted by Copernicus into a heliocentric model. Though it remains
uncertain how this may have happened, it is known that Byzantine Greek manuscripts containing the
Tusi-couple which Ibn al-Shatir employed had reached Italy in the 15th century. It is also known that
Copernicus' diagrams for his heliocentric model, including the markings of points, was nearly identical to
the diagrams and markings used by Ibn al-Shatir for his geocentric model, making it very likely that
Copernicus may have been aware of Ibn al-Shatir's work.
Ibn al-Shatir constructed a magnificent sundial for the minaret of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.
Ibn al-Shatir also invented the first astrolabic clock.[9]
Ref:
# 88 :
Ibn Battuta 1304 CE-682 AH
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Abdullah Al Lawati Al Tanji Ibn Battuta

Traveler and explorer. More traveled than Marco Polo.
He is best known as a explorer, whose account documents his travels and excursions over a period of
almost thirty years, covering some 73,000 miles (117,000 km). These journeys covered almost the entirety
of the known Islamic world and beyond, extending from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and
Eastern Europe in the West, to the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and
China in the East, a distance readily surpassing that of his predecessors and his near-contemporary
He was a Moroccan scholar and jurisprudent from the Maliki Madhhab (a school of Fiqh, or Sunni Islamic
law), and at times a Qadi or judge. However, he is best known as a traveler and explorer, whose account
documents his travels and excursions over a period of almost thirty years, covering some 73,000 miles
(117,000 km). These journeys covered almost the entirety of the known Islamic world and beyond,
extending from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, to the
Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance readily
surpassing that of his predecessors and his near-contemporary Marco Polo.
An impact crater on the moon, the Ibn Battuta crater, is named after him.
Ibn Battuta travelled almost 75,000 miles in his lifetime. Here is a list of places he visited.
Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Arabian Peninsula, Turkey and Eastern Europe, Libya, Central Asia, India,
Other places in Asia, China, Somalia, East Africa, Mali
Ref:
www.ummah.net/history/scholars/ibn_battuta/
# 89 :
Ibn Khaldun 1332 CE - 732 AH
Ab Zayd Abdu r-Raman bin Muammad bin Khaldn

He was a famous historian, scholar, theologian, and statesman born in present-day Tunisia. He is
considered the forerunner of several social scientific disciplines: demography, cultural history,
historiography, the philosophy of history, sociology, and modern economics. He is sometimes considered
to be a "father" of these disciplines, or even the social sciences in general.
He was a famous historian, scholar, theologian, and statesman born in present-day Tunisia. He is
considered the forerunner of several social scientific disciplines: demography, cultural history,
historiography, the philosophy of history, sociology, and modern economics. He is sometimes considered
to be a "father" of these disciplines, or even the social sciences in general, for anticipating many elements
of these disciplines centuries before they were founded. He is best known for his Muqaddimah (known as
Prolegomenon in Greek), the first volume of his book on universal history, Kitab al-Ibar.
Ibn Khaldn has left behind few works other than his history of the world, al-Kitbu l-ibr. Significantly,
such writings are not alluded to in his autobiography, suggesting perhaps that Ibn Khaldn saw himself
first and foremost as a historian and wanted to be known above all as the author of al-Kitbu l-ibr.
From other sources we know of several other works, primarily composed during the time he spent in
North Africa and Spain. His first book, Lubbu l-Muhassal, a commentary on the theology of al-Razi, was
written at the age of 19 under the supervision of his teacher al-bil in Tunis. A work on Sufism, Sif'u lS'il, was composed around 1373 in Fes, Morocco. Whilst at the court of Muhammed V, Sultan of
Granada, Ibn Khaldn composed a work on logic, allaqa li-l-Sultn.
Ref:
www.muslimphilosophy.com
# 90 :
Qadi Zada al-Rumi 1364 CE 742 AH
He was an astronomer and mathematician who worked at the observatory in Samarkand. He computed
sin 1 to an accuracy of 10-12.
Qadi Zada al-Rumi whose actual name was Salah al-Din Musa Pasha was an astronomer and
mathematician who worked at the observatory in Samarkand. He computed sin 1 to an accuracy of 10-12.
Together with Ulugh Beg, al-Ksh and a few other astronomers he produced the Zij-i Sultani, the first
comprehensive stellar catalogue since Ptolomy, containing the positions of 992 stars.
Qadi Zada means "son of the judge". It was in his home town of Bursa that Qadi Zada was brought
up. He completed his standard education in Basra and then studied geometry and astronomy with alFanari. His teacher al-Fanari realised that Qadi Zada was a young man with great abilities in
mathematics and astronomy and he advised him to visit the cultural centres of the empire, Khorasan
or Transoxania, where he could benefit from coming in contact with the top mathematicians of his
time.
Ulugh Beg was only 17 years old when Qadi Zada met him atSamarkand in 1410. He was far more
interested in science and culture than in politics or military conquest but he was, nevertheless,
deputy ruler of the whole empire and, in particular, sole ruler of the Mawaraunnahr region. Meeting
Ulugh Beg was certainly a turning point for Qadi Zada, for he would spend the rest of his life
working in Samarkand.
Qadi Zada wrote a number of commentaries on works on mathematics and astronomy during his
first years in Samarkand. These seem to have been written for Ulugh Beg and it would appear
that Qadi Zada was producing material as a teacher of the brilliant young mathematician. One
commentary on the compendium of the astronomer al-Jaghmini was written by Qadi Zada in
1412-13, while a second commentary was on a work by al-Samarqandi. This second commentary
is on al-Samarqandi's famous short work of only 20 pages in which he discusses thirty-five of
Euclid's propositions.
Ref:
www.tebyan.net/Islam
# 91 :
Jamshid al-Kashi 1380 CE 758 AH
Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid ibn Masud al-Kashi

