PLAN N I N G OF ART I FI CI AL RECH ARGE

SCH EM ES

J.R.Verma
Scientist B
CGWB, NCCR, Raipur

PRINCIPLES OF RECHARGE

Infiltration
Water level
Fluctuation

Postmonsoon
water level

Percolation

Premonsoon
Water level

Recharge to ground water

Recharge GW,Utilisable
resource

Recharge-Area,Time
g
and
Permeability (contact between water
body and ground surface and making
effort for creating more permeable
zone for accelerating recharge to
ground water)

Draft GW
Trend of GW-Draft
&Rainfall
CGWB NCCR Raipur

Why Artificial Recharge required

Change in GW=Input
GW=Input-Output
Output
Sgw=Wp+Wr+Wc+Was+Wag-Gwi-GWb-Gwept-Gwe-GWo

Components of Artificial Recharge

Unit

PLANNING
1 . I DEN T I FI CAT I ON OF AREA
2 . I N V EST I GAT I ON
3 . DET AI LED PROJ ECT REPORT
of t he WAT ERSH ED

IDENTIFICATION OF AREA

1 . Proble m -

Wha t is proble m
De ple t ing Ground Wa t e r Le ve l
Sust a ina bilit y proble m
Qua lit y im prove m e nt -As,F,Fe , N O3 , SO4
Se a w a t e r int rut ion

2 . De m a rc a t ion of a re a -

Ca t c hm
C
h e ntt a re a
t ha n suit a ble a re a for a rt ific ia l re c ha rge t o ground
w ater

3 . Ca lc ula t ion of va dose zone g Wa t e r

4 . Ava ila bilit y of Re c ha rge
5 . Suit a bilit y

Demarcation of area

Catchment may
y be
micro,macro or mega size
depends upon extension
of the problematic
location
Entire area not requared
artificial recharge

2. Demarcation of area.
THREE LAYER SYSTEM

BASE MAP

Catchment , Drainage,soil ,
Ph i
Physiography
h &Geology
&G l

DTW MAP

decadal post-monsoon depth to

water level map of 3m interval

Long term
Water level
Trend

Decadal post-monsoon water level

trend Map

INTIGRATED AREA FOR AR

3.

Ca lc ulat ion of va dose zone

Storage Space = A x B x C (in mcm)

Where
A = Demarcated area for AR (sqkm)

B =Post-monsoon average depth to water level- 3m in every zone.

p
yield
y
of the particular
p
formation
C = Specific

Water shed

Gajara

Geo. Area
(sq.km)

Area
identified for
Artificial
Recharge
(sq.km)

Volume of
unsaturated
zone (mcm)

Average

250

3-6=153

153*1.5=230

0.02

6-9=60

60*4.5=270

specific
i ld
yield

Total
Storage
potential as
volume of
water
(mcm)

10.00

SURFACE WATER REQUAREMENT

1. Stored water at surface

(say100%)

2. Loss at soil moisture and leakage

(25%)

3 Net water available for ground water recharge(75%)

3.
4. So the reciprocal of require water is

100/75=1.33

5. Surface water requirement

=storage space x 1.33

10.0
0 0 mcm
c x 1.33=13.33
33 3 33 mcm
c

4 Source Water Availability

Assessed in terms of non committed surplus
p
monsoon run off, which as per present water resource
development scenario is going away un-utilised.
This comp
ponent can be assessed by
y analysing
y g the
monsoon rainfall pattern :

its frequency,
number of rainy days,
maximum rainfall in a day and
its variation in space and time.

The variations in rainfall pattern in space and time,

and
d it
its relevance
l
iin relation
l ti tto th
the scope ffor artificial
tifi i l
recharge to sub-surface reservoirs can be considered
for assessing the surplus surface water availability.

Non-committed surplus monsoon runoff and its availability in

space and time is calculated by river gauging or formula
Rain fall-The run-off is estimated by using Strangers
Table for the average monsoon rainfall of the area.
area The
average monsoon rainfall of the area being 1158 mm.
The percentage of run-off to rainfall as per Strangers
T bl is
Table
i 33.2
33 2 and
d the
th depth
d th off run-off
ff due
d to
t rainfall
i f ll is
i
40.3 cm.The total yield of run-off generated from
g 250 sqkm
q
area works out to 100.75
watershed having
mcm and 30% of the total run-off i.e. 30.225 mcm is
considered as surplus monsoon run-off available for
artificial recharge
recharge.

Ot he r sourc e s - Ca na l w at e r, t ra nc e

ba sin w at e r

5. Suitable Recharge Structures

Storage distribution
70 % earthen structures / Percolation tank - Surface spreading
30% Cement pplugg ((Concrete / RCC Weir)) - Bank storage
g
Density of Structure to be realistic / sq.km and entire affected
area of watershed to be benefited.

Drainage,Physiography,Soil, Geology and

position of aquifers are governing important
role for the suitability of artificial recharge
structures for ground water recharge in any
area.

PLAN OF ARTIFICIA RECHARGE TO GW BY SUITABLE

PRINCIPAL RECHARGE SCHEMES USING SURFACE WATER
RESOURCES

Name of
watersh
ed

Amount of
Surface
water
considere
d
for
planning
Artificial
Recharge
g to
Ground
Water

Resources to be harnessed by

Estimated cost
of structure(in
( Lcs))

Percolation
Tanks (Average
Gross capacity
p
y
0.64 mcm)

Cement Plugs
(Average
Gross Capacity
p
y
0.05 mcm)

BCD (0.02
mcm
capacity
p
y

Percon
lation

MCM

No.s

MCM

Nos

MCM

Nos.

9.33

15

1.0

20

3.0

150

Tanks
10

Cement
Plugs
3.0

BCD
0.4

60

60

(MCM)

Gajara

13.33

PROJECT PREPARED ON THE BASIS OF

1. Available vadose zone
2. Available water for recharge
3. Budget
(which is least)

150

PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO SLTCC

Proble m Ca lc ulat ion of va dose zone

Ava ila bilit y of Re cha rge Wat e r
Suit a bilit y of re cha rge st ruc t ure s

INVESTIGATION

1 . Soil
2 . Physiogra phy a nd Ge om orphologic
3 . H ydro m e t e orologic a l a nd H ydrology
4 . Ge ophysic a l
5 . H ydro ge ologic a l
6 . H ydro c he m ic a l
7 . Fe a sible st ruc t ure s
8 . Civil Engine e ring c onside ra t ions
y Group
p
9 . Be ne fic ia ry
1 0 . Ec onom ic c onside ra t ions

1. Soil infiltration studies

Various land use categories-for finalizing
suitable type of structures(forest
structures(forest, agri.and
agri and
barren land)
Infiltration characteristics of major soil types
weight assign to each for evaluation for
feasibility
Rate of infiltration of the formation in the
suitable area cylinder or flood infiltrometers

2. Physiography and Geomorphology

H illy a re a -

Ba za da zone -

H a r ve st ing sr t uc t ure s
CCT,CCB & na la plugging
Re cha rge sr t ure s
PT a nd sha ft

Pie dm ont Z one - PT, re cha rge sha ft

a nd che ck da m
K a rst ic Te rra in
in- PT a nd re cha rge
sha ft
Alluvia l pla in-

PT, re cha rge sha ft a nd

che ck da m

Dra ina ge de nsit y -highe

highe r dra ina ge
indic at ing low pe r m e a ble surfa c e

Dra ina ge orde r

Dra ina ge Pat t e r n

de nsit y

3. Hydrology and Hydrometeorology

1 . Asse ssm e nt of m onsoon runoff in t he
w a t e rshe d/bloc k
Ra infa ll-Pa t t e rn, I nt e nsit y, Dist ribut ion, N o Da ys a nd
M ontt hly
hl PET (size
( i
off AR d
de pe nds
d on iintt e nsit
it y off ra iin ffa ll)
2.

Sourc e w a t e r st ora g
ge loc a t ion a nd c a pa
p c it y
use

3 . Asse ssm e nt of non-c om m it t e d surplus

m onsoon runoff a nd it s a va ila bilit y in spa c e a nd
t im e

4.

GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES

1. Thickness of weathered zone in hard rocks

2. Thickness and characteristics of granular
zones in sedimentary
y terrain
3. Identification of aquifer system
4. Negative or non-productive zones
5. Brackish/fresh g
ground water interface
6. Area prone to seawater intrusion

5. Hydrogeological studies
G
Ge ologic
l i a l dist
di t ribut
ib t ion
i
off fform a t iion
De pt h t o w e a t he ring m a p
De pt h t o be d roc k m a p
De pt h t o w a t e r le ve l m a p-Pre & Post m onsoon
Asse ssm e nt of st orag
ge p
pot e nt ia l of va dose
zone in diffe re nt hydro ge ologic a l unit for post
m onsoon
Long t e rm t re nd hydrogra ph
Asse ssm e nt of Ground w a t e r re sourc e s
Aquife r ge om e t ry ,II so
so-tt ra nsm issivit y/ I soso
hydra ulic c onduc t ivit y a nd yie ld pot e nt ia l m a p
Hy
ydroge
g ologic
g a l m a p of t he a re a .

Ca lc ulat ion of va dose zone

Storage
g Space
p
= A x B x C (in
( mcm))
Where
A = Demarcated area suitable for AR (in sqkm)

B=Post-monsoon average depth to water level- 3m in every zone(in m.).

C = Specific yield of the particular formation

Water shed

Gajara

Geo. Area
Geo
(sq.km)

Area
identified for
Artificial
Recharge
(sq km)
(sq.km)

Volume of
unsaturated
zone (mcm)

Average

250

3-6=153

153*1.5=230

0.02

6-9=60
6
9 60

60*4.5=270
60
4.5 270

specific
yield

Surface water requirement = Storage space x 1.33

10.0 mcm* 1.33= 13.33 mcm

Total
Storage
potential as
volume of
water (mcm

10.00

Availability of source water

Non-committed surplus monsoon runoff and its availability in
space and time is calculated by river gauging or formula
Rain fall-The run-off is estimated by using Strangers Table for the average
monsoon rainfall of the area. The average monsoon rainfall of the area being 1158
mm. The percentage of run-off to rainfall as per Strangers Table is 33.2 and the
depth of run-off due to rainfall is 40.3 cm.The total yield of run-off generated from
watershed having 250 sqkm area works out to 100.75mcm and 30% of the total runoff i.e. 30.225 mcm is considered as surplus monsoon run-off available for artificial
recharge.

Ot he r sourc e s - Ca na l w at e r, t ra nc e ba sin w at e r

6. GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES

Chemical
Ch i l quality
li off ground
d waters
Spatial and temporal variations in
ground water quality.
g
q
y
Quality aspects of source water

7. Suitable Recharge Structures

H ydr oge ologic Gr ou p
Topogr a ph ic
slope

St eep
Sl
Slope
( 20 - 10% )
Runoff zone
Moderat e
Slope
( 10 t o 5% )
zone

Con solida t e d

CCT,CCB& nala
plug
l

Se m i- Con solida t e d

CCT,CCB,

Un - con solida t e d

nala

plug

CCT,CCB
CCT
CCB
Gravit y Head
Recharge Well

CCT,CCB
CCT
CCB
Dit ch & Furrow
Gravit y Head
Pit s & Shaft s
Recharge Well Cont our Trench
Gravit y Head
Recharge Well
Deep Gravit y Head I nj ect ion Well* I nj ect ion Well*
Recharge Well

