Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
q Aj jnB`n
Swo
7 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /SzBw Aw NBa k
19 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / j yAo k
25 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / NBa M B
j ~6
61 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kpz B_QnB
w ~6
\Q ~6
99 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / r {BnBa ~6
165 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / r Tva
z{ ~6
Tz ~6
j ~6
197 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jABi GU
245 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (jB o) u] j M ]
TH ~6
~6
SzBw Aw NBa k
BM Ji B kM An o pA BLoU jo nBM j{ Shw
,AkM JBT S% pA o nBzTA BM ,BBw A * /AkAnm Aiji
nj An ji o/ BkAi ,kjBTwo2 Bo%w M MBT [oU AoM Ao Ao{B
k zU ji Ao 56 BM BM BJBT UU jn
5 Aiji r JBT koi AoM kM /kwoQ Ak{ BCw
;2 B<M /SwA =Ao>A A /// yB<A kAi kz
vU M n*A ov BJBT M jn nj koi An kk] JBT
yMBT A Aow BTL* k 5z An Akv pBU BC kj o*Bi
`M) SMBT oiC M kwn BU BTe ,Aiji r kAi pA kM :kn
/kTv nAjoMSwj (njB nkQ nBJUU
/SwA k{ ZnBi nj pA
B Aiji r M SwAi j
oJU JBT A KB6 RBq] <M A /AU (o/ pA ) B%wBT
BM ,BA /kAjo AkQ oTzM bT SUA oM TL BBX kAjo
SwA JBT A nj qa oT ,j bo{ An C oj /d ka BXTwA
k2 jBTwA , nUnC /oM uQ An 2oe B yeA AhM
nj jn%v C nj AjBTwA oUyhMBA pA Qn nj wB{nB]
A /kAi <A] jo JBT > An Aiji r ,TvM oU S~{ BBw
Se ,BMp JBT nBMnj oj u T% ,An RnBL A kM
,jM kC k] M tBU A pA /jo nAoU ,jM oC /] /A T{
,SwA jo % An ji Svh JBT KB6 pA nBvM oC TvAj a
ThQ nBpn nj ,jL SeAn AoM B A T2o kjB
/jo Ai Ba
r
Aiji r 6
SzBw Aw NBa k
Aiji r 8
SzBw Aw NBa k
Aiji r 10
M TU jM A A hw % BLoU nC jB M An A RB
jM oTA B] o A kwoQ xji pA ,jo o2 { nj T
B\C ,S!i opBM ,xAjBA=2 JBT nj qUA oTQ ?jo nBa
KoT BM 6d B pA k v\ An n nBM Sv{ kAi
a pA ,j{ TwB yTow pA jnm oUBM Sv{
k nBT2n n* n dB{ C kwn o/ M /k jB%TwA AnBABvA
RB\ M An C qUA /kBwoM UAke M An k~ 6 M kwn Bp
=o> Be nj o B{ RB\ k~U k LzU Bnj eBw nB nj o>
nj A Sow Aop , ?joM }h{ C o* M SwAn kBM BC /jnAj An k{
zi nj An An Bp
SwA A oUUB SwB{ pA oTzM kj
M kwoM eBw nj A MB B] M BU jkM kBM BC /k oTzM jkM kAU
?k oT An jo B{ Bp KUoU A
C M (k{BM To2 o A ) LwBd /Sv nB oTM ,SwA oTM nB A
BU k B{ kM j{ JC jnA AAp a BM /kj Bz mo> RB\
:jo \T qUA /j{ Be ST oUJ6
oU3 AoT Wd B pA 3 SwA n BnBT6n kB Swnj A
A ?SwA Ak3 An oUBU3 kAj B\3 pA yQBzQ n BA /jnm
?jnAj yAoM TA a
11
SzBw Aw NBa k
Aiji r 12
U Tb /k3 MyQ An qa a Bq oG A
pA 3 An TH ,xAkp M kA k{ 3 BM ,3 j{ AUB nkbC km
C pA oj B`M 3 k{BM TH k~ pA oT3 joM kA RBBA
KUoU A M /j{ AomQ An o pBT{A SBT BM kBM A ,koM RBBA
/k3 yBr K~ oTzM jw
j] s SzoM j km U kp ov nj kBM
M /kj AjA ji xU M kBM A j C M kwn pA Lb /k{BM T{Aj
kj Bmn Bd]oU k3 Bn An ji kBM ,kwn j C M A d
/j{ xnjB nkQ B jAq BU u Ani
13
SzBw Aw NBa k
Aiji r
Aiji r 14
15
SzBw Aw NBa k
25 oLT A ,jn(v C
Aiji r
16
j SwAo nBT zQ
Aiji r 18
19
j SwAo nBTzQ
Aiji r 20
T1BxoTv in
qAn
qAn
21
j SwAo nBTzQ
Aiji r 22
NBa nBT zQ
SLv C tBwA oM jnAk j] nB _ AoBU o/ pA
* L* JBhTA B M kAo2 BM ^nBU nB /k{BM oUoM oj M
BjAp jAo2A <M pA , o nj /SwA k{ AkQ Bw jnB w jke
BTA
MBU
n* ,oj <M M SLv kB UBM oTzM
Bs
JBhTA /j{ oTzM kM v nj kAm2 XkU o/ pA BC (Br)
L* JBhTA BM B /Br XkU
UB%UA
:pA SwA RnBL L*
o> RB%U
An L* JBhTA kBM ,nCnj ow ji j] pA AhM o A AT2o {
/ qnj
nBT2n B6 tBwA C L* JBhTA nAj BU o/ nj ao
BU (j{ Ao k Tr BM B B~h) SwA BT]A
wnoM o BS /SwA kz UA o/k Aka
nAj yQ BT]A An Bkj SwA TiBw ManBa k{ BT]A
S%> wB{Svp ji nj Te /kj nAoU n yQ An k yQ
M BM k{BM a o oA A j /SwA nCRoe nAj o/ pA S{AjoMw
pA zAq2A M n nB{ An k nAj nqM nB /SwA BBQ M n kA{
/V /] ,T /j / ,oz2 /C /n BC oUtB{ow ,kT2o Q BBvA
A A oQ nBMTvh AoM , A /kASwA jnB ] qB
qnj MBU { M ,SwA L* JBhTA BQ oM ,BT]A o/
/SwA k{ AnA q Aj jnB`n ;wU A{
An BT]A kk] o/ A A BBnj UU q Aj
] pA ) kBzi o/ ,BAiji AonBXA nBT2n B% :kAnoQ
,u] j SLv o/ ,BT]A RAoze BU kpo2 njB nkQ 6MAn
Aiji r 24
25
NBa nBTzQ
1 9 7 6 , r ,jnAnB BzAj
Aiji r 26
Svh NBa oM ( k
n* Aop ,kAi hU BTwAj X BLoU kBM An JBT A
,Sv Bv2A /k{BM nBpBw B hU U
BM k{ qnbo*
Swnj LBU keBU <Bv2A pA oUK\> RnBL o/ pA /SwA
Tv BM B{B B /k =k SUA jn nj SwA qa B
M ,Aiji B %e AoM 2jB~U n*M qodT Bd
ao /k jpS%{ Ao p SUA A /Ak{ qnBoM ,r B
pA /j{ jB AoM qo nBA nAj nBow C BM SwBBw
/ nAkM An T%{ tBveA A Aoj nj ATM SwA A BpnC
SzQ pA To2 kAi w jo tBveA T{ An JBT A TU
,A / yzQ BC M An JBT Be /kTv nB ooB BB{
Lw pA M BLoU A o*Bi M /A2oeo> jo2 ,jB kAi
An BC oM nB M ~~hU BrA jM p B] jo JBT]A 2 =Bw
B\ nj ~~hU BrA C oX A pA Aoa K\U Be /jo 5oU
yAj _ jo2 C jM A o2 /C BU ~~hU
An kAU /k{BM lk jL A o2 ,jnAk As
BU kz Sep i /k xAjBw nBvM Un nj k
pA A kM ,j bo{ TBno> BMp M An 5oo k`Q Bo/ <M
m2 oj TwAi nj nB A nj ke a BU Aj /j{ TwB B{o]
,SwA C WdM jn dT TvB{ n*C JBT A A nj ;{BM k{
a kBM An wB{Svp AT{Aj An tBveA A z /k{BM Ao KB]
Ao]B kp TiB{ UA M a ,S2o o/ nj qCnAowA BTwAj
Aiji r 28
29
NBa oM $ k
Aiji r 30
~
?AkC B\ pA B
xjo o/ SwA kjoU jn nkU B BLoU BU o/ poA
jAo2A pA nBvM An nAj BU B % p BA /k{ni nj M p
BzAj nj o2 T{n wB{nB] p /kAkz ]T kBM n*C
pA Twnj n~U ,k ~dU T{n A nj BC Te j{ Jvd
A BM BT{n %v2 /knAk C %v2 SA jM wBwA
j] nAj nBA k{ unkU n* p k{ TiB{ BvA
,Rn o nj /k oJU T A Bp S{m BM {M /SwA T{Ak
[BT B\A nj M /Sv nAj o/ pA nAk2o* JBT A k
n/ /jo nAoU wnoM jn Bi dT o*BiM BU o/
/SwA onBXA Aiji wB{Svp wnoM
/SwA ]U jn BvA SA o/ pA dT A , MlB] pA Ak]
qTw ,Ro% mz M ,B BT]A kp BL] BU BM dM
BBjA A /j{ Mo B kUBhw pC ,jpj yj ,nB
oYA
,1 qn T{
BJBT nj SwA
3
z /k{ BLj S%vLA LA T{
2 njnC
/kjBT2A BLT{A M SvMnj
BC Bkv SwA A nj BJBT A
BT]A jAjnAo!
o{BioQ JBM nj
= o
1. Lorenzs On Aggresion
3. Eibl - Eibesfeldts Love and Hate
Aiji r 32
B{ An o d RjBw
B] Twj kB B% ,{BM
/jnAk B] BU nj ,j{
33
?AkC B\) pA B : ~.
Aiji r 34
35
?AkC B\) pA B : ~.
Aiji r 36
AoM
X ,k{BL UB/d xABv BU SwA o/T n*M Bnj
joQ A B]] pA n SUC ,k{BM T2n oB
kM ,kMB Swj Ji Am> M KUoU A M /xk Oa
An xji A kM k{BM jo dU An oB Sep A
/k{BM jo Bn SwoQowM
qkiC jB oze q BTze nAiu] ,A pA oUB{C
oUa RAoze
kTv nqM nAhT{ RAoze BqkiC /SwA
SU nj /k e kL\M qa o M BLoU BA ,kni An u X
A BM jn BM C pA ,jqi jB n BTeA BM o oze ,oS%]
pB An xow A /jni An o oze ,kATM o A jB oze /j{ S%]
M B ,j{ jq o oze TU An nB A /k Ak] jo
AoBo /kj B\A pA k{ Ak] pA kM B kqi ykM n A d
o/ M /k{BM oS%] B\A pA kM kBM o jni SU oTM jB AoM
,UA nj /j{ v] AjA pA B o RAoze nj ow Ak2 kwn
BM jB oze kB{ ,SwA knAjpBM JB~A <M qo oze ow a
A pA ,k{BM a o A /k oTM An A v] Ao]A o oze ow
jni
37
?AkC B\) pA B : ~.
oil A zji
A BM kB{ /jo C pA uQ oze j{
Aiji r 38
39
?AkC B\) pA B : ~.
nj Bi S] B
X ,o S% j{
o BM vB nj ,k Ak2 o 2B o*Bi M An ji B] koTBe xjAo2A
o nj oT ,kj SA ji BAiji 2B M C jAo2A LUn
B{ Bo pA j{ oQ B] ,KUoU A M /jo nAoU AoA
o/ pA BRk T2o B <o JBhTA> o/ A /kAT{m ji pA jAo2A
Jvd Swnj kjL B{C BU o/ M op BM BwB{Svp
C njnC RoMAn k{ jAj bo{ pjnAjA /V / 2o JBT nj k{
Aiji r 40
k1B wB{Svp
o{BioQ JBM nj
BT]A jAjnAo!
41
?AkC B\) pA B : ~.
/SwA BB C ~U
AkA BM k{BM A o JBhTA jM L AoM j kB{
nj B /jnAj B
B SwA qoTz B oX A M wBw UiA
An oUBnC RB/d nj BA , nBT2n BAiji SwA jo2 BB]
BzvdU nBhT2A oU kj SA oTzM Aoj B2n M Bv
o2 X <Aoj> rA oTv jn nj SwA TLA /
;kAo BM Bo M Aiji o nj onBXA ,K>A /
B AonBXA nB Ak2 pA S ,oj d6w nj /jBdUA tBwA j{ A
BzB] T{m pA ,jo2 AM , jn nB/TA BA] pA j{ koM
mzU An BC ,M /k nj ,( AM nz ) nz nBhT2A AoM
S M mT A q] ,kAj B{nBMnj qa kzM An Bv k
BM jnAjA An jAo2A c Bp nj AMlB] A K\) /kTv oj
] Bp nj AoBo ,koLM BM An kp c6w ke BU a BnB Ak2
(/k{BM Bz2B] jBC kBM SU A nj BA] jnAk AnB
BU k{ AkQ TwoQ AojAs MB nj By A AoiA
A /SwA k{ bo6 d AM BvA jo qB] AoM
kwn o/ M pBM SwA LB] dT onBXA AkA Aj jo joTv
o/ pA BC /k{BM T{Aj oM nj An BU nj <b> % B
=iA
jn nj UnAoeoQ nBvM BAohw
kTv AoL wBw
Aiji r 42
43
?AkC B\) pA B : ~.
1. stotting
2. stotting Tommies
3. Continuity of germ-plasm
Aiji r 44
j ~
BpBwBT
i jBw B] pB>C a cTU /jM jBw qa pB>C nj
oUz C pA nAj LU nAm A oM An o2 /Sv BwC
BBwM KUo
B k`Q kp B] B B no jAj cTU
jB%TwA BM nAj o/ /ko2BM RBe kATM qa B RBe ,SwA
kj Bz B M An ov Aop kBM B M kAU L* JBhTA pA
o ,oM nj BUA a /j{ kLU k`Q M jBw C nj
/k{ TiBw BvA B\Aow kk{ kMTwj oUk`Q B\ nj o
AoM BU SwA eAn BU jnAm B nBTiA nj nAj eAn
An o/ A w /SwA k{ bo6 B j] B e
ji pA LU Bp pA do{ BM ,jM BU `C pA oUB UnM
/j bo{ BU
oU BU pA |Bi jn ,nAj <BoUKwB BM> UA nj
RBLYBM qa o /SwA RBLYBM Bqa pA oQ Bj /Sw<
> B M
RBLY pA pAkA C M BLoU B knAj Aj RBLY SwBUA pA A\
M o~d \ RnM a ;S{Am BC oM B ATM kAkwn
a ,SwA T{Aj An B T{Aj =BdTwA k{BM ,noUB
X ,jo2
j] M jBp BTLv Sow BM ,AnBM Bo6U X ,k{BM B{A pA o
Bqa /SwA BU nBvM B{ o ,knAj wA B{ kC
dTU B{jn nj kBM o2 B `C ,M B2Ao*A nj B
BRBLYBM B#M
Aiji r 46
,UA MnBi
i
oM
/SwA
joz2
nj
nBi
UM
L{
oTzM
47
BpBwBT :j ~.
Aiji r 48
2. Pirimidines
49
BpBwBT :j ~.
Aiji r 50
51
BpBwBT :j ~.
Aiji r 52
53
BpBwBT :j ~.
C BTwAj
BTeA /q a qM BC M An <nqM> KvaoM B a ,j{
B BM <kp> An BC k =o2 a /SwA n* pBwBT
BnAqMA ;2 BrA Tv ]T B pA nBvM SwA A yj /
j{ j SJ o2 nj BC j] o kTv B jB%TwA AoM
An Tvh BpBwBT C B a /kjooM UA B] nj Bi qa M BTe
/kjM B kpBw AnkQ RBe jAk]A BC B BM kp
k BU C n nAj ji qa ,WdM A M Mo oj
dT
/SwA SMBUn (B jo SLd BB RBAe pA A ao ) S{Aj
SBe pBwBT B nB{M jAkU C pA SvAU A Nw C
oj kjkd A ,jM p o Sw jM jkd j /k
MB{ B A X An pBwBT C nj o~U nj /kjL SAM
keA a B pA oQ > Nw C o2 T2o o/ nj
TU BA /jM n*> C nj B A jM BnAjoMhv AoM p nBTiBw
pBjn Aq M A oB B C pA ,k{ jBp BpBwBT jAkU
Bd kkCnj JB xpnAoQ L RnM BC S{Ak j]
Aiji r 54
55
BpBwBT :j ~.
Aiji r 56
w ~
AoB B_QnB
B{ ;Sv BjC ;2 <B> pA n/ ,Tv BM {B B
jAkU jo{ /j{ Bto BoT BM ,BB ,RBAe
q B jAkU Te SwA z nB p n BM B{B
w jke An kp B jAkU ,oM o/ nj An RAoze ;2 /Sv }hz
M kB{ BC U U nB{ ,kAjo jnCoM
/kwoM
,nj B<A o/ pA a oBo o/ pA a ,BM B{B 5Th dAA
BM
B jo jnAk x M TBL{ _ tQBTiA /knAj B B{
M ,kok kB BLoU jBM { o/ pA BA /knAj =o2 M Sinj
A nj Br ,Sv Bznj BpBwBT o/ pA |~i
{B B /jnAj j] ,2 BU T2o oT BM pA ,B nj d
kAT2o B DNA B ,pBwBT d AoM Tv BM
BpBwBT A /jnAj j] UB%T nBvM BAn kp kAnm AoM Bj nj
SwA {B /kATiBw An %Th B{B ji jB%TwA AoM
JC nj An r SwA BTwj B ,k %e Sinj BM nj An Br
/k %e Aop nj An r jnAj j] a o Te ;jnAj
/jnAj qCnAowA jo DNA
DNA pA ,Br AjAj Bz n*A dT j oUjBw AoM
pB>C Nw nj BpBwBT A M knAj SBL{ i ,kAk{ TiBw
A pA o> Se SwA jnAk TA B WdM nj dT A /kjM
Aiji r 58
3. nucleotides
59
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 60
61
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 62
2. Sex
63
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
2. dominant
3. alleles
Aiji r 64
2. mitosis
3. meiosis
65
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
B~UA
Tv{
oYA
oM kB
Bpo pA
FGj jBL
jk\
p v7U Bo] nj
Aiji r 66
67
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 68
69
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 70
B{ Bpo kB
B BUjq Mv pA Te Bpo
oj jo2 BM C nj A BTeA ,k{BM oUa r keA ao /k{BM
RnM nBMka B] nj A BTeA j{ oTzM {BM o{
/SwA oTzM k{BM k{ AkQ hv
nB UB%UA n*M j] LU pA BkeA op jBLU *BU BM A
oj { /SwA kk] r BkeA zU { ,ko nAoU
y] /SwA 1
SwA njB nBvM nBvM BU o/ pA
BLT{A /kj fn JBT nj oe kM NBa BM SwA BLT{A A6
BTeA ,k{BM oTzM r keA * ao SwA cTA BA /SwA njB
j{ Be C nj oJU y* jAkTA nj A6 nj y] BM A
/SwA oTzM
2
/eMBU C RkpAnj [BT SwA
oj njB BLT{A d
M nBMj k Uow ,jo Ak] ow jo pA An ji po U /SwA
p SBe A nj S% j{ LU tBU pA jB%TwA BM /j{ B] B
;2 Bpo pA A6U B /k{ nAm nB{ nBMj Bd% C SwA
A nj /kLva po C pA oj B] M M k{ Uow
ao BLT{A d A /kAk{ oj JBT jnA JBT pA ,ST
j{ WBM B SwA o/ A pA k{BM qC]B2 SwA
kB{ /knAj oTM nB BM ko nAoU nB r jA pA B6U
dM knAj Mi oYA k{BM nB Un nj ;2 oTvw j
BC /k{ UA nB nA BM k SU An ok B kA
kj c]oU ,T2o { Rn A M An r keA C ,L* JBhTA
jnAj j] BA A /k jBp UC BS] B nj An xjAkU
B jo oJU BzzAnC KUoU A M ,BBw S{m * Ko Br
/k{BM k{ <yAo>
A7# y]
nA
1. Point mutation
2. inversion
71
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 72
73
r An JBT A
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 74
75
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 76
77
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 78
79
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 80
81
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Br SwA o2 A ,T%
LU n*B ,WdM A tBwA /AT{Am
oUB BkeA oj BkM Be nj ,kTv AoB BM
v] XkU A ,SwA SUA j BL oM o2 A /koBU
B BA /kAomQBnBA BSUA BA /jAo2A jM Ao j ,<BPa>
oj oTzM B Aoa /j nAoU Cw jn An BC S k{ A
B Bpo nj Aoa ? jB%TwA v] XkU pA BM B{B
?B kp kMA BU B Aoa ?jnAj j] BPa
C RBq] SwA z Cw o oQ pA B Aoa Cw A
nj oU j ka ,|Bi j oM /SwA JBT A oTv pA ZnBi
S SwA A o/ ,BX AoM /SwA k{ AnA C M gwBQ
BKwC oj BnAjoMhv nj BLT{A nBMBp T{BLA kjBz
,1 nAAk oTQ ow pA ,oj o/ /SwA jo2 kp * nj r
BkTwA AkTMA nAAk /BU jn nj r JBhTA M ]U pA SwA Mi
jAo2A M M SLv onBXA ,jAo2A jo A kB ,k jn An Tw
kTvAU oj jAo2A ,jL nB nj jo o A Aop j{ Jvd
Bzo*Bi nAAk n*B /kjo { An Bj jM k XkU
k SMBY kAi An qa C SwA *BM nj kTwA A k
kAC pA oURUo2 oQ RBAe A
X /jnC JBve M o%
JBhTA B o JBhTA ]U AoM kTwA A , M /k XkU
oj RnM AU An WdM pA SvU C ao ,Sv d cTU
C M A /SwA BQ BLp m6 nAAk ji o/ nj /jo BM oU]
/pAjoQ
C pA jo U Sva Ji r s kwoQ
LU
M BU m2 Br oj s BA /SwA <Aiji> Bs
/SwA ,XkU pA kM BU Swj ,BzBM B{B o TiAkA K
pA BA ,kAjo j nj B{ B B BjAp pA <M {M
1. Sir Peter Medawar
Aiji r 82
1. a lethal gene
83
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
w jn nj An To2 yQ _ o/ A SwA T A M ]U
A T2o o/ nj BM ,nAAk o/ /jo o/ nj XkU |Bi
,knAj k{ nAj`M BTeA pAkA M w o nj jAo2A o2yQ
MyQ r Aqi nj An oj RUo2 Br T{BLA B2M
/jo o/ nj C BY kBQ An oQ nj XkU M oT yAo k
Btke Sw M An B SwA A o/ A Ji RB~hz pA
o A jo S{AjoM a C pA AU ,BX AoM /k SAk LB] BTLv
A ,A /jnAj j] An j , jBp An BvA o * AhM
ka pA kM /Bw a pA
X , d Bi w pA uQ BU An XkU
n~U MBU /jo oTzM n* joM BM Bw 5 BU An C j{ oU
kM /jAj yAq2A oU ka BU An BBvA o AU mo* A pA SwA
/k BdTA An An A BUA v SwA
k n~U n* qM < > An Br w SwA A oj An
Q M A , nj /SwA UA w pA oUA] kTv C nj kM
fn k{ oQ * kM nj B{ ;d nj SwA UAoJU M joM
oj kz Br C BM k{BM <ABz> kAU BA Ak o /kj
A] kM d6w B{ |Ai pBwL{ BM /k{ B2
/jo o] oj k5T Br jBT2A nB M pA ATM kB{
% M ,oQ nj B{ BBz Sv p A KB] T
\U 2jB~U n*M k o2 ,BX AoM /k{BM k5<U ji ,C B
kAU S ji /A] jAo2A nj BU k{BM oTzM oQ jAo2A kM nj S jB
kM nj BBw * k{BM Am> jB kB{ ,k{BM noTM
B jB
oYA S n~e nj B2jB~U r o ,jiMji BA /SwA k{ T{BLA
kqoM r Aqi pA ,SwA Ji CoYA Rn A o> nj jnAj k5<U
A nB nBa /kC JBve M oQ pA jo <AoM> r \T nj k{
/ ZnBi kM pA An S C SwA
;2 "S" SwA A kj MA L] o/ A M qa
o M o\ S \U j{ ]T {qQ /SwA oQ AoM KvaoM
Aiji r 84
S 6MAn k w jo o/ nj w An S
BTeA ,j{
A jn nj :k AkQ nAjv kM
jo S M Tv
85
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 86
2. W.F. Bodmer
87
AoB B_QnB :w ~.