He was a Persian astronomer and mathematician.
Al-Kashi was one of the best mathematicians in the Islamic world. He was born in 1380, in Kashan, which
lies in a desert to the southeast of the Central Iranian range. This region was controlled by Tamurlaine,
better known as Timur, who was more interested in invading other areas than taking care of what he had.
Due to this, al-Kashi lived in poverty during his childhood and the beginning years of his adulthood.
The situation changed for the better when Timur died in 1405, and his son, Shah Rokh, ascended into
power. Shah Rokh and his wife, Goharshad, a Persian princess, were very interested in the sciences, and
they encouraged their court to study the various fields in great depth. Their son, Ulugh Beg, was
enthusiastic about science as well, and made some noted contributions in mathematics and astronomy
himself. Consequently, the period of their power became one of many scholarly accomplishments. This
was the perfect environment for al-Kashi to begin his career as one of the worlds greatest
mathematicians.
When he came into power, Ulugh Beg constructed the worlds most prestigious university at the time.
Students from all over the Middle East, and beyond, flocked to this academy in Samarkand, the capital of
Ulugh Begs empire. Consequently, Ulugh Beg harvested many, many great mathematicians and scientists
of the Muslim world. In 1414, al-Kashi took this opportunity to contribute vast amounts of knowledge to
his people. His best work was done in the court of Ulugh Beg, and it is said that he was the kings
favourite student.
Al-Kashi was still working on his book, called Risala al-watar wal-jaib meaning The Treatise on the
Chord and Sine, when he died in 1429. Some scholars believe that Ulugh Beg may have ordered his
murder, while others say he died a natural death. The details are rather unclear.
In French, the Law of cosines is named Thorme d'Al-Kashi (Theorem of Al-Kashi), after Kashi's efforts to
unify existing works on the subject.
Ref:
www.muslimmedianetwork.com
# 92 :
Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu 1385 CE 763 AH
Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu was a medieval surgeon and physician.

Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu (A.D. 1385-1468) is the author of the first illustrated surgical textbook in the
Turkish-Islamic literature, namely, Cerrahiyet-l Haniyye (Imperial Surgery). A pioneer in all fields of
surgery, Sabuncuoglu developed numerous original techniques. He was a keen observer and inventor and
a prolific writer who combined his fortune with knowledge of his era. He described a mass reduction
procedure for the management of gynecomastia, probably one of the first attempts at reduction
mammaplasty. He gave detailed descriptions of different eyelid pathologies and their surgical
managements. Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu lived during the fifteenth century in Amasya. During the early
period of the Ottoman Empire.
Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu operated throughout the human body well before the development of
sterile technique and modern anesthesia. He used a combination of mandrake root and almond oil
for analgesia and general anesthesia.
Ref:
www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/reprint/102/4/1289-b.pdf
# 93 :
Ulugh Beg 1393 CE 771 AH
He was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan

He was a Timurid ruler as well as an astronomer, mathematician and sultan. His commonly known name
is not truly a personal name, but rather a moniker, which can be loosely translated as "Great Ruler" or
"Patriarch Ruler" and was the Turkic equivalent of Timur's Perso-Arabic title Amr-e Kabr. His real name
was Mrz Mohammad Tregh bin Shhrokh. Ulugh Beg was also notable for his work in astronomy-related
mathematics, such as trigonometry and spherical geometry.
In 1417-1420 he built a madrasa ("university" or "institute") on Registan Square in Samarkand, and invited
numerous Islamic astronomers and mathematicians to study there. The madrasa building still survives.
Ulugh Beg's most famous pupil in mathematics was Ghiyath al-Kashi (circa 1370 - 1429).
Ulugh Beg's observatory in Samarkand. In Ulugh Beg's time, these walls were lined with polished marble.
His own particular interests concentrated on astronomy, and in 1428 he built an enormous observatory,
called the Gurkhani Zij, similar to Tycho Brahe's later Uraniborg. Lacking telescopes to work with, he
increased his accuracy by increasing the length of his sextant; the so-called Fakhri Sextant had a radius of
circa 36 meters (118 feet) and the optical separability of 180" (seconds of arc). Using it he compiled the
1437 Zij-i Sultani of 994 stars, generally considered the greatest of star catalogues between those of
Ptolemy and Brahe.
In 1437 Ulugh Beg determined the length of the sidereal year as 365.2570370...d = 365d 6h 10m 8s (an error
+58s). In his measurements within many years he used a 50 m high gnomon. This value was improved by
28s 88 years later in 1525 by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), who appealed to the estimation of Thabit
ibn Qurra (826-901), which was accurate to +2s.
Ref:
# 94 :
Al-Umawi 1400 CE 778 AH
Abu Abdallah Yaish ibn Ibrahim ibn Yusuf ibn Simak al-Umawi.
He was a Mathematician who wrote works on mensuration and arithmetic.
Although al-Umawi lived in Damascus in Syria, he came from Andalusia in the south of Spain. The name
Andalusia comes from the Arabic "Al-Andalus" given to this district by the Muslims who conquered it in
the 8th century. The unified Spanish Muslim state broke up in the early 11th century but Muslims from
Africa kept Spanish Islam strong into the 14th century. Indeed al-Umawi was a Muslim but the
mathematical scholarship of the Muslim world at this time was certainly not uniform. There were
differences in the numerals used in western areas (which al-Umawi came from) and those used in the east.
Indeed some scholars find it surprising that al-Umawi as a westerner wrote an arithmetic text for those in
the east. The usual perception is that, at this time. the arithmetical skills of the east exceeded those of the
west.
Two texts by al-Umawi which have survived are Marasim al-intisab fi'ilm al-hisab (On arithmetical rules and
procedures), and Raf'al-ishkal fi ma'rifat al-ashkal which is a work on mensuration. It is the first of these two
works which contains the 1373 date referred to in the first paragraph and it is the most interesting of the
two texts.
Before describing the Marasim we should make some brief comments about al-Umawi's work calculating
lengths and areas. In it al-Umawi gives rules for calculating: lengths of chords and lengths of arcs of circles
(using Pythagoras's theorem); areas of circles, areas of segments of circles, areas of triangles and
quadrilaterals; volumes of spheres, volumes of cones and volumes of prisms.
Ref:
www.membres.lycos.fr/andalus/savants/umawi.htm
# 95 :
Ali Kuscu 1403 CE - 781 AH
Aleaddin Ali bin Muhammed el-Kuu

He was a Turcophone mathematician and astronomer.
Ali Kuscu was a Turcophone mathematician and astronomer. He is best known for his contributions to
Ulu Bey's famous work Zij-i-Sultani, his efforts in founding Sahn- Seman University which is one of the
first Ottoman universities, his separation of astronomy from natural philosophy, and his discussions on
the Earth's motion.He was born in 1403 on an unknown date in Samarkand which is today in Uzbekistan.
In his Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy, Kuu rejected Aristotelian physics and
completely separated natural philosophy from Islamic astronomy, allowing astronomy to become a purely
empirical and mathematical science. This allowed him to explore alternatives to the Aristotelian notion of
a stationery Earth, as he explored the idea of a moving Earth instead. He found empirical evidence for the
Earth's rotation through his observation on comets and concluded, on the basis of empiricism rather than
speculative philosophy, that the moving Earth theory is just as likely to be true as the stationary Earth
theory. Kuu also improved on Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's planetary model and presented an alternative
planetary model for Mercury.
His works
Astronomy, Mathematics, Kelm and Usl-i Fkh, Mechanics, Linguistics
Ref:
# 96 :
al-Qalasadi 1412 CE 79O AH
Abu al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi

He is known for being one of the most influential voices in algebraic notation since antiquity and for
taking "the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism.
He was an Arab Muslim mathematician and an Islamic scholar specializing in Islamic inheritance
jurisprudence. He is known for being one of the most influential voices in algebraic notation since
antiquity and for taking "the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism." He wrote
numerous books on arithmetic and algebra, including al-Tabsira fi'lm al-hisab Clarification of the science
of arithmetic".
Symbolic algebra
In Islamic mathematics, al-Qalasadi made the first attempt at creating an algebraic notation since Ibn alBanna two centuries earlier, who was himself the first to make such an attempt since Diophantus and
Brahmagupta in ancient times. The notations of his predecessors, however, lacked symbols for
mathematical operations. Al-Qalasadi's algebraic notation was the first to have symbols for these functions
and was thus "the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism." He represented
mathematical symbols using characters from the Arabic alphabet, where:
wa means "and" for addition (+)
illa means "less" for subtraction (-)
fi means "times" for multiplication (*)
ala means "over" for division (/)
j represents jadah meaning "root"
sh represents shay meaning "thing" for a variable (x)
m represents mal for a square (x2)
k represents kab for a cube (x3)
Ref:
www.tebyan.net/Islam
# 97:
Ahmad Bin Majid CE 1421 AH 799
He was an Arab navigator and cartographer.

He became famous in the West as the navigator who has been associated with helping Vasco da Gama
find his way from Africa to India.
He was an Arab navigator and cartographer born in 1421 in Julphar, which is now known as Ras Al
Khaimah. This city makes up one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. He was raised
with a family famous for seafaring; at the age of 17 he was able to navigate ships. He was so famous
that he was known as the first Arab seaman. The exact date is not known, but bin Majid probably died
in 1500. He became famous in the West as the navigator who has been associated with helping Vasco
da Gama find his way from Africa to India. He was the author of nearly forty works of poetry and
prose
Works
His most important work was Kitab al-Fawaid fi Usul Ilm al-Bahr wa l-Qawaid (Book of Useful
Information on the Principles and Rules of Navigation), written in 1490. It is a navigation encyclopedia,
describing the history and basic principles of navigation, lunar mansions, rhumb lines, the difference
between coastal and open-sea sailing, the locations of ports from East Africa to Indonesia, star positions,
accounts of the monsoon and other seasonal winds, typhoons and other topics for professional
navigators. He drew from his own experience and that of his father, also a famous navigator, and the lore
of generations of Indian Ocean sailors.
Bin Majid wrote several books on marine science and the movements of ships, which helped people of the
Persian Gulf to reach the coasts of India, East Africa and other destinations. Among his many books on
oceanography, the Fawa'dh fi-Usl Ilm al-Bahrwa-al-Qawaidah (The Book of the Benefits of the Principles
of Seamanship) is considered as one of his best.
He grew very famous and was fondly called Shihan Al Dein (Sea's Lion) for his fearlessness, strength and
experience as a sailor who excelled in the art of navigation.
Legacy
Ahmed bin Majid's efforts in the mid 14th century helped the Portuguese navigator Vasco Da Gama in
completing the first all water trade route between Europe and India by using an Arab map then unknown
to European sailors.
Two of his famous hand-written books are now prominent exhibits in the National Library in Paris.
Ref:
# 98 :
Piri Reis 1465 CE 843 AH
Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed

He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab- Bahriye (Book of Navigation)
Surviving fragment of the first World Map of Piri Reis (1513)
Surviving fragment of the second World Map of Piri Reis (1528)

Piri Reis was an Ottoman-Turkish admiral and cartographer born between 1465 and 1470 in Gallipoli on
the Aegean coast of Turkey.
He is primarily known today for his maps and charts collected in his Kitab- Bahriye (Book of Navigation), a
book which contains detailed information on navigation as well as extremely accurate charts describing the
important ports and cities of the Mediterranean Sea. He gained fame as a cartographer when a small part
of his first world map (prepared in 1513) was discovered in 1929 at Topkap Palace in Istanbul. The most
surprising aspect was the presence of the Americas on an Ottoman map, making it the first Turkish map
ever drawn of the Americas.
Ref:
www.pre-renaissance.com/scholars/piri-reis.html
# 99 :
Mansur ibn Ilyas 1500 CE 878 AH
Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf Ibn Ilyas

He dedicated both of his major medical writings, a general medical encyclopaedia and a study of anatomy,
to rulers of the Persian province of Fars
He was a late 14th century physician from Shiraz, Timurid Persia.
Mansur was from a family of scholars and physicians active for several generations in the city of Shiraz.
He dedicated both of his major medical writings, a general medical encyclopaedia and a study of anatomy,
to rulers of the Persian province of Fars.
Works:
Kifyah-i Mujhidyah - The Sufficient [book] for Mujahid)
Tashr-i badan-i insn - The Anatomy of the Human Body, also known as "Mansur's Anatomy" Tashri
Manri
Ref:
www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_10.html
# 100 :
Taqi al-Din 1526 CE-904 AH
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf al-Shami al-Asadi

He was a major Turkish[1] Muslim scientist, astronomer, engineer, inventor and philosopher.
He was a major Turkish Muslim scientist, astronomer, engineer, inventor and philosopher. He is the
author of several texts on astronomy, astrology, optics, and clocks. One of his books, Al-Turuq al-samiyya
fi al-alat al-ruhaniyya (The Sublime Methods of Spiritual Machines) (1551), described the workings of a
rudimentary steam engine and steam turbine, predating the more famous discovery of steam power by
Giovanni Branca in 1629. Taqi al-Din is also known for the invention of a 'Monobloc' six cylinder pump
in 1559, for his construction of the Istanbul observatory of al-Din in 1577, and for his astronomical
activity there until 1580.
Ref:
# 101:
Al-Birjandi 1528 CE 934 AH
Abd al-Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Birjandi

Muslim astronomer, mathematician and physicist
He was a prominent 16th century Muslim astronomer, mathematician and physicist who lived in Birjand,
Iran.
He wrote some more than 13 books and treatises.
1. Sharh al-tadhkirah (A commentary on al-Tusi's memoir). The text, in some copies of the manuscript
from 17th century, is written throughout in black and red ink with diagrams illustrating many of the
astronomical elements discussed. The 11th chapter of the book was translated to Sanskrit in 1729 at Jaipur
by Nayanasukhopadhyaya. Kusuba and Pingree present an edition of the Sanskrit, and in a separate
section, an English translation facing the Arabic original. That chapter has attracted attention among
European scholars since the late 19th century. Al-Birjandi on Tadhkira II, Chapter 11, and Its Sanskrit
Translation by Kusuba K. and Pingree D. was published in 2001 by Brill Academic Publishers.
2. Sharh-i Bist Bab dar Ma'rifat-i A'mal-i al-Asturlab - Commentary on "Twenty Chapters Dealing with the
Uses of the Astrolabe" of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi; Persian.
3. Risalah fi Alat al-Rasad - Epistle on observational instruments
4. Tadhkirat al-Ahbab fi Bayan al-Tahabub - Memoir of friends: concerning the explanation of friendship
of numbers
He also wrote some treatises on theology.
In Islamic astronomy and astrophysics, al-Birjandi continued Ali al-Qushji's debate on the Earth's
rotation. In his analysis of what might occur if the Earth were rotating, he develops a hypothesis similar to
Galileo Galilei's notion of "circular inertia", which he described in the following observational test (as a
response to one of Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi's arguments):
"The small or large rock will fall to the Earth along the path of a line that is perpendicular to the plane
(sath) of the horizon; this is witnessed by experience (tajriba). And this perpendicular is away from
the tangent point of the Earths sphere and the plane of the perceived (hissi) horizon. This point moves
with the motion of the Earth and thus there will be no difference in place of fall of the two rocks."
Ref:
www.islamsci.mcgill.ca