Hydro fract uring

Fract ure Seal
Cem ent at ion

Recharge Shaft s*

Aqu ife r
sit u a t ion
Con fin e d/
Un con fin e
d
Unconfined

Recharge Shaft s*

Unconfined

Confined

Topogr a ph ic
slope

Moderat e t o
Gent le Slope
( 2 t o 5% )
Transit ion zone

Ge n t le Slope
( < 2% )
St or a ge Zon e

Con solida t e d

Nalah Bunds
Cont our Bunding
Percolat ion Tanks
Recharge Pit s
Canal I rrigat ion*
I nduced Recharge
Gravit y Head
Recharge Well*
Hydro- fract uring
Hydro
Deep Fract ure Seal
Cem ent at ion
Su r fa ce
I r r iga t ion
Re ch a r ge Pit s
Gr a vit y H e a d
Re ch a r ge W e lls
Gr a vit y H e a d
Re ch a r ge W e lls
( On
Lin e a m e n t s or
t h e ir
in t e r se ct ion s)

Se m i- Con solida t e d

Canal I rrigat ion

ion*
I nduced recharge
St ream Channel
Modificat ion
Recharge Pit s
Recharge Shaft *
Gravit y Head
Recharge Wells
Wells*
I nj ect ion Wells*
Hydro- fract uring
Re ch a r ge Pit s
Floodin g
Ca n a l I r r iga t ion *
I n du ce d Re ch a r ge
Su r fa ce Spr e a din g
I n filt r a t ion Ga lle r y

I n j e ct ion W e lls

Un - con solida t e d

Flooding
St ream Channel
Modificat ion
I nduced Recharge
Gravit y Head
Recharge Well*
Well
Canal I rrigat ion
Recharge Shaft s*
Gravit y Head
Recharge Wells
Wells*
I nj ect ion Wells*
Floodin g*
Su r fa ce
Spr e a din g*
I n filt r a t ion
Ga lle r y
I n j e ct ion W e lls
Con n e ct or W e lls

Con fin e d/
Un con fin e d

Unconfined

Confined

Un con fin e d

Confined

Storage distribution
70 % earthen structures / Percolation tank - Surface spreading
30% Cement plug (Concrete / RCC Weir) - Bank storage
Density of Structure to be realistic / sq.km
sq km and All affected watershed area
to be benefited.

St
Storage
capacity
it off recharge
h
structures
t
t

Mainly depends on the average capacity and how many

time
e may
ay be u
utilised.Which
sed
c g
gives
es the
eG
Gross
oss capac
capacity.
y

Single fill
Percolation Tank
C
Cementt Pl
Plug

100 TCM
10 TCM

UTILISED

2 times for Percolation tank and

3 time for Cement Plug

NUMBERS OF BUNDS

Number of bunds across a

drainage system is worked out
using the total length of the
drainage as a base line data
input as per the drainage
analysis done The numbers of
bunds are arrived at as follows;

Contd..
A gap of 5 metres is thought fit in addition
to the slope
p distance i.e. 355 + 5 = 360
metre is the distance between two bunds
in the Gajara drainage segment of the
hills.
hills
The general formula for working out the
distance between two bunds is evolved as
follows;
Distance between two bunds = Distance
for a drop of 1m. (Slope) + 5 m.

PLAN OF ARTIFICIA RECHARGE TO GW BY SUITABLE

PRINCIPAL RECHARGE SCHEMES USING SURFACE WATER
RESOURCES

Name of
watersh
ed

Amount of
Surface
water
considere
d
for
planning
Artificial
Recharge
g to
Ground
Water

Resources to be harnessed by

Estimated cost
of structure(in
( Lcs))

Percolation
Tanks (Average
Gross capacity
p
y
0.64 mcm)

Cement Plugs
(Average
Gross Capacity
p
y
0.05 mcm)

BCD (0.02
mcm
capacity
p
y

Percon
lation

MCM

No.s

MCM

Nos

MCM

Nos.

8.33

13

1.0

20

4.0

200

Tanks
10

Cement
Plugs
3.0

BCD
0.385

60

77

(MCM)

Gajara

13.33

130

STRUCTURES PROPOSED AND CONSTRUCTED

Sr. Name of structures

1
1.Masonary
stop Dam

CGWB
20

Proposed
28

Constructed
23

2.Percolation Tank

13

25

12

3.Bolder Check dam

200

35

25

4.Silt trap / Nalla Bund

40

13

5.Desilting of pond

100

28

Estimated cost

Rs. 267.00 Lakh

Administrative Approval

Date 09.10.2002
Add. Chief Secretary - PHED
Government of Chhattisgarh

Gajara watershed management project

Impact of artificial recharge Structure

Before-Construction
(Year 2003)

After-(2004 to 2007

1- Water level in tube well

13.50 to 30 m
4 m to 12m
and dug wells
2- No off tube
b wells
ll for
f
More than
h
d bl
double
Irrigation
of previously existed
g area with
2 ha ((approx.)
pp
)
4 to 5 ha ((About
3- Coverage
tube well Irrigation
doubled)
4- Water pumping hours
3 to 5 hrs
6 to 12 hours
(Power Pumps)
5- Availability of water in the Nov.& December Up to Feb. & March
Nala Surface
6 Water
6W
level
l l fluctuating
fl
i
55m to 13 m
3 to 6m
3m
6
Rise of water level by 12 m to 17 m in the area, results production of paddy
crops by more than 252 %
%.
Stop dam and Percolation tank are quite effective for ground water recharge

2001-02

Monthly Monitoring of water level, Village-Amlidih

2002-03
2003-04

Dep
pth of Water Level Below
w G.L. (m)

0
2

2004 05
2004-05
2005-06

2006-07

2007-08

8
10
12
14
16
18
20
MAR.

APR.

MAY

JUNE

JUL.

AUG.

SEPT.

OCT.

22
Time Period (months)

NOV.

DEC.

JAN.

FEB.

8.CIVIL ENGINEERING CONCIDERATION STUDIES

Foundation conditions
S b
Sub-surface
f
strata
t t conditions
diti
Spill way design
M t i l Survey
Material
S
Soils
Sand/rocks/bricks & tiles/Pea
Cement
Steel/Steel pipes/Slotted pipes/well screens

RWH and AR with Existing Structures

DETAILED PROJECT REPORT PREPARATION

Base Information of Problem Area

1. Location
2. Population
3. Land use
4 Agriculture
4.
5. Climate
6. Topographic features
7. Surface water bodies:
8. Hydrogeology
9. Water requirements
10. Ground water
11. Nature of problem requiring artificial recharge
12 Source water availability for artificial recharge
13. Sub-surface potential for ground water recharge

Action Plan

1. Identify the data gaps in base information,

1
information investigations
2. Using base data on topography, rainfall, hydrogeology,
aquifer situation land source water availability, identify
the methods which may be suitable.
suitable
3. With reference to the local conditions of the area,
further identify the most appropriate techniques of
artificial recharge
g suitable at various sites/locations.
4. Determine the number of each type of artificial recharge
structure needed to achieve the quantitative targets.
5. For individual structure at different locations, finalize
the design specifications.
6. Finalize the design of the conveyance system required
to bring the source water to the recharge site and
th treatment
the
t
t
t required.
i d
7. Plan the required Monitoring System to evaluate the
efficiency of Recharge Scheme.
8 Evaluate the economic feasibility of the Artificial
8.
Recharge Project.

CHECK LIST

1. Has the need for Artificial Recharge been Properly

established?
2. Have the issues concerning clearance of the scheme by
competent authority Been cleared on the following points?
3. Meteorological & hydrological Surveys
4. Field Surveys
y Have the following
g Surveys
y been Carried out?
5. For construction of structures :
A. Have the following investigations been carried out?
B. Material Survey
6. Land Acquisition
7. Design
8. Construction Programme schedules :
9 Financial
9.
Fi
i l Resources
R
:
10. Ecological Aspects :
11. Public Participation, Cooperation :

Finance
Ce nt ra l

St a t e
St a t e plus
Ce nt ra l
N GO/V O
I ndividua l

CSS- 1 0 0 %

Execution
Fix ing Age nc y

St a t e de pa rt m e nt s
I rriga t ion
PH ED
RED(Rura l Eng.De pt )
RGWSM
Pa nc ha ya t
CGWB
N GO/ V O/I nst it ut ions

La nd Ac quisit ion a nd cle a ra nc e

M a int e na nc e a nd M onit oring