Aiji r 88
nBa ~
r {B
pA yM kjM Br AoM % oo AkTMA nj BM B{B
BAnBLM UB%UA BKwC BLUn B{ BnAq2A] pA An BC nAj
mJU C B pA BC ,Tvh BA C nj /kjo %e
yMBU BM Nw nj C BAm> TU /jM AAo2 A Nw nj kjo
M BC SeAn kp ,kz U kjM k{ TiBw [nkU M BoU * k{ni
,k{ kB B poA ,BM B{B pA A iB{ /kwn BBQ
oUjBw pA k{ni pA jB%TwA BM BTv B{ji A M kjo do{
k Ao]A An z B oUjBp Sow BM kpBvM oUk`Q B
Be ,oj AiB{ /S{Aj A Nw C KoU kAo2 nj k{ni
RnM ,BB Sep Be pA a <kk2> ,k{ kB RBAe
A Twj jo A /k jB%TwA ,oj RBAe RnM B B
Bxn nj An ji kCnB oUnBTMA ao BAn pA BM B{B
/k{ AkQ kp AoM ApBU B{ Ak kjo jBp kp Anm 5Th
nj Ak o ,k{ AkQ q BC BiB{ BiB{ BiB{ C BiB{
,p op ,A nj ,p n ,Bnj nj :S2B RnB xB nAoA |Bi xn
Bk{iB{ iB{ A /oj kp RAj] kM nj Sinj BM
/T%{ nj C pA B poA k{ BB RBAe nj U Ba K]
hv kkCnj woQ BkM { M BB RBAe
nj Aj B /jM k AoQ Bw U U nj Br pA jM B
Aiji r 90
91
r {B :nBa ~.
1. Cam
Aiji r 92
93
r {B :nBa ~.
2. ganglia
Aiji r 94
95
r {B :nBa ~.
1. negative feadback
Aiji r 96
97
r {B :nBa ~.
Aiji r 98
99
r {B :nBa ~.
Aiji r 100
101
r {B :nBa ~.
Aiji r 102
103
r {B :nBa ~.
Aiji r 104
105
r {B :nBa ~.
Aiji r 106
107
r {B :nBa ~.
Aiji r 108
2. W.C.R Rothenbuhler
109
r {B :nBa ~.
Un
Byn ,knAk An r A BnLp knAjoM An Byn knAj An r A
/knAkoM An
n oYBU nj Br kj Bz An SUA A j nj
oM r o A /k <Bv ozU> BM knAj B{jL BM {B
C u ,jM kAi kB2M k Ao yn T{AjoM r An TiAkA
Aiji r 110
kj Bz bT BM Tr ByBpC Be A BM /SwA n*
pA B n*M nA kAT{Aj Bv * o%w nj r j A
keA An BC j{ kj B\A k% nB jn nj /kAjM Tv
Tv jApC B j ,k{ oXU Br A M BA ,S2o o/ nj BU
/k{ Jvd
nj r q Tdo> BnB dAA B\A AoM SwA p kTwA A nj
=o> Be nj BAo
RB\> To2 r pA o A BX AoM /j{ T2o o/
111
r {B :nBa ~.
Aiji r 112
2. Washoe
113
r {B :nBa ~.
B] o* M An A kp An a B C BM kB~Un A MB nj
B jjo pBM BnAnC B B kM /kBz jnAj nAoU yAkQB Bj
C BU pA jB%TwA BM BjB A /j{ jni kz nj M a
<Sv B\A o > k njM B`Q kBo C M a B
/j{ A * SowM <jo nBM> An A nj a B
/k jB%TwA ji % M Aoj v] pA BM B{B pA <M
,knAj jB BnLp M yB jBp SBL{ o*Bi M (KY) knA B
K~ Ko2 A pA `C /k B C BM k{ S%] M K>oU An BnLp
An j Ko2 KUoU A M nLp Aop ,SwA jo kBz2A j{ KY
nj ) JBUK{ Bo /k T C M An jo SwA jni
o /k K] An ji S%] ]U n jBTwo2 BM (kAww UA
pA B A jnAj An ji |Bi 6 ;i {M jBTwo2 n A A
1. angler fish
jB B
Aiji r 114
1. photuris
2. photinus
\Q ~
Aiji r 116
z jC Sv A n/ /k SMBUn BM , Bi o
X ,qa ow
Bi o ow oM yz Be nj ] nj An Bw BU n x
n x M qo xo nj Bw BU za kB{ UA nj ;kM
nB A \T ,k jMB Sv ov An Bn x S] o A BA /kT%
tke UB%UA AU ao /k{BM ]B2 Bw BU AoM SwA
_QoQ Tvo> BAn a pA ,k{BM a SwA nB C RBq] qM
/jnAmM oYBU SwA i
oYA ok n B Bxn M 5Th B BM B{B
AoM BLUn B ,BMq B A ,* B onB{ SwA /knAm
,j{ nAjoMoM BC pA L\ Bxn M SwA /k{BM JB L
/k jB%TwA B{jo jo B]MB] AoM v nLp pA B TU X
ok kp M pAkASwj AoM kA pA BM B{B
kAU o S] pA A ,j ka M /knAj oTzM jBC
oj j /j{ yAkpo2 AoM zSep njB B nkQ A AoM T%] BM
BM ,knAj M jBp SBL{ BM , B<A SwA A
oM B~h kA6 nj r %e B{B ,kp Bv Bxn
SwA BU AoM /kA KUn kp AoM p MB ow
BM SMBUn Sv nkUC qo KUn A BA ,k{BM KUn n x
BM o ow oM BU n x SwA /jnAj SA oj BU
o A /knAj SMBUn oj Bqa o ow oM BM BBU BA ,k SMBUn
/k{ KUn v] o{ ow oM SwA ,k{BM X u] o/ pA
/k SMBUn BjB ow oM ok BM Bo
,kj Ai j M
%M
BTeA ,k jnA LwC SwA yLUn oj o M o o A A
/j{ BU yBr
BLUn k{BM A BM {B 6 SwBw kwn o/ M AoMBM
nj u] jni Tz ao /jnhM An BC Bd]oU uPw ,kzM An ji
r o/ pA %T oLU nj Sv [An nkUC kj fn SL*
oM o{BioQ JBM nj JBT nj qn jAo TLA /k{BM MyQ MBU Aiji
117
k{ BvA
Aiji r 118
119
Aiji r 120
121
Aiji r 122
123
nB{ yM
Aiji r 124
1
/SwA nAkBQ jM {ka Tr nj ST A 2 b6A /S2B Swj
op RnM jM {ka kM AU An ESS mUj jB ,TBn o/ pA
oUL X B JB X ,|Bi SMBUn o nj k{BM njBU jo$ o o A /jnC Swj M
oMAoM BTeA M jAo2A C nj kwn ESS M AU ,k nBT2n
1. Polymorphism
125
7
A M nj knAj ,kj A nj
X ,JB kB nBT2n
12
nj T2o UB%UA ~U ,j{ SMBUn jnA jo2 o SwA
M 7 LU BM ~U A ,oUL kB a k nBT2n JB kB a SU A
5
,SwA JB %M ao ,~U A SwA nBvM /SwA JB %
MyQ o* jnAk j] An _ % A M ,k{BM 2jB~U
AoM /k{BM T{Aj kAi nBT2n a |Bi MBv o nj y%oe k
] 5 nj uPw JB y ow SzQ ] 7 nj jnAk AkB2 ,BX
a jo2 o /jAj AjA n* S{Aj An oUL y ow SzQ
An /kp ] kwn A M Sow M yLUn ,k nBTiA An AjBw AU
SU o SwA A k{BM jBw AU xjoLAn jo2 pA T2o pBTA
pBM An JB y yMB nj k pBM An oUL y kAi kAj
/k
nj BUA Sv qa /SwA jBw ke pA yM oUL JB BTwAj TLA
nj Bqa qnj nj BA SwA <k> oTzM ,k{BM T{Aj j] SL*
i BX kB SwA k /k B M kj fn SL*
pA n~U jAj B T kB2 AoM Be nj ,k{BM jBw
oUmUj An BC [nkUM jBw Bk n nB BM AU k% nBvM
qa
1. retaliator
Aiji r 126
2. Prober-retaliator
127
2. great tit
Aiji r 128
129
Aiji r 130
131
Aiji r 132
133
k] SBe A B ,joM A B xe e M An
B oe M An j TU BA /k zK jo w B B S2o
C o* pA B joM BM ;2 /k{ uoM dBTA ,jo jq
Ak k e o Ak jo U oLU ,oj o* M oo
An jBw oz joLAn ,nB{C RnM ,o j o /k{BM kzK
</ zK ,jnApBU o A ; e , Bw o A> :kjoM yQ
T{Aj oU nBT2n pBTA k bo6 An Cw A BwB{Svp K>A
M k{ AnA jn A nj jBp Bo/ ?Sva wB{Svp o/ pA
M jnM SwA oj Cw A ji BA /k{ kAi nB{A AkM <M
Bp nBU k o*BiM k{BM ESS ;2 kB{ oU pA <dB2j> /kwoM o/
/SwA p 6U jo2 j M 6MAn kU kC kkQ
BAU pAkA nj AhLjo> nBU k d oU kB{
nj k{ koM j oUA z nqM X] T{Aj /k{BM k]
k] o% j pA o A /SwA C j pA
BTeA ,Sv ]
a k{BM 6 uo o A ,j{ koM SwA oUS{nj C z
pA S%oe o A> :jnAj B joLAn ;2 k{BM ji 5oe pA oUnqM B oUa
T{nj SA o A </\M BM ji pA oUa BM ,oM nj ,SwA oUS{nj U
T{nj Un nj /j{ oU[oJM dBTA ,jo nAoU kjoU jn
k{ o l yQ joLAn SU C ,kC JBve M oUoM X]
joLAn> ,k{BM k] k{ ip o6i o A BA /SwA nAkBQ B`
U pA BC BM> Rn A M /S{Aj kAi j] j <BUBT
A M Aoa SwA <! nAo2 koUa U pA BC pA \M koUS{nj
op jM ,SwA w 5Bh
B o/ M /kAT% BUBT joLAn
BUBT joLAn pA jAo2A T] nj /k{BM RBLYBM SwA
pA ,SMBUn o nj j A M /kM KwC v ,k oQ
y] jo2 /jnAm nAo2 M BQ z ,SwA oUS{nj C ,BkSo{
SwA oUa U pA An v > <>
j oLAn pA ;wT pAkA BM T2B
Aiji r 134
135
1. R.D. Alexander
Aiji r 136
137
j n n* ,jnAj B{Q /M
B RnM koQ j
/kAB Ak] o
jB<U nBaj oj BRnM RB%T B jAo2A 2B BA
nB/TA p kAi jni AoM An p kM o{ ,BX AoM /j{
L ow oM SMBUn jB Swnj j{ An A /jnAj ykM pA oj
L /Sv SeAn SwA n*A Aoa A M joM Q 6 o/ pA ,SvAj
BU <kAi> Am> A M An S{ o{ Br /SwA S{ o/jn
A M kAi An S{ C p Br /kBM kp BzBM {B
pA jB%TwA jn j A /k nB BzBM {B AoM B2 < `B
/jnAj j] 2B jB<U AoMBM ,kok oBJ
MBT S{
njB BLoU nAi Aoa /kAk{ TiBw S{ pA B<A
B BBM ,kj <Bw > Bpn o jn nj n*B ?SwA
kz kj qo ,A j] BM /kni An ji a BkoQ
?Aoa ,k KU jni k~U M An ji BM B ,BM AnAhT{
K>A k o2 <Bb> S] nj BU M nkU C p B l
Bo{ ,o{ Aoa :k n6i C M op Cw X 6
B BCw
k{ kwoQ oT Swj A pA oj B\M Cw ?k nB{ An oj
?kkM An xAe JA] A B]M k nAo2 o{ pA p Aoa :SwA A
/Sv ESS nB A BC AoM j A M k nB{ An o{ ,Bo{
A pA yQ BX nj MB joLAn nj j B M nAi joLAn
M SMBUn jn nj /SwA jBp nBvM ]BTA o6i /SwA nAkBQB ,kj
j A M SwA oT <U A =k BTeA ,RB%T B B<A
A nj kB{ /kj c]oU An nAo2 ,MB B]M B* pA nBvM SwA
nBU k RB%T B pA Ae j M BU nj k{BM oA A pA {B
nj Bo /SwA k{ pBwnB ,jnAj j] B<A M `C pA oUnqM
M TvMA oz BjoLAn
BTeA B ESS ,k{BM kk{ nBU k TMBUn
BM tBU MBU BjoLAn RB%T B jAo2A M SMBUn nj /kAnBU k C
BzT2B BU BTeA < e ,oUnqM o A ; nAo2 ,oUa o A>
Aiji r 138
139
Aiji r 140
141
Aiji r 142
/SwA Aiji
A A dT RBAe M y oM c6w M kBM BA
RnM An Ae o jM A oUSeAn ]BU qnj AoM /jooM SwA JBT
Bzi o/ jn jAo2A o A BA /oM o/ nj Tv Aiji {B
A k{BM Akpo2 njB nkQ jAp jApBi ,oAi njAoM jq
yhM BkBzi j A M /(j{ B{A nBaj) jni M A
An ji TvMA Aiji r o AoMBM /SwA qoTz BzBr pA
jAj cTU kM ~2 nj dT A ,k vU RB%T BkM M
/j{
z{ ~
r Tva
/k{BM DNA pA a 6U ;2 Sv A ?Sva Aiji r
pA Bi 6U Bhv ,jM A Nw nj n*B Swnj
pA kM ji M An pB]A A B o A /SwA B] owAow nj ozT DNA
A jAj BM TLA ,knAj ABB C AkA nBA SLd n* Br
BMp M An Bji BMp A AU AhM SU o ji M B*A
bo6 Rn A M An BCw AU SU C ,AjooM wn
Aqi nj An ji jAkU SwA A Q nj ?Sva y2k Aiji r
BkM XkU BM AoM qnBoM BM An nB A A nj /k oTzM r
<C> SwA A oM B k BU B\A nj BA /kj B\A ,SwA C nj
~2 k T /jnAj j] jBp BkM nj Bp SwA ozT j]
nj xji BS{n M kATM SwA r SwA A oTBe
o*Bi M nB A ao ,k{BM a o A /k knAj nAoU oj BkM
/j{ /e jAo2A nj onBXA RnM C j ,SwA r Aiji
1
knAj j] r ka UA nj /koM o/ nj An BvA jM
Ap r
Aiji r 144
145
r Tva :z{ ~.
2. J.B.S. Haldane
3. W.D. Hamilton
Aiji r 146
147
r Tva :z{ ~.
/Sv z
T2o BUnjB B nkQ pA An C kBM /knAj G r pA hv B{ k o2
G A kkBvM An oj BSj B TeAn AoM) k{BM
,k{BM T{Aj An C B{ njB nkQ A ,k{BM kk] y] Be
o2 /(nAm nB k{BM T{Aj An C hv j B{ kA pA B
w o nj kBM AoMBM /SwA jAj B{ M An r A BUnkQ
knBM jB M Be Ji /k{BM T{Aj j] G r A pA hv ykM
/k yhQ C nj An ji Br pA ,jpBw oPwA jo TU
G r ,SwA TiBw An B{ oAi oPwA C nj knj 5 BTeAM AoMBM
pBM ,k{BM T2o ji njB pA An G r B{ o A ,oj o* pA /SwA T{Aj j]
A /SwA jo S2Bnj An r A BUoAi knj 5 BTeA M
MB |Bi r o knj 5 Ajke ,kT{Aj njAoM oAi 1 B{ o A
/jnAj j] B{ BnjAoM B oAi pA o kM nj ,knAj
kBzi pA ]nj o jn nj An LwBd d kAU B{
o A /SwA kpo2 kA M 6MAn 6MAn /kj B\A kAhM
B{ B`M pA o A BTeA ,k{BM T{Aj H r pA hv B{
B{ v] Bw pA nj H Aop ,SwA knj 5 k{BM T{Aj An C
kAi An C ,j{ TiBw v] Bw C pA pA A`M o Sv
C BUnkQ A BTeA ,k{BM T{Aj An f r pA hv B{ o A /S{Aj
kAT2o A pA An BUBr pA B{ Aop ,SwA knj 5 k{BM T{Aj An
BTeA kBzi }iB{ pA nB TeAn AoM /BUnjB pA An
Aq / jB%TwA ,kj BzAn kBzi o% j M r jM qoTz
nj jnAj njAoM Br pA Aop ,SwA 1 njAoM j M kBzi
2
vU A M TvM :SwA LoU jk A /jnAj j] q oj
B oT qoTz Br SwA |Bi njAoM j nj ,k{BM a po
/SwA 1 BUj z kpo2 kA M kBzi ]nj /k{BM A pA oTzM
2
AoM AoMBM ,SwA k Tvi ,A pA nBMo ,LwBd A B\A
kBU M joM Q B A jo2 j M kBzi Aq pA jnCnjow
Aiji r 148
149
r Tva :z{ ~.
Aiji r 150
2
nj r ,S% AU r JBhTA M Mo RBe6A pA jB%TwA BM /SwA
yhQ BTeA pAkA B kBM k jB\A AonBXA nBT2n oUnqM oAi
jBw ke pA yM n] A ,UAnj /kA onBXA r k{BM T{Aj k{
SL* nj ,SiAjoQ Ai C 5Th j M AkM SwA dT jo
nkQ
TLUAo M ,BnjAoM B BoAi SLUAo X oj qa _
SwA A B\A nj o/ jn T BA /Sv L{ k Akpo2 pA BnjB
BC jnAk j] qa oAi.njAoM kpo2.kA 6MAn M r o/ pA
T B`M M An B{Br kA SUA A /kj nAoU BM MBU nj An
Aop ,SwA ;MnM B\A nj k T M r BoAi k
njB nkQ pA An Bv Br pA Bv BS{n jo BoAi
/k S2Bnj Bv
151
r Tva :z{ ~.
kk]
1. kin selection
2. E.O. Wilson
Aiji r 152
153
r Tva :z{ ~.
Aiji r 154
/kj B\A An
v TU /Sv z kwn o/ M BnkUC dT A n~U
nBA SwA jo n* ,jo An C nBMj jpAkA A M An QU
/SwA jo e NU ov MyQ AoM An vAo%j RjB pA A\
A BA ,Sva vAo%j RjB k{BL yAoM B kAk
A A kB{
155
r Tva :z{ ~.
Aiji r 156
157
r Tva :z{ ~.
/kCnj JC pA SwnjB
,k{BM
RBLwBd nj /SwA kjoU BLT{A o nj q kBzi BjnCoM
BM {B nBA jo jA n* ,jAj B\A BU B AjBw
kp nj /SwA jq yTLv nka ,SwA kBzi v a kAj
RBUA oTzM BA ,SwA nk 6 RB*A a T{Aj B ,UA
AoM /jo jnCoM j{ B jk RnM ;2 An kBzi Aq
Aq ,k{BM UB B U BnjAoM SwA B A k o2 ,BX
A B ,UB B kAU Aj a BA ,SwA 1 B 1 BC kBzi
4 2
{BM T{Aj o A / jB%TwA 3 jk pA o o/ nj An j
8
,SwA 1 M 1 ;2 k{BM B{nkQ A BTeA BA ,SwA B{njB
Tv 6 knj 1 k{BM UB AnjAoM jnAj BTeA %9 AoMBM
1
1 +
9 *
1 = .275 BM SwA oMAoM nj BC kBzi ,kAU
/ *
1 2 1 4
v a M B*A A ,nAj B*A knj 9 TU BA
B6 pA kM tB{SL* BvA SwA A n/ BC ?jjooM
C SwA A n/ B ,SwA kwn B*A knj 9 M ~% Ak
B] M j A
BTeA uB{ BM ?kTv 6 knj 9 RBAe
a nj RBAe LM kBM ,{ ]T A AoM /kwn Bv
/kTv Bv a Bzjq Bzi k jnCoM
a ,kAT% B M An A Aop kABv a Bjq Bzi Aj B
JT jBwA B a ,nAj wn BZAjpA a ,AT{Am wA BC n
pA nBvM Jzj <kBzi> dT /nAj Ji B/2Be
kBzi BC n/ /SwA B{wnoM jn A] nj BT]A BwB{jo
/SwA kBzi M Mo o2 nj B% M ,Sv r UA
jAj Bi SA kBzi M ALU BC ozM Bwn nj
jABi M Mo RAno ,SwA AkT nBvM B B yTwoQ ,j{
T r o/ BM /k2A Bw o oTzM oM C M SLv nAjB2
ov%U TeAnM An Boz M Bonj BTznkQ pA nBvM AU
ao ,SwA kBzi ;MAn pA ozM jBp B C pA Be nBd BM Bp /j
Aiji r 158
159
r Tva :z{ ~.
Aiji r 160
161
r Tva :z{ ~.
BjB
jp
BM
A
k
k
w
BnjB
BC
;k
nAk
xA`M
pA
Aiji r 162
163
r Tva :z{ ~.
Aiji r 164
165
r Tva :z{ ~.
/kjooM
AoM An B Un j{ kM ,oj Bo2 BA pA jB%TwA BM
A AoUoM /jnC Swj M o{
nj o{ j kBzi Aq
Aiji r 166
167
r Tva :z{ ~.
Aiji r 168
169
r Tva :z{ ~.
/j{
T ~
jABi =U
oj pA An kA BSLUAo kAi B<M Aoa k2 j{ TeAnM
pA yhM kA BSLUAo /k Ak] kBzi M SLv onBXA dAA
B jApoAi M SLv onBXA
X Be nj ,kwn o/ M XkU
BA ,SwA T% B\A nj BUA RB%U o/ pA /Sv a jApnjAoM
BC /k{ BLT{A nBaj kj }hzU Swnj An RB%U A jo BLB>
oj dAA ,kj nAoU % nj An kA BSLUAo XkU
pA ,kk] jAo$A jnC Bj M M Ai BA /oj % nj An onBXA
BSB2 A /{ BU qBU oj w pA ,j] jAo$A M ]U ,w
j SwA p BM {B o /B jo? nqM `M 1 jnC `M KUoU M An
BU SLUAo M Mo B~U :joM RB%T
B ~U d
A kBzi Aq ;jnAj j] A`M> :kASwj A pA jo nqM M Mo
nkU B M yT2n M pA Aq k Am> A M o A ;SwA nkU2 BM
`M M Mo B~U ,o* C pA <?kM Am> A M kBM BC ;SwA
jnC Bj M AoM An p RBAkUA kBM BC> :kTv Bqa a jnC
M `M pA nAk <? kU An ji X BC ?j B\A kk] jo2
nj BM }h{ RBBA oj SU o o/ pA ke BU `M jnC Bj
SLUAo `M A pA BC> :joM ~U jo2 k{BM p SwA /kASMBUn
1. child bearing
Aiji r 172
<?nBM Bj M oj `M B
KoU pA %Th RBe ,TiB{M o/ pA B ST M TvM
BU o/ pA qa /k{BM nAkBQ BU o/ pA kAU SLUAo nC`M
1
An ji
jAo2A o A /SwA d SLUAo joLAn ,k{BM RBLYBM kAU
kk] `M _ oj B\C BU ,k j] B`M pA SLUAo o ;2
nAoU AT2By] jAo2A ]BU jn ow i S] C ,jz jnC Bj M
joLAn pA zhM TU ;2 SLUAo /koB jnC `M nj jo
jnC Bj M nAk UAke k{BM RBLYBM BU o/ pA kAU k{BM LoU
/k{BM nB nj kBM
BkoQ AnAkBTvQ SwA oTzM BC BM B B{C B
`M jnC Bj M AkUA pA kM
/kTv Mi BkSLUAo
Bj M nj K>A a /j{ T2o ~U C pA SLUAo AoM kk]
BA /k *BU BM An j A jo ,kA nB nj jo nqM jnC
A`M pA SLUAo M qBU _ Aiji r Bkj pA kj n*B
SLv `M jo /jnAk j] SwA jC ovQ A`M pA SLUAo njAoM
BC pA Ak M joM ~U j{ nL\ }h{ o A /knAj jC BM Bv
C pA BA /k JBhTA An ji kpo2 jnAk j] j r o/ pA ,kkM Am>
u TU ;2 ,knBM Bj M njAoM kAU B{ ,A ,o*
kj LU ~2 nj /k SLUAo A pA kAU B{ jnC Bj M An A oj
jAo2A M SLv BC joM ~U kBM ,BnC SBe nj BM {B a
pAjoQ A M ~2 A nj / B kM nBT2n AonBXA knAj j] LU pA
/ B knBM Bj M An kk] jo2 BU koM ~U kBM a BC
M <o JBhTA> BM o/TiA SwA dT A ow oM oTzM WdM
,2 pjnAjA SwA A S /jo BM jo nB{A ~2 nj C
KBU nj An C ,SwA k oM oTzM o JBhTA o/ A Sv
Ak RBAe U U jM A A o/ /jAj bo{ <S] /U> o/
1. pure caring strategy
2. Wynne - Edwards
173
Aiji r 174
175
2. Canadain Lynx
Aiji r 176
oB T{Aj
oB
1. territoriality
2. dominance hierarchies
177
1. red grouse
Aiji r 178
1. Pecking order
nB7 kMTwn
179
2. David Lack
Aiji r 180
2. swifts
3. great tits
181
Aiji r 182
183
Aiji r 184
185
Aiji r 186
187
kATM
A k{BM T{Aj j] ,BnBw
X ,oj B kB{ BA
jo /SwA a Am> MB o/ pA kC nBM k MyQ BTvp nj
nBM nj A a pA Be knAj jBp kU BT% Bo{ Ao*A
k{BM Swnj a BpoQ ~U 1 /ZAn Sinj AAo2
X ,SwA kC
mL* A ,SwA BBz a j] 6 o/ pA ,SwnjB a
Bw o An ji nAmhU Aq kAU Ji zQ o/ A
oLT Bz SwA ZAn Sinj /k{BM y% M /U n*
S] AoU kwn o/ M ,Bx jn X ,BA ,k{BL B k{BM
kC ~2 nj kAi TU kAj A nj jB nBw /k{BM Mi zQ
o A /k SMBUn ji jAo2A oj BM Am> ow oM kBM ,kkM Am> yB]] M
jnCoM BTvp nj y2Ao*A nj ji S] AoU pA d M kATM
U o/ pA kC nBM T MyQ AoM kUnkU nAqMA M ,k{BM T{Aj
joz2 jBp An BTvp S] o A /SwA T2B Swj yB]] AoM Am>
k{BM A SwA ,xABAiji Bkj pA ,A BTd z;i ,kLM
T2B yB nAmhU M Aq pA xjnCoM :jnAmM oT BTLv hU
/SwA
,knAj S] AoU pA hU tBwA oM ,jAo2A A d M
BLUn M ji % M ,Aiji jo2 o An2 ,kj yB An BznAmhU Aq
BnBw o A /k{BL a k{BM jBp BUA a ,SwA jBp S] k jA
,kp tke B{BTvp BMAi nj Ak \e n pA An S] nqM
X oTzM BU ,k kM An yAk BATe SwA S% M jo2 o AoM
k jA BM nBM RBAe An o/ A / k{BM nBwj Ak
n pA A jM jo jBzQ 2 uMo /n/Z oj T nj kAe ka
oYA vAo2 ]nBi s keA ;wU MBz T BU C nj Bn
S] xU A SwA A jn A nj B o/ /S2o B 3 B Swr
pA oT ke nj ji nAmhU Aq jo M Bv BnBw mzU
1. holly Berries
2. J.R. Krebs
Aiji r 188
Tz ~
Bv joL
k{ bo6 LU ~2 BTA nj Cw Tvh M TiAjoQ BM An ~2 A
M An kBM B k ]U oTzM B`M <M M kBM njB BC / do{
pBM joLM ow An B{ e SwA A BM ?k B za
rA nBM _ <k ]U> rA / nAoU An nAkz RjB mL*
qnBoM yQ pA {B An njB /jnAk Bi UiA nBM <kBM>
nB M ji r pA Bhv jo ozT AoM An yAU BU Aj k{
qnj An T{Aj BB C k
,Tv BvA B{ a /jo
Aiji r 190
nAm Bow
JBT joz2 KB6 M pA BM ao ) jo e ji 2 kA
4
3
tBveA 193 nj ,< kA q> A SdU oz2 kBnow
(/SwA B xj~ BLoU TvM oU tB{Svp oUnqM A
o njB B nkQ qa o> pA SwA RnBL (P.I) kA nAm Bow
(qCS2 XkU AoMBM ) kp M jAj AjA BTeA BU k kpo2
oj AoM nAm Bow S] kA BAU BM MBU nj A ,k oTzM An A
SwA A nj pnoU o/ nj kA nAm Bow ve /SwA Akpo2
TU /SwA jq nBvM ko/ jn BUA BkeA M C y\w keA
BM An k{ o~ o{ nAk k o~ An ji njB o{ pA nAk A`M
j{ jnA njB C oj Akpo2 M Aovi keA BM ,oB BM ,oT
pAkA M x k{BM T{Aj y x `M j njB o A BX AoM /k\w
BM ,SwA C o/ o{ A P.I. pA yhM ,k{M o{ nqM z{
P.I. /SwA jnh An C y Aop /j{ T2o pAkA y o yAq2A BTeA keA
pAkA ,kB a kC Bj a ,oj Bj kp M kA yB BkeA BM An
/ko
1. R.L. Trivers
4. Parental expenditure
191
Bv joL :Tz ~.
Aiji r 192
193
Bv joL :Tz ~.
kpo2
nj p o A , A /SwA v njB kpo2
kp M kA pA oTzM A]
Aiji r 194
195
Bv joL :Tz ~.
Aiji r 196
197
Bv joL :Tz ~.
/k{BM
A nj
qa ,Sv m6 `M njB M nBpBw k A
BU An 2 `M kAi njB /SwA kMBp SMBM pA o/ TiA jn
jAj A M An xA<jB> w A AoM nAm Bow BM kj o{ Bp
/SwA jAj A M yUBBA pA BU `C kp M kA T2o o/ nj BM ;k{BM
/knAj LU jo `M njB ,KUoU M /Sv 2AU k _ B\A BU
oMAoMj pA yM kC B`M AoM nAio{ A q oj Bp
TU BA /j{ 6U o{ SwA oTM ,kwn 2 `M M j{ jw
ji w pA yM A`M njB o/ pA j{ AkQ TiA `M njB M
oMAoMj pA oT oj B`M AoM A nB A q p ,k jB%TwA
/SwA B eo A ,joM A SwA jw
j{ /SwA `M njB M TiA jnA pA ;2 T2o o{ pA Bp
A kC kB Bj M BnjAoM oAi jo2 M Aq An C
oM SMBUn /SwA T2o An BkB Bj M C KB] njB C nj ,S2o o/ nj
pA BM B ,kC Bj M BM B`M ,oTBe BLUn M RBBA ow
mL* njB ,pBM , B\A /k{BM oUTv SwA ,kC oM hU
/SwA B~A SBn Ao j
BC /k{ mJU nj ji kA ;wU BkoQ ]] pA nBvM
Bj nj An oj jni B o njB ,k jBo2 jAj pBM j BM
]] o Ak kM kBM ,SBe oUJ6 nj /jpAkA BC pA
M An Am> njB B nkQ C z o A AoMBM /k{BM A wo Aq BM KwBT
TU a ,kwoM ji jB w M kBM uo ,kkM Ak oUkM
nj SwA qa A /kzM jBo2 kM i kBL oj ,jni 2B pAkA M
% UoQ nj BA /kj fn kBM ,k KU v TU , ;Ao{ oTM
T{Aj An nB/TA A ,{BM T{Aj An jAo2A KU nB/TA kBM ,BAiji r
BM AoBo kn A /kM nj ji wo Aq jn nj {BM
c6w C kzM jBo2 kM njM BC SwA Aop ,jo Rk{
Rk{ pA kAU BA /kB JBve M nj oj \T nj j{ nB\ jBo2
Aiji r 198
199
Bv joL :Tz ~.
o/ pA
X ,k mJU M BM oMAoM An `M C k{BM ywAe kBM /kj yB
C pA o> ,SwA o o{ nj B]M o A ,k{BM KoA ,pAkA
An Bjni jM oj ,C jB qa B hU jnp pA A nAm Bow
]U a 5T U kkQ kB{ ,njB C Bkj pA /k A o
/k{BM BTeA BnoT pA njB o] kjBz kAU /k{BM T{Aj
/SwA k{ kBz BkoQ pA nBvM nj kkQ A
jo o/ nj BM {B An Ae o AnBTwA pA jB%TwA BM
,Bv jB<U ,kpo2 kA M jB<U pA AU ,SwBr %e <y2k>
/o* j pA Tjkd _ kM ,SwA 5oo pnBL A / SLd
C pA oUwo k jA /k jB%TwA jp AoM To2 o pA `M
nj UA ke pA oTzM ,Sv SwA C pA oU`M kB{ /Sv BUA SwA
AoM v] o/ pA SwA C pA oU5T oUa A /SwA o6i o
nBTiA nj An wB{An bw o ,kzM B{ fB{ xnjB nkQ
B] BU Swnj /jo nB M jB%TwAw ,Ko2 ,KU ,nj k{BM T{Aj
xAr SLv pB\ ke pA yM k jnA yAkBzi M noT
Ko2 KU KoA k ] An ji tAe kBM kA ,o* C pA /k{BL
BTeA kAkM njB nkQ o A /SwA AjBw nB oBoM /knh k{BM
mJU xn pA SwA ,kM nj xji jM wo jn nj `M jnAj
An jBo2 jAj `M C o A Te k jB%TwA ,C pA oTzM AoM Bv
nj o A ,k nj `M C kB{ SwA A SwB\A nj z /jpAkM
pA An ji BLAo Br pA nAk njB nkQ C ,joM mJU k \T
wo SBw ka ;2 pA kM L* ;d nj BkoQ /kj Swj
/koM SwA
1
jAj Bz An B`M jB%TwAw pA Bi B6{ { Bd /d
`M /k K] M An BonB{ ]U Ak kp jBo2 n* `M :SwA
M jAj Am> yjo S Bw An BU ,<oM Ao BM ,BMn ,BMn> <k>
1. A. Zahavi
Aiji r 200
201
Bv joL :Tz ~.
Aiji r 202
2. F. Alvarez
3. L. Arias de Reyna
203
Bv joL :Tz ~.
Aiji r 204
205
Bv joL :Tz ~.
Aiji r 206
207
Bv joL :Tz ~.
Aiji r 208
209
Bv joL :Tz ~.
Aiji r 210
~
(jB o) u] j B ]
,jnAj j] 2B jB<U knAj An ok r knj 5 kpo2 kA M TU
?k{BM oUkk{ kBM ke a BU knAk ok BM TLv _ BS%] M jB<U
pA /knAj BzoTz kpo2 nj SwA r w knj 5 BC qoTz qa BU
qoTz `M C nj UB%T B S2
M njB nkQ B\C
Aiji r 212
213
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
2. isogamete
3. Parker
Aiji r 214
215
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 216
r
BC ?S{Aj kAi oTzM Bw kC r Aqi nj ,jo nAm Bow
jAj Bz oz2 ?SwA oTij c]oU r pA oUnB{oQ B oUnB{ ovQ c]oU
217
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 218
219
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
koQ
Aiji r 220
d SwA C Ao T% oM v] o{ pA jB%TwAw
/kMoa S% C oM RApB\ A T nj k{BM k{ no RApB\
,k Bn An `M p SwA 2o M Un nj ;2 nkQ AoM Rn o nj
/k nqM An B`M BU M kATM jBp BTeA M p C
/SwA T2o o/ nj An k{ Bn njB y A pA %Th BRn pnoU
nqM An xA`M A jnAmM kLo%M An oj o SwA A A AoM nB oTM
jBp nB A k{BM kB Bj M p `M o A /SwA xji `M k o2 k
C Br pA ,jnAj An njB C Br pA `M A BM ,TLA /Sv z
M Bo nj An jni A L* JBhTA /Sv A nj qa jni nkQ
o k w kj c]oU An Bo UAnj k RApB\ Rk{
M /koLM M pA SwA B{kk] ov nj An ABM kAikpo2
Bx :jnAj B 1 toM oYA SwA AkkQ B ]U A jBp BTeA
kwoM nAjnBM jB Bz M TU k c{oU B{ jB o
BM M C j{ ;w ] Un nj ;2 ,k ;w An xA]
BkAikpo2 o x KUoU A M /k{BM T{Aj =o2 xALU S%] M
BozQ AomQ ;2 xAjB S%] j{ K] kz An xABM
S] oT AoM nBpBw An toM oYA njnC ,A KB] /k{BM A v]
jnA TU kTv o Bo{ ,A MBz BX !jnC JBve M
o*Bi A M kB{ ,kz An a Bo{ B ,k{ kk]
/Sv B{ji `M
/kwoM \T B M kzM An BkAikpo2 Bq A kM kAU o
,jB BM xqC pA LU ,B{C * nj jAj nAoU BM kAU
A M /j{ ji pA A qo B ,k nj k{ jq A M An Bo
jnAj A`M oj u pA ,ji Akp nj A BC kLM k oL kAU KUoU
jB SwA Aoa kj Ai BQ nj B /k yBn ,jM a o A
o /k{BM T{Aj xqC pA LU <jqB> * nj k{BM A KB*
1. Bruce effect
221
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r
222
1. domestic-bliss strategy
223
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 224
225
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
/k {n
Bq U AoM To2 AhLj nAk pA B ,SwA jnB kB
,jAj Bz oL] BM An BC j{ , Rn nj / jB%TwA 2B
nqM S2 BM A`M TU k o2 /SwA oUSeAn jAkA k2
,`M jo nqM q /k{BM + 15 A kA o AoM xAr jpBM ,j{
k{ xAnAk o Bp ,jni BAm>
% q A /k{BM 2 n T2omQ xkA A o*Bi M Bo6i
Anj nj SU T2n nk q /j{ <SiAjoQ> kA ;wU Aop SwA
/oM o/ nj keA 3 An C /SwA % jqB *
Bo BeBM BjB C nj nAj T] k o2
;wT ,Zp o nj /SwA J6 ovU B] A /knAjB2
/jnAj pBTA + 15 BC AoM k nqM A`M o /SwA oMAoM jB o jpBM
1 Ak o AoM j{ vU Bv BC M (2) xnoQ q
3 pBTA BM jqB * nj nj SU jo 5U AoM Bzjo /SwA
:j{ Ako jpBM ;wT n*M AoMBM /k{ RApB\
/ +15 1 3 = + 2
Ji xnBM nB /j{ S] jnA po j o\ jB k o2 Be
2. Fast
3. Faithful
4. Philanderer
Aiji r 226
227
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 228
LU /koLM yQ
An joLAn A kAU 5Th B{ M BjB
yAoM A
LU o BM xqC pA jB SwA jo jBzQ
SUA nj /k nAjji ,SwA jL A nB TiBw nj UAke B ,TiBv
Rn xqC ovU BkoQ
pA nBvM nj SwA nAoU A pA <U
229
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 230
1. T.R. Carlisle
231
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 232
233
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
o Bnj 2 nj SwA qa B
BTeA A /k kU An ji
,kj pB]A Bo pA kA jAkU M ;2 BjB /jo Rn TzM
;2 BA /koLM yQ ,SwBo BU nj An ABAiji ]oM joLAn
Bo oTM n M ;2 An S nj
k{BM 6 k a TU
/kAjz
AoM Ji Br SwA A BLj TU kj kBM jB Bkj pA
SwA A ?Sva BLj UA nj ,k AkQ xji Br BM jAj kQ
jq A M o o SwA kM /k AkQ kp AjA BAU oM j
Bq SwA kB kp k{ BM w BU jo SMBY An A UAke j{
KwB
B SwBw /kBM kp kAU A pA kM jo SMBY
ov o /k{BM nAjBw w Bjo BLj SwA A BjB AoM
C ,k o kAU kAjAj Bz An A Swj ,k{BM T{Aj oj
yAkpo2 o A BA /k KoU pAnj o Br BM An ji Br kAU jB
,* o /jnAk AkB2 BC * o knB jBp B A AoM
o S kB{ UAnj /Sv Ajo v] RnkU AoM ] oBoM A
o AjB /k{BM kz XkU nB jnA k{BM A jo jBp
jo ,kqoM LUn pA yBjAp jAkU ,jnAk k~U Bq kqoM An jBT2AB]
/SwA kqoM Ji Br pA oj BBz BM An A]
U `B kB{ /jnAj j] jBp jnA ?Sva oj BBz
nj BAU Bz kM BQ kB{ ,k{BM Am> jnC Swj M nj BAU Bz
Br jAj kQ pA SwA jB /k{BM onB{ Swj pA jo nAo2 ow
nj a kk% Bs A Aop ,k BC jw M UB~i a BM ji
oM An Bo BjB nAm A oM An BM AkTMA nj B AoMBM /ovQ nj a oTij
BMop Br pA Be BBz B UA
B BKvaoM BL
]U C M nAj SwA LB] T B\A nj BA /k JBhTA kAJi
o A ow oM Bo AB] nj /k{ A {n n*M oz2 ;wU jo
BnB oTM pA ,knAj SMBUn kzM Bp KhT U
BU jpBvM ovQ SwA A kj B\A kAU yBr AoM JBhTA nj njB
Aiji r 234
235
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 236
237
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
n*B
Rn A M Br BM An dT A BU /k{BM T{Aj AnB kAU
{ M o A BA / B jnAj AnB {BM 6 AU , kMRn
AkQ Ao/ a jM oY pA oTM n~U AU k{BM TBn k
An S A kAjo xU Tr TBn ~~hT C BU /
SwA A S kB{ /kAkwo B] M ,knCnj kCnB k RnM
BC pA /kAT{Ak An 2B x BC kB{ B ,Sv ni jnj M A A
/jkvQ oTM An Svh m{ ue ,SwA SwA jnB
An ji k M k{BL p kBBM jB M An ji oUoM n* o o o A
yAq2A M n xAr S2 nB A BM {M ,kj Bz S AnAj
A M ,k{ Aovoe KeB koM Bnj B2 AoMBM /jnAm
jBw oMkU A BM M kAjM BjB ]U jn TiB{BLp o/ pA j
BAovoe BLeB /k nBQ S ,j{ jq Aovoe M An oj o o
A M ;2 kwn poQ M knAj An Aovoe K~> k~U BC BM pnBL nj
o A a ,kTv m2 K>A BKB> /kAovoe KeB nB{C j
AjB AoMBM !kjM jo cT2 An B] U C BU kT{Aj k{ m2 BAU
kj kQ r BM An ji r k oS%] Aovoe KeB BM ;2
pA jBp jAkU uQ pA q kM BjnioM nj BU SwA ko SB% nkU M
BAU nkQ pA yBovQ
BTeA /kCoM kB S%]M jniow Bo C
Aka
jB Bnj 2 /joM kAi VnA M An Aovoe jo nAjA
xALU oe KeB k B6i BQ pA Swj kAhM o A Aop ,jnAk ji pA nBTiA
Aiji r 238
239
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 240
o*BU ]
BTeA /Sv jB o* AoM UAke C q ,kqC
pA jBp nAk /jqn M An A Akp B jpB Rk M T2o {
,j{ Jm] S%] An pA Am> RnM ;2 ,kA A M A nAm Bow
Bp BA pA oUBM BA ,j{ o~ o{ RnM kM M
M o*BU C TU kM /j{ oj B`M xnoQ o SvAU SwA
j] BM k{BM A S kB{ /SwApB j{ kwn M w
kM BM kATM j{ WBM A KwA Bn M 2B SBL{
vU nj BM Sv nkU C SBL{ A BA ,kpBvM An o*BU U
nj Br o/ pA o A ,k{BM ao A j Be /k nB Bw p
241
(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
Aiji r 242
j ~
;2
Bk{] BM A /kn nB{ M BM k kp
BLB> /jnAj j] BBXTwA BA ,jo Rn keA B<A nj
B B{ BZ2 B kT2A An BM ze BB Boin
/k{ kj koQ 5Th
,j{ Be Aiji jo2 AoM ] nj kp pA 2B jn nj
/k %Th BUnA B{ An C Bw k{ nBoA jBp Bo/
/ nB{A o/ ka M ;2 , SLd BC jn nj Ai
nj AonBXA oBoM nBT2n M B UBM M jooM S] A M
cTU A /j cTU B{nBMnj jM jAj U j{ Mo ~2
_ C kM jnC j] M B nj BT]A RAoze M SLv An ]U
BTLv ~2
A nj ,B\Aow /Sv B RBAe onBXA jn nj dTU
U> A A ,pAjoQ LB]j onBXA SA BM % BM M dT
</An U SzQ ,AnBi Ao SzQ
M k{] A pA kBM k kp BM ] RnM RBAe TU
Aiji r 244
245
B5 nj
X Akow kM j{ AkQ xA ow 2j onB{
M jM oUjq BTeA kBM * o pBM Rn C nj ,k{BM jo
nj * o v\ n*A B /k BATe An anB{
SwA p pA Ajkd n/ /SwA T2o nAoU 1 <o6i pe> ;w
,BX AoM /oj jAo2A M BU SwA oUjq |Bi * C M xA6 o
/ { BM B{B2 kAjBT2A An BM B* C o A
{Be nj C q] M) Ako Ao*A nj o6i pe ,k{BM T{Aj wk
/k{BM ]Sz BLoU { o/ pA kAU yM ,jnAj nAoU (SwA
,k{BM jo SwA A o6i pe ]Sz C nj onB{ o A
oTzM knAj nAoU {Be nj jAo2A /k B]x An A
BTeA
,Sv a BTLv ]Sz BC o6i jkd a ,komQKwC
/j{ B{ An w 6 SwA pBM T C o* pA M
/k a BATe An ji o6i pe k w UB jo2 o BA
nAoU {Be nj j{ ]T o A /jqoPM {Be nj T2o nAoU pA k{ s M
kBM jo2 oiBM B%wBT /joM iAj Sw M k nB An2 T2o
!k{BM kBL xji j] C k o2 jo2 o jo nAoU {Be nj
\T nj /jnAj j] \U iAj w M {Be pA B]MB] Ak
jpM jM Q yhQ k AoQ
LU A o A SwA nj Ro]B A
do{ n* An ji k B o A Te /j{ \v jo {
B
B] 2jB~U n*M * o k{BL \U M zAo _ C nj
ji k xU j{ WBM jo2 o Aiji pA {B nBz2 ,k{BM T{Aj nAoU
M A /kBM ji AoM o6i pe pA kj B] jAo2A M Bi B<2 nj An