101 Muslim Scientists

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101 Muslim Scientists

1: Prophet Mohammed Rasool Salallaho alayhiwassalam 570 CE- 632 CE / -52 AH 10 AH

2 : Abu Musa Jbir ibn Hayyn (Geber) 721 CE - 99 AH

3 : Yaqub ibn Tariq 7_ _ CE - 1_ _ AH

4 : Al-Khwarizmi 780/850 CE - 158 AH

5 : Al-Jahiz 781 CE - 159 AH

6 : ibn Matar 786 CE 164 AH

7 : Al-Balkhi 787 CE - 165 AH

8 : Muhammad ibn-Saad 790 CE - 168 AH

9 : Al-Fazari 796 CE - 174 AH

10 : Ali Ibn Isa 800 CE 178 AH

11 : Al-Kindi 800 CE - 178 AH

12 : Banu Musa brothers 800 CE - 178 AH

13 : Hunayn ibn Ishaq 809 CE - 187 AH

14 : Abbas Ibn Firnas 810 AH - 188 AH

15 : Al-Dinawari 828 CE - 206 AH

16 : Al Farghani 833 CE - 211 AH

17 : Ahmed ibn Yusuf CE 835 - 213 AH

18 : Thabit ibn Qurra 836 CE - 214 AH

19 : Ibn Duraid 837 CE 215 AH

20 : Al-Tabari 846 CE - 224 AH

21 : Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam 850 CE - 228 AH

22 : Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi 850 CE - 228 AH

23 : Ibn Aslam 850 CE - 228 AH

24 : Al-Battani 853 CE - 231 AH

25: Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi 854 CE 232 AH

26 : Al-farabi 870 CE - 248 AH

27 : Abu al-Hasan 'Ali al-Mas'udi 896 CE - 274 AH

28 : Abu Ja'far al-Khazin 900 CE - 278 AH

29 : Al-Nayrizi 900 CE 278 AH

30 : Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi 903 CE - 281 AH

31 : Ibn Miskawayh 932 CE - 310 AH

32 : Abu Al-Qasim (Albucasis ) 936 CE - 314 AH

33 : Ibn Sahl 940 CE - 318 AH

34 : Al-khujandi 940 CE - 318 AH

35 : al-Quhi 940 CE - 318 AH

36 : Ibn Hawqal 943 CE - 321 AH

37 : Al-Muqaddasi 945 CE - 323 AH

38 : Al-Sijzi 945 CE - 323 AH

39 : Ibn Yunus 950 CE 330 AH

40 : Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi 952 CE 330 AH

41 : Al-Karaji 953 CE - 331 AH

42 : Abu Nasr Mansur 960 CE - 338 AH

43 : Ibn Al Haitham (Alhacen) 965 CE - 343 AH

44 : Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) 972 CE - 350 AH

45 : Al-Biruni 973 CE - 351 AH

46 : Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi 982 CE - 360 AH

47 : Ali ibn Ridwan 988 CE - 366 AH

48 : Al-Jayyani 989 CE - 367 AH

49 : Al-Saghani (d) 990 CE - 368 AH

50 : Abu'l-Wafa 998 CE - 376 AH

51 : Ibn Al-Jazzar 1000 CE - 378 AH

52 : Abu Mansur Muvaffak 1000 CE - 378 AH

53 : Al-Qumri 1000 CE - 378 AH

54 : Ibn senna (Avicenna) 980 CE - 378 AH

55 : Abi -l-Rijal 1000 CE- 378 AH

56 : Al-Majriti 1008 CE - 386 AH

57: Ali ibn Ahmad al-Nasawi 1010 CE 388 AH

58 : Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) 1028 CE - 406 AH

59 : Ibn Al-Thahabi 1033 CE - 411 AH

60 : Omar khayyam 1048 CE - 426AH

61 : Al-Baghdaadi 1080 CE - 458 AH

62 : Ibn Zuhr 1091 CE - 469 AH

63 : Ibn Bajjah 1095 CE - 473 AH