MULTIPLEXING

AIM OF MULTIPLEXING:
1. To share an expensive resource that is bandwaidth.
2. To maximize the utilization of channel
MULTIPLEXING:
Multiplexing means combining multiple streams of information for transmission over a
shared medium. Or Multiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of information on
a carrier at the same time in the form of a single, complex signal and then recovering the
separate signals at the receiving end.
In analog transmission, signals are commonly multiplexed using frequency-division
multiplexing (FDM), in which the carrier bandwidth is divided into subchannels of
different frequency widths, each carrying a signal at the same time in parallel.
In digitaltransmission, signals are commonly multiplexed using time-division
multiplexing (TDM), in which the multiple signals are carried over the same channel in
alternating time slots. In some optical fiber networks, multiple signals are carried together
as separate wavelengths of light in a multiplexed signal using dense wavelength division
multiplexing(DWDM).

Figure 1: Mux and Demux

A multiplexer is the multiplexing device that combines the signals from the transmitters
and sends them over the high-speed channel. A demultiplexer is the multiplexing device
via which the receivers are connected to the high-speed channel.
TYPES OF MULTIPLEXING:

A. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING:

Frequency-division multiplexing, also called FDM, makes it possible to share the
available frequency band on the high-speed channel by dividing it into a series of
narrower-band channels so as to be able to continuously send signals coming from the
different low-speed channels over the high-speed channel.
This process is used, in particular, on telephone lines and twisted-pair physical
connections to increase the data rate.

Figure: basic concept of FDM

Figure 2: assignment of frequecies to channel with a guardband between adjacent

channels

Figure 3: frequency domain plot of the channel allocation with a guardband visible
between channels.
If the channels are very close to one another, it leads to inter-channel cross talk. Channels
must be separated by strips of unused bandwidth to prevent inter channel cross talk.
These unsued channel between each successful channel are known as guardband. FDM
are commonly used in radio broadcast and TV networks
APPLICATIONS:
1. FDM is used for A.M. Radio & Radio broadcasting.
2. 550 KHz bandwidth is assign to each station.
3. FDM is used for T.V broadcasting.
4. In this frequency range is 80 108 MHz.
5. In this each channel is of 700 Mhz.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Simple
2. Inexpensive
3. Popular with Radio, TV, Cable TV

4. All the receivers, cellular telephones, need not to be at the same location
5. It is not sensitive to propagation delays.
6. It allows maximum transmission link usage.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. In FDM there is need of filters, which are very expensive and complicated to construct
and design.
2. Analog signal only having limited frequency range.
3. Sometimes, it is necessary to use more complex linear amplifiers in FDM system

B. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING:

In time-division multiplexing, also called TDM, the signals from the different low-speed
channels are sampled and transmitted successively on the high-speed channel by
allocating each channel in turn all of the bandwidth, even if it does not have any data to
transmit.

Figure 4: TDM
a. SYNCHRONOUS TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING:
In Synchronous TDM many slots are wasted. Statistical TDM allocates time slots
dynamically based on demand. Multiplexer scans input lines and collects data until frame
full. Data rate on line lower than aggregate rates of input lines

Figure 5: Synchrous TDM system with 4 senders

If one device generates data at a faster rate than other devices, then the multiplexor must
either sample the incoming data stream from that device more often than it samples the
other devices, or buffer the faster incoming stream.
If a device has nothing to transmit, the multiplexor must still insert a piece of data from
that device into the multiplexed stream.
Synchronous TDM is called synchronous mainly because each time slot is preassigned to
a fixed source. The time slots are transmitted irrespective of whether the sources have any
data to send or not. Hence, for the sake of simplicity of implementation, channel capacity
is wasted. Although fixed assignment is used TDM, devices can handle sources of
different data rates.

Figure 6: synchronous TDM system having slots unfilled when sources doesnt have a
data item ready in time

b. STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING:

One drawback of the TDM approach is that m in the frame are wasted. It is because, if a
particular terminal has no data to transmit at particular instant of time, an empty time slot
will be transmitted. An efficient alternative to this synchronous TDM is statistical TDM,
also known as asynchronous TDM or intelligent TDM. It dynamically allocates the time
slots on demand to separate input channels, thus saving the channel capacity. As with
Synchronous TDM, statistical multiplexers also have many I/O lines with a buffer
associated to each of them. During the input, the multiplexers scans the input buffers,
collecting data until the frame is filled and send the frame. At the receiving end, the
demultiplexer receives the frame and distributes the data to the appropriate buffers.

Figure 7: Statistical TDM to avoid unfilled slots and takes less time to send data
Statistical multiplexing is similar to time-division multiplexing except that it only
transmits low-speed channels that actually have data on the high-speed channel. The
name of this type of multiplexing comes from the fact that the multiplexers base their
behavior on statistics concerning the data rate of each low-speed channel.
Since the high-speed line does not transmit the empty channels, performance is better
than with time-division multiplexing.
A statistical multiplexor transmits only the data from active workstations.
If a workstation is not active, no space is wasted on the multiplexed stream.
A statistical multiplexor accepts the incoming data streams and creates a frame containing
only the data to be transmitted.