oUn] ] [nkU M j{ B\U zU M o\ Sow
/k{ oU AoT
M yAo knAj j] MBT BnBz2 UA kp nj SwA kM
nj jU nj jAo2A jM A pA o> o A /k jkd An \U
1. domain of danger
Aiji r 246
247
Aiji r 248
2. J.R. Krebs
249
Aiji r 250
251
Aiji r 252
253
/SwA jAj fn
kkQ A BT]A RAoze
BkAp ,k{ vU k yhM j M BT]A RAoze j Ao2A
onB BknAk /kTv XkU BjB Bo BkAp /BknAk
oj nj oTw BjB BBn nj oTw BjB Bo /kTv
nL\ Aop kj B\A Mi M An B{nB d j o /BT]A RAoze
nj Cw A ?SwA v a o/ pA Mi A BA /k MB ok BM kTv
<?kwn a BonB M> :SwA k{ BM Rn A M nAj o/
ji AkA S] nj k tBveA BC /<qa _> kAT% <M
M kwn nj An A jnAjA An AonB B{ nAqMA BM An A nj jn yQ
xjBp nBvM BjAp pA k B{nL\ ,k nB xABAiji AkA
SwA nkBvA 1 <kA nBTwj> o/ pA SAn A /k nAk
An BkAp BonB SwA C ,A 5Bh o/ /kj Tz ~2 nj
pA Bhv k AoQ nj An BC kAp nBTwj A BM kj <xnoQ>
jpBw An BM B{B ,B /k oTzM AonB r
T /knAj jq kBzi BC BM BA kTv AonB B`M
BnLp v BnLp ,Ban nj Swj joM Q A M Ak{
/k{BM oUjq B`M M ji pA AonB UAnj kB{
oUoza w M An 2 o pnoU kM A ji o2 A
op nAoUM C kTwA o\p /jo SAk Aiji r o/ BS2
:SwA
v nLp ,an ] pA BMqpB o Boze Sv] U B/
A nj knAk mU o A M BBn /SwA o> nLp
;2
BM qpB o nj /kTv w BC S~i
BoPwA jAj B\A oS%] k~U M pAoQ ;2 A] nj A /Sv BM
A * /SwA jo oil SwA oTzM B Bw j xo M AoM An
ov B pA TU An BC Thn BhU n An BoPwA [nkU M A BBw
1. parental manipulation
2. Hare
Aiji r 254
255
Aiji r 256
257
Aiji r 258
259
Aiji r 260
261
Aiji r 262
263
Aiji r 264
265
Aiji r 266
AoT
2. Sucker
3. Cheat
267
Aiji r 268
269
Aiji r 270
qU
B BU k oL Bop nqM B k{BM T{Aj nB/TA SwA
oUnqM B nB A B] M ,BA /kj RnU An kqU SU C kM j{
A /joM xnB Q onj kM B B{ oT2n jnAm
pAkA oT2n C ,jnA nBvM nj Aop ,SwA onBXA pA oza
/k{ nqM B C * jB n*M SwA BB
knAj As zB BSoe |~iM An An bo* oT2n BB
BB jni pA nqM BB /k qBT oT2n AM An BC
k{ jq Bi }Un BM knAj An |Bi An An bo*
C a
k{ kB vi ST jnA BC k{ qU B /k dBTA
BM /kqM ow BC oM nj B] M oT2n B kj pB]A
A pA kAhM KT BpBMe Sv K\ knAj Br Aiji
knAj j] a BB pA B /k jB%TwA w ji % M ST
A o%w kATM BU k~Un n*B kTv oT2n B L{ Swnj
kB JAi vi C M nqM B TU /k{BM T{Aj nqM B oU nj
pA pB ,k Ak] An BA A B] M BKT C ,jn o2 o/jn
pBM ,BpBMe A j] BM /knAm nAo2 M BQ kp A nqM BM
/SwA nAoUoM BTwj
B yBoTz oT2n B M 6MAn
1
o /jnAj BvMC BT]A Apn kp nj y oT2n 2oe
X kAkj An nqM BB jnAj Ajkd ji AoM oT2n
A ,jn A nj kB{ /j{ BzTM BU kAkz 5 BzAnC BoTz
An oiBU BM LB]j onBXA BU SwA kB B] nj M nAoA
B] M ,T2n Bw yQ z nqM B AoM /SwA TiBw
o AoMBM SwA oUSeAn i ,k{BM ApBU Bw BLj Ak A
n<e /Sv Shw <U A nBM /jnhM An a oT2n B C k
o BU k jnA nqM B M o~Th nBz2 BM KT BBoT2n
/jpAkA o6i M An UA BoT2n
BTeA ,jnhM An An An k~Un
1. Coral reef Community
271
Aiji r 272
jpB ~
kk] pBwBT :1
nB kM An C ao ,Ajo SLd jBp BvA nBMnj B\A BU
nj SwA jM A ke BU <BM {B> b6A pA jB%TwA j /T{Am
/j{ B{ An BvA B B <Ae> rA ,B<M l
j] o jn nj kBM A nj Ajo bo6 BkTwA
j kBM ,j{ BXTv A k{BM nAoU o A /k{BM T{Aj joMnB AT2BBU
Bi j B jM jo2 M o~d AoM BC /k{BM T{Aj j] Bi
/SwA nC Cw A gwBQ o2 ?jnAj j]
nj AU k qBT AnAkB] oj pA An BvA An `C oTzM
M ,C UB%ozU B nj An rA A /<o2> :jo i
BTA ao /k jB%TwA C pA kzAj oM nB M UnM
,k jB\A BU o/ C pA BA ,SwA nB /2Bd A nj o2
kAU poA vA 2 owBa o%] /SwA tBU MBU r BTA BM
Ajo v SvM pA d T{n A BM ,k S% BM TeAnM
nB\ Bv BM kTvAU Ako kj kQ M An BC vA
nAqMA BM BMp kwn o/ M /k SLd ,ovQ nkQ X ,o\p C nj ji
/kMB BU r BU pA oTzM nBvM Tow BM ro>
An C BvAo> oTM /Sv BvA }Th o2 BTA
1. Meme
2. Geoffrey Chaucer
Aiji r 274
2. Saddle back
275
2. L.L. Cavalli-Sforza
3. F.T. Cloak
Aiji r 276
2. Arapesh
BoC wB{jo
277
Aiji r 278
279
Aiji r 280
281
RnBL
?a ///B ,jn C o ,Aq o ?SwA ,C AoU
nj /{ wT joM nB M w ~2 nj BMp B M pBM
o nj BkeA M r nqM a BkeA M An 2 Ko r B\C
C pA o> k{BM B ;2 jL SMBY qa r 5oU /jo vU keA
jM po * pA nAk ,nB jo SeAn AoM jM keA M ,k{BL
SBA o/ pA kBM j{ Jvd L* JBhTA nj LU MBU keA A AoM
%w pA RnBL BU o A /S{Aj BM S% nAjoMhv nj
pA Ak] An C jzM k{BM joPw jB M MBU }hz 2B nkUM TM
,joM nB M jAn kTwo2 BTvA nj AC Bz AM %w
,BUB%UA /nC JBve M An C jnAj An TvB{ A SUC
/SwA jo n %w C pA joM Rm AoM Ao BAU dT
o/ BtB{Svp poA TU ,MBz mo* M
T{ pA hv BzAko Sv A B n/ ,knAj LU An nAj
|Bi {n M uo /SwA jo e ji qJ nj M An nAj ji
,nAj ji BT{ n pA An C kB{ /k ov%U An nAj o/ ,ji
Bqa C RBq] pA nBvM /k{BM T2o oUkk] Bkv pA M
SepM kAi An yMBT nAj ji o A /SwA SwnjB ,jAj bo{ nAj
n*C pA nAkA kao ,jo AkQ C nj An xji A o/
,BA >n ,Be A BM /kC y{i j cTU An C
An o/ C jAo2A l nj ,nAj o] ,Sv qa
1. Particulate
2. gene Complex r
\ B
Aiji r 282
283
o
C Q xpnA BM An BA oUPB nqM q Ao pA nBvM nj /SwA xpnABM nka
BY KveoM An Bp pA zhM oMnB o M SwA B ;k\w
j{ o pAkA rA Kve oM An B<2 pA w j{ o pAkA
/SwA ozM qJ k kp C nj B oUPB /kj |B~TiA
SMBUn k{BM pBwoil B<2 pA oU kjkd B Bp
BTeA
C
nj kAU SwA qJ oT nj kM BvA qJ /k{BM oTzM C ow oM
qJ ]U k{BM nAoU o A /kj B\A BM An nB wj pA yM keA
oj RBBA /kCoM KUn B uQ
pA kBM ,k K] ji M oTzM An jC
BMBU B<2 qU jAn SU knAj SMBUn C ow oM B
/SwBBhMBT v%U B<2 BBpn Tw ,UBJLU
nj pBv B\ SwA kj w ~2 nj ,Br jn nj
,BAoQ nj kU M Mo Br pA nqM \ /j{ AkQ r Aqi
kAk{ jq M nkU C ,kATwQ M po n
oUk`Q
%
M B \Q ~2 nj /S2o o/ nj r An BC j{
r
Aqi nj /jnioM knAkBQ BU o/ pA r 9 pA Bo
BM
MBT ve B<A BzeA BA ,Ba ,BAkj AnAiS{
nAkBQ \ AnAiB r Aqi nj Be nj ,kAk{ n]S%]
a Aqi nj BC /SwA k{ AkQ oj Bs T{n B{
,k{BM TwQ oj B M kBM kpBw
X BC ?jnAj j] TT
Aiji r 284
285
Aiji r 286
$o M o# yAoM
287
jAo$A U U AoM
Aiji r 288
jpAj ~
1
kA ] Ji BjC
Aiji r 290
1. reciprocal altruism
2. symbiotic
3. Robert Axelrod
291
2. Deffect
3. Rank Order
Aiji r 292
xAjBQ
Ji B TLv
BjpBM
kM i
(LB]j nB AoM)
nj 3
nB
o] nj 1
nB
Ji i
ww
( AoM)
nj 5
RApB\
kM B TLv
(LB]j AoM)
o] nj 1
293
Aiji r 294
295
Aiji r 296
xAjBQ
nB
Ji B TLv
kM An A nAm
An B{ k Sep
nB
omQ
Ji i
ww
BjpBM
kM i
B 6BM nAj
An B{ k Sep
omQ
RApB\
kM B TLv
,k
M An A nAm
B 6BM nAj
An B{ B k Sep
SwA SeAn Bi
omQ
Ak An B{ B
297
Aiji r 298
Ji B TLv
xAjBQ
nB
kM i
BjpBM
(LB]j nB AoM)
pBTA 3
pBTA o@
nB
Ji i
ww
RApB\
kM B TLv
AoM
LB]j AoM
pBTA 5
pBTA 1
299
2. Anatol Rapoport
3. Naive Prober
Aiji r 300
301
Aiji r 302
303
Aiji r 304
nj RBMBv
M A ,AeA dBTA C nj /kjM Ji BkSo{ 5~ jke ,jov A
koM ,k{ AnA nj BUj C M A o A A Be B nj /jM koM nj C
k{ MBv jnA BC BLoU ,UB%UA n*M k o2 BA /jM
14 pA a /kBM yQ T a jM SeAn i /kjM kM kjM
M A SUC ,jM kM BC BU 13 o A /kjM kM C BU 6 ,k{ AnA joLAn
,k{ joM Q ;2 /jL KwB A AoM AeA dBTA /k{ koM nj C
BjoLAn a SwA A M TvM BjoLAn S2 ALUn kM]nj M
BBvA SwAi X
SwA qa M TvM ,oj RnBL M ;k{BM k{ AnA
o%U BM ? C jM AhLj pA AU a /SwA AhLj
/ ESS
1. robust
305
Aiji r 306
307
2. Jeffrey Lorberbauum
Aiji r 308
,qz nj
C M A nj BUj C M A pA *h nj ,BU BMp M ,j{
A S% j{ B*A BM BLoU /jM kAi JBB nB nj BA jo
309
UB%UA
jAo2A nB BU k kp BjApBi njAoM ,oAi nB nj B oTzM
Aiji r 310
311
Aiji r 312
BM
313
Aiji r 314
315
M A Twj oiC
B{BM w ,~2 o BBQ nj /jnC jo An jBp S]
oUBQ jn M k{ T /k{ T kM ~2 AoM j Twj
/jo Rn jBp xU C pA qoQ AoM SwA kB{iB B]o2
w pA /jM Bw C nj ~2 BpBM pn oiC 1977 B k\
jM k{ }hz BUj ,kk{ T oUBQ jn M kBM B{BM
,k{BM U w A pA kBM jM /jM WdM p w ow oM
B] pA kBM U w A L{ pn C nj AoMBM /oTB B TvoM ,knkBw
A Twj nj yBB] ) nBa U MB nj knkBw /kT{Am B
/kjM MB nj oTB TvoM /jo pBM (jM 6U
BvU M oTB TvoM kBM SU C ,jpBLM knkBw o A kTvAj
,k{ koM knkBw Un nj BA /kBM UBM A yhM nj BU kwoM
M TvM ,jM oTB B TvoM S2n BQ kBM U SUC
kBM tBve pBM j A /kT{Aj MB nj S{Aj AMBv \T
oUoj Uj 5 oTB TvoM pBM nj /k{ nAqoM Bp
pBM C \T oTB TvoM pBM BBQ pA LU , n* /k{ do{
/j{ do{ k`Q BTwAj A k{ WBM A /k{
pBM ,oLi xnAq U M ,oTB TvoM M pBM oTzM
Uj Sz nj /jM nBBU ] (knAj Swj o A B) Bze ow
j ,kM /jM 2:2 \T kjM T{B Bzinj B o* jo ,pBM A
,An2 /SwA TiBM knkBw kC oLi o* C pA ,pBM BBQ M kB Uj
nj [BT oTA nqM
d% n An oLi jAj nTwj oTB U ok
kkj An C pBM 22 o AoBo /knAmM yB M jM p BTA
oUBQ jn M BU k xU jBp i Sv p oj kk{ ]T
,SU C nj ,UAnj /jo SB% U jo kB BM AoM BvU /ko
o6i A dB2j pA BpBM T{AjoM BM ,a j{ jp jM A kM SwBw
%e BvU kjo w U jo /joM BQ ,jpBLM S{Aj j]
Shwow BLUn Uj AnAjA> :oLi xnAq B U M /j{
A TvoM AoM An jBTz Uj q Aj A pA LU BYka ,kjM
Aiji r 316
BAko ,nBM An
SwA A k nj nj B pA Ako AoM
~U k2 An A MB pBM nAmM A oM An BM AU
nAoU
317
BTeA
Aiji r 318
1. Cooperate, Cooperate
319
ow oM
BTeA ApBMow S2omQ kBM /k{ UA oU k kAi BC
/kAkwn m2AU M BkBo2 BM kpBM k{BM poQ ] nj A c]oU
BA /SwA UA Akp B p SwA oj ;Ao{ q] A
AM ,A `C /k{BM nMn C BM pBMow jo2 o Sv MBhTA A
BM MBT nB /jnAk oYBU ] \T n kj B\A ,jo2
Tv oYA ,o*M 6 nj ,SwB{ oMAoM nj {j pBMow 2
j M B{ o A Te ,SwA oTM i LB]j pA ,jnAj BUkp n
k{BM T{Ak o6i BTAoM Un nj ,B/ A SBn B TwoQ*
B ST A kwn o/ M / (DC) kqM kj c]oU ke BU
j{ AkQ nj C M A X qa S{Aj nB/TA AU /SwA UA Akp
/j{ a
,ow 6i pA |Bi B] o nj A6 nAkBQ joLAn A jnAk q
BjoLAn jABi pA < nj C M A /k{BM nj C M A ji nj BTe
M RBLYBM 2 o/ pA o A B{ ,kAS{m BM ]2U SwA Ji
AoM /kn M pA TeAn M ,kk{ AkQ A pA kM Swj ,kB JBve
/k{ AkQ nj C M BU w A ,j] ;Ao{ tBwA oM ,A6 nj BX
,kC oM BC Bo ///n oM ow pA BK{
/ ///SwA pAkAnBPi qa oUkM /Sv oLi pAkAoU oU pA AoMBM
qo B / ///kTHM ow nj o A B kzM B] An oH Sz SH kB{
1. defection, Cooperate
Aiji r 320
321
Aiji r 322
323
Aiji r 324
325
1. G.S. Wilkinson
Aiji r 326
k B{ nB
nB
Ji B TLv
nB
kM i
xAjBQ
B{Ci TiAjoQ
? ? nB?
kM BTLv
Ji i
ww
RApB\
327
Aiji r 328
jqw ~
r w oTv
,yz A /SwBQoM Aiji r o/ nj
nj AkjnApC yz
Aiji r 330
331
r w oTv :jqw ~.
2B
BC /SwA k{ kM XkU B BM M kBwn noT B jw
A nj UBU j A M ke BU kB{ /kAjAk nAoU o/k An r ji
jo oTM nj r SwA
X /SwA jAk Bz Aka An ji o/
] pA ,onB{ C kM BU /k{BM m2 onB{ kj Sow
kp j{ WBM A Sow /k{ oUm2 A kj oUkU BM ,yBr
] pA ,yBr pA oTzM Bhv AoMBM ;jnBM `M kBM
Aop jpBM n TeAn M UBU C B\A nj /k T An ,kj kU r C
/SwA Ji kM AoM k{BM r % M qa
oj AoM Ji xji AoM r in oYA o A j{ a BA
An C pA jnA /Sv RhU pAoQ ;2 A ?k{BM kM kM C Br
o A /SwA T2o B 1 p yAo oza kkQ
X ,wB{
Bpo jAkU C nj SwA w vU pA Bi d p ,k{BM BUjB
nj /knC j] M An hU Bw B oPwA Bw j{ 5~
A ;2 ,C S%] o pA /SwA 2jB~U
B vU A p
pAkA B M BA /j{ |Bi hU B oPwA jnA jnAj An BA
B) oPwA jBp jAkU jn nj o A jo nAoU A B] nj C C jnAj BTeA
C AnAj BC 5~ j{ ,k JBve An B (hU
2jB~U ,w TiAkA BM X ,p vU /kAC KUn B{ oj 5~
kAo2 C ,Aj Bv An ;i B o{ kC BTeA B BA /SwA
p /o> JBUoQ Rk{ ,jBM SwA nBvM A oYBU SdU q2
n*M o A /j{ UA Br oYBU SdU SwA SwA q2 kAo2
n kB AkBz MBU qa xoYA j{ AkQ AT2By] r UB%UA
nj k o2 ?j{ a ,k{BM p ji oM M k{BL k] B za
,jnC nj hU pA ow AT2By] r SB nj A BTeA k\Tv p
BC B knAj j] Br a /SwA yLUn AoM BTeA A pA yM
1. meiotic drive
Aiji r 332
3. homozygous
2. James Crow
333
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 334
1. Caddis
335
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 336
pA Bu BM L jn pA 1 Cj ] o A k v\ An B
BBi ,kTiBw Bi B{ji AoM SzoM ze BqBP{
JBhTA SUj BM Bw C nj ,k{ kMmB Ji BBM AnAj
BUj ujB oze o BA !jM k{ nBBw ka nB KUo
B /k K] An B]U RkBU Rn M ,kj B\A An nB A
,knAj qo> Rn M An nB o A ujB RL j{ T%
n/ /k ]U An BC 5B< jnAkBTwA BM kAi nBA n*
/kj ] KB] oTzM An BC jnioM A ?Sva
,ujB Bi jnAk kjoU u_ /A WdM ow jooM kBM
An C JBhTA kBM /SwA kC j] M nAj JBhTA BM SwA nBpBw
jAj c]oU An k Shw TwQ
X n*B Swnj ,k{BM jAj c]oU
j] AoM KUoU A M SwA kM AoM d B%e a ;SwA
j] 2B AkB2 ji M n*A B BU BA /SwA k% yBr
C 2B ,UA 2B /oM o/ nj UB%UA ,L* JBhTA o/ pA ,An kp
A k jn nj /kj kSoB%e S%
TwQ M SwA Br
337
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 338
339
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 340
341
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 342
343
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 344
2. plasmid
345
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 346
2. Spanish Fly
347
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 348
/SvAj TiB2 Br
nj
An pA T2B xoTv in
2. reed-warbler
349
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 350
351
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 352
353
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 354
1. binding
355
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 356
357
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 358
359
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 360
361
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 362
2. splurge-weed
3. clone-mate
363
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 364
365
r w oTv :jqw ~.
2. splurge weed
Aiji r 366
2. reverse mutation
367
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 368
369
r w oTv :jqw ~.
Aiji r 370
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385
2. Andromeda Breakthrough
Aiji r
386
387
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Aiji r 388
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389
Aiji r 390
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391
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395
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397
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398
399
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401
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402
403
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405
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406
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407
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409
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411
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415
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417
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419
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Aiji r 420
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Aiji r 422
423
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Aiji r 424
425
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Aiji r 426
427
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429
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Aiji r 430
431
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433
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435
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Aiji r 436
437
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Aiji r 438
439
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Aiji r 440
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441
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443
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451
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1. The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior
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455
jpB ~. S{Q
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Aiji r 456
457
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458
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459
jpB ~. S{Q
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Aiji r 460
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Aiji r 462
463
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Aiji r 464
465
Bk pA Akq
Aiji r 466
467
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nCnBMoj
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Aiji r 468
469
Bk pA Akq
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Aiji r 470
471
Bk pA Akq
Aiji r 472