in Civil Engineering Purpose of Static Analysis: verification of structural stability ultimate limit states: yielding, fracture, collapse, fatigue
proof of usability serviceability limit state (SLS): deformation, vibration
development of structural variations
efficiency; cost optimization construction progress; production method; side management failure analysis; expert opinion
Calculation Process in Static Analysis
Loading Conditions on Buildings (especially facades)
dead load
Impact, explosio n, earthquake
life load
DIN 1055, DIN EN 1991 (EC1) temperature
wind
snow
DIN 1055: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke
Teil 100: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung, Sicherheitskonzept und Bemessungsregeln (03.2001)
Teil 1:
Teil 2: Bodenkenngren
Teil 3:
Wichte und Flchen lasten von Baustoffen, Bauteilen und LagerStoffen 06.2002
Eigenund Nutzlasten fr Hochbauten
E06.2002
03.2002
eingefhrt
Entwurf
eingefhrt
Teil 4: WindLasten
03.2005 mit B1 03.2006
eingefhrt
Teil 5:
Teil 6:
Teil 7: Temperatureinwirkungen
Teil 8: Einwirkungen whrend der Bauausfhrung
Teil 9: Auergewhnliche Einwirkungen
Teil 10:
Schneeund Eislasten
Einwirkungen auf Silos und Flssigkeitsbehlter
07.2005
03.2005
03.2002
01.2003
03.2002
03.2002
eingefhrt
eingefhrt
keine Einfhrung vorgesehen
eingefhrt
keine Einfhrung vorgesehen
keine Einfhrung vorgesehen
Einwirkungen infolge Krane und Maschinen
DIN EN 1990 (Eurocode): Basics of Structural Design
EN 1991 EC 1: 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 2 3 4
EN 1992 bis EN 1996
Actions on Structures Dead Loads, Life Loads Influence of Fire Snow Wind Temperature Building Status Extraordinary Actions Life Loads on Bridges Crane Loads Silo Loads
EN 1999 EC 9: Aluminum Constructions EN 1997 und EN 1998
EC 7: Geotechnical Installations EC 8: Building in Seismic Domains
Wind Loads acting on a Faade Structure
Wind loading is characterized by: weather phenomenon different magnitudes and directions wind gusts luv (wind pressure) and lee (wind suction) time dependent loading wind is not exactly predictable (probabilistics)
Wind load according to DIN 1055-4 (Rev. 03/2005)
building
location of building
wind zone (1 - 4) wind speed wind pressure
category of topic ( I- IV)
Wind load construction height
aerodynamic factor
pressure from gust speed
Wind zone map and respective
wind speed vref and wind pressure qref according to DIN10554, Appendix A
2 v2 q= v = 1600 2 q v
wind pressure [kN/m]
wind speed [m/s] density of air [kg/m] (=1,25 [kg/m] at 1013 [hPa] air pressure and T=10 [C] at sea level)
Listed are values for average wind
speed in the 4 wind zones and respective wind pressure. The values apply at 10 [m] high in plain, open area for a measure-timeperiod of 10 minutes and an annual exceedance probability of 0,02 (that means a return period of 50 years).
Terrain category I: Open sea; seas with minimum 5 km open area in wind direction; plain area without barriers.
Terrain category II:
Terrain with hedges, single farms, residential buildings or trees, for example agricultural area.
Terrain category III:
Suburbs, industrial areas,
forrests.
Terrain category IV:
Cities, with minimum 15% of
planted area with buildings (average hight more than 15 m).
Simplified Wind-Gust-Pressure for Buildings
up to 25 m Hight
Windzone
1 2
1) 2)
Geschwindigkeitsdruck q in kN/m bei einer Gebudehhe h in den Grenzen von h 10 m
10 m < h 18 m
18 m < h 25 m
Binnenland
0,50
0,65
0,75
Binnenland
0,65
0,80
0,90
Kste und Inseln der Ostsee
0,85
1,00
1,10
Binnenland
0,80
0,95
1,10
Kste und Inseln der Ostsee
1,05
1,20
1,30
Binnenland
0,95
1,15
1,30
Kste der Nord- und Ostsee
und Inseln der Ostsee
1,25
1,40
1,55
Inseln der Nordsee
1,40
Zur Kste zhlt ein 5 km breiter Streifen, der entlang der Kste verluft und landeinwrts gerichtet ist. Auf den Inseln der Nordsee ist der Bengeschwindigkeitsdruck fr Bauwerke ber 10 m Hhe gem Regelfall zu bestimmen.
Static Analysis of Beam Structures
a) Plane Systems Beams
Internal Forces:
Truss
Internal Force:
Static Analysis of Beam Structures
a) Plane Systems Frame
Mixed Systems
Internal Forces:
Static Analysis of Beam Structures (3D-Systems)
Isometrie
Steel lattice girder bridge
Metal space truss X
0.000
Bearing and Supporting
system
degree of freedom
reaction force
internal force
u,
Av
N=0 M=0 V=Av
Ah, Av
M=0 N=Ah V=Av
Ah, Av, AM
M=AM N=Ah V=Av
Calculation of (simple) Beam Structures
Steps of calculation procedure: (1) known:
system, bearing, loading
(2) unknown:
support-reactions, internal forces
(3) solution:
a) system is statically determinate
calculation of support reactions by equilibrium conditions b) system is statically indeterminate calculation of support reactions by equilibrium conditions and continuity conditions c) principle of reaction force at section is used to calculate the internal forces
Example:
a) Simple supported Beam with uniform Loading
Example:
b) Coupled Beam Structure
LF1: Volllast
Entgegen der Y-Richtung
40.00
30.00
10.00
X 150.00
3.000
5.000
12.000
4.000
Example:
c) Plane Frame (with 3 joints)
Example:
d) Complex Faade Structure
Internal Forces and Material Stresses
a) Plane system
Cross-section values:
A, Iy, Sy
b)
3D-system
Cross-section values:
A, Iy, Iz, IT, Sy, Sz
Example: Stress distribution over a complex cross-section (calculated with DUENQ)
Stress distribution over the cross section
axial stress (My)
shear stress (Vz)
Stress distribution over the cross section
axial stress (My)
shear stress (Vz)
Material Behaviour ( characterized by the stress-strain
relationship) Steel
Features: linear elastic range yielding, hardening, fracture same behavior for tension/compression
Material Behaviour ( is characterized by the stress-strain
relationship) Aluminium
Features: pronounced nonlinear relation no yielding continous rise until fraction scattering range Calculation: multiple linear relation (DIN 4113) Romberg-Osgood-Formula (EC 9)
= + 0,002
E f 0, 2 ln 2 n= f ln 0, 2 f 0,1
Comparison of Steel/Aluminum Profile
with similar Stiffness
www.alu-scout.ch (a recommended webpage)
Comparison of Material Properties
Material Property
Aluminium
Steel
70000
210000
0,3
0,3
2310-6
1210-6
[W/(mK)]
160
60
[C]
660
1500
2700
8100
modulus of elasticity
[N/mm]
poisson ratio
[-]
thermal expansion coefficient
coefficient of thermal conductivit
Ralu
[1/C]
melting point
density
Strength
[kg/m3]
Aluminium (extruded)
Steel S 235
Steel S 355
Yield Strength
[N/mm]
100-290
215-240
335-360
Tensile Strength
[N/mm]
140-350
360
490
Comparison of Stiffness between Aluminum and Steel
(bending) stiffness: material dependent: geometry dependent:
