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Aiji r

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The Selfish Gene


Richard Dawkins
Oxford University Press, 2006

Swo
7 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /SzBw Aw NBa k
19 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / j yAo k
25 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / NBa M B

29 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (pnoU RoMAn) NBa oM T{AjjB


33 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ?AkC B\3 pA B
~6
49 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BpBwBT

j ~6

61 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kpz B_QnB

w ~6

131 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Aiji {B RBLY :]BU

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99 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / r {BnBa ~6
165 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / r Tva

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219 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Bv joL

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283 / / / / / / / / / / /{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An TzQ U

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197 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jABi GU

245 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (jB o) u] j M ]

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319 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kk] pBwBT : jpB ~6


337 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kA ] Ji BjC jpAj ~6

365 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / r w oTv jqw ~6


433 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BS{Q
53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k{ pnM wBzMBT3

513 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 1977 Ar <nUBTPwA> nj nAAk oTQ k


548 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B

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BM Ji B kM An o pA BLoU  jo nBM j{ Shw
,AkM JBT S% pA o nBzTA BM ,BBw A * /AkAnm Aiji
nj An ji o/ BkAi ,kjBTwo2 Bo%w M MBT [oU AoM Ao Ao{B
k zU ji Ao 56 BM BM BJBT UU jn
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;2 B<M /SwA =Ao>A  A /// yB<A  kAi kz
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yMBT A Aow BTL* k 5z An Akv pBU BC  kj o*Bi
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BM ,BA /kAjo AkQ oTzM bT SUA oM TL BBX kAjo
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A /kAi <A] jo JBT > An Aiji r ,TvM oU S~{ BBw
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,1975 nj / do{ JBT A nBMnj Bo/kk\U pA kkM pB]A


Bz o{B BU M An BU JBT ,un kpj Twj BM o% pA kM
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<Aiji> S% / C A pA kC y{i JBT pA /kj An ok
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BLoU <kpz r> ,jM JBT A RBT pA r RB*A jM AoB
M BwAe B Ak_ B M) /S{Aj An <Aiji r> Ao B
o2 Be (1 jL kA nBwA Aiji  JBT A BM A A AC
A  BC B~h ,AkT pA nBvM /jM o{B BM me kB{ 
n pA ;2 An JBT kj c]oU AoBo ,%v2 nj oLi kB\]nB]
BdA B BM BM B~! jn nj nB A {M /kAhM yA
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B AoM BA ,kj JA] Ji n  w
C KB6 pA B n~U jB\A AoM ,~% uop kM Aiji r JBT
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Be nj ,SwA Aiji nBMnj kwn o/ M , k BU <Aiji> n
rA n oM k BU  SwA A Swnj /SwA onBXA jn nj JBT oTzM 
oM A yz vnAj nj / BM An yj kkM pB]A ,k{BM <r>
Ak C :j{ kqoM L* JBhTA nj keA Ak
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C /jn M pA B kB UBM L* JBhTA \T nj  SwA keA
b6w nj SwA /jM kAi <Aiji> ,5oU mL* ,yM  ,keA
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o*BiM RAj] U U  k{BM A B nB/TA kBM ,k{BM a o A
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/SwA (SB]) giant (r.]) gene  j AC


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pA TwnjB qnj Ba WdM A /kBM UBM B{S] kC jAo2A AoM


/S{AjA JBT A T{ M Ao  jAj ZAn An vnAj
Rn Br B pA JBhTA , k BU JBT A nj  n*C BC
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jAj Am> X ;k{BM nCK\U kBL ,k nBT2n AonBXA <Br b>
A /knAj An B{ji r pA Bhv
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nAoU An JBT A nj <Aiji> rA n<e 6 j kkM pB]A
Ak ,RBe KUAovw nj  SwA A wBwA Cw /j cTU 
d6w a nj L* JBhTA ,SwA Aiji c6w  M c6w
BBwM B ?Aiji j] ?Aiji o ?Aiji nj ?k
A pA K>A Bkv jo WdM BA jn nj oTzM AU ?Aiji
o2 BM /kAjo BLT{A BA ,kAT{m ,SwBve jAj Bz kM ,dT
nAoU pA ,SwA Aiji qa pA SLd ,BU pB\A BM ,nAj BQ nj A
,jo nAoU WdM jn JBT A nj  ,d j M kBM qa C
A j , B k{BM T2omQ An BkTwA A oiC nj B{ a ;k{BM r
/SwA A JBT
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Aiji r 8

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kB B] kU ] C B%6 /(SwA k{ 2BTA j NBa M ~2 A
Ao AnBQ A KB6 5jn nj qa yB] M k q BQ ji l pA An C
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A pA jM Aoa Ak{ ]T Be ,RB{A d A T2o o/ nj BM
r> jM oTM kB{  tBveA j A M ,j{ TwnjB S{AjoM A
kB{ /jM <onBXA d> oj q /jo JBhTA An <kpz
y nj ,kp j] r M nB{C yz Be o M jM L 
k2 oB SvnA  zz ) jo e An L* JBhTA nj KUn BkeA
/(joM ji BM oiC BU An
r /Sv onj pA WdM jnAj j] keA d j L* JBhTA nj
jo /d y nj SwA keA kp j] /pBwBT y nj SwA keA
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njow nBaj ,k }hzU Swnj An qBU A o A kok pA
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nBMnj JBT pA Ak yhM ,kwn o/ M Aiji j B<T
Br o  Sv A M TLA /SwA K*S% Br M nB
/kwn S2 M oj Bo 2B B ji B<A 2B T{Am BQ op BM
AoM BjqB pA A\ Aqi C oj Br nB nj An r o ,uoM
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,k{ Jvd ;d pA zhM oj Br , nj /kM
q Bi BoT BM B y{Q ,* onB{ ,A JC  n*B
p Br ,RkBU nj ,r o o/6 pA /kA Svp ;d pA zhM
nj kTv kM nj A BM oj v M v pA o%w nj  kA BC
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Br TwjnAj  SwA p M x L* JBhTA ,AoMBM /knAj


k{BM nB  B] nj kAok nB S% AU  An nBpBv
r wBwA A <nB Br> A BU
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BM tBU pA jB%TwA BM \Q ~2 nj dT A /kp oM An Aiji


/SwA jo AkQ AjA jqw ~2 nj T2B ;vM pnBQ Bo
M nB M oTzM Aiji Br L*
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kj nB M U Br <M  jo BlA kBM ,kj BM Br


Br An BC Bkv <M /k r nj Br oj
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Br BM Bz%oo RB%U jn nj B%Uw K] A /kAkB Aiji
nAkBw  Br BM An /k nB K*S% BUnB nj  SwA
nj  kApT yAo Br ,Aiji jBA=2 Br nB
nj  kA<A B DNA> k{ BM Bz% 453 BU 451 Bd%
DNA> A op oj Bkv kAk{ bo6 45 44 Bd%
Ak ,JBT A nBzTA pA kM BBw nj /kAjAj cTU B{jn nj <Aiji
2o Aiji jBA=2 Br pA oUK\ ao kk] B
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pA c6w j nj /jnAj p cTU ,k{BM T{Ak Ainm B] o A C
jn nj /kp j] c6w nj r c6w nj :Ajo jB%TwA nBABvA
k o2  Sv UB jC _ Aop ,Sv WdM B] BvA M r LzU
jAoA a  kAi _ knAjnioM B C pA DNA B
Aohw Tv  T{Aj An So2 A nBM /kAj jnA kv oM An
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RoM TwC T{ (26)


JBT /1
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Aiji r 10

M TU  jM A A hw % BLoU nC jB M An A RB
jM oTA B] o A kwoQ xji pA ,jo o2 { nj T
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k nBT2n n* n dB{ C kwn o/ M /k jB%TwA AnBABvA
RB\ M An C qUA /kBwoM UAke M An k~ 6 M kwn Bp 
=o> Be nj o B{ RB\ k~U  k LzU Bnj eBw nB nj o>
nj A Sow Aop , ?joM }h{ C o* M SwAn kBM BC /jnAj An k{
zi nj  An An Bp
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BU k B{ kM j{ JC jnA AAp a BM /kj Bz mo> RB\
:jo \T qUA /j{ Be ST oUJ6
oU3 AoT Wd B pA 3 SwA n BnBT6n kB Swnj A
A ?SwA Ak3 An oUBU3 kAj B\3 pA yQBzQ n BA /jnm
?jnAj yAoM TA a

To LB] Rn M An ywoQ A TA o/ pA T2o BA BM A


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BSBe MB nj /Sv o> {pC nAqMA ;2 nBABvA
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Aiji onBXA nAj
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gwBQ M SwA SeAn i /SwA <U {j nB


,k{ wnoM p BTeA SUj BM o A T{AkQBvA Br /woM SwnjB
/kBwn RB\ eBw M ov oUBU pA An nAj pAjoQo/ ,K>A
pA T /j / , SBn An BTeA nB A nj jo w TU

11

SzBw Aw NBa k

1972 nj ,AB nj A /kwn jAj M kC JBT A nj BzB  Be nBa


:S{ ,(jo do{ An Aiji r T{  Bw)
nj C BBT \U 3 j{ jAj oUoM L\ JBhTA nj r M
oG M 3 SwA Br M B ]U /k{BM yAq6A M n r Aqi
AoM kBM uQ ,knAm oYA BzBknAj BT]A nBT6n n kwn
/j{ oUt WdM BU { Bb JBhTA jApC x ke BU Br
o6 kzkA yBBT jAkU yAq6A v M r k3 o6
///M k3 JBhTA kAU k3

j] Aiji r JBT T oTzM kAi nj A Be B Swnj


/jnAj
,AkTvp a ,jnAj WdM B] oTzM kTvp T{AkQ BvA
B BAiji BqA SwA BUA AoMBM knAj qJ ,Br ioM
Aiji o{ B M MBT /k{BM T{Aj ,B nj RBwBveA kB ,AAonBXA
M Swnj /Sv a Aiji r ,k jB\A B%Uw BUA SwA
,k n~U n nBM B] M An ji kAU jC  Rn B
JBhTA An ov oUKwB Bnz Bwk n nBzMC B pA Ak{
BTA AoM An ov oUJ6 jnAmM To2 r B] M An ji B ,k
jB o{  o2 AU uQ ,k JBhTA oj Bv M
/k LwBd RkpAnj nj yBr BM AoM An nBAn oTM kAU
B~U TBn LwBd wB{Svp M T k Tvh
kBwn oX Ake M AoM ,o{
X ,nAj j]  jM Ak{JBve
A Bji  jB pA JBT A nj /kj B\A yBr BM
/Ajo jB%TwA c6w j C nj RBLwBd
:n oj c6w M c6w pA Sow BM 198 d% nj
C jnAmM 3 SwA A 6o M njB AoM
jAo{ nj kj B
3 nAmM A oM An o6 ve n\M AU B /joM kd `M
BA ,kj AjA kp AoM U M Gd oiC BU kBM km `M C

Aiji r 12

U Tb /k3 MyQ An qa a Bq oG A
pA 3 An TH ,xAkp M kA k{ 3 BM ,3 j{ AUB nkbC km
C pA oj B`M 3 k{BM TH k~ pA oT3 joM kA RBBA
KUoU A M /j{ AomQ An o pBT{A SBT BM kBM A ,koM RBBA
/k3 yBr K~ oTzM jw

U C  Sv A oM o2 /SwA jo2 c6w nj oTzi A


/SwA nCjB{ B yhMRm yAoM  k JBhTA An qa 5T
/k JBT JBve B{Br 2B jn nj jAo2A ,nAj B] nj ,uoM
:kwn r c6w M BvA ow zioa BM BM Ao AnBQ AjA nj
i ,kAk{ jAp BM 3 BC pA o A ,kM A> k3 oA 3 r
5 Aop SwA q6 r Aqi nj <oM , U ,Tv oUa3
,k3 AkQ RB\ ji oAi B njAoM kM nj kp BM 3 jnAj BTeA knj
/SwA 3 nBvM Rn o nj kd kM C nj ykB kp BTeA

:jjooM 5T U C oTzi M An2 Ao AnBQ nBMj kM

j] s SzoM j km U kp ov nj kBM
M /kj AjA ji xU M kBM A j C M kwn pA Lb /k{BM T{Aj
kj Bmn Bd]oU k3 Bn An ji kBM ,kwn j C M A d
/j{ xnjB nkQ B jAq BU u Ani

c6w j A ,j{ kAi B SUj M T o A  nBM A oM BUA


nj jo JBT JBve LwBd o A /k{ T2o BLT{A BM BvA
nB :kwn Bv \T M BUj ,jo Rn Swnj c6w j A
A pA poA jM nAoU o A AoMBM /SwA B{jM Swnj U AoM
/jAj oJU C nj An nAkQBvA  o2 ,vM An JBT A
op o/ nBoA pA /oj qa ,C kAh ,SwA qa JBT T{
?j{ BoTwj qa a SwA jBTwo2 BAoTwA pA AkAi 

13

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tBveA nj B ///yjM kAh xB3 A TH B BA ,jM Ao


{n nkbC q3 Aj 3 Ak`Q BkAo6 nB3pBw pA TH{
B ,Be nj BA ///k{ Ao A BM jAj B{cmU
jo M An T{m j A nj AAnj Bjov6A
Q nj ,AT{Ak RBe M SLv j l n~U B_ /pAkA
kz q6 Aka 3 nBM jo3 w oUnAjB qa T6B
T{Aj Bv A BTwAn nj 3 An L RAn~U JBT3 A kj
M Ao BbA yQ Bwka /kqBM nj oTzM 3 S{Am joM ji BM
/Shn

Aiji r

/Ajo BM An A o/ Bo/ nBoA pA jAkU


LU

JBT3 C kAi pA kM 3 jo3 xAoTA A JBT3 ]nBi Ao{B pA


jniow C oU jow BQ pA Rk{M ;SwA joL yMAi K{ w
/qioM kA a M BcL kAkwoQ pA Aoj /jM k{
pA kM pCyAj S{ AoM B3ypow ,nj nz3 pA ,nBpC
nj oj jM jo3 tBveA a ,jM T6n A yQ o BM JBT3 C kAi
M An C jM TH A M /jnAk j] yAoM kA xk kp
BC nj aQ
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/(Bn SBM jo pBM) j{ AkQ

A qa A /j{ pnC _ BM ,k{BM T{Aj SUA qa o A


a /SwA pAkA M BLoU j /M Ai  SwA
,k{BL Bi k Q nj B] B S{ow UAnj kB{ ,T{ AjA nj
TLA ?qM o B] B S{ow M An Bkp BkA kBM B BC
nj BvA oUB oU BkA BTvLj /{BM UB o A ;kBL 
BLT{A ,jo C pA An kp Bo  M SU A /knAj y B kp
SwA AkzAj pA nBvM tBveA ioM Ba SwA B nBvM
/{ jovj nBaj ke BU SwnjB S{AjoM A pA 
M Aiji r jB~TUA B wBw ,BT]A BkBQ  oj AkT

Aiji r 14

/kjAj nAoU k An C nCBQ jon a B q kwn nA B B{o/


\ nj pn TwA Twj ,1979 nj oaBU Bi poQ pA kM 
:S{ a SvTBw
tB{B] Svp o A6oe B`UB{LU M Ai
BjBTwA |M A B kAjo3 oaBU Bi BT T{ nB An
qBe kTvAU xU BBw pA kM oiBM A pA uwBw jnHv3 C
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,wBw BjAkn BM kk] oG A k{ nB /k\
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nj) ndQ BU T6o C Bb G pA ,jBTH j oiAA SwAn


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oG nj kBzi JBhTA BU o JBhTA Bk B W6 Te
Jvd ] C pA zhM BA ,kvM gnBU nj An BU
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/kBwn Rnkb M knAj BvA S{ow wAoBM

jn S~h{ ,SwA jnB B] eo <uwBw jBTwA> pA n/


:jAj gwBQ a SvTBw M AB nj  jM ,pn TwA vdU
r BBQ pA <?jp oM An jB ?jo kBM nBa>
kBL B  SwA A (<B6{ TBU> B nj k{ k BU ) Aiji
% S A o ,j nAoU vnAj tBwA oM An BBxpnA
oMAoM nj AU  SwA T2B BU nkUC B qJ /nAmM xnB
Bz nAjnBM pA ozQ Bw pA jB%TwA /TvBM BBr Aiji
AU q oUnqM BtB nj An A /SwA oA A nj B AU pA
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BU ,BJBT pA BU w nBTwAo Be  Bo/nBoA pA koM ka k
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15

SzBw Aw NBa k

/koQ An SMB!noQ Bj Tv]oM o/M nBTwAo po]An B B]


Svh NBa AoM jM pAoQ w JBT A M po]An o{ kUM B*A
/C
RoMAn A nBT%zQ yAo A nj  Bd{i nBvM Be o M
AM An T M B /SwA TzoM ji B] ow nBMj pnoU
o/ /SwA pnoU JBM oj Be jo o l JBT A o%T Be nBa pA
Bw Tz ~2 BU jpAj ,j , ~2 pA nqM ByhM oM A
SwA JBT A AoM nBT%zQ BU A zj T{ ,SwA k2A
BU o/ ,A ji Bzinj kk] o/ A AoM To2 M
,j{ NBa A lC A nBT%zQ C jAj pB]A A pA /SwBj M ,Lo2ji
/ozT nBvM A pA
q Aj jnB`n

25 oLT A ,jn(v C

Aiji r

16

j SwAo nBT zQ

w pA JBT A A BQ ,k{ ozT Aiji r  oiA Bw ka A nj


TU /jnAj j] BQ UBU oiA oA A nj /SwA k{ T2omQ nBvM
jBTA jn MA
B JBT A M  jL a ,k{ ozT JBT A
 K\U poA B  n* ,j{ UA LU jn [nkU M uPw jo nAoU
AkTMA pA /SwA A u
B /jM a AoM B\] nB] C 
o/ M qAWdM JBT jM SLX m2A C jn nj Bo/nBoA
K>A Be k{ o qAoM k] JBT A M Bw ka pA kM /kwn
Aoo*Ao2A M oTzM  BBw * BA /kAj *Ao2A kU oYA An C
o/ M jq nBM M oTzM *Ao2A oT C ATd ,k{ o
/SwA kwn
jAj bo{ oj BMp M  SwA nAj o/ Aiji r o/
B2M An nBpBw jq A ,jM RBe kU nj nAj o A /SwA k{
UA nj o/ A /kkvQ An C , B M Swj jAj }hzU
C B] M /j{ BM kk] { M  SwA nAj nBM 6 kBQ
RB%T xo /k B SL* M r kj pA ,k qoU kp j] oM
pA jB%TwA BM 1 T1BxoTv in A Ad% nj /SwA B o/ ,SwA
/AjAj cTU An dT (Necker Cobe) o K
C pA B n~U BA ,o] BM m>B n SwA kM j bo* A
C S] kM k{ oi C M BY ka o A /SwA kM w B%{ K
A SBe M nBMj ,k{ oi C M pBM /j{ oj Sw M n
kAjo oYFT An B L{  kMj BjAj C BM K j o /jjooM
1. The Extended Phenotype

Aiji r 18

C pA Ak_ /jnAm B] M An j C TeAn M qJ ,AoMBM /knBpBw


pA AU q L* JBhTA M  SwA A n/ /Sv oUSwnj oj
Swnj o A /jo2 kj Ap pA B ,r kj Ap pA ,jo B RB%T o/ j
C B A pA AU /kASe pA S{AjoM j ;kA j o ,{ ]T
/kB UBM nAj B` Svo BU M kj
AnA B] M /SwA jL mUj i LzU A  tBveA Be
 SwA A kzAj y oU K>A ,pBU SUA 5z B o/
jo 5z ji  kk] { M An kU BSUA B o/ B
o \T C nj  SwA k Ao SBM A pA o K bo* /k bo6
;SwA Swnj keBU LzU A TLA /SwA Ji pAkA M kj { j
B{jn nj RBLYA yBpC BM AU An kj BAp ,Bo/ ioM
U nAj SmU B kFU AoM  B{C ;MAT oM AU ;jo RB<U
o/ pA oUBM qa M kAU ji SBe oTM nj ,Bkj oJU /
 k pBM kk] o2 B<2 w M An kAU /kMB Swj
M Bqa nBvM pA k{BM nBvM k{ yBpC KB] Bo/Bz
C nj /jnAk j]
A qa a o K nj /jnAjoM joQ kwo l
BSBe C xpnA me ,SwA oj SBe M SBe pA kj xoQ ;2 K
pA koQ kB  Sv qa ,SwB WdM jn  qa /j{ AjA
,ji B { nj ,M ,k{BM C jB kj Ap M kj Ap
/SwA jk\ kLUn
M / A kk] kLUn A nj An ji qaB w oUjp a o

19

j SwAo nBTzQ

B2 ;i <C jo > M SwA oTM  Swj A pA j


2 T nj ;2 A pA yQ  Bo/ ~%U bo{ /nAm Uj
pBU BMp pA yM qnj BM  SwA A qTv /Sv BwC o ,kAkC
BMp pA jB%TwA ov nj ATM o A / jB%TwA KwB BnBTwA
/wn Bv M SLv kk] xo M ,oM yQ Ji BnBTwA
nj {pnABM y ji xo kk] { ,T% yQ   n*B
\T  o2 K>A /S{Ak y  ZAn nj TzA /jnAj
AoM jM Tiw ,k  B M M  jL A ;2 A {n BnBTwA
/xji =i o2
BBzQ oj oz2 /A/n BT{ nj r za pA vnAj M B
nj jon A ;SwA T Rn M 193 BBw nj vnAj
/SwA nB{C { M qB /V /Z T /j / ;wU S~{ j
q] nBvM B{BM S{Aj Bn TBe AoM BC S{AjoM
pA ~% ;vM bo{ jo tBveA /S{Ak 2B bo{ jM o~Th
o2 A M ,jpAkM B] j nj ,l nj An C kAU RBe dT
e C BBX kBM /k vdU r kj pA An BU  vM MBT jBT2A
nB{oQ AnAk2o* BB CB xo SvAU BU jM BT]A BnBT2n
/k cd~U kT{Aj An BM Swj vnAj nj Bp C nj  An o JBhTA
nj BnBT2o pA {B B=oM 6U  Bp ,jo do{ 1972 nj An JBT
B%wFT B{Bi C /jo jB\A %U ABzBpC RBdU nj B
BU An BoM AjA k{ BU ~2 j ;2 T{ pA kM (o/ pA )
;wU M pA yM Rk A nj /TiAkA mU M 1975 nj UBdU ~io
tBveA Be /jM T2B ;vM o/ C pnoU RoMAn SwA jnB B]
Bo/ C nj  SwA qCnAowA Bnj C pA B2 C 
KU M L{ TT nj An Aiji r /kp BM BM A nj kk]
/T{ B\
nAoA ,S2o tBU BM oj yAo AoM jn%v C BzAj TU
<M /SwA jnM d% M d% B] ,wn opBM  kT{Aj

Aiji r 20

S{Aj kAi AT BNBa  SwA B{o{ A pA ,BJBT


C nj  ABp pA An ji JAjB{ S% Svh NBa /jL a Aiji r
jkPw pA UoQ ,kC JA M oM nj /S2o A k{ T{
B k Mo2 pn BSUA An BA C qj  jM 5e /Vnln yhMbn

BM kBM A T ,AoMBM /jpAkM a xAoa oM BBTeA Bnjow


nj  BS{AjjB /kBM UBM ji RU M Sv  n*B KB BU
jM p /jnAjoM nj An B~%U bo{ By A ,Bcd~U SwA kC BTA
ji nj nj B{jM kM  BdT JBM nj kk]
B B~2
/j{ 2BTA S{Aj pBU Ba An MA Bodw C A Be
 ,p A nj JBT j pA BA jn nj /jM 13 12 B~2 nB Be
BU :T2o BA ,kjM KB] AoM pA yM ,%U BBw C nj
;SwA C nj kC M kA kwn o/ M  ,jov C RoMAn pA
S{Aj jBp oYFU BBw C nj o/ pA 
ji JBT
/SwA o BU nj T{ oTM
BTeA xkM Ji BU BM
wMM qU BoM pA An <kA] Ji BjC> A
kTv 2 A /T2o A T{Aj n<e C nj 1985 Bw nj 
o]  jM nB BU
M BpBM o/ j on nBMnj AUj 5

;wU ,BMB pBwSBw ,oj 2 2 A SiBw /jM TiBw An C oYBU


/jnC j] M A 2oe M SLv AoTeA tBveA nj kkU
BM kk] kLBpBw BM K>A An B{BBoM <M) qAn BkkU
nj o/KeB oLi BwB{nB M (kj Bz BoC nj A
M An yA ;2 pA yM qa 12 ~2 /kk{ kLU 2 dT
,SwA k
o oBU o] BM jq nB Mo\U
/nAqwBPw
l% KeB AkzAj <M :Ak{ kB{iB SUA ]T AoiA
AoBo /knAk z C U nj  knAm BT{ n An ji wA
nj knAj nB AB jnC kkQ nj k BjA BM jn AkzAj <M
T{ C B yAo q  ,nB q nj BC S Ao{ BU  Be
nB

T1BxoTv in

qAn

qAn

21

j SwAo nBTzQ

nB BQ oM B{jM kzAj Ro{ BU Aj  B\C BU /SwA


/jo kBM a KU A BM pnBL AoM Aj !SwA B{AnB B\zAj
kAT{ `C jn nj Bkv pA o pA kBM B\ AoMjow kB{
C jo bo6 S /SwA nCjB A /kAhM Ak{B<A A
A BU SwA k{ o B /j Bz An C u Ai  SwA A
nB A M ywA kBM k oTM  M  ;i M ;i An JBT
BUA /SwA 5Bh o/ A BM A ji j{ jnC C kk] ByhM
qnB pA ` /SwA ke A nj ;2 AnAqwBPw  %wFT A pA
ByhM jn nj B{kpBw Bo/nBoA o*Bi M 2Ao C kn
nj oj BTwj n ,oTw tBU pA ,ozT JBT pA Bi
dU Ao Bjo jp oj BA M ow  jn%v C BzAj RAnBzTA
/kjo
qAj jnB`n
1989

Aiji r 22

NBa nBT zQ
SLv C tBwA oM  jnAk j] nB _ AoBU o/ pA
* L* JBhTA B M kAo2 BM ^nBU nB /k{BM oUoM oj M
BjAp jAo2A <M pA , o nj /SwA k{ AkQ Bw jnB w jke
BTA
MBU
 n* ,oj <M M SLv kB UBM oTzM

Bs
JBhTA /j{ oTzM kM v nj kAm2 XkU o/ pA  BC (Br)
L* JBhTA BM B /Br XkU
UB%UA
:pA SwA RnBL L*

o> RB%U
An L* JBhTA kBM ,nCnj ow ji j] pA AhM o A AT2o {
/ qnj
nBT2n B6 tBwA C L* JBhTA nAj BU o/ nj ao
 BU (j{ Ao k Tr BM  B B~h) SwA BT]A
wnoM o  BS /SwA kz UA o/k Aka
nAj yQ BT]A An Bkj  SwA TiBw ManBa k{ BT]A
S%> wB{Svp ji nj Te /kj nAoU n yQ An k yQ
M BM k{BM a o oA A j /SwA nCRoe nAj o/ pA S{AjoMw
pA zAq2A M n nB{ An k nAj nqM nB /SwA BBQ M n kA{
/V /] ,T /j / ,oz2 /C /n BC oUtB{ow  ,kT2o Q BBvA
A A oQ nBMTvh AoM , A /kASwA jnB ] qB
qnj MBU { M ,SwA L* JBhTA BQ oM  ,BT]A o/
/SwA k{ AnA q Aj jnB`n ;wU A{
An BT]A kk] o/ A A BBnj UU q Aj
] pA ) kBzi o/ ,BAiji AonBXA nBT2n B% :kAnoQ
,u] j SLv o/ ,BT]A RAoze BU kpo2 njB nkQ 6MAn

Aiji r 24

v% M jBTA BM /v] BRB%U L* JBhTA ,KU ,LB]j onBXA


MBU { SUj BM q Aj ,SwA BMop o/ M ;vU Be


,wB{Svp nj w RBB6 BM A /jnAjoM joQ kk] nB A pA vdU


k{ ozT
LU BnB BM  B\C /kBza kAi M An y Ao B>
M BUj (k jBTA ji SwnjB n~U pA TU
X) jnAj o/TiA
bo{ An yBkTwA m6 BU S2Aoo BM ` q Aj /kp k
kj xoTv An WdM kAU m6 C pA jB%TwA BM kAi  n* ,kj
AoM /kMB AjA 5Th RB] nj BWdM A /(kT%M yQ q Aj ji pA )
jBM A KU RBAe M BLUnA nj (q Aj kTwA mL*) o A ,BX
j] UnkUoQ JBhTA ,oj Bqa B pA C }hzU AoM kBM uQ ,k{BM
,kqoM An Lo2ji pA A]nj kBM ,ji M M ,JBhTA A k{BM T{Aj
B Cji 5oo BBz ;wU B CB BqA mBe <M  n*
BTwj C L* JBhTA  ,AkT Bkj A AoMBM /kz Jow
,kj Swj M B] pA oUmUj a o oB~U  k JBhTA An L~
/k{BM l BU M SLv Tvw Bkj kBM
nj  kAjM U 2B nkU M BT]A o/ nj oiA BS2ozQ
,BX AoM /k{ KLw An o~Th BT%{C BU 5Bh BSB2
Anj vwj pA zhM UA nj oiA S2ozQ A  kAjo BjA BC
pA B kAi r o/ pA BS2ozQ A jo jA o> BM ,SwA
j] M An n~U A jni o M Svw Bo2 /k{ dBT]A S2ozQ
BAouQA wBw % L] pA nAj BT]A o/  kAjnC
j oMAoM T oz2 ,nBM Tvh AoM /SwA nj M Se pA A /SwA
RAoze jn nj 
BjAj o/ /kjo SMBY r o/ pA An u]
oM S Be AoM UAl BU _ kA nj  kj Bz BT]A
RnkU kA nAm Bow B% /jnAk j] (C u B) B{BjAp
BRB%U M xo AoM B2o*M Bkj BL jB JBhTA
nBTiA RnkU zn  kvQB BxU BM vB nj  SwA v]
/SwA ]U MBU S2ozQ ,kAj v] S joM UBM nj An Bp

25

NBa nBTzQ

m6 nBU pA Aza B M nAj BT]A o/ A o~Th


M ,j{ qnj Ji TU  kj Bz An BT]A ;MAn nj BMop
AoM o2 B U kzhM ApBU AU BwBw yM
pA oUm qnj q B M Bo] A nj /j{ wB{An jB]
/jAj kAi BB[n 5Th Bzn
pn oU / R oMAn

1 9 7 6 , r ,jnAnB BzAj

Aiji r 26

Svh NBa oM ( k
n* Aop ,kAi hU BTwAj X BLoU kBM An JBT A
,Sv Bv2A /k{BM nBpBw B hU U
BM  k{ qnbo*
Swnj LBU keBU <Bv2A pA oUK\> RnBL o/ pA /SwA
Tv BM B{B B /k =k SUA jn nj  SwA qa B
M ,Aiji B %e AoM 2jB~U n*M  qodT Bd
ao /k jpS%{ Ao p SUA A /Ak{ qnBoM ,r B
pA /j{ jB AoM qo nBA nAj nBow C BM SwBBw
/ nAkM An T%{ tBveA A Aoj nj ATM  SwA A BpnC
SzQ pA To2 kAi w jo tBveA T{ An JBT A TU
,A / yzQ BC M An JBT Be /kTv nB ooB BB{
Lw pA  M BLoU A o*Bi M /A2oeo> jo2 ,jB kAi
An BC oM nB M ~~hU BrA jM p  B] jo JBT]A 2 =Bw
B\ nj ~~hU BrA C oX A pA Aoa  K\U Be /jo 5oU
yAj _ jo2 C  jM A o2 /C BU ~~hU
An kAU /k{BM lk  jL A o2 ,jnAk As
BU kz Sep i /k xAjBw nBvM  Un nj k
pA A kM ,j bo{ TBno> BMp M An 5oo k`Q Bo/ <M
m2 oj TwAi nj nB A nj ke a BU Aj /j{ TwB B{o]
,SwA C WdM jn dT TvB{  n*C JBT A A nj ;{BM k{
a kBM An wB{Svp  AT{Aj An tBveA A z /k{BM Ao KB]
Ao]B kp TiB{ UA M a ,S2o o/ nj qCnAowA BTwAj

Aiji r 28

n{ ={ C pA  pnC  Sv A pA yM So] /SwA qCnAowA


/j BTA An a nBvM yhM jnAj To AoM dT A 
,\Aco kT A /jM tB{nB Bi kAi j
B U /kz nj oMA BnBTwA BtBU <M kj d M
Rk BU ,jM <A> ,<T] pA > ,<BXTwA M> A U jn
n* A pA nBMj An ~2 BU B A toU pA Te ,jM A M wAe
tB{nB C /TzoM ji xn M pBM oiC nj BA jkvPM A  T{
nj A AoM nAkA BUA Be A BM /Sv TAn Aka nB pA p
M jo B AoM kk] {
X ;j{ S2B ApBU qa JBT A
SwA jBp UU BA o A /xji kk] nB2A AoM {qA B ;B{C B%
/k o An xow nB6U nj JBT A  pnC AU UA
}h{ M jo2 ,jM \zAj ,T{Aj o/ nj  w kAi
Ak nj  T2o 6U ~U p v a o A /}~hT
,2 T{n M  xkU ATM nAkA ,joM }~hU T{n
<kjw> pA o> wB{nB] B6 AoM /kqM ow wB{nB]
C /jnAj j] oTM j AnB] jM T{AjSwj
 T{n A BTeA
BTwj oUSiBwxi oUk`Q AnB] B  SwA A j
Aj ,A M ]U BM /S2B AU k{TiB{ B] BU nj  Tv
AoM JBT A nAkA !kn oj Bqa B6 BLj B<M Aoa
o/ pA {pnABM qa ,kAhM wB{nB] jM ~ LU pA  \zAj
JBT BMop  An 2 BJBT BQ BB kBM A /k{BM T{Aj {pC
A kB{ ,k{BM Shw A MB C < yAoM o A /k B6 SwA
/jnhM xjnj M T B k A M TBno> ov%U bo{
o6iM nB jM J6 5Th kAi w o/ pA  SwA
Bo6i A M wAe Rk A BU nj  M An A Ai ;2 /Sv
/kpnA yTep M xU A kB2  o2 jM
{ kM /SwA RBAe nBT2n nBMnj JBT A Tv tB{nBT2n
U s M T2B xnoQ C nj  Tv wB{nBT2n Sw C k

29

NBa oM $ k

a jo nB jn%v C nj xo/ op  Bw jpAj C nj kAj  ,oM


T% A ji B kB{ An ,<BM {B> RnBL /S{Am oM AAjoQ oYFU
Bwn  MB pA ,pBU Bo/ T{n AoiA BA /SwA pA ,k{BM
A BL /kAjo n op An wB{nBT2n ,k{ Jvd wB{nBT2n
BB] nj U M BC BBM pA /SwA kk] Bo/ B jBp ke BU JBT
/Z ,qB /V /Z a ~iB{ Boa ,SwA k{ AjnkU JBT 5Th
/pnoU / /n T /j / ,SwA jnB
pA ozU BM kT{Aj BjBzQ JBT A A AoM 5Th jAo2A
,<kp z B_QnB> :jo jB%TwA BC jBzQ pA B~2 A nj BC
qoM U U <r Tva> ;un kpj <r {B> ;uMo B]
/oUBQ %TwA pA Ainm ;Ak] Ak] q Aj ]
T{Aj An k y B BqA BpnC AoM To2 BkAi kB{
M /knAk An Buk e BkAi UA y ,k{BM
uyQ B\A Be nj Ak q Aj BnB nAj RjB opBM
,wB{Svp nj A /e MBU yAj /SwA jM nB{M Bu BQ
BSBe Bjo oj BM Ao ,o/ Bv qnj nj xABAU
A BU uyQ uMo B] /SwA kwn jAj M z xAen
BU BM nj jnAj oLi JBT KB6 pA pA oTzM A /kAi An JBT
pA ojM oTA vBU u /SwA kUBhw nAnqM yBjBzQ
/kjo jBTA k] n*M d BM r M Mo RBT AjA
keBU nAkA BA ,k{BM jo jnCoM An BC o/ p opBM woU
ozU i B{BL{ o*Bi M kT{Am  TU o*Bi M /k{BM k{ oTM
jM k Ao BpAjoQrA M ywAe Aj y{ q Aj B] /
/jAj Mi nBvM BjBzQ RB nBMj B]MB] BkM] AoM
TvAU <k{ jB jC> A M An OTwA v B pA oUKwB v
hv Lw nj  BLT{A ]T BU SUj BM A /oM o/ nj
 oj Bv /jM nAmoYFU nBvM B hv nj C \T  k{ A
Uj wB{nB o/ B ,kT{Aj kpBw BjBTA 5Th ByhM jn nj

Aiji r 30

,o{B BU ,un kpj ,SwA jnB B] pA kUnBL kjo pAoMA


,vB] u ,qoM U U ,o%B , T AnBw ,q] UoM
n B%TwA ow RBQ /pnoU RoMAn ,onBQ ] ,BAo o2Tvo
M Ao  kjAj B\A U BM Ba An nB A kjo OBU Ji i
ozU jn%v C BzAj RAnBzTA nj po]An B pA kBM B\Aow /kjnC ={
`C pA yM i ,S2o AT{ M B] M jAoA C oM Aop ,
/jAj Bz ]U JBT A kU BL] M j{ Jvd %o
qAj jnB`n
1976

~

?AkC B\ pA B
xjo o/  SwA kjoU jn nkU B BLoU BU o/ poA
jAo2A pA nBvM An nAj BU B % p BA /k{ni nj M p
BzAj nj o2 T{n wB{nB] p /kAkz ]T kBM  n*C
pA Twnj n~U ,k ~dU T{n A nj  BC Te j{ Jvd
A BM  BT{n %v2 /knAk C %v2 SA jM wBwA
j] nAj nBA  k{ unkU n* p k{ TiB{ BvA
,Rn o nj /k oJU T A Bp S{m BM {M /SwA T{Ak
[BT B\A nj M /Sv nAj o/ pA  nAk2o* JBT A k
n/ /jo nAoU wnoM jn Bi dT o*BiM BU o/
/SwA onBXA Aiji wB{Svp wnoM
/SwA ]U jn BvA SA o/ pA dT A , MlB] pA Ak]
qTw ,Ro% mz M ,B BT]A kp BL] BU BM dM
BBjA A /j{ Mo B kUBhw pC ,jpj yj ,nB
oYA
,1 qn T{
BJBT nj  SwA
3
z /k{ BLj S%vLA LA T{
2 njnC
/kjBT2A BLT{A M SvMnj
 BC Bkv  SwA A nj BJBT A
BT]A jAjnAo!

o{BioQ JBM nj

= o

1. Lorenzs On Aggresion
3. Eibl - Eibesfeldts Love and Hate

2. Arderys The Social Contract

Aiji r 32

SwnjB To2 A M BC /kjnBnjow BU nBpBw pA Ji a


b C B] M SwA (o B) b ,BU nj T  kkwn
An qn TB {A A nBpn KB\ pA /kj nAoU o/ jn An (r B) jo2
oU "fow Akj a SL*"
Ao%T 5i kpo2>  jo jBTA jBM M

A o/ , S{AjoM SL* M qn B pA  n*C <///SwA jp


ioM , /jnAk TB o/ BM UB%U ,vU o RnBL jo jn nj
 SwA nj 
 o2 ,BC jo

K <fow Akj a SL*>


/nAj L* JBhTA pA poA B
A  j cTU i n*M B ,{ WdM j i jnA A pA LU
pAnj o 2 kM B M o A /Sv d a pA SwA XdM d a
nBMnj nAj me B ,jo oPw B{ BoTvB Bj nj An ToMoQ
jC A qM tke SwA /qM Btke jM jC a o* A
A /SwA jM nAjB2 BTwj Jm] SMBU AnAj oUS% M Swj ,zi
nj kAU jC Rn o nj k{BL oM B6i pA SwA Bo \T
Bqa A k{ AoB kp ;Ao{ nBMnj  v S~h{ jn
RBAe ,B  SwA A WdM /k{BM T{Aj BpB ,kAj
X ,B Br /Ak{ TiBw BBr ;wU  Tv B{B ,oj
Bw B * nj B ,SMBUn pA oQ Bj nj , B{ BoTvB
 jnAjA An B <U A /kAkC oM Ak pA poQ kp BM joL j
S%  j Ai kTwA /j SLv Br M An Bi RB%
Aiji A /SwA BenM Aiji k{BM r nj nAj nB/TA  LB>
n*B ,BA /j{ jo2 nBT2n nj Aiji no M o\ jB n*M r
r BC nj  jnAj j] Bi BSU ;Ao{ ,jo Ai /e 
AkA M jAo2A c6w nj onBXA pA jkd oT MBU { BA BM
] nj  <jkd> <Bi> BrA /kMB Swj xABAiji
T{Aj nBM nAj Swj B `C i
oM /knAj As B nBM kAkC LU

B{ An o   d RjBw
B] Twj kB B% ,{BM

/jnAk B] BU nj ,j{

33

?AkC B\) pA B : ~.

A M ,kBwn o/ jn T Tvh M Ao cTU A


BU BL oM  UBUiA pA Ai /Sv qa a nBMnj JBT
/SwA T2o Rn BU a M Ai / nAkLB] k{BM
A n / nBT2n kBM a UiA Bd pA BBvA B M Ai
 B{jAkU  ,jAo2A jnAj j] o6i A Aj Aop ,nAj k BU dT
nBM  AT% M kAU  BC ,kz ]T Swnj An n/ ,Sv
A ji tBveA /k{ BU RB%U ,jnAj SUA `C pA nAkLB] BM knAj
nATwA r BenM BBU BQ oM ;2 BvA B] o A  SwA
pA nkUo ,B%wBT BA /SwA Tvp AoM kB{iB nBvM B] ,k{BM
A A n/ /j{ AkQ oJU SUA nj , 5wBU nBoA qa
oM C pA UiA qa kTvAU B{ o A BA ,k{BM KB]  SwA A JBT
knAj pnC , X ,o A  kAkM /kAhM nAkz RnM An C ,kzM
nB B oi S] nj TAU BMo BM jAo2A C nj  k BM AB]
{M kBM /k{BM T{Aj UkBv oT nB/TA SL* pA kBL ,k{BM
knAmM /Ak{ jAp Aiji B Aop ,pBM An T{mji pA BMo
A UA  SwA Rn C nj Aop ,k a B Aiji Br %M
j] _  BU  eo* ,pAkAnj eo*  kC j] M BA
/SwA jL C Q nj oj
A S% kBM ,xpC jn nj WdM A 6 \T AM
pA  Bs  o2  SwA [An nBvM d pA BUB%UA 6v%w
,B Br /kAbA MBUo> SMBY 5oU M BM ,kwn VnA M r mo*
BC pA o Tv nL\ B BA ,knBM nBM Aiji An B SwA
SUC ,jM k{ qnBoM onBXA AoM BUAl B o A kB{ / SB*A
SdU BvA BU ,RBAe B nj /{BM CpA o>  jM z nkUB
T v M v jo C pA  oYBU MBU SwA o2 S Be
k{BM Aiji a ,Br  SwA nkUM o2 B<M o/ pA /k
o/ A BM oj Ak /knAk ozM S{ow qnj nj z
,k{BL a
AoM ,<SMoU MB nj SL*> ooB nj A M jnAj TvM /kA5Bh

Aiji r 34

M An B WdM A /k{BM jBTvA o* Ak nj B{ ,BBvA RB~i U


nj SL*> WdM nj :kBwn Sv C nBMnj JBT A  qa j
SwA kM /jpAjoQ 2o* pA pA nAkLB] M JBT A <SMoU MB
nj o , BM An C ,nAj An ji ~h{ o/jn C nj 
 j{ BUA o A /SwA kC dU RnM B\C nj  ,JBT oiC ~2
RBAe B nj o/ A pA BUA B o A ,knAk z poA BvA nBT2n nj Br
A nj B  AkBU nBMnj SwA KB] nBvM pBM ,{BM jo2 M o~d
BnkU C B o A /AkM Bqa Ak{ BXTwA C M SLv oiAA
/ wnoM An kBU A  SwA pBM Sv XTv
 o2 

B BvA nBT2n RBq] 5U ,Sv xAnBMnj JBT A  qa w


AM ;2 An UA RBq] <M /SwA oj Ae o
]T k B BMBM nBT2n M o A> /nC o{n B
BBvA nBT2n  jnAj BTeA AoMBM ,SwA BAiji  k{
o nB M < B{ BoTvB > WdM nj  6 </k{BM BAiji
L* JBhTA mo* pA MBM BvA  SwA A ;SwA oj qa
B
o/ M n*A ,k ]U L* JBhTA nB pBw M o A /kAT2B BU
BAiji kBM k{BM T2B BU L* JBhTA mo* pA a o  kwn
j{ AkQ B nj nB/TA A n BMBM B{BU M B TU AoMBM /k{BM
A o A /k{BM Aiji kBM oj kp RAj] BBvA 
C ,LM AonBXA
B An BBvA nBT2n o A ,kBnj JC pA Swnj BnB/TA
/j{ {n T SwA p  tBveA  K\U SU

X ,j] jn nj /j bo{ An AT SwA p ,K6 AjA nj


M  k{BM n* xnBT2n  SwA onBXA AnAj Un nj ,MBM
nBT2n /j{ ji kB oj j] B2n WBM ,ji pA T{m BM
Te ,kAjo 5oU <BM So2> An <B2n> /SwA A u
B BAiji
/k{BM B>A MBU BLoU qkA nBvM kp o pAkAza oM C oYA o A
oYA  SwA A nAj o/ pA kk] BSAn nCK\U [BT pA
T{Aj BU n oza oYBU kAU BM BTeA n qaB nBvM

35

?AkC B\) pA B : ~.

RAoYBU C ,kAU SwA nBTiA nj  * nBvM Bp A j M /k{BM


/jnCnj A/eMBU RnM An
o/ pA ,Aiji onBXA pA BM B5oU  SwA o l BB{
nj /nAk nB BqA wB{An BM B\A nj /l o/ pA kAnBT2n
oM An C UA nj kj Bz ji pA AonBXA nBT2n  jAo2A A jn
B\A ,kj B\A ji B CjiB B BQ BAiji BqA tBwA
/jAj }hzU An A AT qo kB{ k{BL B k{BM a kB{ / WdM
A M BU cTU /Sv L6 a JBT A dT Rn o nj BA
C BM BTeA jnC BQ B joM BM ,nBT2n oYA BC  j{ Mo
onBXA C pA  SwA %l BM BTeA T{m ji pA To2 onBXA
?j{ koM
Ak`Q nBvM nB RkpAnj nj BM pAkAza n nBT2n oYA jAj Bz
kBM ,oM nB M UA nBT2n jn nj An 5oU A B TU , nj /SwA
nj  SwA nBT2n ,AonBXA AoBo
/ Ao AoBo rA BM An C
nj ( nkUo) An onBXA jo2 kBM nBA  SwA n* ,kB a oBo
/joLM yQ BM S]
pA koM j o2 kj nAoU jMB o
nj An onBXA

UA nj AonBXA oBoM nBT2n  j{ }hz oUmUj opBM nj K>A


A n/ , A oj nBM /SwA BQ Aiji pA Un
Ai M ,kABAiji BQ n*M BMop BqA  Sv
AkTMA nj B  SwA qa C u BM BTeA n BnBT2n C UA oYA M
/jo o2
An AonBXA oBoM nBT2n BAiji oBoM nBT2n
pA B nAj k~U
l BRjB RnM  UAo%U jo Jow B AoM / AnA
A / JBhTA oj RBAe pA An B AoMBM ,Sv BwC kAkCnj
/RBAe <M nj nj BAiji nBT2n pA Uo%T jn ka
 n*M ,kpBw B{C nqM BoQ nj Bw Bnj Bo
kC oM hU pA B]] TU /knAj B2 pA kU ka ;2 B
o o /k{ oj AnAkB] * TeAnM komQKwC a

Aiji r 36

AoM
X ,k{BL UB/d xABv BU SwA o/T n*M Bnj
 joQ A B]] pA n SUC ,k{BM T2n oB
kM ,kMB Swj Ji  Am> M KUoU A M /xk Oa
An xji A kM k{BM jo dU An oB Sep A
/k{BM jo Bn SwoQowM
qkiC jB oze q BTze nAiu] ,A pA oUB{C
oUa RAoze
 kTv nqM nAhT{ RAoze BqkiC /SwA
SU nj /k e kL\M  qa o M BLoU BA ,kni An u X
A BM jn BM C pA ,jqi jB n BTeA BM o oze ,oS%]
pB An xow A /jni An o oze ,kATM o A jB oze /j{ S%]
M B ,j{ jq o oze  TU An nB A /k Ak] jo
AoBo /kj B\A pA k{ Ak] pA kM B kqi ykM n A d
o/ M /k{BM oS%] B\A pA kM kBM o jni SU oTM jB AoM
,UA nj /j{ v] AjA pA B o RAoze nj ow Ak2 kwn
BM jB oze kB{ ,SwA knAjpBM JB~A <M qo oze ow a
A pA ,k{BM a o A /k oTM An A v] Ao]A o oze ow
jni

MBve Swnj Am> M kwn A jw /joM oj jw nB


/jM
,k{BL LwB rA jn a 5U AoM <Aiji> rA kB{
BQ pA  An qCBTeA nBT2n kB{ /jnAj Ah B 5oU BM ao
 kAkj An BC /jo qnj ATM oTM ,k xnAq J] K6U nj nUAoPA
nj M koQ So] ,MC Bq2 pA toU o*BiM ,kAjBTvA JC K
Sv nB nj 2 BC k2 kAi M ,joPM BC pA ;2 o A /knAk An C
o/T AoMBM /k{BM BzBpC x kAi Ak_ BTL* / B
/kj JC nj M An ok k w B Te kB
pA nAjji B{ ;2 BAiji nBT2n ,oU i BSBe nj
Be /SwA v] o{ B ,oe ,Am> X xpnABM L nj jo w
/n AonBXA oBoM nBT2n pA ka Aow M

37

?AkC B\) pA B : ~.

v Ajpj MB nj onB BnLp  SwA ABB] dB2j jp y


B\] kj B\A An A  BnLp BA /kj B\A
BC Ak] kM pA UBe nj
BAkA ,jp y B /kTv nBdTA

oil A zji
A BM kB{ /jo C pA uQ  oze j{

L C pA  kB qa oj A ji pA ,j{ %e o Am> xpnABM


SLd k{BM BUjB /SwA AonBXA nBT2n A ,B 5oU mL* /k jB%TwA
qA ,Aiji B nj B\A nj /Sv BB C BqA pA
/jnAk B 5oU M 6Mn oA A BA ,k{BM T{Ak B T{Aj j] SwA
BA ,SwA AonBXA ,Swj An nj ji kp
jo Ak2  SwA

/j{ Jvd onBXA joPw oUa Bo6i M U An A nj


pAoQ Be nj An JB X ]B koQ TU a BkoQ pA nBvM
A BkoQ Z2 BU BU kj ow Bi kjnAkz jBo2 ,kM
koQ A pA  Be jnAj j] Tvo> kA{ /k{BM T{Aj An ji nB
A BM Aop ,kj nAoU anB{ C ]BU o nj An xji ,kjnAkz
Aq M jq2A BU nB A ao /SwA jo K] ji M An A ]U nB
B 5oU mL*  kwn o/ M A B nj Swj ,SwA omQo6i
/k{BM AonBXA nBT2n =Ak~
SLv BnjB nkQ nj ,RBAe nj AonBXA nBT2n oUnB{C oU
nj B kMAi hU n  BnjB B~h /j{ kj BzAkpo2 M
mJU An BC knAm B ji B] pA ,k S/2Bd BC pA BzkM
;2 /kpAkA o6i M An ji ,]B MB nj BC pA SoB%e nj k
hU p n  BkoQ pA nBvM / nB{A BC pA M
onB{ TU knAj <RoQtAe> b6AM yB ,knAm
nj pA B njB koQ /k Ao]A An C j{ jq BMn X
Ae /SwA Tv{ nBA  jo BM An ji BM n* j{
pA y]U ,SwA jo AkQ TeAn * A Bi M ,onB{
nj C pA yQ oiC /d nj Swnj njB koQ j{ RoQ B]]
B]] B] RB\ M
BTeA nB A /joQ A M j{ nBT2o BMn Bj

Aiji r 38

/Sv o6i pA Bi njB ji AoM kB\A


B /woM Bi \T M BBTwAj A T% BM Ai
BA /k{BM o \T AoM d j kAU qo MBhTA
nj AonBXA nBT2n BAiji nBT2n pA n/ pA n~U jB\A k~U M ;2 An
pA jAo2A Aiji a kj kAi JBT A nj /jo AnA nAkB]
,B r Aiji An C  jBM BU ;wU BC T{mji
 {n An Bi SwnjB cTU 5U kBM AkTMA BA /k{ jAj cTU
tnAk nj kAj Bi An cTU A a ,SwA onBXA jn nj 
/SwA k{ unkU jBp
A ,jo nB{A C M
LU  SwA TwnjB S{AjoM cTU A tBwA
BU <ji o b> B <B b> S] nj kp RAj]  o/
/SwA k{ do{ wB{Svp pA o/ A  kj j{ TeAn M /kMB
BnBT2n oTzM jnAj |B~TiA XkU M nAkB] o o pA yhM
Rn BzAkpo2 M SLv BnjB nkQ ,j{ kj SL* nj  AAnB Ak2
M <XkU> B] M
 SwA ABMj jB < AkU> /kj
dT M oUpBM kj BM  o A /SwA XkU kBQ  SwAkQ jn nB
/SwA M kzhM <AkU> XkU <y>  o \T  SUj
nBT2n  woM \T A M BU kBUBM oj SwnjB B ;2 B\A pA
kwn o/ M /k{BM B{ BM %M  SwA T] nj  nj AnAkB]
/SwA C RBLU pA ji M SLv onBXA
BM nAj RBe6A pA jB%TwA BM ke BU j{ An S{AjoM po* A
BM L* JBhTA jn yQ L* JBhTA mo* pA BU /jo
B SwA jAs oUKwB ,BoUKwB pA B n/ BC /<BoUKwB>
dT A AkA <M jn nj ?qa a oUKwB B oUKwB
A  SwA ,SwA onBXA pA SLd TU ,jnAk Aka SA
xU An C nAj  kTv TMBUn onj B o A /k{BM {n dT
SU o  knAj pBM A nj An jBQ pBMow y jAo2A SU C ,kB BM AoM
oUBoTd  RnM /k Ak2 An ji B] kBM k JB\A o 2B

39

?AkC B\) pA B : ~.

 nj Bi S] B
X ,o S% j{
o BM vB nj ,k Ak2 o 2B o*Bi M An ji B] koTBe xjAo2A
o nj oT ,kj SA ji BAiji 2B M C jAo2A  LUn
B{  Bo pA j{ oQ B] ,KUoU A M /jo nAoU AoA
o/ pA BRk T2o B <o JBhTA>  o/ A /kAT{m ji pA jAo2A
Jvd Swnj kjL B{C BU o/ M op BM  BwB{Svp
C njnC RoMAn k{ jAj bo{ pjnAjA /V / 2o JBT nj k{

oj k{ T2omQ m{ /SwA jo 2 B


nj An
pA C B] M j c]oU B~h{ ,j{ kB <jo2 JBhTA>
/ SLd r JBhTA
BM WdM M SwA k nAkLB] <jo2 JBhTA> pA  v
5Bh SUA o B ,onBXA o C nj Te :kj gwBQ a B2M
T{Aj j] Aiji {n{ ;2 o A /kTv nB Ak2 M oTBe  Sv
BM BTeA A AoM 5oU mL* ,joLM oM Aoj onBXA pA kAhM  k{BM
M An A Aiji q yB`M pA o SwA Aoj pA yM kpo2 T{Aj
o C Aiji jAo2A A ,L* JBhTA pA v ka pA kM /koM VnA
MBU oj Aiji Bo pA Bzo oj kpAkAoM An onBXA
, B6A An TdB So2 Bo M AkTMA nj B o A Te /Sv }hzU
BM xqC Bo A nj M Ro]B BM Aiji Bo jAo2A A kj
/SwA nA B koM M pA An onBXA Bo Twk BC
o A UA nj  SwA nBM A oM SwA jo2 JBhTA nAk2o*  v
nBT2n M TvM kBM B joM M pA o BC A j{ o  SwA
 Un nj "#$ k{BM T{Aj LU SwA Te A /SwA o C jAo2A
2B RkpAnj nj kAj k{BM nAjnioM okC SL pA o jAo2A
B KUoU A M Aop ,k oT An B{Aiji  SwA A nj B{ji
M dT A kBM nBMka oiA BBw nj /k{ o  jMB
WdM BM vB nj ,o jMB ?k{BM k{ jq{ BBToM nj onB L*
6U n*M o  Bp C nj Te /jnAj k kn ,jo2 BSMBUn n{oQ
BT]A jAjnAo!

Aiji r 40

B2n pA nB Ak2 jAo2A B] BM M Aiji jAo2A ,kT2A opAow M AnCM


B T{Aj An okC A kB{ BBToM Ako{ /koM Rm ji RkBU
/jnAk {o kC M SLv BU k{BM T{Ak
 A2oe BwB{Svp c6w nj o JBhTA o/  A ao
nBvM l o/ pA Be A BM ,jnAk BLTzQ Aka kAjo qnj An BU
M BTwoMj pA TU wB{nB] B\zAj AT Bv /SwAo
K\U ,SwA A pA o> AojBM Bkj  k{ ]T kC BzAj
JBT nj Aop ,jo S SMBM A pA An BC j{ /k
k{ T{ BTvA nj T2ozQ c6w AoMj AoM 
zji { M SwA nBT2n ,B AnAkB] nj> :SwA kC a
Bixi tB{B kv </k <U An o BM BU joM Rn
pA /k BM An <UBT qa  SwA SUA A pA 2B>
B BAn A
pA
JBT nj qn jAo /jAj M qB] A M kBM o/ A
By A pA ,k SLd Ao{BioQ nBT2n nj <B %e> y
jAj XkU pB]A jAo2A oUKwB M  SwA A pA T2B B*A
B\A nj n/ BA ,SwA Aioa kTwA B
A /j{
kB ,qn  SwA nAjzn m nkUM o JBhTA dT  SwA A
jBM A BM A T%  Sv ]T AoBo ,k2B BAn kv
/SwA jB<U nj nAj o/
jM BAoTwA BRL nBMnj  An <U pA LB] AoiA
nBoA BoM nj ~~hT }h{ /k{ wMM qU BoM pA
nj kM k{ oj B * B\Aow BRL`M oX A S{Aj
kA jAkU Sv2B ;2 Aop ,k{BM kp pA BC k kB{> :S% AjA
<!jz o BU kBM kp
JA] An o JBhTA o/
JBT nj njnC RoMAn
ov pA  SwA A kjoU kM BvA ,A o/ pA /kAj BT]A B/ 
jAj B\A An ji K{ mz UA njnC /SwA k{ ZnBi RBAe Swnj
Tw o/ BM A S%Bh a /S% o2C A M kBM o/ A pA /SwA
oMj BAn

k1B wB{Svp

o{BioQ JBM nj

BT]A jAjnAo!

41

?AkC B\) pA B : ~.

/SwA BB C ~U
AkA BM  k{BM A o JBhTA jM L AoM j kB{
nj B /jnAj B
B SwA qoTz B oX A M  wBw UiA
An oUBnC RB/d nj BA , nBT2n BAiji SwA jo2 BB]
BzvdU nBhT2A oU kj SA oTzM Aoj B2n M  Bv
o2 X <Aoj> rA oTv jn nj SwA TLA /
;kAo BM Bo M Aiji o nj onBXA ,K>A /
B AonBXA nB Ak2 pA S  ,oj d6w nj /jBdUA tBwA j{ A
BzB] T{m pA ,jo2 AM , jn nB/TA BA] pA j{ koM
mzU An BC ,M /k nj ,( AM nz ) nz nBhT2A AoM
S M mT A q] ,kAj B{nBMnj qa  kzM An Bv k
BM jnAjA An jAo2A c Bp nj  AMlB] A K\) /kTv oj
] Bp nj AoBo ,koLM BM An kp c6w ke BU a BnB Ak2
(/k{BM Bz2B] jBC kBM SU A nj BA] jnAk AnB
BU k{ AkQ TwoQ AojAs MB nj By A AoiA
A /SwA k{ bo6 d AM BvA  jo qB] AoM
kwn o/ M pBM  SwA LB] dT onBXA AkA Aj jo joTv
o/ pA  BC /k{BM T{Aj oM nj An BU nj <b> % B
=iA
jn nj UnAoeoQ nBvM BAohw
kTv AoL wBw

Aj  k ypow An Bv pA oTzM Be ,k jAoA


M M o A /j{ oj B B{  kAjAj ;vM B\C BU An onBXA
v ;Ao{ jLM M BU kU oTzM nqM B nBTz pA o]
/k K\U BTwj pA <M SwA ,jo
B B<A BM vB nj , j i B<A  tBveA A
nj /SwA kU nAjzn wBveA ,kA Bi UiA RB/e m ,oj
nj  qa BU /j{ Jvd SB] oUkM jC Tz ,] Bp pA o>
B ,BA /(k{BM jo o A Te) SwBjC jni ,k{ C pA oTzM B o2
 BRApB\ pA B pA nBvM /oM Rm oj B B<A jni pA

Aiji r 42

B BM ,T2A po M k U q BTze RBB] AoM BTBU


BU z An BC ,UA nj / kBU An nApCM BTLv RBAe nB{ ={
TiBU nB] pA oTzM  ,BvA ] /{BM k{ oow jo co%U
i ,SwA nAjnioM BU SBe AoTeA pA ,k ue Bj pA qa
qBPB{ C ao ;j{ jAj BM qBPB{ M  e pA oTzM
k{BM njBU Te kB{ kk] kA{ tBwA oM k o2 jnAj ue
B]nj ,jnAj mU B M ] C a /joM jB An BvA BMp pA Un
jnB`n UM =iA
ATM  An A /j{ yBe B{ UApBTA =e

,jo AnA <TwoQjAs> pA oU6 {M An <Swjd> nkAn


Twnj BM BU wB{Svp nj qa a  Aj ;2 /Aj
/jnAk
,C nj  d6w pA oUBM C joM BvA RBUiA Thn M
RAj] B , ,jAs ,S ,jABi SwA J6 T{mjipA
 SvAj wB{Svp nj C jB Thn M BM MBz AU An kp
v Te /k AkQ SMB6 BU o/ BM SwA nAoU T{mji pA ,C nj
M SLv KUn Bo B<A kM nBT2n kj pA jnAj LU An o JBhTA 
,BpBMow B jBdUA B<A kB KUoU A M ;k K\U ok
BA /kj SA ji o B<A M BC ,jkd MB M MBSwj B
k U a woPM o JBhTA nAk2o* }h{ pA jnAj B] SU C
M nj Bo M JBhTA o A /SwA oU pA c6w Ak
B ?k{BL nAoUoM oUnqM Bo M kn A Aoa ,jo Rn B
BM BoU oU BM Bu] ,knC j] M An 1 u] BM
AnAkBTvQ jn < ,B X ,jo ,C o{ /kj zU An jn
Tz pA <AnAkBTvQ b> o*BiM Bo{ {BM T{Aj nB/TA kBM BC /kTv
BTe ,AoA pA ji jn SBe %e S] nj ?k o/ o BC
 BM M pB nj BC ,BA /k nB{ kqi B koQ ,C B] M kAU
1. genus

43

?AkC B\) pA B : ~.

?S% kBM a AnAjo iB{


Rz  kTwA %i BoM pA jB%TwA BM AU TeAnM
nj nB{C AonBXA j] kBM p BA ,j nAoU o/k An o JBhTA o/
o JBhTA k  jn yQ B\C BU njnC /jAj cTU dM An jAo2A
vBU BAq> nj ,1 <ozQ> kB nBT2n AoM cTU BU
C nAkz jBo2 BM vB MBU onB{ za ] BC roAoQ k] /SwA
RBAe ]U ,o6i pA BAo jo oLiBM T  o/ A pA ,SwA koQ
2 BozQ A  SwA A B %o /k K] ji M q An ]B
nj  SwA qa A j cTU An C MBz BkkQ
/pAjoQ C M kM B~2
BU M B o* oTM Aoa   BM An ji j kBM C pA yQ
nBM A /oM o/ nj ke oUBQ nj An JBhTA c6w  SwA A
/Z oYA
xpnABM JBT oYBU SdU jBp pAkA BU
jn B\A  ,A % C M BvA /C
LU /SwA jM qB /V
M xAk nj T{m oU BBQ nj r pA LU BA nj ,jo nAoU jB%TwA
 jo Ai kTwA /jM jo BnB{A 3 <zAp UBe jB AkU>
Te o , ,~h{ 2B keA AoMBM JBhTA A keA
<M o/ pA SwA /SwA ,SYAn keA A ,r M /jo2 ji
BM dT M TU nAkA /k{BM *Ao2A Bkj A BwB{Svp
<U A  komQ ,k SUj SwA o/jn  % B
Bp kTwA A BM /k{BM k{ BM o> BMp M o A Te ,SwA
/RBe BTwBi pA , do{ C pB>C pA An WdM kBM B joM
LA JBhTA nBp Bw

1. stotting

BAq= kB A] BBQnBa @M nj  k] A M BQ nBa o BM


/j{ kj BB=qM

2. stotting Tommies

3. Continuity of germ-plasm

Aiji r 44

j ~

BpBwBT
i jBw B] pB>C a cTU /jM jBw qa pB>C nj
oUz C pA nAj LU  nAm A oM An o2 /Sv BwC
BBwM KUo
B k`Q kp B] B B no jAj cTU
jB%TwA BM nAj o/ /ko2BM RBe kATM  qa B RBe ,SwA
kj Bz B M An ov Aop kBM B  M kAU L* JBhTA pA
o ,oM nj BUA a /j{ kLU k`Q M jBw C nj 
/k{ TiBw BvA B\Aow kk{ kMTwj oUk`Q B\ nj o
AoM  BU  SwA  eAn BU jnAm B nBTiA nj nAj  eAn
An o/ A  w /SwA k{ bo6 B j] B e
ji pA LU Bp pA do{ BM ,jM  BU `C pA oUB UnM
/j bo{ BU
oU BU pA |Bi jn ,nAj <BoUKwB BM> UA nj
RBLYBM qa o /SwA RBLYBM Bqa pA oQ Bj /Sw<
> B M
RBLY pA pAkA C M BLoU B knAj Aj RBLY  SwBUA pA A\
M o~d \ RnM a ;S{Am BC oM B ATM  kAkwn
a ,SwA T{Aj An B T{Aj =BdTwA  k{BM ,noUB 
X ,jo2
j] M jBp BTLv Sow BM  ,AnBM Bo6U X ,k{BM B{A pA o
Bqa /SwA BU nBvM B{ o ,knAj wA B{ kC
dTU B{jn nj kBM  o2 B `C ,M B2Ao*A nj B 
BRBLYBM B#M

Aiji r 46

TMBY A yM tBUA ZAA ,BBz ,Bw j{ jAj


ynj  pB AoM Aop ,kAo MB BJBLe /kTv BUA pA
JC B<2 %w nj /SwA RBLYBM S A ,SwA pB pA oQ
MlB] o  ,p n ,SwA { o a Bo6U RnM
BnM /SwA 2A B ,k{BM nAkBQ kATM JC C nj  d6w ,jnAj j]
T{Aj nB AoM UBLYBM Rn A Aop knAj L {
BUA ,BUA oUjBw ,k{ni nj /SwA o kw B
;Ao{ nj Aop ,kpBw An BUA kni x] BM ,rnk
yAkQ pB>C pA kM /SwA oUnAkBQ Rn jM S M ,B\C oM  Be
C B BL ,SoX A LU jn o/ oM BM oTBe Be nj  ,B]
{ B owAow BnB{ oUnj nj oUk`Q BUA ,SwA jM
AkQ B\A pA A nj B] oB oUk`Q i  oj BUA /kAT2o
/kAk{
Bz B{ y A ok M SLv kwn M BUA TU B
/k{BM RBLYBM ke BU SwA  kpBw An B BM kj
AU An tBA kB nM /k{BM S{nj i SwA B A
jBw nBvM BA ,jqBMp RBLY o/ pA  ,jnC JBve M
Be A BM /SwA nAoU SBM C nj UA nBTiBw a ,SwA
nj B{k`Q kAk`Q nBvM  kTv oj S{nj B
pA A B i M /j{ nB{C 5Th b6w
BkwAC ,oUqn B pA AT{n pA A /SwA UoQ
{ M  SwA UA ka B{ BkwAC C pA Ak o  k{ zU
/jnAj j] kwAC 574 M nj /kAT2o nAoU nB Bi
nBTiBw BM knAj nAoU kMBU M T{n nBa nj BkwAC A
M pA k /kpBw k`Q jBA=2 kB kMw

,UA MnBi

i
oM

/SwA
joz2
nj
nBi
UM

L{
oTzM

,jnAj TMBY nBTiBw M ,Sv UB%UA C BnBi k`Q bo*


6 pA yM ,B]MB JBU _Q B iB{ _ kM  eo*

47

BpBwBT :j ~.

MnBi / { /SwA k{ nAoU BvA kM nj nBM


T{n j  KUoU A M ,SwA RBLYBM ,M
X ,ToQ
bo* RnM BUj ,o2 T{nj X ,BkwAC pA Bv AU B{
C M ,BM B{ kM nj Be /kAjp oLa Bv kMw

jk 4 jke Tow BM knAj ,kj c]oU ji  {


/kn B pA Sow BM oj jAkU k{ AkQ BY nj
j Bz BU jo jB%TwA C pA  SwA poA M
pA LU A o l MBU T /k{ oBo RBLY BM UnM knAj BU BUA
q2 BkAo2 ;wU
BTeA ,p o n oM RBe yAkQ
jnAk q /SwA jAj fn B pA <M A{Be BU ,jB B{
,UA o Bo /{BM nB A nj Bi S] B k ,z T2B BLj M
B M  jnAj j] yAo A ,koM ji M bo* roA o nj
BRn JBhTA ;2 ,L* JBhTA Rn Tvh /kBM UBM {
mL* /jnAk j] oA A nj qCnAowA qa /jM RBLYM B{ jn RBLYBM
/jAj fn kBM ,SwA jAj fn `C 5oU
` Ak`Q j] j] AU  kwn \T A M kBL TLA
/jAj bo{ A BM ;2 An BvA
BU j BU oM roA BM An UA LwB jAkU  Sv n*A
!jC jzM nB \T ko nAoU nB LwB RnM UB%UA n*M
BA ,jo Swnj Rn A M ATM k{ TiBw UA ka pA  An kB{
AoM /SwA k{ Swnj UA nAq pA yM pA jC
Bp Rk nj An ji B{M q BTwj C kBM pBvM jC A
za pA yM B o * C MB nj  Bp Rk ,* nBvM
nj /wn B] M SU C pBU /pAkM nB M ,k{BL jpM
/kwn B jAj M ,ji Rn oU nj ,nAj o/  SwB\A
M B zU k kn BTwAj  j{ jnA Bp pA nAj o/
/SwA kwn BBQ
nAoU pA /SwA To2 Bq  AnA RBe yAkQ pB>C pA  ]U

Aiji r 48

ka /kj fn UB%UA a kLM BU jL oM nj C v Bp C nj ,


A /kA X RB] <M pA BA ,jnAj j] jn A nj oj o/
/Sv Se pA nj jBp
BTeA  AnA  Ak{jBw cTU
BA ,jM AAo2 p n nj Bi jA a RBe pA LU Aj B
/SwA T2omQ BLoU q BC BT ,Mo kv Aj JC j] BTeA
j] B v{ / oj RAnBw nj Swj jBw RBLoU A
nBMj An p A] Anj B{ ;Ao{ kAjo w BAk{ /knAj
n X roA L kjAj nAoU A/%d nj An jBw jA A BC /kpBvM
kn pBwL{  kjnC Ao2 oTA BUo] B y%M AnB
Nw /k{ AkQ /%d C nj LB] qa T% ka pA kM /jM A B=oM
B pA oUk`Q K>A  jBp jAkU B{ AU mUn
BkwAC B~h ,kjM T{Am B\C nj nB AkTMA nj  kjM
B L* j pA  ,kk{ kj BUoQ BMw
n*M  BkwAC k{ n~U ,ByBpC A B\A pA LU /kATvp
AkQ go o n o A
X /k{BM RBe }iB{ k{ S2B L*
j] ,Be ,BA /jM jBp nBvM nBw C n RBe j] BTeA ,kk{
A B JBT2C n ,BBz%zUC ] nj jBw pB ka j] pA  Be ;2 BC
p
B{ ;Ao{ pBwL{ BzBpC ,oiAA /SwA UoM kn

Swj M An 2 koQ 1 nQ BB M C jA ,RBe yAkQ pA LU


/kA DNA r B BBMw BA /SwA jAj
A<A Nw> k{ AkQ M o\ kBM RBzBpC A L{ BkAo2
nAqnBa B w jke BAj{ BwB{Svp o/ pA  k{BM k{
 AoT 5Th BB] nj C jA A /kjAj zU An BBnj yQ Bw
SdU ,a m Bo6U nj B BeBw L B5 nj kB{ ,kk{
kTwQ M k{ni y%M AnB n kB oj BroA oYBU
Aj BnkU C S{nj C B poA /kTiBw oUnqM B
1. Purines

2. Pirimidines

49

BpBwBT :j ~.

oj kp RAj] B oT BM ;wU jp i /k{ kj  knC


BBp M mT B M BoT BM /k{ Jm] Tv{
TeAnM kTvAU S{nj C B Bpn C nj Tv oUkk]
/k{ kAn w o M k{ > Be nj Nw
C nj
An C B /k{ zU |Bi BXTwA 2jB~U n*M B] nj
oUk`Q B oUnqM Bq A /kB Ai 1 pBwBT
Bqa SvAU  S{Aj An jBA=2 SBi A jL oMnj C nj
,kwoM o/ M kM AYjBe a jAj fn SwA /k kU xji kB
fn  An Bqa B /jM  nBvM C BTeA /SwA jAj fn Be o M
nB{ M o> ,k{BM TdB pAkA A BU jC o * nj BzjAj
B BA /k{ koM BLU2 BkMo{ nj B{ j M /nC
BM  nAk RjB ,o> Bqa Bqa hU nj BBvA
T% o Bw k * B{ o A /{BM T{Aj nBow Bw Bk
/k{ koM nBMka jBp BTeA M k oQ An MBv kMo{ BQ
jpBw An xji pA Bhv  pA n~U T{Aj UA nj
AkQ nBM Sv2B ;2 ,Sv z kwn o/ M AkTMA nj  BnkUC
o\p B{  knC o/ nj S{nj RnM An C /j{
B A /k{BM 2 nBTiBw keA B 5Th dAA pA Ak`Q
Be /k{ S2B jM pBwBT C oM nj  Qw nj n2 M nBTiBw keA
C /jnAj ji d M SLv zz nBTiBw keA
o  koM o/ nj

jq Nw C jnA C oM pA nBTiBw keA  Bo ,SU


 k ,jnAj zz C M SLv  j{ pBwBT C pA zhM
,kLva M KUoU A M  nBTiBw keA B /kBM B] B
nj oj /SwA pBwBT C ji KUoU L{  k AkQ LUoU jiMji
M BC ,Sv z kLva M \ RnM BC jnC o/
pBwBT C  Un B M Swnj ,kpBvM AjBM AT{n BU kLva
1. replicator

2. building block molecules

Aiji r 50

o k{ nBLU BM \nkU RnM SwA kAo2 A /k{ zU A


TiBw BnM  SwA LUoU B A /k AkQ AjA oj n
C nj  k{ Ak] pA T{n j A SwA ,oj o* pA /k{
AjA ji pA Bhv TiBw M kAU o  nAj pBwBT j Rn
/kj
M SLv nBTiBw keA  SwA A oUk`Q BA
BC /k{BM T{Aj yz oj |Bi d M LB]j n*M M ,ji d
xji pA nAjoMhv AoM BA k MB{ kB pBwBT C
{ C pA nBMj ji M M C  <UB> d TiBw AoM M
pBwBT kAo2  Sv B nB AoM /jpBw An S{n A SLX
{ nCjB Sv kM ao /k{BM SLX SLX B % SLX RnM A
pA , DNA B ,Tvh pBwBT C poA BjB
pA kk] d  jM A /k jB%TwA % SLX pBwBT
d _ AkTMA nj  Sv BTeA A /k{ B] jnA B B <RBLY>
nB pA UB%UA n*M kBM Ak o a ,jL AAo2 Nw C nj Ak`Q
j] M jM RBLYBM  Bi KUoU BM nBTiBw keA B T2o nAoU
Bhv Sow M
BTeA k{ AkQ pBwBT C A d M /kkC
oB B  B\C BU jo k AoQ BBnj C owBUow nj An xji pA
M oj S{nj B zU ,kk{ JB kjM oUa  jBM
/S2o Rn Rnk
/wn kB Bhv pA nqM S] M nAj A X ,AoMBM
nB A : o l An nAjoMhv kAo2 o SBi kBM Be BA
BLT{A JBT A nj nAkA /kj fn C nj UBBLT{A /Sv }M
AkQ BU j B kB{ kjoM C nj SUj M o A /k{BM T{Ak j] QBa
Aop ,knC j] M B{A Aka JBT B] nj TLA  ,j{
,koM o/ nj An NBa dAoTiA pA LU Bp
/kTv A v RBBLT{A
/kk{ nAjoMhv Swj BM \A kB BJBT  Bp
o A /S{Aj j] BBLT{A B{nB nj ,kjo SUj  nkUo ,BKUB

51

BpBwBT :j ~.

BA ,jo oJU jBp B ,kjo vn A hv n pA


n pA BC  ,k{ U RB%T Bhv n pA BS{n TU
pA /k{ oUnqM oTzM  BBLT{A ,kjM k{ T{ RB%T Bhv
  Bkw jn nj SwA kM qa k{BM BLT{A C nj  Ahv B o/
jnAj j] BLT{A BC nj  An B SwA kM i ,kpBw BjC
B M An RAnU nBMTvh  BBen o/ M / Jvd S2ozQ
jB  AoL rA B] M <o BM> jAj nAoU BM B nj kjo ]oU
 oM>  kkwn zQ A M kT{Am BM An nqM nB jM <A] p>
 Ba ,Be o M </ ///jnC kAi Bj M ovQ k{ nAjnBM Ao BM
,S2ozQ WBM Tvp BpBwBT nj SUjM nAjoMhv ,kj Ai
<M j] RBe \nkU BU AoM k{ ,C UA BM
TUj a BM A pBwBT B Aj B /SwA noT RBBLT{A
DNA B ,BC poA BkBpBM /kTiBw An BzBhv
kj B\A BBvA  oLT nBvM nAjoMhv kAo2 BM vB nj
SB nj kjo BLT{A B BC BA /kAjBTA MBU nCS%{ po*M
A BpBwBT C
BTeA /kpBw An BU  kUBBLT{A A
Rn BBLT{A  nAj  Rn o nj ,kT{Aj BLT{A oTzM i
/k{ T{BLA S2o
C ,k{ ozT Bhv S2o Rn ;>oQ BnAjoMhv TU
5Th Un ka pA M Bv Bhv pA  T] pA k{ oQ A Nw
BC /kjM qoTz <B> C <BkBpBM> pA  pBwBT B pA
S% AU B*A BM BLoU ?jM oj BUn pA oTzM BUn <M jAkU
k{BQ pA nBMj BTeA /kT{Aj oTzM nAkBQ BUAl BUnA <M /M
BUn A /jM oT M M SLv BzzU pA uQ B <M
 6 j A M ;2 ,k{ oTzM BTLv Nw C nj B{nB{
TiBw AoM oTzM Bp  o*Bi A M M ,kT{Aj oTzM <nBkB>
M n oUnBkB BpBwBT AoMBM /kT{Aj nBTiA nj ji pA Bhv
kn> ,jM Bv oj Bqa  6Ao{ nj /kjB yAq2A

Aiji r 52

/k{ nAoUoM B S] nj oTzM nBkB S] nj <BU


 pBwBT ,d oj s jL Bv oj Bqa
BTeA
B pBwBT Sow S{Aj oTzM SA S] B nj xnBzTA kB{
n*M An ji kB Bhv A pBwBT B o A /jM <BAp>
nBM TBw B pBwBT B kTiBw nBM AT% ;wT
BU i Bp nj  M TeAn M kTiBw ji pA Bhv
pA oTzM i B{o * o A Te kk{ nj M Ak pA A B
oTzM <BAp> S] nj BU kn
BTeA ,AoMBM /jM B B
n*M  pBwBT B w s /SwA T{Aj j] Nw C nj
X d B o A /jM pBwBT nj SUj k{ UA yq jn SLX
d BA ,kjo pBwBT Bv Sow BM kT{Aj Bv Aj Y d
BLT{A pBwBT k o nj Y d BLT{A pBwBT j o nj X
BLT{A AnAj BjAp ;2 X o /k{ oTzM Y d jAkU B ,S{Aj
a BM a ,BjAp C BjAp KUoU A M M ,jAj Swj pA An ji
/jAj Swj pA q An ,%BM
AT oiC nj SwA kAkM qa BU nBMnj LU pA B{ o A
nj BLT{A  o/ A M j{ BC /kLM UBU  k{ BM 
 RnBL A SwA BU jAj fn AoM noT pByQ nAjoMhv
? nAoUoM xpBw kj c]oU An nAjoMhv nj SBA L* JBhTA
M <Mi qa> ,nB{C i UnM ,BU kao  SwA A gwBQ
nj UA nj ,Tv C ~d B  o/ A pA |~i M ,kwn o/
>n dU  SwA qa BU /jnAk j] BU M <> qa _
,Ah Ai ,C dU pA ozQ AoM (Br poA ) BpBwBT xU
T% KBU nj ovPwA RoMo nBMnj xAAohw nj 1 q Ar /kj fn
oj K\ L] > :SwA jo nB{A T A M Ji i qCq*
<!k2 An C k o2  SwA A BU o/
1. Jacques Monod

53

BpBwBT :j ~.

,jM k{ RBLYBM B dAA pA oQ


BTeA  ,A Nw M jooM
pBwBT ow i ,jM jBp B o *  o/ A pA RBLYBM
nj BU Bkn /S2o Rn jBp SUj BM BzpBwBT B kjo
Bp j nj o A  Rn A M ,S2n yQ <RBLY> d w A S]
pA oTzM SLv j nj ,kT{AjoM A Nw C pA 5Th
/k{ S2B nAjoMhv nj oTzM SBA BAp ,nBkB AnAj B
pA TU SwA BU pA tB{Svp o/ n/ B A UA nj
/L* JBhTA SwA C nBpBw k SLd kp RAj]
?jnAj TA a ?BM <kp> qa An Tvh pBwBT C kBM B BC
nAj Tvp  BU  BvA oUnqM> :M B{ M SwA
ApAnj M jBp WdM A nAkA TLA <SwA U ,> :kM B{ <SwA
Ao]B A nj ,kwoM B\A M Rn o M WdM  SwA A /kz
AkQ oJU nAj U BjnBTwj kp SUA
nj /jnAk oYBU

C BTwAj
BTeA /q a qM BC M An <nqM> KvaoM B a ,j{
B BM <kp> An BC  k =o2 a /SwA n* pBwBT
BnAqMA ;2 BrA  Tv ]T B pA nBvM  SwA A yj /
 j{ j SJ o2 nj BC j] o kTv B jB%TwA AoM
An Tvh BpBwBT C B a /kjooM UA B] nj Bi qa M BTe
/kjM B kpBw AnkQ RBe jAk]A BC B BM kp
k BU C n nAj ji  qa ,WdM A M Mo oj
dT
/SwA SMBUn (B jo SLd BB RBAe pA A ao ) S{Aj
SBe pBwBT B nB{M jAkU C pA SvAU A Nw C
oj kjkd A ,jM p o Sw jM jkd j /k
MB{ B A X An pBwBT C nj  o~U nj /kjL SAM
keA a B pA oQ > Nw C  o2 T2o o/ nj
TU BA /jM n*> C nj B A jM BnAjoMhv AoM p nBTiBw
pBjn Aq M A oB B C pA ,k{ jBp BpBwBT jAkU
Bd  kkCnj JB xpnAoQ L RnM BC S{Ak j]

Aiji r 54

An A B /kjo SMBUn BM B{ow oM BpBwBT 5Th Bo\p


Be /jo /e k{ BpBwBT oUoM dAA jAkU yAq2A WBM 
A nj kBM B{jAkU
kk{ jAj c]oU oT  B M
/k{BM T2n M pA kBM BC Bv pA nBvM SB nj ;k{ oT SMBUn
,k{U nj  kTvAj BC /kjM BM dpBU onj pBwBT 5Th dAA
/S2n yQ k jB\A kM tBveA A kM yz A ,kjL Ao
o  % A M ,S{Aj AjA B` BA /jM wBveA _ kM UA nj
RBLY oUBM kk] c6w SiB{ M o\  nAjoMhv nj BLT{A
jiMji ,KUn nAkBQ Aq jnC BQ AoM jM kk] xn B ,k{
nAkBQ yAq2A Bxn /jM T{BLA S2ozQ kAo2 /k{ oXU %e
BC pA <M Te kB{ /k{ oUkCnB oUmUj KUn nAkBQ yB ji
pA k{BPM pA B{ n*M An KUn B a kjM jo 5z
TiBw AoM kk{ jApC mo* A pA  nBTiBw keA B
pA BM Bp KB> RAj] Tvh A /k jB%TwA B{ji pA Bhv
5z
BTeA oj BpBwBT /kT2B Swj q Am> M KUn joM M
ji pA kM nj M UoQ nAj TiBw BM B B{ RnM kjo
/kk{ AkQ kp Bw Tvh KUoU A M
BTeA /k S/2Bd
Aw kTiBw BB] ji AoM M kkC j] M ;2 BpBwBT
 kT2B BM BpBwBT C /kj AjA kp M C nj B{j] 
qa BM B{B A
BTeA /k kp C nj BU kTiBw B{ji AoM
BM kk] BKUn  [nkU M kjL 2Bd y{Q pA yM
/k{ oUShw kp AjA BA kk{ AkQ oUkCnB oTM BM B{B
/jM T{BLA \nkU kAo2 A ,kk{ oU~% oUnqM BM B{B
AoM BpBwBT C  B{ Bxn nj \nkU S2ozQ A BC
AoM ?S{Aj BBQ kT2o nB M B] nj B{j] AjA <U
,ji %e AoM L\ B{B a /jM toTwj nj AAo2 Bp S2ozQ
C S{ow ,kM Bw nAqnBa /jBT2A An M ,BnAq C nj
k{ jBTwA BM o nj Aop ,kT2o M pA BC ?kwn B\ M kU BpBwBT
B#M {B

55

BpBwBT :j ~.

 SwBRk ;k AkQ Bnj nj n*> An BC  k{BL A BLj /kjM


B\ RnM Be /kAjAj Swj pA An ji SjkdM jApC C
pA k{ Ak] kAxoi x] nj BwC> w BRBMn nj ,nqM
An pA oT BM knAj BLUnA C BM Tvo> BAn pA Sep M ,oM B]
,kATiBw An B ,kTv B{ nj BC /k jB%TwA ji % M C pA nj
nj An pA BC /SwB j] B S BC nBTzQ ;An Bl v]
BC BM {B B kn yQ r wA M Be BpBwBT A ,kAkC
/Tv

Aiji r 56

w ~

AoB B_QnB
B{ ;Sv BjC ;2 <B> pA n/ ,Tv BM {B B
jAkU jo{ /j{ Bto BoT BM ,BB ,RBAe
q B jAkU Te SwA z nB p n BM B{B
w jke An kp B jAkU ,oM o/ nj An RAoze ;2 /Sv }hz
M kB{ BC U U nB{ ,kAjo jnCoM
/kwoM
,nj B<A o/ pA a oBo o/ pA a ,BM B{B 5Th dAA
BM
B jo jnAk x M TBL{ _ tQBTiA /knAj B B{
M ,kok kB BLoU jBM { o/ pA BA /knAj =o2 M Sinj
A nj Br ,Sv Bznj  BpBwBT o/ pA |~i
{B B /jnAj j] ,2 BU T2o oT BM pA ,B nj d
kAT2o B DNA  B ,pBwBT d AoM Tv BM
BpBwBT A /jnAj j] UB%T nBvM BAn kp kAnm AoM Bj nj
 SwA {B /kATiBw An %Th B{B ji jB%TwA AoM
JC nj An r  SwA BTwj B ,k %e Sinj BM nj An Br
/k %e Aop nj An r  jnAj j] a o Te ;jnAj
/jnAj qCnAowA jo DNA
DNA pA  ,Br AjAj Bz n*A dT j oUjBw AoM
pB>C Nw nj  BpBwBT A M knAj SBL{ i ,kAk{ TiBw
A pA o> Se SwA jnAk TA B WdM nj dT A /kjM

Aiji r 58

DNA B BM kBzi A BpBwBT C kB{ /k{BM

ATM kB{ ,j Rn nj /kAjM RB%T


B qa kB{ ,k{BM T{Aj
jo njM Ak pA An BC BM {B kBM DNA Bp eo nj ,S%
Aop ,k{BM T2n M pA
B A BpBwBT C kBM ,k{BM a o A /k{BM
A BTwAn nj /jnAk j] poA BM B{B nj BC pA oYA _
BTeA  SwA jo bo6 An o> o/ A 1 SwA qo /Z/C dT
,k{BM jL C B
A ,Tvh BpBwBT C ,B jAk]A jnAj
AkM KB> a An DNA /kjM , qn RAnl ,Co> k BnM M
RnM jpB ~2 nj  n*C ,o ,SwA nB poA ,Ak a
DNA k{BM An nj RnkU K~> ]BU pA kk] d , bo6 T
/jnAmA C M An ji B] j{ nL\
2
,SwA nBTiBw keA pA * T{n DNA o
UoQ B kB Swnj ,knAj B 3 kU  a B
/kA kU pA AT{n DNA B ,kTv BkwAC pA AT{n 
pA jB%TwA BM ,k{ kj za BM  kAC pA oUqn nBvM DNA B
T{n S%] pA BC /kAjoM Q BC { M
B Tvo> Bxn
A ;kAkMBU M %oo _QnB {M  kAk{ zU kU
kjzU BkU /kAkp z B_QnB ,BUj B_QnB
kB G C , T , A k{BU RnM  kTv 5Th dnBa pA ;2 BC
 qa /kABv BB RBAe BU nj A oB A /k{
keA /SwA ok owSzQ oB A T2o nAoU po* j{ RB%U WBM
BkeA AU BA /SwA qe nj G L{ Swnj jC o nj G nBTiBw
BM oT ke BU ao jnAj =o2 qe BM jC o nj nBTiBw
/(Bv BUj |Bi jn nj q]) oj BjC
] |Bi SvU nj DNA /k kp BkM nj B A /A/j
, jC kM /SwA k AoQ Bw BU nj kM BU nj M kz
1. A.G. Cairns-Smith

2. a long chain of building blocks

3. nucleotides

59

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

,B>A MBU BXTwA ka BM ,k{ zU w nAq jke pA


An DNA /jnAj j] kM DNA pA B Ahv Bw A pA o nj
oe 4 BM  S2o o/ nj kM SiBw AoM nTwj \ AU
nBA  Rn A M /SwA k{ T{ G C , T , A ,kU BL%A
BhMBT C nj k{BM ABhMBT ,nqM jBA=2 BTiBw =BUA
o nj
SwA w nj  ABhMBT /k{BM T{Aj nAoU BTiBw BM BU z
jk A j{ JBT k] 46 B{ BM z A ,BvA nj /jnAj B Tv
op knAj B po B<JBT > A /SwA RB%T oj B nj
jAkTA nj KUoU M Br k{ kj pAnj Bg RnM Nwo
j{ do{ kM r BU r B\ A jo U /kAk{ 5jn BC
A nj  n*B BThL{i /k{BL nAjB kB{ UA nj Sv BwC
/jnAk TA Aka B k AoM v A ,kj kAi ~2
BMp BM An nBTwA BMp TeAn M jB%TwA BTiBw z BM tBU pA
BTB\ / jB%TwA ,JBT pA po B] M B / h jB
X Br k{vU ao ,oM nB M r B] M An <d%> B
BM /k{BM T{Aj ~hz po  Sv JBT Bd% kMvU
MiM KB6 TU /n yQ jBp ke BU MBzU A pA jB%TwA
pA  S% kBM ,T nj / 2o An oj BnBTwA kM ,k{ kMTwj
B nTwj  SwA L* JBhTA A /Sv oLi B\A nj <nB>
/SwA jnC jo An DNA
,k{ oXU A A /kj B\A nB j DNA B
kM  BU RBe do{ pA nB A /kpBw An B{ji pA Bhv
B{ /kAk{ oLi nB A nj BUA B A Be SwA T{Aj AjA 5UU
k{ zU w nAq pA  knAj kM ,BvnqM A M
kM BTiBw z  SL A BM kjM w ;2 AkTMA nj BA ,SwA
w j C pA o nj k{ vU w j M w A /jM w C nj
,8 ,4 M Bw jAkU kM BvU nj /S{Aj j] BM  pA Az pBM
SBA BM DNA Bz ,vU o nj /kwn BjnB BU n* 32 ,16

Aiji r 60

/jAj fn BLT{A RnkM k{ oXU


BUA DNA o A BA /SwA AB Ak] WdM DNA oXU dT
a ?k{ Ao]A Bbo* A n6a ,SwA kM TiBw AoM bo* \
j Aow M joM An B dT A ?kCnj kM nBTiBw RnM BC
kU oM Tv o> RnM DNA /kj B\A DNA  nB
nj C pA  ,M /k RnB/ ,UoQ ,RB%T d
UoQ B w 5* pA ;2 ,jo SLd LU ~2
T{ kU BL%A oe nBa BM  , DNA k{ nAmqn BQ /SwA
BL%A /j{ ]oU oj BMp M B jBw xn BM ,j{
/j{ \ BC BM UoQ B  kBkwAC BMp A
nj ,kwoM o/ M kM TiBw pA RB%T i UoQ TiBw kB{
kM S2BM oTzM ;2 BUoQ /SwA kM TiBw An nj kU Tvh UA
nj B{ BkAo2 n Uj oT M ,kj zU An
BB] KwB BBp nj An BC zq n*M ;k BA w o
k{ nqM WBM SB nj BnB A a /k xBi {n KwB
BU kz * BoU B Bj  SwA BTwAj ,j{ jAp
An kM SiBw Br /SwA SUA BA /knCnj ow C pA BwB{]
RB% :SwA w ;2 BC oYBU k oT Tvo> n*M
yAj pAkA a M kp * nj B{ Sv /kwn VnA M MBvT A
T BUkpo2 M r mo* pA C nl ,k{BM T2B Swj B C
ji Br  SwA kM mo* pA /k do{ o% pA ,kk] v o /j{
/k %e oJU pA An
:SwA A BU o/ pA k oT An ] k{n Br A SA
BM  j A M ,knAj y kC nj ji kB kp nj jBp ke BU Br
C TiBw nj k kp C nj  jnAj kM kCnB M TvM BC
nj AjApC  jM BpBwBT BM BT L* JBhTA ,Bp /kAjo 
kj c]oU An BpBwBT L* JBhTA Be /kjM nB{ pB>C Nw
o nj  Br ,kpBvM An ji BM {B oTzM RnB BM 

61

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

nB A nj BpBwBT ,oj Bp o kB /k{BM oUjnA ] k{n oT


JBhTA kU BkAo2 B /knAk n yQ nj Bi BoM B B C
kB ,SUj BAp ,nBkB ,KUn B M jiMji
/knB nj omQBJBT]A Ann B` ,RBe nj nBvM Bpn Tvh
/Sv o/jn ABoM jnAk j] kC M SLv B _ Br nj
 Bs /uM /M pA oTzM <M ,knAj j] ;2 Br
/kTv jBw T{m kB k{ r oTzM BAp nBkB BT
/kAjo =o2 i
o* A M yQ Bw 6 jke pA oiA BBw nj
] pA BM B{B nB2 nj oza BS2ozQ M BpBwBT
BU B Ak] nBMka BA pA Ako) kAT2B Swj za KU ,`B
oJU nBvM An ji kp A B~hz BpBwBT ,A pA LU /(kAT2B
/ BLj An WdM ATM BU {BM ]T Ji kBM An dT A kjAj
 SwA A AkM poA pBwBT jn nj kBM  An qa Tvh
k{ Swnj r pA ;2  Sv Aw BM {B /SwA BT]A nBvM
nBvM ]Twj nB kM TiBw /SwA r nAq ka B{ ,k{BM
Ak] oj Br pA An r nB SwA o> BLoU  n* SwA mUj
o /jnAj kM 5Th
B BB] n RB%T oYA ka |Bi r o /
BM C BU M TvM r o oYA SwA jBp Br oYBU SdU kM yhM
An oj Br o
nB knAj An un y Br <M /jnAj Br oj

M z C d% o S% j{ tBU C pA jB%TwA BM /k oT


Un nj ;2 d% o j{ Mo BTiBw C 5Th B] ka
T{Aj oj Bd% pA jBp jAkU M T nj dB]nA  SwA %
/k{BM
B{ AoM An Cw A SwA Br k`Q nj TvMA A
X UnBL pA Aoa /oM nB M An <r> rA Aoa
A B  jnC yQ

Aiji r 62

M b6A <Ko r> S% kBM gwBQ nj / jB%TwA <1 Ko r>


BpBwBT M An Ko r AU ,oj o/ pA BA SwA nijnj
v] XkU /SwA Sv] kkQ pA {B A /jo vU Br B jo%
;2 kM o  A M /j{ Br k{ n op k{ ThC WBM
jBp  Bi { M Br C nj  SwA SU  w
,jAo2A o ,C nj Br KoU d /kAkC jo nj kBQ
/knAj * nBvM o BM Br ji  Be nj ,SwA RkBU
AU An r o /j{ jQ AT Bv * BC Bov
kp T{m SzQ nj SzQ Bv B pA  S2o o/ nj keA RnM
C ~2 A nj  ,SwA JBT A dT oUA <U /SwA kB
/k%Bh C BM Rk{M oTd AnB pA <M /jo Ai oUpBM An
kBM AkTMA / BM nBvM ~%U bo{ BM An C o A kzhLM Ao AoMBM
/j cTU i n*M An 2 Sv] dT a
TLA /SwA kC JBT k] 46 nj BvA kM z  T%
LU
po 46 C /SwA nCJB\A i oA Se /Ajo jBw nBvM An K6
j w o Tv nj M AU /kApo S,] 23 RnM
j{ /knAj j] Aq\ BkoQ RnM ,z pA k] 23 \
/jo nAmB oiC BU n* J 2 5A 2 ,J 1 5A 1 k] An BC
AkM  jAkA oM nB M BC j }hz AoM  jAkA TLA
/kAAhLj
B joM Ai nB M Bd% AoM
B <M nj  AT2o BkA pA pA oJU kM An po o B
Bk] /nkQ pA An 5A 3 ,5A 2 ,5A 1 Bk]
X /kAjM A AkhU
tBwA oM ,SwA k`Q nBvM nB A nj /njB pA An J 3 ,J 2 ,J 1
C kj An Bw C pA o nj Nwo BM j{ o/ A
/jo Ak] kAkC njB pA  BU 23 C pA kAkC nkQ pA  An BU 23
nB q2 o/ pA An B{o po S%] o  Sv n*A
1. gene complex

2. Sex

63

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

Jvd S%] o/ a pA uQ /k{BM jq Te B kAnmM


AU SwA nkQ o* pA A nj  An k] o  o/ A pA ?k{

X SwA njB o* pA  /SvAj |Bi k] o/ d% M d%


M Mo jo SwA J 13 k] 6 d% 5A 13 k] 6 d%
/k{BM <AU> oj C <MC> kB{ /k{BM za n
n pA B BX X ,jnA <M nj BA /kBv o/ d% j B
,k{BM T{Aj jB<T <U> j d% j A o A /knAj =o2 BM ,za
oM yAi B /SwA RB%T gwBQ ?Sva nBMA nj kM 5U
nj za ,T% za n pA  A  A nj /k L> oj yAi
T2o kk MC za SiBw nTwj SiBw B /SwA AU UA
T A kC Bv M nTwj A  j{ j Be A BM ,k{
MB nj /jnAj B 1 J. r j{ T2o kk Rn A M  r /jz
AU za r SwA JJ  MC r M SLv /nAj An 2 KB1 r C
Bd% hv jo  k{ kAi MC za AnAj v ;SwA KB>
RBUA oTzM /k{BM Am%T MC n za n jn nj U M Mo
 kM SwA MBM qa Be \T ,kTv kB o/ r j 
/SwA RB%T
B qa B jnAj j C M eo* B j{ TiBw
jnC Swj M AoM AU MC za r X r j TU
nj /k{ kB ok 3 C ,k SMBUn BM po n keA BB]
C z BJBT /KUn BM SwA jAoT C rA ,nAj B  2k
 n* ,knAj Tvw pAo{  k o2 knBM o/ nj An BTiBw
6 d% kBM 13 k] o /k{ B]MB] Ak] Bd% SwA
M SwA  jnAj j] 6 d% pA yM ,k{BM T{Aj
BTeA SAn ,MC za k SAn /jo nAoU 7 5 Bd%
 Sv S] C nj oj BSAn Be A BM ;AU k oj
 oj C ]j kB{ /k U An qLw
X oj Bn
1. recessive

2. dominant

3. alleles

Aiji r 64

S] C nj kzM 13 po n 6 d% |Bi BB] nj kAU


oX Ake AoMBM /jnAj 13 po k] j ;2 To2 jC o /k{BM k AoQ
X SwA /k{BM T{Aj 6 d% Bi B] AoM C j kAU ;2
T{Aj An C j B ,k{BM T{Aj Bv C pA hv j ,MC za jC
/SwA k{ JBhTA SwA S] C nj  oj ]j B pA  k{BM
r xji AoM j] Br  Aqi B pA joM kAU jC TLA
{B nj A M kd Br ,|Bi Bp o nj /k JBhTA
nj /M AU nB nBMA nj B kTv B okU B Br /k{BM BM
1
r Aqi A M ,RkpAnj nj ,An S]  Br ,Be o
B~~hT  SwA 2 b6A UA nj RnBL A /ko o/ nj
bB nj Aop SwA {pnABM l o~U b6A A /koM nB M Tr
|~i M /T2B BpBw
B UnM TLA ,k{ ThC BM Br
Bd% k{ B]MB] pAo{ Thv X qa ,kj Ai  n*B
/jo Rn BUA
kk] w j M L* n*M w a jAj bo{ A pA yQ
/kwn po 46 C pA B hv BC Ak o M j{ vU
 Sv q w vU oj d BA /jnAj B 2 pT jB vU A
/kj fn v] Bw kU nj ;2 vU d A /jnAj B 3 p
BU 46 B]M  o/ A pA ,kjo2 M o~d Bw B nj hU oPwA
bB nj TU A AoM SwBU 46 5~ Swnj A /knAj po 23
!k{BM SeAn yMBve ,kpBvM kk] jo2  k{ KoU Bpo v]
Rn AkhU <M nj ;2  SwA w vU pA |Bi d p
jnAj  po 46 BUj \ BM w C nj  ,jo
;2 Ako  k kU An v] Bw j{ vU
BX AoM BvA Bpo jAkU pA nA ) knAj BU 23 \
/(Ajo jB%TwA
1. gene pool

2. mitosis

3. meiosis

65

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

46 w vU mo* pA jnAj  po 23 BM oPwA o


o nj po 23 Ak /j{ TiBw <M nj ,p { M ,po
oPwA jnA JBhTA UB%UA n*M po 23 kBL ?jo nAoU oPwA w
k{BM 13 k] pA hv j oPwA nj B\Aow  k{BM n*A kBL /k{
BoPwA pA nj SwA o/ L] pA /k{BM T{Ak j] 17 k]
1 Bk]
X ,k{BM ,njB
X ,kA pA po 23 ,}h{
kU oPwA A pA  A`MoTij ,njB jAkn a nj /J 23 ,/// ,J 2 ,J
nkQ nqMnkQ pA joM VnA M nkQ nqMnjB pA An yBr pA j{
 Sv S2AooM Rn
A M vU ,UAnj BA /SwA kwo A M qa

/SwA A pA oUk`Q  SUA /j{ T o* pA po 


,TBe a nj /jM Svw B{pAo{ (Bpo ) BJBT  Sv BUjB
j{ Ak] JBT pA BM SwA d% ka B ,oPwA kU T
A d% 65 SwA AoMBM /koM B] oj JBT nj
22 /k{BM J 1 k] pA JBT oiC BU 66 d% pA 5A 1 k] pA |Bi oPwA
AoMBM /k{ TiBw A MBz {n M oPwA A nj j] oj k]
o A Te ,SwA jo2 M o~d qa jpBw jo2  oPwA w o
46 po \ pA ;2 An ji po 23 1 BoPwA
k{ TiBw mo* M BhU ,AkhU nj /k{BM T2o BU
/kjo2 M o~d B{
kU T :nAj Mi BLoU B C ThC A UA nBpBw pA
B] BUj Ak] An ji nkQ po
o pA ByhM (hU B) oPwA

B k{BM BUjB) /k njB po pA yhM B o/ BM An ji


C  kC v kA pA A nj   SLd Bpo jn nj
M oPwA C pA SB nj  A`M nkQ
nqMnkQ pA ,jpBw An oPwA

A /jnAj B 1 BPa po ByhM k{ B]MB] kAo2 /(kC j]


1. Crossing-over
BC

B~UA

Tv{

oYA

oM kB

Bpo pA

FGj jBL
jk\

p v7U Bo] nj

Aiji r 66

BM B{ o A  SwA A M /SwA JBT A BWdM BU nj dT


,kTv W o A B) BoPwA pA nj Bpo M Nwo
pA Ak nkQ o* pA Ak kj }hzU kAhM k B ji (BhU
Bw ST BM A ) /kAjo 5U An ji SU S]M kAkC njB o*
po o /(k d]n 62 d% M ;SwA nB{C MBU nj kM jB
/njB nkQ Br pA SwA Ap B Ua
{ C pAo{  MBT nj /wn d% BM r tBU M B\A nj
zhM ,jo B]MB] B 2BTA ,S{AjoM An d% BU j{ ,k{
SwA kU oe pA pAnj T{n ;2 Ko r BA /An d% pA
o oiC A B /k{BM k{ /U B Ak] Bd% nj  Sv n*A
2oe nBa BL%A B BM  jnAj Bi jB UoQ BQ o\p
SiBw nTwj kB\w S j A M /j{ T{ BUoQ
M  kU oe AU An r AU /SwA k{ nAmqn UoQ
/oM o/ nj SwA UoQ o\p qn jnAj nAoU BTA AkTMA S
koM nB M jnAj %oU a  keA AoM An 1 oTvw rA
M po BPa /koM nB M B] M An oTvw r B<M
M B BoTvw nj SwA k{Ak] /k SBn An BoTvw
Bd% n An BTiBw z C  SwA A X /jo Rn BC
* pAkA /k{BM T{ m>B nA 6 46 n M ,B Ak]
BU oTvw B\ k  An BU /Sv SMBY BoTvw
Tz m>B nA C n BBz kAi ,j{ do{ kM oTvw
j jBL pA SwA RnBL BPa /SwA BQ oiC BQ A S BLj M
jk\ B~UA Tv{ oYA oM njB nkQ kB Bpo pA 6U
/knAj L6 a A pA o/o ,BC
M ,Sv oTvw ,kC JBT A A nj  r rA pA n/
B kB xi =Am M 5oU A kB{ /SwA C pA oUmUj qa
1. Cistron

67

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

jL n*A ,T{Aj o A Te /k{BM B LU jn  nAk r pA %oU


k jnCoM An Bn/  n* o An BrA AU B /jo jn An C jz 
M  An op 5oU /k{BM BMAM {n nB A  *o{ M , 5oU
jA pA yhM C pA SwA RnBL r 1 /AT2o qB /V/Z pA oM nB
keA A M  jnAj Aj nkUC jkT Bv * BM  po
 SwA pBwBT r ,M LU ~2 BMp M /k L* JBhTA
,oj RnBL M ,nAjoMhv nj SBA /jnAj nAjoMhv nj jBp SBA
BU nBkB RnM ;2 An C  SwA hv RnM nBkB
/jnAj ]U  M pB 5oU A /
po pA A6U An C kBM {BM T{Aj r pA  %oU o nj
pA nAk a k{BM kBM pAkA a 6U C nqM  SwA A Cw /AkM
nj m>B nA C n An ok nB\ qn oe AU ?m>B nA C *
oe j AU ;2 SwA /kBM r keA An AU A /koM o/
;k{BM oTvw Sz AU kB{ ;k{BM oTvw nj ow SzQ
BM r keA o /j{ BU B] B do{ oTvw ;w pA SwA
oUa BkeA B{ /S{Aj kAi B{Q oj r BkeA
B pAnj a M Sv /jpBw An oUnqM keA pA zhM /j{
r keA An C B  SwA qa ,oTBe WdM k AoM ,k{BM BU
]_ M q2 o/ pA SwA po * pA nAk ;2 /B
/jnAk po C M BM UB%U
T{Aj oT * r keA ao /wn A T M Be
/SwA oTzM Bv * nj xo * jM oTzM BTeA ,k{BM
k o2 /j{ Tv{ BPa BM  jnAj j] BTeA A oT B~h
nj jnAj BTeA ,j{ TiBw pT vU BM hU B oPwA  nBMo
SwA jBLU *BU A kj fn BPa nBM B po
5~
,pAnj r keA o A /jo Rn po * B] o nj
1. G.C. Williams

Aiji r 68

5 j{ 6U p o nj A BTeA ,oM o/ nj An ,po *


po C * k ;2 B o/jn r keA * o A BA /SwA knj
/jnAj j] p vU o nj C jBLU 6U BTeA knj ;2 ,k{BM
jAkU pA nL nj r keA C {BM T{Aj nB/TA AU Rn A nj
S{Aj nB/TA j{ Te /jnBM Aj jo2 C BjAp Bv pA oTzM
BPa BM A pA LU SwA nB\ oTvw ka B{  o
/k kp v ka j{ Tv{
AU  ,k BM v M An r keA o ;wT ,TeAn AoM
keA A M An po BU B o A /jo JBve q Bw M An C
8 po
X /jM kAi v ;2 C o * ,oM o/ nj r
pA LU  /koM o/ nj k{BM kwn VnA B{ M BUnkQ pA kBM  An 5A
kU BUnkQ B<M pA nj po A j{ TvM B{ %6 A
po A /SwA T{Ak j] B] gnBU * nj qo C pA LU BU k{
po pA B6U T2o nAoU nB BM ,pT B]MB] kAo2 *
,k{ zU B{ nkQ nqMnkQ po pA B6U nkQ nqMnjB
TLA ) oPwA C /SwA jo2 M o~d
B T2o nAoU |Bi oPwA nj
nj  ,jM BnB{ B pA ,(k{BL Bvo> Uj B{ o A
/knAj j] B{ j A M SwA TiAkA o BUnjB BhU pA
nj j] r jA M nB nj ,5A 8 po ,o/ jn r keA A
B{ k{ nAj`M SM TU BA /k xji oXU M do{ B{ kM
Tv{ po A ,k kU (oPwA B) hU B{ kwn
B]MB] B{ njB J 8 nB{ po pA UAnl BM C pA UAnl /j{
 j{ AkQ kk] 8 nB{ po ,v] w o nj /j{
,Tdo> jB~U pA k{ B BM , ,k{BM oUkM B oTM LU pA kB{
;2 po o kp * /SwA jo2 M o~d RB%T
B qa
/SwA v
5A 8 po * k
X ,oUa r keA kp *
nj A nj jBp BTeA M BA ,kwn B{ M nkQ pA keA A ?SwA nka jC

69

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

M An C A knj 99 BTeA M ,LU kTwA tBwA oM /SwA kz zU A


xnjB pA k o2 /SwA jo S2Bnj ji kA j pA pA Rn B
C A  jnAj BTeA knj 99 pBM /B{ nkQ nqMnjB pA ,k{BM T2o
r keA jAk]A jn o A KUoU M /k{BM T2o ji kA pA pA An
kBM oiBM /wn C kkU M  BLj 2B pAkA M An a
/k{BM k{ Swnj BUjAk]A pA AkhU B <M nj Bp nj
/j cTU nAj o/ nj <k{ Swnj> pA  An Bi % knAmM
;k{BM oUa kpBw An o/jn r keA  BkeAop ao
r keA /SwA oTzM k{BM T{Aj oU* o r keA C A BTeA
yAnC A /d C pA LU ,k{ Swnj Bp pA Bi /d nj B
j] qo ,kj zU An keA C S knAj C BkeAop  Bi

X ,k{BM jM oiAA SwA C k{ Swnj /d /SwA T{Ak


jn qn nBvM r keA o A BA /B{ BnqMnjB B nqMnkQ pA nj
LU kB pM nAkB] nj
X oUnj nBvM B nj kB{ ,k{BM B o/
nj B{ nj a r keA ,A oM /k{BM k{ Swnj 1 BvA pA
k nL ov pA oJU kM ,k o pAkA B M SwA kC
/jnm B{ BjAp AT Bv B pA 
ov k * jo2 BjAp  ov k xAo2
6U  B{ jAk]A pA Ak o /SwAn ;i SwA k{Kz
k{BM jM Bi a ,k{BM <jo Swnj> An B{ 5A 8 po pA |Bi BU
pA SwA /SwA T{Aj oj BjAp B{ oM ,BUC a
nj , nj SwA /k{BM BUnkQ nj B{ r BkeA
K M 2B pAkA M o A Aop ,k{BM keA C B{ w nj ,B opSvh
ka SwA a keA /nAj oTz jAk]A B ,jooM
,k{BM a keA  Un nj :k{BM k{ Swnj 2jB~U n*M B Ak] nBM
 jnAk j] BTeA A BA /Sv Tdo> Aka jAkin A
1. ape-like prehuman

Aiji r 70

B{ Bpo kB
B BUjq Mv pA Te Bpo
oj jo2 BM C nj A BTeA ,k{BM oUa r keA ao /k{BM
RnM nBMka B] nj A BTeA j{ oTzM {BM o{
/SwA oTzM k{BM k{ AkQ hv
nB UB%UA n*M j] LU pA BkeA op jBLU *BU BM A
 oj { /SwA kk] r BkeA zU { ,ko nAoU
y] /SwA 1
SwA njB nBvM nBvM BU o/ pA
BLT{A /kj fn JBT nj oe kM NBa BM  SwA BLT{A A6
BTeA ,k{BM oTzM r keA * ao SwA cTA BA /SwA njB
j{ Be C nj oJU y* jAkTA nj A6 nj y] BM A
/SwA oTzM
2
/eMBU C RkpAnj [BT  SwA
oj njB BLT{A d
M nBMj k Uow ,jo Ak] ow jo pA An ji po U /SwA
p SBe A nj S% j{ LU tBU pA jB%TwA BM /j{ B] B
;2 Bpo pA A6U B /k{ nAm nB{ nBMj Bd% C SwA
A nj /kLva po C pA oj B] M M k{ Uow
ao BLT{A d A /kAk{ oj JBT jnA JBT pA ,ST
j{ WBM B  SwA o/ A pA k{BM qC]B2 SwA
kB{ /knAj oTM nB BM  ko nAoU nB r jA pA B6U
dM knAj Mi oYA k{BM nB  Un nj ;2  oTvw j
BC /k{ UA nB nA BM k SU An ok B kA
kj c]oU ,T2o { Rn A M  An r keA C ,L* JBhTA
 jnAj j] BA A /k jBp UC BS] B nj An xjAkU
B jo oJU BzzAnC KUoU A M ,BBw S{m * Ko Br
/k{BM k{ <yAo>
A7# y]

nA

1. Point mutation

2. inversion

71

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

/wB{ 1 k#U B M An kkQ A B oUT2nTv{ pA


SwA oza Bzinj
BC n /knAj kM * BAoQ <M
/ko Bzjq  k2 BC <kjnAkz> BBz n pA BkoQ
/koM jw ST A pA kTv *kM  AoQ oj B SU C
jAp B*kM X n { o/ pA /k kU *kM BAoQ pA BC
An BkoQ ` BwB{SL* K>A /(q o/ pA TLA ) k{
k{BM kza An *kM BUA BAoQ pA * nBM  AkoQ /kp
jq ,k BAoQ ] pA ,k{BM { C M  AAoQ _ M oj
{ A M /j{ jAj c]oU JBhTA nj kU r KUoU A M /j{
/k AkQ ;vM kU
 Sv n*A jnAj j] *kM BAoQ pA %Th nBvM B
xji kBM /j{ L{ BC M kAU k /k{BM L{
kU nj ,|Bi k o , nj /k L{ *kM |Bi M An
 knAj j] okU B BA /jnAj }~hU |Bi *kM
kU *kM pA C jAo2A <M /SwA K\ nBvM B{nB
k{BM o j A M  jo2 o /oj *kM pA oj jAo2A ,k
j] a j{ jni jp i k kU o jo pA kAhM
,SwA W B om jo2  n*B Swnj /j{ jAp
A MBM

X /C pA B /k kU C pA B A pA kBM k AoQ
/ B pA xnjAoM ,k kU A pA AoQ
pA B j{ kU A pA A U nj r ;2 kwn o/ M
BL] kAU r BU a BA /k{BM T{Aj y , B
pAoQ SBe BBi bo* ,{ ,n j{ kU  An ABka
,oM o/ nj oTvw % M An r o A  SwA A gwBQ ?k U
nA Be  ABB CB nBji <yAo> BM BA /kAU
BTeA
k AoQ
LU  Br pA nqM Twj ,SwA r jA UB%UA BAnCpBM oj
1. mimicry

Aiji r 72

A  nBT2n /kz po n k{ ] nB kjM


Jvd r 5oU mL*  A UA nj SwA r nBT2n kB \
B{ \ /SwA oj \ C C j{
\ nj ;k{ Mo A pA kU M  SwA BoTvw
a nj <BPa> BM A BTeA /k{ Mo B M oj
SL* nj qo SwA  nBvM kj fn jBLU *BU A\
nj  AoQ jBp jAkU B nj B BA :SwA kz kj MBM AoQ
/kAk{ oBo knC M BzBpC
TvAU  SwA a nBvM r keA r rA pA n/
/j{ oXU AAo2 Bhv RnM jnAmM ow SzQ An jBp Bv
X SwA Lv 5oU M ,Sv B6A kM zi %oU A
* pA A6U k{ Ak] BTeA ao /kALv  <oQ> <nqM> 5oU
oT S{Am r B C n jzM A BTeA ,k{BM oTzM po
A ;Ao{ oTvw BUkBU /nAj o/ nj r pA  % nj TLA ;SwA
]j /kn* C pA oUnqM BkeA BA ,jnAj An 5oU
o/ pA  k{BM jq M nkU C SwA po n oTvw
okU BAoQ o jn /kj zU An ooQ r keA B
B ,k{ oj kM jnA ZnBi kM pA BoTvw TU /SwA Mi
,k{ kk] v An k{ hU B oPwA oM nAw  Bp
An ji LU Bo%w jq BBv kTv  a Tz C nj SwA
jAk]A BkM nj Ao]BoQ Bo%w T  kU Ao%v ;k RBU
o po n nB\ BoTvw /kAjM BzAo nj
kM oj kwn p Ak] Bp TU  kj zU An ATvL
/k{ Tz nAw BM kATM SwA
Aiji oTvw An JBT A wA kBM k{ oUmUj o A
ke BU po? nqM 7B An C kBM M ,T{Am Aiji po?
A a pA BA /kB oUAiji po? a? 7B Aiji
a 6U AM r 5oU BM AoMBM /kC Bz{i
jo

73

r An JBT A

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

B ,kB kp jBp Bv nj BM  ,po pA


/nAm Aiji
B\C nj /jo yoU ~2 BBQ nj  TzoM A6 M  A
nB/TA kC nB{ M L* JBhTA keA kATM  j] o pA kj
keA AM An B<M  kj /k{BM T{Aj Aiji  jn
Bo B BS] oj Bv  Be nj ,ko o/ nj L* JBhTA
T%
LU  n*B /An BS] C jAo2A oj Ak An B nj
A keA AoMBM L* JBhTA A keA An r j c]oU
 5oU UnM An r  SwA jM A B\A BU nB /AkM Aiji
!k{BM BM me oq B 
nj BM Aq RB%U M ji { oU nj L* JBhTA
A A AoM BA ,ko <M kB RAj] <M /SwA RAj]
noT 2BTA o{ j] k{BM T{Aj B] n oYA zq o
Swj k{BM T{Aj j] jkT Bhv RnM kBM j] o /SwA
BM BU o/ pA  Uk nj kATM #BM kBM hv RnM BC pA <M
Bo ,jAo2A ;knAj An s A r qn BkeA /kBM kp SwA SA
BkeA  jAj Bz k no nqM jnBTwj /kTv a B
/S2o o/ nj vU MBUo> B Ak] RAnl kB AU nj An TYAn
B Te /Sv jBw A M dT  Aj Be
n  r j o  Sv n*A j{ vU oTvw
keA RnM An r jo w /k{BM Tv pA
B kApo
/k{BM jq BnC vU MBUo> nl C M ,jBp ke BU ,  5oU
kM nj |Bi r /j{ vU Rnk M ,Sv vU MBUo> r
Tv nL BM ,BnqMnjB B nqM nkQ pA r /jnAk B jnAj j] BUj jo2
,j{ B>jA oj Br BM A kM kTv BC M  Bv B pA
JBhTA ,kk{ ThC ok BM Ak Br o A /kwn B M oJU kM
nj dT A B<U pA /jL qo wB{ B  Un C M L*
,jM jo K] ji M nBvM An nAj ]U jM k{ RBLYA nAj RBe Bp

Aiji r 74

Bp C nj /SwA ThC kAo2 SYAn  jM A oM n~U Bpn C nj Aop


 tv2A BA kwoM nAj jAj M SvAU jM k{ ozT k 5z
v k nAj o pA kM Bw BU AoBo ,kz oLiBM C pA nAj B_
/joL Q jM jo  %z SA M k ji kB{ /jM k% An C
/S{ nAj AoM C M ]An Rn A o> nj Aop
BTeA j{ oQ nBaj  SwA A r 1 jM TYAn oj L]
nj r /Sv xABw k~ Bp pA oTzM Bw nj C jo
,oj pA kM ,An BkM joQ oj kM M kM pA ,Bv pA nm
A pA LU ,oj pA kM ,An BC k /U ji SwAi BM KwBT
/k qoU ,kn jMB M n o oQ BM
 kTv Tr UAj] M oTM B ,kAkp z Br
BM B{B  B /knAj An T% a T{Aj =BdTwA BATe
BA /{BM T{Aj An o j ka nB/TA AU B] A nj ,Tv jo2
j{ k\w j BM  SwA C pA oUjBp nBvM B] A nj Br o nB/TA
/kp Bw B AnAq M ow
r keA jo2 o ,SwA v] BC nj XkU  B nj
keA An C ATM C pA oUTU ,SwA TU jBA=2 nqM jBA=2
jAo2A A k{ ] pA  o /S2o o/ nj L* JBhTA nj xpnABM
nj oMA X Bo jAo2A ,r Bkj pA /SwA oUnqM keA j{ zU
SU k{LA B kC nB  kABMBM nj nBL> RAnl B2U B BwC
BS] /jnAk Aj BU M Mo BBp nj BC \U /knAj
A M kqC oj BS] BM Ak ,k{BM T{Aj Aj Uk SwA
RAoJU oYBU SdU q nj pA M /kj Swj pA An ji S KUoU
keA An C ATM  ApAkAM S] S /k{ UA BU
BU jnAk An p anBP RBLY Sv Tv jnC nB{ M L* JBhTA
/j{ jAj c]oU oj S] oMAoM nj
1. Particulateness

75

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

A  tv2A BA ,kwn Tv o/ M jnAj j] }h{ kM TU


M pA kAU BU /SwA jo2 M o~d jo2 o /Sv * Tv
XkU !kj Rn MBhTA ,jnAj j] Ak o pA  UAj]
,jqC oj BS] BM T]  n*B Swnj /Sv oXU v]
B`M /kTv xAv] o{ A pA AqC ,jo2 kC Bv
jAkU nj ,v ka pA kM /nBa ;2 BUB ,kB{ pA ;2 B{
j] r ka ;2 B{ pA a nBvM yhM oX Ake ,B{ BjAp jBp
/k{BM T{Aj ji oM An B{ B BC o A Te ,jnAj
k{ n op Bpo /kATU ,kTv nBkB Bqa jAo2A
oM pBM nj o pA kM  =n Swj X ,k{ joPw {Ao2 M
M pA BPa BM Br /kB UBM pBM pA kM B=n ji BA /jni
yQ BTe /kn yQ k An BzBo{ ;2 ,kn
BC BM B{B B kpBw BT BC /SwA B{nB /kn
A Br BA /kpAkA nj An B jAj B\A An o/jn Ski TU /Tv
/kAz ;kA* nBvM BBp
RnM tBA /tBA X
B TLA ,kAz ,tBA X ,Br
nBkB /SwA nBkB k{ zU BUA pA TMBY A pA  nM
nBvM DNA o q2 kp /Sv d A pA DNA B
/Sv o * pA oTzM k{BM ao Bka jke kB{ SwA BU
pA Bhv RnM kAU DNA o/ L] pA BA
BpBwBT kB Swnj ,A oM /k o Bw k~ xji
nj |Bi r Bhv SwA ,kjM pB>C Nw nj  Tvh
kk] BSAn nj  RB%U A BM ;2 /j{ ozT B] owAow
/kAk{ kMTvM BM B{B kM nj LUo / RnM
/SwA jkT Bhv RnM Br BM AoB s oM k BU
,jo jB%TwA oTvw U A M r 5oU pA AU jnA <M nj
M TvM ;vM Aq /jAj ;vM An C kBM BU M Mo o/ jn nj BA
nj /SwA L* JBhTA keA M joM Q B k~U /jnAj o/jn k

Aiji r 76

  }hz An kCnB L* JBhTA keA Bs AkTMA kBM An A


nj SBA BAp ,nBkB :pA kUnBL LU ~2 RBe6A pA jB%TwA BM
,BM UAke , j] oUnqM A M ;2 An r kM /nAjoMhv
RnM  SwA nBkB pBwBT r / 5oU jnAj An Bs A
/Sv kMA C nBkB TLA /jnAj j] AAo2 k{ oXU Bhv
BM SwA oTvw Te Sv omQBB2 BUA tBA
ApAkA M Aj po pA A6U An r 5oU nj /j{ BUj BPa
JBhTA nj An xpnABM keA y BU k o 2B nkU M BM  BU
/k{BM T{Aj L*
AT2nTv{ gwBQ Cw A ?SwA nka <2B nkU M> pA n/ BUj
M TvM /k{BM pAkA a L* JBhTA nBz2  jnAj A M TvM /jnAk
C <Ji> C M SLv <kM> r keA T2n M pA BTeA  SwA A
5Th B nj  j{ Mo 
RBq] M <U A /k{BM nka
nj
r L* JBhTA nj keA oUnqM /knAj =o2 BM
ow nj oTvw C ow nj  jnAj nAoU Aq ;i n B]
/SwA UA po xoj
AoM LwB jqB An C j{ WBM  SwA r BM A
qB A
rA n  SwA C SU Be /oM o/ nj L* JBhTA A keA
o BA ,k o Bw B SwA r o / k BU <BM>
pA kA jAkU kB kp /kwn v M kk] Br pA nBvM
j A M BUk SwA B{BLUAxi jM ke BU kk] Br
n BC /koB BM {B TiBw nj ,knAj SwA p  An C  SwA
knAm oYBU ,k kp BC nj  ,AT BkM nj ] k{n kn
SdU  kM M SLv ,An kM C XkU kB kp BTeA  UnM
<Ji> r ,BX AoM /k oTzM  ,SwA C B KUn r oYBU
BM ,SwA C nj ji  AT BkM nj kM BBQ jB\A BM SwA
BonB{ MB pA kATM oTM BkM C  KUoU A M ,k <U An ji
T{Aj x AoM / SwA |Bi jn A /k nAo2

77

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

SwA oTM  RBq] A onj An ji A B] M /SwA SeAq kM BQ


<Ji> Br nj An C nB/TA  jnAj j] ? s _ BC woPM
oM  j{ WBM Bs a MB nj ?{BM T{Aj (o pAnj )
Bs A pA jAkU SwA /qM An (o BU ) <kM> KvaoM r
nj :j{ Mo JBT A M |Bi n*M BC pA ,{BM T{Aj 
kBQ A /jnC nB{ M Ji An Aiji kM An onBXA kBM r c6w
BM AoM Br /T{Aj Aiji onBXA pA  SwA %oU omQBJBT]A
T2o nj r Aqi nj BC a ,k SMBUn BzBC BM BTv
kp BTeA Aqi C nj /kBC KUn kC Bv nj po n BB]
BM ,KUn C BU T{Am BQ op BMM  k{ kAi oTzM r o kB
,SwA RBdTA cTU A ,kj yAq2A kC nj An ji BM BTeA xnBT2n
/j{ Jvd Aiji A keA
r C ,5oU M BM ,
ow BQ o2 v ka pA /jM ~2 A A BQ
pA  o%w nj Br nkU o ,kj Anm n*M
LU An v A /T{m
knAj ] k{n oM  oT nj ,k{BM Tv jApC k Bv B
ji Svp ;d BM ok BM BC /knAk Aka TwA jApC
<BQkM r> kB UAnBL /knAj %U MBUo> k`Q BU nB
B M  SwA A BA SwA TeAn qa  nj <AonBXA nBT2n> r B
/BU a kM a jpBvM BQ BUSwj  Sv r _ /oLM Q BC UA
kBM An oM ;d oYBU /SwA r ka ]Twj nB Be BQ TiBw
k{BM T{Aj j] r kB{ BA !j{ TiBw Am> pA BQ UA nj
A ,jo Bd
An BQ ,jn A nj ji C jo M SLv ,k{BM Bv ;Ao{ oj o A 
/k oUkM
/koM o/ nj k k{n n oM An ,RAoT
X ,j oYBU ,tBU AoM
j] j A  6Ao{ M SLv ,RAoT j BM k B Aj
ji kM  Sv AjB nkU C u_ /k k{n oTzM k{BL
k jA JC ,JBT2C ,q Bi ,Aj  SwA kM /jpBw An k RAoT
Te oM o/ nj SMBY An A A o A BA /kp 5Th

Aiji r 78

B j{ WBM RAoT jq2A ,k{ jBp  kATM Ajkd nj Ako


k{n /jnAj y Bn k{n nj |Bi r KUoU A M /k k{n oTzM
k oT ,k`Q nBvM ;MAn pA AkU nj L{ An AkTMA eAo
BU AU An 6d B r B _ /Sv BwC C pA jnCnjow 
o/ nj  An qj kM yhM o /S2o o/ nj qj pA zhM <S>
M
BA /jnAj y C nj LU S SBM M jq oM
MBjn BwCM AU An ,BQ =Bw * nj RB%U
X ,oj qj BM qj
/kwn Br nj B Svp ;d nj zQ jBw RB%U ka B M BU jo
SdU BRB%U A ;kA BM AoM SMBUn nj  kTv BRB%U
/knAj y BU nj  kTv Br oT
pA zhM oj Br BA ,kTv nCo BLUn BC ,r AoM
/knAj nAoU BAo B ,BonB{ ,Am> ,Bj 5jn nj ,kC nB{ M ;d
/j{ B{ q An oj Br ,;d jnAj TvM ;d M r oYA
jnAj oYBU C pA RB%T
B oYA oj |Bi r n<e nj B r
Br \  /jnAj ji Ao Br pA oj A\ n<e nj 
 knC j] M r p B B<2 d jnAj nAoU kM nj 
/k{ |Bi r o oYA kU B oJU WBM
nB qj TiBw o A /]A UBU BM kwn o/ M Be BA
BU jnAj oj nB r AnAq M pB r o o A SwA k`Q nBvM o
pA  j mL6U o~U C BM An A AU a ,kj \T xnB
?jo jB\A joQ oj kM M kM pA AoB 
qM X  omQBvU r

Boe C ?SwA Aiji BiM jApC  UBe B A BM


nj ov pA  Ao BoM fB{ A kB{ /Sv a
A ?jM ;MnM
BM j{ /Sv B nj <UBU UA nj AT% ;MnM ,k{BM jo
/jAj bo{ An dT oj tBU pA jB%TwA
[oL jn%v C M AoBU MBv nj kAU BU pnBQ

B] nj Tvz AoM kBM BC Ak o /jnAj p nB Sz /j{ koM


Bw SzQ ,{BQ nj ,mBU w nj k{BM T{Aj }~hU mBU pA Bi
RB,U

79

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

M pA B{nB nj <M Be A BM ,SwA o nB mBU kAn /o>


o/jn RAo% K*Aj o B pA kAhM Mo k o2 /koUoB
,Bw AoM An <M ,w BB] AoM An <M ,k JBhTA An ji
nj /k yq An BC op RnM  k o2 Be /oiC BU n*
BC B] UB%UA RnM k BdTA nB An pnBQ Twj w pn o
 T% ka pA kM /kj MBv BM jnAm k An
KvaoM BC M /kTv jAo2A K>A koM BmBU RAo%  j{
M  kTv oj jAo2A oUnk BmBU nj /j{ jp Ji pnBQ
< Ji pnBQ SwA B BA /k{ njM Ak pA [nkU

X ,SwA nBMkM B yBo jM 5T yj ,k{BM nk mBU


kTv koM mBU nj  Ajo S% j{ ;2 /5Bh jBM jM kk{
/koTM T$nn
mBU nj B] ow oM BM  BLUn /kTv Br B BpnBQ A
Bi B] po * nj kAU BM  kTv BC k SMBUn
/jnAj Mi BM  j{ Mo kM SiBw M jp nBQ kU /k BJ{A An
 B\C BU /SwA r Aqi K*Aj jAo2A \ /SwA oM ;d jBM
/kBU nj C Br ,j{ Mo kM U o nBkB M
 kMBM kM nj An xji ,j{ kM BAo nBT2o Ji r  BvM a
Rn A nj /joM M pA An j kM r C ,Sv Akz r C nj
=B%UA kM AoM T A ao /jn M pA kM C Ao Ji r
pA BC nj  kTv oj BkM nj Ji r C oj Bhv ,kT2A
jM w oYA oM Ji r C Bhv pA <M /Sv oLi kz r C
j M nBvM kn M pA kM nj kz Br BM
UA =oM kn SMBA jn kM TU
X ,k{ jMB oj BuB{kM
r SwA UB%UA oU kC
kM B Ji ,BLUA 5oU M BM BA /j{

/SwA kM r ,Sv nBMkM ;2 jnC kM Ak 


M BM  BAU A ,SwA U nB Ji pnBQ Bs pA
U BpBM T{Aj pAkA M A kB{ /k nB k{BM B jAo2A

Aiji r 80

BM SwA L* JBhTA ,kj BAoQ jn nj  n*B /k{BM


An Ko r ,po RB6U nj BB]MB] oj dAA B nA
B] nj knAj BM Mi nB  Br KUoU A M k <yAo>
M 6Mn
A q2 o/ pA  Br SwA ` /k{ ]
oUoM r M /k{ UA JBhTA jn ALB]j nBpBw o*Bi M q knAk
,k RBU AT BkM nj
BTeA  Br BM  j{ jAj
/k{BM T{Aj Mi nB ,Aqi Br M BM
] pA ,SwA RB~i <M nAhT{ kM nj ,BX AoM
pA /oj Bqa i S{ < AoM KwB jn ,koM qU Akj
kBM xAjn jnAj p kBw ShU Akj kCnB nAhB o* C
r Aqi nj /k{BM T{Aj UB%T < { k{BM oUpAnj i
jBp kkM nAhT{ qU Akj xAknAj M  kk] r o ,nAhB
 j A M M ,SwA kM nAhT{
  j A M /Sv J6
o ,jni S{ TeAnM j{ ,nAhT{ KwB jn T{Aj kM
An nAhT{ kp oj Bs ` KwB jn A
nj ;2 r a /Sv kM r BUAl nAhT{ qU Akj r /jM AnAj
kM r ,knAj S Be nAhB |Bi Br C nj  r Aqi
/j{ Jvd
An r <nB ;d> Aop SwA k`Q /SwA k`Q 5oo % A
BL oM q BC Ak o  ,kj zU oj Br jBp ke BU
JBhTA ji ;d BM nB  ji ;d BM nB nj B{BAU
T A ATM oTM tBU pA jB%TwA BM kB{ /koj Br B  k{
pA M ,opn Mo\U pA tBU A nj ao ,jAj Bz An
RBAe M ]BU BSMBUn M 2o \Q ~2 nj  BpAjoQo/
M An T A jn nj oTzM WdM AoMBM / jB%TwA ,j{ Mo
A /~2 A A BQ M jooM   \Q ~2 oiC
M /jAo2A Te ,S] SwA L* JBhTA jBM keA oTM
yn An r KvaoM nB TeAn AoM  SwA r jB pA a keA

81

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

Br  SwA o2 A ,T%
LU  n*B ,WdM A tBwA /AT{Am
oUB BkeA oj BkM  Be nj ,kTv AoB BM
v] XkU A ,SwA SUA j BL oM o2 A /koBU
B BA /kAomQBnBA BSUA BA /jAo2A jM Ao j ,<BPa>
oj oTzM B Aoa /j nAoU Cw jn An BC S  k{ A
B Bpo nj Aoa ? jB%TwA v] XkU pA BM B{B
?B kp kMA BU B Aoa ?jnAj j] BPa
C RBq] SwA z Cw o oQ pA B Aoa  Cw A
nj oU j ka ,|Bi j oM /SwA JBT A oTv pA ZnBi
S  SwA A o/ ,BX AoM /SwA k{ AnA C M gwBQ
BKwC oj BnAjoMhv nj BLT{A nBMBp T{BLA kjBz
,1 nAAk oTQ ow pA ,oj o/ /SwA jo2 kp * nj r
BkTwA AkTMA nAAk /BU jn nj r JBhTA M ]U pA SwA Mi
jAo2A M M SLv onBXA ,jAo2A jo A kB ,k jn An Tw
kTvAU oj  jAo2A ,jL nB nj jo o A Aop j{ Jvd
Bzo*Bi nAAk  n*B /kjo { An Bj jM k XkU
k SMBY kAi  An qa C SwA *BM nj kTwA A k
 kAC pA oURUo2 oQ RBAe A
X /jnC JBve M o%
JBhTA B o JBhTA ]U AoM kTwA A , M /k XkU
oj RnM AU An WdM pA SvU C ao ,Sv d cTU
C M  A /SwA BQ BLp m6 nAAk ji o/ nj /jo BM oU]
/pAjoQ
C pA  jo U Sva Ji r  s  kwoQ
LU
M BU m2 Br oj s BA /SwA <Aiji> Bs
/SwA ,XkU pA kM BU Swj ,BzBM B{B o TiAkA K
pA BA ,kAjo j nj B{ B B BjAp pA <M {M
1. Sir Peter Medawar

Aiji r 82

!ko j nj jAk]A /B{ jAk]A


kz r /jnAj B kz r joM xAknAj j{ WBM  r
oj BS oYA oM o BTeA  n* ,j{ jo2 k{ AUB WBM
Bz |Bi nj nj kM oM An xoYBU oTzM r o /j{ jBp
oTzM /kTv XTv kBU A pA kz kz Br ,kj
<M ,j Anj nj <M ,kj Bz ] Anj nj An B{oYA Br
AoQ o ) /oQ w nj jAkU BwB nj <M ,A] nj oj
cTA (/knAj Bv
B Br \ j{ AkQ C pA  AAoQ
T{Am nB r Aqi pA kz Br  jnAj j] BU A  SwA
oj kz r r Aqi nj  SwA cTA pAkA B M /j{
r M SLv S{Aj kAi oTzM nBkB nAkBQ 2 /
oYA o A ,jnAj nAoU v kM nj  Akz r 3  jp kz
nj p ,kk poM kj B\A XkU ka kM C  Bp BU An ji
oQ jo2 j{ WBM  r ,BX AoM /kC JBve M m2 r Aqi
Aop j{ T jo2 C Akpo2 pA jAkU M SwA j{ B*ow nBaj
,w C pA /SwA jAj B\A BXkU B*ow M TMA pA LU r C KeB
pA _ M
j{ kz B*ow nBaj A] jo2 j{ WBM  r
S oYA oM jMB ,o/ A mL* ,AoMBM /j{ T jo2 C Akpo2
 oj kz kz Br T{BLA LB] ~d ;2
L* JBhTA 2B pA kAT2B pB]A Bzjo oj j M  SwA
/knmM
M JBhTA nj  SwA A k U C n nAAk ji  AL]
kpAkA K An oj kz Br  j{ jAj oUoM Br
ovU An Ji Br jo  j{ jAj SA Br M `
oT SdU  j{ Mo UAoJU M BU pA jBp nAk kB{ /k
/SwA jAj fn BzTB2 do{ eo nj Br
1

1. a lethal gene

2. late acting gene

3. early acting gene

83

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

w jn nj An To2 yQ _ o/ A  SwA T A M ]U
A T2o o/ nj BM ,nAAk o/ /jo o/ nj XkU |Bi
,knAj k{ nAj`M BTeA pAkA M w o nj jAo2A  o2yQ
MyQ r Aqi nj An  oj RUo2 Br T{BLA B2M
/jo o/ nj C BY kBQ An oQ nj XkU M oT yAo k
Btke Sw M An B  SwA A o/ A Ji RB~hz pA
o A  jo S{AjoM a C pA AU ,BX AoM /k SAk LB] BTLv
A ,A /jnAj j]  An j , jBp An BvA o * AhM
ka pA kM /Bw a pA
X , d Bi w pA uQ BU An XkU
n~U MBU /jo oTzM n* joM BM Bw 5 BU An C j{ oU
kM /jAj yAq2A oU ka BU An BBvA o AU mo* A pA  SwA
/k BdTA An An A BUA v SwA
k n~U  n* qM < > An Br  w  SwA A oj An
Q M A , nj /SwA UA w pA oUA] kTv C nj  kM
fn k{ oQ * kM nj B{ ;d nj  SwA UAoJU M joM
oj kz Br C BM  k{BM <ABz> kAU BA Ak o /kj
A] kM d6w B{ |Ai pBwL{ BM /k{ B2 
/jo o]  oj k5T Br jBT2A nB M pA ATM kB{
% M ,oQ nj B{ BBz Sv p A KB] T
\U 2jB~U n*M k o2 ,BX AoM /k{BM k5<U ji ,C B
kAU S ji /A] jAo2A nj BU k{BM oTzM oQ jAo2A kM nj S jB
kM nj BBw *  k{BM Am> jB kB{ ,k{BM noTM
B jB
oYA S n~e nj B2jB~U  r o ,jiMji BA /SwA k{ T{BLA
kqoM r Aqi pA ,SwA Ji CoYA Rn A o> nj jnAj k5<U
A nB nBa /kC JBve M oQ pA jo <AoM> r \T nj k{
/ ZnBi kM pA An S C  SwA
;2 "S"  SwA A kj MA L] o/ A M  qa
o M o\ S \U j{ ]T  {qQ /SwA oQ AoM KvaoM

Aiji r 84

S 6MAn k w jo o/ nj w An S
BTeA ,j{
A jn nj :k AkQ nAjv kM
jo S M Tv

!kj nk An yTU jM kB{ To2


M ,A] KvaoM BM k{BM T{Aj j] Y jB SwA `
A pBM /k{BM oQ BkM pA yM A] BkM nj C \U  B A
oYA Y n<e k nj knAj Mi oYA Y n<e nj  Br Sv BTeA
S A M joM Q AoM An T{Aj kM /k{ JBhTA knAj k5<U
jo MyQ TeAn M AU kTv  jA A kTv a Y
oQ kM C  pBwL{ oQ kM nj An A] kM Bs ao
/k ] oBo SwA |Ai C ao ,S{Aj kAi oUpAnj o
ao /SwA nAAk o/ Kve oM B RBwke ;2 BA  k BU kBM
M SwA jq Se M ke BU ji 6 % nj nAAk o/
oQ oYA oM Ap pA jn o nj cd cTU BU BTe  Sv A
nj r JBhTA C nj  SwA Bkj SwA oTBe WdM o/ pA `C /k{BM
M BU oQ B jAo2A nj  kTwA A nj ,SwA ]U jn BU
WdM B nj  ,jo2 jM Ao o2 /jnC yQ B{A jnAj j] o
/SwA ]U MBU o/ A JanBa nj ,jnAj nAoU ~2 A
v] XkU j] ,TiAjoP C M  oj o2 ]U
u nj /kj fn BPa z Sv p /SwA oUz <BPa>
j] r jB B< u> nj /kj n qa a o
Bu pA T] TwAi o A /k o] <BPa> oYA pA  jnAj
ji ,po Aqi nj ,k{BM r A B{ nj  j xnoQ An
o A ,UA nj /k{ L* JBhTA nj A vU MBUo> keA po?
kBM An po  , BLj xA6 \T BU An B5oU
/nC JBve M <r>
1
jB BT{ /S{Aj j] Sv] AoM zB] , SU C pBM
1. aphids

85

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

Br BU Ak o nj  k Apkp An nkQ kM jB BjAp kAU


nj SwA njB Akp nj  ] kB{ ,B<U pA ) /k{BM T{Aj j] njB
Bp T{ SwA AoMBM /k{BM T{Aj oUa ] xji
xji Uj S%] jB BC jo  ,kAqM nqMnjB oTij
oXU ,Ao*A M pop Bzn jBTwo2 BM BB pA nBvM (/k{BM
;XkU jo Rn k{n UA nj S% ATM kB{ jn A nj k{
,jnAj j]  BTLv RB%U v]o> XkU k{n M ,k SUj o A BA
BB B /jo B\A pT RnM w jBw vU BM jo a
jnA nj /k{ Ak] ji <kA> pA kC j] M B XkU BM 
nj /kB UBM Rn B M pop Bzn ,nB Sinj
X ,oj
/S2o o/ nj B AU An nB ]  UA
Aoa ,knAk v] XkU nB Sinj T{ o A :SwA A Cw ,Be
BBr ThC ,* An a k{ nAj`M AoM kBM B M
<U A jnA o> An pA kB{ ? * An ,oj jo2 Br BM
XkU BM MBU nj  L\ xn A ,T{Aj Sv]
A /Ak{
?Sva xAkB2 ?SwA k{ AkQ B\ pA ,SwA SwAnow
K>A /Sv BwC Cw A M gwBQ BU }~hT AoM
TBn k`Q BkTwA pA Cw A M gwBQ AoM k] BxU
;2 ,oM kz An C Ai M An yTwAn /jo 
BU cTU nj ApAjoQo/ z ke BU UAke A C / qa
w jAo2A k o2 RjB Kve oM BC  jjooM SUA A M v]
nj <UBU M ,Rn A nj /k jBp kAkB kp  An Br knAj
xn k ozT An ji Br kATM jo2 A AoM Aop ,nioM Sv]
knj 5 ,jnAj ji nj An xnjB r knj 5 ;2 `M o :SwA kCnB B
X njB  Un nj ;2 /SwA T2o ji njB v] o{ pA An M
knjk ,jqoM oM xji B hv RnM An B`M ,{
nB{C Bj A /k T kM v M xA`M kM nj An yBr

Aiji r 86

C nj a /SwA jAj =w 1 q o Sw M An ApAjoQo/ <M


oUoM u] M q o nj  jo n~U AU jBw M BTLv Rn
WBM Sv] :SwA jo BM {n M 2 ojM / /  Ba /j{ jAj
nj oUSeAn kAjAj fn RB%T jAo2A nj B Ak]  oUoM By] j{
/k{ T{BLA kM
AkM BM {B An jo2 o  BLj An JBT A BkTwA o A BA
UBU A ,SwA k{ Swnj ooQ Br RkBU k{ ] nj pA 
o/ M ;MnM <CnB > ,jo2  Bkj pA BC /j{ oUn
M Mo s kB jM v]o> MB nj jM v] /kwn
,Sv] r /AU za MB nj MC za s X Swnj j{ r
oYBU SdU An oj Br ,ji BAiji AkA M kwn AoM
Br Te /SwA n* BPa r
,5oU mL* /kj nAoU
oj Br nAjoMhv
BBLT{A Aq nj  oz] BM kTv

kM  SwA r noT M nAjoMhv nj BLT{A ,5oU mL* /k nBTwj


k{BM Aiji oz] r % M BLT{A A o A BA /SwA k{ nAjoMhv
,KUoU M /j{ jBp Aqi nj oz] r C /SwA C jB\A B 
j] AoM j ,kj B\A An C  k{BM r % M BPa o A
% M ,v]o> BM vB nj ,v] XkU o A SwA 2B BPa C
SB% v] XkU j] AoM cTU ,k{BM v] XkU r
pA /Sv B joLM jw oj Br pA jo2 C A /k
/Sv L\ qa
A Sv] ,Aiji r Bkj
j] Aop ,j{ *BM nj jnA jnAj  WdM A A X
keA An r A M o\ kTwA o\p  AoM SwA pByQ Sv]
,jnAj j] BAn eoa A pA qo AoM o/ M /oM o/ nj JBhTA
nj /uM ,jnAj j] Sv] /Sv JBT A BC wnoM B]
AU An r B r a keA  SwA BPa Sv] \T
1. Sroup-selectionism

2. W.F. Bodmer

87

AoB B_QnB :w ~.

/S2o o/ nj BU jBM Tv B M qa oUjq


C UBU pA r AoM Aiji T2o o/ nj BM  Sv Sv] BU
o nj j] DNA nAk  j{ ,A oM ,j{ TwB
M
A DNA pA jBp nAk /SwA C AoM p UAke pA yM kTvp
j] UBU dT A nj ,C j] o/ pA /j{ ]oU UoQ
DNA pA nAk Aoa ,k{BM kM BTiBw oM RnB/ DNA <k> o A /jnAj
DNA A k{ ]T knAj w BwB{Svp /kj B\A An nB a
nB nj <UBU ,Aiji r ji o/ pA BA /jni jnj a M jApB oBoM
qa oTzM qa ,SwA jM nBkB DNA A <k> /Sv
M B <A> An C  SwA A 2BTA DNA cTU AoM An oUjBw /oT
k{ BM {B nAw B\  oM o/ nj 2BTA o2Bv oTM {
/kATiBw oj BDNA  SwA
k{ T2o o/ nj 2BTA r BU nj  qa M SLv B<M
Ao  SwA jo2  A  k kTwA a BC /knAj AoTA
Bz 2B pAkA M ~2 A nj nAkA /jo B kB kp ji Br
nj mBU   n*B Swnj /nAk T%Bh dT A BM  {BM jAj
B jo  SwA jo2  UA nj ,j{ kpBM B koM MBv
kj jAo2A c6w nj jnAj L* JBhTA  j oUjq ,kB
An ji XkU nj m2U jAo2A 1 2jB~Uo> o RkpAnj [BT BA /j{
AU BTeA  BM /kj Bz r Aqi nj r kBvM oJU RnM
 jnAj poA BpBwBT AoM An z B poA r Aqi ,S%
BPa ,Sv] oYA /S{Aj Tvh BpBwBT AoM pB>C Nw
Sv] BM /SwA Nw C poA BjB j] %e po
kAo2 BU /kni oM Br k{ n op Ji r Aqi BPa
SwA Ji /j{ oT <M oUjBp Br <M nB{ C * nj  SwA
nBT2n
X Bs pA ioM BU TwAi SU o  nAmM n*A An BM
1. non - random death

Aiji r 88

n oYA a s A :woPM Bji pA ;2 ,j cTU An AonBXA


k Tvi  r pA SLd B ?S{Aj kAi r Aqi Br kBvM
/ jB%TwA nBTwA pA dT jo oUBU {n AoM SwA oTM j{
r BMp M An BnBTwA AU U M  {BM 6 KoA kBM
/ ]oU
/joM ow M C nj r  SwA Nw pA kk] d ;2 Aqi ,r o/ pA
BM nB mo* pA An xAkp poA  SwA A k{ qa BU
TiBw nj kAr Aqi C B<A  kAnm BAo AT Bo
A M BM {B ji M kM ~2 nj /kA o{ TU BM
B{B
/k oT An BC nBT2n Br  pAjoQ %

nBa ~

r {B
pA yM   kjM Br AoM % oo AkTMA nj BM B{B
BAnBLM UB%UA BKwC BLUn B{ BnAq2A] pA An BC nAj
mJU C B pA BC ,Tvh BA C nj /kjo %e
yMBU BM  Nw nj C BAm> TU /jM AAo2 A Nw nj  kjo
M BC SeAn kp ,kz U kjM k{ TiBw [nkU M BoU * k{ni
,k{ kB B poA  ,BM B{B pA A iB{ /kwn BBQ
oUjBw pA k{ni pA jB%TwA BM BTv B{ji A M kjo do{
k Ao]A An z B oUjBp Sow BM kpBvM oUk`Q B
Be  ,oj AiB{ /S{Aj A Nw C KoU kAo2 nj k{ni 
RnM ,BB Sep Be pA a <kk2> ,k{ kB RBAe
A Twj jo A /k jB%TwA ,oj RBAe RnM B B
Bxn nj An ji kCnB oUnBTMA ao BAn pA BM B{B
/k{ AkQ kp AoM ApBU B{ Ak kjo jBp kp Anm 5Th
nj Ak o ,k{ AkQ q BC BiB{ BiB{ BiB{ C BiB{
,p op ,A nj ,p n ,Bnj nj :S2B RnB xB nAoA |Bi xn
Bk{iB{ iB{ A /oj kp RAj] kM nj Sinj BM
/T%{ nj C pA B poA  k{ BB RBAe nj U Ba K]
hv  kkCnj woQ BkM { M BB RBAe
nj Aj B /jM k AoQ Bw U U nj  Br pA jM B

Aiji r 90

jB%TwA BM B<M /SwA jAj fn UB%UA a B Ak] nBMka Aoa ,Bp a


kM j c]oU /ko o/ nj Bw oQ An kM nBTwA pA
B AoM SeAn kjw keA An w AkM Br oQ An
/ Jvd Br B{
Sjo2 nBT2n o/ pA kjoUM BA k{BM Br oQ kM SwA ao
,k Soe B  RnM Ae /jnAj An ji |Bi
/oQ SwA keA C pA nj S{AjoM /keA RnM
jAj oUoM k nB M BM  Br M JBhTA nj /Sv K\ A
AoM  A%UM xU nj ,JB MB ow oM kk{ SMBUn nj /j{
C nj kBM ,jnAj j] k{ jni pA qo oj BM B{B jni
Bi xpnA pA wBwA B ,Zo Zo J{C B] M ,qoTz kM
 SwA T2n yQ nkU M Br MBT AU BU poA /k{BM nAjnioM
UA nj /SwA }hzU MBU
o> BM {B 1 jL SB
S%Bh o/ BM kj }hzU An C BwB{Svp pA nBvM
/k
:BSvBnr  qa SMBM pA ,JBT A M jn nj BThL{i
Swnj /SwA B\ c6w nj o/ TiA oTzM ,kB <nBLTA>
pA SLd ,p oe LUA nB po* jn nj TU  n*B
oe BM B{B nBT2n pA TU ,jnAk jn jBM RAnl TA

/zM B M An Br BQ  SwA k Tvi B]MB K>A ,p


 oM o/ nj B LoU RnM An jo2 kM  SwA A oUSeAn
A pA /kj yAq2A kC Bv nj An yBr jAkU <k{>
M <BAiji nBT2n> <AonBXA nBT2n> / jB%TwA oUSeAn BMp
o ,j{ oj Ae kM ]T Ae kM KB] pA  SwA nBT2n
/j{ jAj cTU oj RnM A
 qa ,jo Soe ow 2 R2 SwA nBT2n nBMnj ~2 A
1. Communal

91

r {B :nBa ~.

w BAe /k jB%TwA C pA jBp BM B{B RBAe


iB{

s /kAk{ r {B UnBL M ,Br AoM npoQ qodUoQ 


C jM ow ,koM nB M An C BtB{Svp  % C M ,nBT2n
i  2 nj ,kn BB /k i ,knAj Soe BB /SwA
k{n UA nj BB oTzM Soe BA /kodUoQ RBAe kB ,kio`M ow
B Bk  kAkwn Soe pA B{ M RBAe BA/SwA ] M n ;2
kAU jnAj SzoM S] BC Soe , M /SwA oUow nBM AnAq
/j{ nAoU BnBM
`B /SwA `B kATiBw ow B]MB] AoM RBAe  nAqMA
nj k{ oil AroA pA ,pwnj nU nBhM {B X  SwA nU
A nj RB%U /k jB%TwA B Soe jB\A AoM B{ Siw
nj  Be nj j{ kU C kz BM `B B o  SwA
 o/ A pA BA /SwA pB nBz2 RnM nBhM {B B pwnj BnU
kB kj Bz k{ BoA BT{n n An ji o `B
/kA~% B BMn BT{n ,SwA AhTwA B oA B nj /SwA nU
A BA ,SwA toTwj nj jBp RB*A B nBpBw a jn nj
oUKB] AoM j{ U a `B BLA Bp /  v
/SwA
foa M
X ,kAjo B SUj M k`Q ke BU {B M  BU BC
{B B ,nBji oQ o6M BTwj ,2BManBQ B k2BM {B ,*Bi
nU pA
X ,j{ BU B] pA qod o ?zi 5 kMTvM
nB Ao]A eAo kMBp a ,C pA oUK\ i BA /nT AoU B =oM
j2 Ba /k{ TvM pBM KwB KUoUM BNBQw /SwA
jnB KwB /d nj Swnj kM ,kp o 2 TvM nj An kM
ozM SiBw B{B pA nBvM nj /joM An 2BTA kM kC oM
/jo Rn ,1 AjBM ,nCS%{ dAoTiA ;wU nB kMBp

1. Cam

Aiji r 92

{  ioa B ,AjBM w M An Anj jBw Soe w A


nj nB A /k kLU k{ kMBp RB A M ,jnAj Bi
BQ nBhM nA kB oj BBTwj nj /SwA w L]
k{ jB\A / BfAnw Bzn  m>B BRnB B m>B nA pA
d pA B jBw BoBU A B]M [nkUM AoiA /j{ jB%TwA
nqM Bw pA A BT\j oUPB /k jB%TwA C UoM
k`Q BA jB\A nj An C AU  SwA AnB oTA
X ,kk] oTA BTwj q] /joM nB M BSoe kMBp
/SwA nTvqAoU C B{C Rn  ,SwA C jB ,oUPB
/koU] k{ fAnw BRnB AjBM pA BM B{B kwn o/ M
i oUPB BM koM nB M BzToe kMBp U AoM  BTwj
q] /SwA RB%T nBvM C BM A RB o/ pA ,jnAj qoTz Bqa
jonB o/ pA ,Bn B L~ Bw ,Tvp BoUPB A
BLUnA C BM Bn  qn TLA /jnAk nTvqAoU M TBL{ _ iAj
BA /SwA BT\j BoUPB 1 vBQ qn L{ ke BU k nAoUoM
nTvqAoU pA oUk`Q nBvM keA RB*A xpAjoQ o/ pA jo% n
nAq Bj SwA n ,oj Aq]A BM kQ w ;2 B] M /SwA
qn o/ pA nTvqAoU BA /SwA oUk nTvqAoU pA n /k{BM T{Aj kQ
oTA B oM T{m j j nj kn A ,jo S2ozQ i jM
j] ozM qJ nj n nAq j jke ,A i /SwA k{  Be
/jAj B] \] nj j{ An nTvqAoU kka ;2  Be nj ,jnAj
M An ji Am> k{ B]MB] A kM Aop ,knAk pB n M BB

BTeA /j{ S2B n RBAe BU nj BLoU ,knC Swj


kwn VnA M Bo M k{ <5z > RBAe BU AkTMA nj n
/k{BM k{ 5z B Ak] nBMka  Sv BTeA A ,SwA
/knAj po Tv oj Bw X kAw A nj Bn
1. pulse code

93

r {B :nBa ~.

/SwA jp oM kBw nBM pAnj Bqa BC w nAj pA BA


o ao /j{ kB 1 v C  knAj M pA oUpAnj <w> K>A
:kwoM BQka M SwA C * SwA Qwo v C
/knAj jAkTA 2Anp jo * BU nj  knAj j] jo% Bv C
M hT MB ok BM  kABT{n RnM K>A Bv C
B] M kM B] pA An BQ BA /kj zU An K~ BM k`Q
oj Bn /o{ M %U BMB X BLoU k T oj
o  L~ BS2BM LA \U M kjkd knAj BU Bv C
BM AU An qJ jonB /j{ kB qJ k{BM nqM i TU B 2 L~
pA uQ BTwj d jo A  SwA tBU MBU o/ A pA /jo tBU oUPB
,k{ oil RB*A M ]Ao pA uQ BjAknj k`Q BA dU
/k kU An jAkoM k`Q BA
S2 nj
B`B BLA jo B oT mo* pA qJ
`B M  jnAj pB BMB M nB A AoM /jnAj w BM {B
o\ BUA Un nj ;2 nB A /kB Toe JB~A An BC k{BM
kMBp BM BLUnA nj B`B BLA kMBp  j{ Br %e M
j{ L TU ;2 nAnC `B  SwA /k{BM ZnBi BjAkn
M TU BQ `B BLA ,k{BM C nj jp pB AoM {pnABM qa 
j] j C pA qo BM qa Sw M kj AoM  kCnj kj Rn
M  SwA jAj c]oU An UBAe L* JBhTA ,j A M /k{BM T{Aj
B] q2 BjAkn A  /k{BM q\ BnAqMA M ,BAkA
M BMB w M qJ ,k ]oU Bn BMoT qn BMp M An ZnBi
BLUnA nj o> Bza BA] ,x ,za ve B<A BM JB~A B
pA yQ i BC Aop /SwA nCRoe nBvM ve BBBw jonB /SwA
SiB{ BA M kAU ozM TiBw BBTwj oTM oUAo
 BBTwj B nBT% }hzU BBTwj ,jM A pA o> o A ,kMBM Swj
1. axon

2. ganglia

Aiji r 94

An BC S2o An Bu{B B] kAi An BT{Swj


pB u{B BBvA M jBp Bj BU p /jo A jApB
/nAj
B`B BM Tv n*M yM  ve B<A BA nj
BTeA
An ST BLoU poA Bnj BmB{ UA nj ,kjo nAoUoM BLUnA
M T2B Swj AoM BA /jni B{kp jnj M xn A Aop ,knAj
ZnBi B] VjAe kMBp M oUTvo> oUk`Q B6MAn
oza S2ozQ /jM pB 6wA y nj qJ M `B BLA
jq nBvM T{m BjAkn ;2 ,w A BM /jM /2Be <dAoTiA>
BLA kMBp n kTvAU nj BT{m BjAkn M
/SwA BT\j oUPB pA yhM /2Be /knAmM oYBU B`B
oT yB\ BA ,SwA oUjBTA MBU BvA /2Be pA oUPB /2Be
/SwA C pA oUK nBvM RB*A MBpBM kMKUoU o/ pA jnAj
C nB{C k2k BM {B nBT2n Bs oUk oi pA
JBve
B AnAkB] r BM M  AoM  Sv A ;2 n/ /SwA
SBL{  SwA A n/ /SwA a TLA ao ,SwA k{ /U k{
<]Sv]> nj An Ae B TU /jnAj BvA k2k nBT2n M jq
nBTiAM , kBz xAk{ `M B S%] ]Sv] nj B q Ani
/nAj qa BLj Tz T Bji  /T2A nj tBveA jB M
<k~ v\U> B <k> ,<l o~U> ,qa M <> B{ kB{ A
Aj ,nAj ji nj wnoM pA  kA{ n pA B UU /k{BM
As jB\A WBM jM k2k ,poA BM B{B pA Swj
 Tv %v2 A pAkA C /AT{Am <B C> An yB  SwA k{
nAj oTBe WdM pA  2k nj BThL{i /j bo{ An C ATM
B{nBT2n AoBo  B{B nBMnj WdM Aop ,Sv v
/S{Am WdM M An Cw A BC jn nj AU SwA jBw jnAj AqA
A kAjBw i A nj B{B a / B kTv B C UA nj BC 
/SwA wk nj jBT2ABQyQ A pA B CB k2k nBT2n

95

r {B :nBa ~.

/SwA RAj nBhM {B nUn C w


SwA T2o B < % jnipBM> SwA ij C nj  jBM A
 jo Rn =B%UA A  nj /jnAj j] C pA %Th BRn
o/ M  SwA n* xnBT2n  qa C B BTwj k2k {B
TiA  SwA q\ o pAkA w d M jnAj 2k kwn
A /jo pAkA An qa C <J6> ST qa j] ST M
BM {B C ,k{BM oTzM TiA A Aq ao  k{ TiBw n* w
 jnAj BU nBji n*M BTwj ,KUoU A M /k nB oTzM Rk{
UA nj T2o B % jnipBM j A M kj yB An nm TiA
nUn /kwoM yAnC SBe M SwA jo nAoU <J6> ST nj o A
o /kCnj xjo M nBhM nU BM  k{ Swnj NU S%] pA RA
,kio`M oUkU BNU ao /jnAj nAoU k{ pBM BTA nj NU
o  ,joM k{ 2A Sw M An BC pBM oTzM qo pA qo o
nBhM nUn M BpBM A /k SB xoMAoM nj p MlB]
2A ST M BpBM SUo  { A M ,kj o nU M  SwA
i nU o A ,AoMBM /j{ TvM  nBhM `nj k{ jq
TwB nU Sow pA j{ jkv nBhM pA zhM ,k Soe ow
M oTzM nBhM ,nBji n*M ,nUn ,k{BM TvC i nU o A /j{
o*BiM K>A k2k BBTwj A /jo Sow nBMj kj C
Bw a A ,kABw nj Bp %U J6 ST M kwo
/SwA wk o pA zhM ,j{ oT Bw  knAmM nB C nj LB]
SwA kM /SwA SMBY Sow T{Aj RA nUn AoM J6 ST
jn nj <k> pA n/ /k K* An qa a BB C BTwj 
B{B nj /jjooM C M SwA B BTwj  SwA TT ,BTwj
jnipBM X jBM A T2B;vM { T2o nB M BM poA k2k
AoM /j{ AkQ kp RAj] oUk`Q nBvM nBT2n M L{ nBT2n ,%
1

1. negative feadback

Aiji r 96

nj An C TU kn k BLj M AoBo k{ SAk B{ ,BX


Byioa xjo T2o o/ nj BM ,kjo BwB{ Ajkd
B <MyQ> An C SU B Te BLj An C ,xAk Ao
B\A nj jo Rn a oA A A RBq] bo{ /k <pB >
A 1 kAniyQ ,% jnipBM 5Th dAA B{  nj /jnAk q
BC w joMnB Be knCnjow C pA Ji Btk  j{ oj
nBT2n B{BU BM jCo ao /SwA k{ TiB{ kp Bk nj
oT SdU {  k nBM kAU ThwM ,C k2k k oBoM
v An B C M jq BLoU qa kBL ,k{BL BLi BvA Tv
/ o2
SAk { X BTwj a  SwA [An ;> n~U A
Tv oT SdU BTe kBM uQ ,SwA TiBw B C BvA A nj An k{
BUA BoUPB >  SwA A ;> n~U pA oj d /k B C BvA
k BC M nUAoQA BvA  An nB ;2 a k pBM[o6{
SwA BLT{A n~U a Aoa {BM ]T  SwA </kj B\A
/jnAj y <k oT An nBT2n Br>  % A pA B S{AjoMnj a
An C ,SwA K6 jo {n AoM Mi jn oUPB jo pBM[o6{
/j bo{ i n*M
ke M BA Sv [o6{ nqM AjBTwA Mi M BoUPB pBM p ao
c6w M BBoM S% kBM ,oUmUj RnM /SwA kwn Ji nUBC
 Sv [o6{ pBM BoM AoM a ,kAkwn Ji nUBC
B\A nj kj kBM Be /k Ji BU k{BM a q2 o/ pA xoUPB
X  Sv n*A B ,A ?Sva uBoM BvA y
nB nj /d M /d ,kz An Bwo kM Ak  Ajowo
An C ,kv An BoM A /j{ Jvd KU nB A /k SBij oUPB
oj BvA SBij pA :SwA oUPB ji BM nB M kj oUPB M
1. feed-forward

97

r {B :nBa ~.

n*A BC /k pBM An ji RBoe oUPB 5oe  Bp o ,Sv oLi


jo o/ nj An [o6{ BST uBoM  SwA
kj nAoU oUPB nBTiA nj KwB BSoe pA * Two2
a  M ?k U KwB Soe |Bi SU o AoM
M pA LU  SwA jBp nkUM [o6{ nj BST jAkU Aop ,Sv
j{ An oUPB ,j A M /kwn oiC M Bj Swo2 C kwn BBQ
An BC kBQ BSoe <ji ow>
nj  jo qnBoM n*
pA yM [o6{ nj pBM BAn jAkU /k AkQ KwB nBAn BU k\vM
MBUB v nBMnj B\A BU ,Ji /SwB Bz nj j] BUA BU
z nBvM B UA nj /jM [o6{ AoM oUPB qnBoM JA]M
[o6{ nqM AjBTwA c6w M BBoM oTM p  jnAk K\U SwA
/kAkwo
jB [o6{ xkpo2 M  SwA nkQ L{ oTzM
qnBoM y
o AoM  n*A TLA ,k An A BSoe oUPB M A /kj
kAU RnM An BC M ,kj cTU B Ak] do{ 6
nkMoT 2>  k zi n*A
X /k BM k% o~Th
 ao ,k BM TBn BMpM An C jB qa M ,<k Soe
M TMBY nAk jq2A BM An 2 kk] RB~Th> :A X qa oUi
M  TMBY nAk C Sv p ao ,knC Swj M C LU RB~Th
kM </k{BM Bv S o/ pA j{ jq2A kU y x RB~Th
6 B TBn BMp BM M  ,jo nAoU B<U> BoM nj SwA
2BdM An B{> jB ozM BMp RBe6A pA jB%TwA BM k{ T{
BC RBq] /k{BM KwA o BM <1 Ba> X k% Bjo{ B <nAm
SwA A A T /k nj A K6 pA An B ,SwA ]U KB]
yLeB o* pA knAmA ji Be M An oUPB ,pBM B nj

yQBzQ  SwA A k qnBoM  nB BU /j{ jAj A M 

/ /Soe BM o j TiAkA oFi M /1

Aiji r 98

|Bi RB*A Swo2 M  k /U { oTM M An oUPB


/k{BM nAoUoM LwB pAU SwBU BnBAn jn nj  Bgow
Tv RnM TLA ,k oT An BzBM {B nBT2n Br
kB Tvo> RnM M ,kzM An Bwo kM ,SzA BM
X 
An xji BM {B kM k /U An C yQ pA BU /oUPB BBoM
nkUA Aoa /kz B\C xnB nj SBij kM C nj Br kT2A
nB /d /d oM ko Swj M An B Aoa ?kTv % Br
B%U M Mo Rz o*Bi M  SwA A gwBQ ?k RnB/
BBv2A pA  oj wBU pA jB%TwA BM An A /kAU Bp
SwA \ BTwAj "A For Andromeda" /jAj Bz AU oTM AT2o
,Ji BBv2A X SwA 1 RA B] jo2 T{
M nB{C nB{A _ A KB] /SwA T% C nj LB] RB
kAi hU RnkU M An C /jnAk j] C nj T% T oU
An yBkv nij JBLwA B\A nj C k{ bo6 nAkA /kAjoPw
/k Ao2
BQ p) vvAAoA 2 Rn nj n Bw 2 B2 nj kU
Swjnj BBj M An Bzo2 kAi B\C B Bw /jnAj j] (o\p nj
nB kBM An Tv o%w WdM ?Sva nB A AoM An oTM /k njB
M A6 pA B{ B]MB] Sow oM o/ BdM n Sow /S{Am
, nj B ;Ao{ k dU An Tjkd B] nj oj 6
An xpnA A BBj kB{ ,M /k BA An oUBQ i ke
jAn /S2n kBM T] a nj  SvAj kBM B\ pA k{BM T{Ak jo o%w
B]M An BT kATM o A Aop ,SwA B BM BLUnA AoM oTM BTwj
M kAU ,kTwo%M RB] nj ,k{BM S] nj ;2 A
C  AB2 nm\ BM B{jAkU  ) kwoM jBp BB]
2 ,k Soe n Sow BM jAn ZAA /(j{ jBp kBQ
1. Fred Hoyle and John Eliot

99

r {B :nBa ~.

B2 d A z /kwoM p M vvAAoA pA  kz * Bw


An SUA A o A Te /k nAoUoM AB kAU qo jC  SwA A nj
12  SwA jAo2A o* pA ,p pA ow SzQ BQ
j o  oM kk
WL nB AB2 a pA j{ S% AoM xU ,knAj B2 BM v
/SwA B\AowM
nBa ;kj Bz B M An ji Rn oUkk{ jpM z A
/k * An go p M B2 jAn ZAA  kz * Uj
nB An ow SzQ BU B] T% RjB kBM AjnB<2 {M
B L{ oTzM  * BAohw B U pA knL\ knAmM
jo Bzo*Bi Q o]An ,oj BX AM /k jB%TwA S% BU SwA
<M o A  A M ,jnAj Bi Bs Bnj U ST  SwA
nj B{<pAC> Ak kBM o/ L] pA ,k B{ Bi m nj B
nBvM BB2 pA BUA BC BC  Sv p /j{ k{ B] owAow
T B kBM k{BM n*A o A , B k nAoUoM BLUnA BM nj
 SwA n* JC nj R Sow /k{BM T{Aj An go n AjnB<2
yMA] jnmM u*A tBUA n pA pAC  kz * SBw j BLoU
<M  k{BM SUA A AoM dTU kAU A o/ M /jjooM
A pA nBMj kM /kj oM An nBT%U Uj Sz Rk M B
jke B nj o kj B\A An nB A nBMka k nAoU An C
/kz * Uj Sz
jn a /kjo An nB BTwAj C nj vvAAoA B Bw
nj kM kTwAi  An `C ,kBM JA] o/T  S{Ak
Bka Bp B2 BM owSzQ nBMka kjo ] ~% nBvM BQ
RB%U B BQ BM i BC BQ ,Be A BM /kjo yhQ B<2 nj An C
qnBoM SiBw AoM Ak{ nAmqn BnTwj B{ BC BQ /S{Aj
,jL ozM BMp M
A BnTwj C TLA /jM nqM nBvM oUPB
B~h ,jo Bzqn oB tB{qn ;wU An Bqn U U k{
 BQ C /k{ Tv{ TeAnM  jM A Bqn C BeAo* k~U TU

Aiji r 100

/k{ Bzqn oiBM jM k{ S2Bnj 1 M njB] jAn NvU ;wU


nBM]B2 BLoU BvA AoM nB Be /jBT2A An xABoM kTiBw An oUPB
;vU S] nj oUPB jL AonBXA  nj BAvvAAoA S Aop ,jM
/jAj UBi Ao]B M oLU BM BTwAj BoU oiBM BU S2n yQ B] oM
S% AU o/ a pA  SwA A KB] Cw ,B o/ pA
_ BC /kT{Aj An p n BAo]B nj SBij k~U BAvvAAoA
_ UA nj a ,kT{Ak oUPB C jonB n A/d M /d RnB/
M ,kT{Ak B k{ TiBw oUPB
A A pA k{ 6 AoM An
AoM Te /kwoM BC M d*A A BU kz * Bw 2  j A
nTwj /jL C BkpBw M woTwj , BnBAn T2o
2 B B2  j A M ,k{ T{Am nB C nj A pA kBM B
oUPB L{ i kBM ,A nj /jL C pA qo  jM An ow ABw
S2Bnj AoM oTzM yB\ B6A BM BA ,k{ qnBoM pBM[o6{
n oM ;2  k{ eAo* n* kBM BoM C a /d RB*A
B] o nj ,jBT2A nB M S{Aj T2ozQ nB2  B] o nj M ,p
M T2B Swj AoM An BAvvAAoA  BB] \ pA
/kT{Ak nBTiA nj BC ST RBq]
AoM pn M pn o~U AoM BAvvAAoA  n*B Swnj
/kTiBw qJ kBM B Br ,kT{Aj p nj oUPB kBM Bp
nAmqn BnTwj  kTv BAvvAAoA X ;2 Br BA
X B kAU Aoa A j /kTv nTwj B{ji ,kTwo%M k{
oYBU Br nB /SwA Bp %U B pBM ,kzM An B kM BAjowo
nj nBTwj AoM RnkUoQ k nB A /SwBUoQ KoU nj T{Am
%6 BU kz An UoQ BkM e oL BM kBM BB /SwBj nB
/SwA C Sow ,nBT2n jn nj K6 A ,w C pA /j{ TiBw ]
Bj nj qa /SwA BY pA Bov BY M ,Sv B C Bp BL
1. Jodrell Bank

101

r {B :nBa ~.

pA oLi nAq% nj zi yi ,j{ oBo A nj B B kJ] ,kT2A =B%UA


B`B ,kT2A nB M L~ BTwj BY BnAq nj ,kj A*
Bp a r /kj B kj Swj pA An ji kp qa k]
k An ji xU LU pA ;2 BAvvAAoA kB /jnAk y A AoM
<kAU> BM An C jpBw xji AoM ow Ao]A oUPB
BTeA VjAe RBUB%UA uQ pA kATM  k qnBoM B<U>
SwA C pA oTzM i ,[o6{ nj pBM BAn X ,kp RBUB%UA BA /kCoM
kBM Br ,[o6{ uBoM X /jo MyQ An BzBU jzM 
AnA RnM M q] M q] An BzBM {B M RAnTwj xpC
/kj B\A kp  B2 R2 BnBAn
L{ kj B\A kBM Br  ,k 1 B /p /Z  n*B
Bo6i ,SwA k{ TiBw Be nj ] BM {B TU /SwA yQ
SzQ nAhT{ Ak kAj v a /kAT% kC nj AkQB p C Bv
pA _QnB Toe BM oU kB BQjBM * Ak B jo  UM 2
BA /kAj r _ yQ BvA _ /joM njM B] A tnoU
yAnC BM kAU L6U toi r /SwA  BMyQ <M
jow B{kz kT p BM B{B kC Bj  k yQ
/k o2 Br
A ,kC JBve M yQ A BC o/ pA /SwA
An nB A z LU BkM nj a ,k Swnj BzQ TBQ ;2
/knAj j] r Aqi nj  A  SwA j M kAjAj B\A
L] k{BM oM pA k{Q p SwA nAoU  k yQ ,`
BM  k Swnj k%w n M An S  j{ A yQ A
toi `M  k oJU ow nkU C K6U A o A /k{BM o ;d
kCnj JC pA ;> Br MyQ ,kLM ovo BMBM nj An xji
A BM ynj Br toi `M ,kj uQ B{ji An yUB2B kBM SwA
/ko
1. J.Z. Young

Aiji r 102

 ~U o /SwA B nB zQ ,k`Q Bj nj


yQBzQ  SwBr %o A SwA nBU X jo BM {B
T2nn ko  ~U BU  k qnBoM n* An BqJ
:SwA kB kp ,BU BinB xjo
nj Bow /k{BM 2o M BzAoM
M jq BLoU qa ,Bo/ nBvM pA ,jAo2A BM BA ,SwBr BM BUj
Am>  An A BTeA ,joM JC Ba ow k{ AoM Ae o A /SwA C
 * T2B AoM JC BoM nB nj  j{ onB{ RBAe
q zU pA SwA ,jo JC Ba ow o A /SwA jo jBp ,k
oTzM BTeA  joM ~U kBM jnAj j] o6i JBhTA o nj /j{
 k{BM A SwBw oTM kB{ /kMB yAq2A yBr kBkp
BU k{M ow j joM kM ,jpAkM K An JC k{ BATe
 j{ JC oM jq kBM  An UB2j jAkU KUoU A M /k{BM SeAn Uk
Be nj jBT2A o2 ow BM An * Bp Rk kBM Rn o nj k
,jnhM JC  nAk jp M jp  k{BM A oTM kB{ /kAnmM k{
SwA oTM nBU Ak A /j{ nj oM ] pA kj o2 JC OU
nB] C nB{ { BC pA  jnAj %Th k`Q A M TvM
kBM /SwA jo AkQ An kCnB oX Ake nB] C ji o/ pA  SwA KB]
 {BM T{Aj An n~U A kBL B TLA /joM Rn BTeA y\w
C  LU kBM `C /kj B\A An RBLwBd A BB C RBAe
n* An qJ B{Br  SwA oTzM BzkB kp BTeA UBAe
oTzM An Br B AoMBM ,j{ koM BnBU A nj oTzM  kATiBw
/k ozT
S w M pBM nBU /jAj ;vM oTzM  An tBU j{ nBU BM
pBMnBU ,k{BM jBp i xAjBQ o A /xAjBQ BTeA ,o6i ,kzkA A
M nBU nj An xAAnAj  pBMnBU /j{ jBC nqM o6i AoM
AoM An ji ` /k Kv jBp S> BU SwA kC ,jnC Ak
pA jo o6i A BpBMnBU T2nn BA ,SwA jo jBC nqM SiBM
Bv BM An BA j{ /koUkM oTM ,kn yQ BTeA BM  BC

103

r {B :nBa ~.

<M pA /jo vB knB BTeA  BC k jBp tnM nApBM nj 


%M AkB BpB Aop ,SwA oTM pB pA tnM nApBM ,vB AoM ,RB]
vn A BpBMnBU ,d\ nj ,BUj ,) koM Swj pBM nj ji
 kTv BC pA oUnAk BnB BTeA nB BTeA BpBMnBU pA oUnAk i
pA T{m /(j{ Mo B WdM M oA A j /k pBM
A
RBAe BC /kwn o/ M 6 jo o6i nBU o6ioQ nBU nB ,A
nj ?k{BM oUnB /2Bd <M k o6i oTzM <M  nAj pBMnBU
BjB o6i A ApBMnBU RnM An Bo j{  kj Ai ~2
nj  ovka B nj B~h /jo v\ BTeABM AnAm Bow An
 BtB{SL* /kASMBUn nj BM S%] M T2B Swj AoM Bo BC
B jzM  knC o/ nj An B kATM kB{ kAi An JBT A
/k{BM T{Aj j] nB BTeA B BC MB nj jo B{jAkU omQo6i
/k <MyQ> Br a  jooM oU dT A M  A
BLoU B;d nj MyQ v kATM Br A AoM An
B\A nj /SwA ojB AoM S2oo jB\A k e An LyQ MBUo>
Swo2 A :j{ jAj BM {B M { A M B nTwj SwA
Rm ZA ,Bj nj o{ * ue :kAyhMSBTn  SwA Bqa
:SwA kB{iB Bqa Bw A /qj ki Bj ,v]
nB UB%UA n*M o A /`M o wo { ,dU ,jnj 5Th dAA
B\A An C oj ,k{ AkQ kB{iB Bqa C pA C pA kM  kjo
Bqa C pA yB\A pA kM  k nAoU An nB ,uoM ,kk
jAkU BUA  SwA A qnBoM d A kB2 /kBM Ji Swo2
uQ pA ` ,k  j{ kB\ BoM nj kBM  An ~% BkBU
,BA A BM /kCoM Sv MyQ MBU mUj n*M  6d RAoJU
MyQ Br ,B BX nj /joM Rn MyQ kBM jnA <M nj p
M ,k{BM <Ji> kBM v] Rm ZA ,Bj nj o{ * ue  k
BM AoM
BTeA S%] BM k{ oTvM o{ jni  % A
BTwA ~ kU j] BTeA , A tBwA oM /SwA k% Br

Aiji r 104

oM nj  ,kU jni nj njBp Bo6i ` SwA kz MyQ


/SwA kz T2o o/ nj ,j{ S2B AAo2 ~ {M B
ojB BnBAn pA ,[o6{ pBM oUPB BBoM <M nj
pBM oj BoUPB B BvA BM TU BBoM A /SwA k{ jB%TwA
,kq\ Bxn kAU pA A M BC ao /k{ oTM [nkUM k
BC /SwA k{ pBwnB 2jB~U BU  Bzo~U ov nj
pBM nj  nBM o k SLY ko BpBM nj  An B~U
oUw An koM pBM C nj T2o nB M Bxn p  ,k{ koM
Bxn C pA pBM AkM  j{ oTzM  BTeA A  n*M ,k
/k jB%TwA
o A /SwA pBwL{ kC MyQ Bxn oUKB] pA
oTM oj B/ z pA Bi z BC  kMBnj kAhM kBo2
xjAo2A i mi nj ,A T nj /SwA ]A MyQ z BM ,SwA
AoM An /jnAj j] ATiB{B BS {j BTeA RBkT nj
]T k BdTA An C  SwA A B SwA Ji Az A k2
M6 nB kwn l M  BTeA Bz BdTA BA ,k{
B] <* An nj> kAjBC  A] Ajo jAkU  j A M ;2 ,Sv
M SwA oTM /Sv  Bz jAkU SwA jBp k Ak2 An ji

X ? BdTA zBpC RnM An BC ,Bz UA


B Ao]A B]
RB BM <M] pow> BM <B{ pow> nBBU ] {M
Ao jnAj pB  UAq\U Bp o/ pA q nB A SwA ao ,z
jo B]MB] BM oT xBQ Shn BM kAU ] yB ,j{ BU
nqM z n pBMJBLwA a BBU q2 BpBMow
/joM Rn
,kAT2o k M An pBwL{ nB pA Ak yhM BoUPB AoiA
C nj kC MyQ  BT{n nj M ,B/ joLAn 2 nj ;2
/oj BT{n pA nBvM wB{B] ,wB{M ,jB~TUA kB ,SwA p
M ;j{ TiBw oUPB nj B] pA AL] pA k :SwA a nB xn

105

r {B :nBa ~.

T B B nUB j] k pBM An C xQow _Q o A  A


nj pBM[o6{ oUPB nj /kM C nj k{ pBwL{  qa pA a
C n  [o6{ d% pA  S2B kAh qa _ /2Be BM
{M An C j] ST [o6{ d% /k{BM T{Aj nAoU KwA pBMow
z /kj Bz kAk{ nAmk oTA RnM  jAkA
k{ joz2 kMj nj  ,SwA B] pA zhM pA yqn k B AoM
B Bo{ B pA Two2 RnM z SwA oUPB nj /SwA
/j{ kBB kj Bz An B2AoJ] * o  jk j BM oj
jnAj ji l nj An k C Rn a M BUA oUPB A
,jo xnB M kATM  jnAj UnM An C  SwA A /Sv
AoM  UBe6A BM kj B\A C BM ByBpC ,kkM C nj UAoJU
,pBwL{ B{ BM /kkM An nB xnAq k{BM qnj MBU oMnB BvA

koQ k BBQA ,k{ kpBM B koM SwA TiBw Bo


o nj /knC nBMM S 2 B B2n B jB~TUA BSwBw ,k{ nj B
nj kz * SUA nj  Bp pA a ov nj Bo]  ,jn
Bk pBU /knAj kM Ji q B] Bk TLA /jo B\A oUPB
MyQ BUj kAU pBwL{ pA Aq _ /kALoU qa Ji
c]oU i Ji pBwL{ BA ;jAj kAi n a SUA nj  k
B6i pC AU An pBwL{ /Ann B6i pC M jnAj
pA An C x BwB{An SwBRk B%wBT  e6A ,kB jAjnAoU
/kAjo U B
AkTMA {BM T{Aj nB/TA kBM ,SwA LB] o2 ke A M BU pBwL{ o A
BnBAn  SwA A o /k{BM k{ 5z BM B{B ;wU
k{ dAoTiA BC ;wU ,{ oTBe d nj B A pA LU ,ozM wk
,U ZAA kBvM dU ,w BC ,B Bwk nB pBw :jM
BwA A pA oj nB{ jn RB*A /2Be ,nBw ,nBji oT
/k{BM a BzUBq] Sv  *
z ~U k{BM p B{ ji TU ,Ji ?Sva pBwL{ BA

Aiji r 106

pBwL{ n] ,j{ Mo kC nj B BS M  koM


,kj fn RBe pA o  Un nj k v\ /kj B\A
Bqa pA  kpBw ji l nj k /jBT2A kAi UB%UA a
SwA Mo dT M BUo/ M  Bqa jkd jAkU pA M ,Bj
o~U nj B kLM ji l za nj bTM An BC kB{ /j{ zU
 Sv a Rn o nj /k jB\A UAoJU knAj ji l nj BC pA 
T{Aj j] k n~U  Bqa pA UA B<2 k BUl nj
pA An k l a  oA A RBq] ,oUPB X Swnj ,M /k{BM
C pA jB%TwA BM kAU a  SwA A pA oUSA k AnA B]
pBwL{ An kC  BM B{B /k MyQ An BTeA BjAkn
B6i pC tBwA oM ;2  kTv BM {B pA oU] B k
SU  SwA A (kBz MBU) pC nBT2o /kn yQ kBz MBU
 SwA A (kBz MBU) SwAnow B6i B{A /jnAj p jBp roA
/oUow SwA oUA pBwL{ /SwA nBLo K>A
kB\A l B C M pBwL{ BAU nj S2ozQ kwn o/ M
oU k{BM jAj fn qa a kBM Aoa  Cw A o/ pA /k{BM
oM An o2 jnAk j /jnAj nAoU poA wB{Svp MB nj  SwA B
ao /kTv B C pBwL{ B ,oTA BoUPB  j nAoU A
B C TU kB{ /k{ a jq kC nj SwA  omPM kBM
kAi qJ  k{ B nkU C qJ nj B] pBwL{  j{ AkQ
kBM BM {B kM B<A  SwA /k{BM T{Aj q ji pA k
a M kB{ /kj zU An C k{ pBwL{ B] pA yhM
o/ nj j{ pBwL{ kBM  B] pA zhM ATM An pBwL{ ji ,j
C AoM oj rA A M jzM 1 <B Cji> pA kB{ UA nj /S2o
B C BU AoM kBU
B cTU An A BA ,jo jB%TwA
A M  j A M ;SwA <U pA zhM A M ;2 M ,Aj
1. self-awareness

107

r {B :nBa ~.

k C pA k SwA o A SzoM K M nBM SBM j{ KUoU


?k{BM T{Ak j] C k
k
pA k Aoa ,k{BM T{Aj j]
JBT A AkA jn nj ,kTv B C pA {B  %v2 Bv pA Ak]
Bn S] nj  SvAj BU kn Ake An C AU
qJ /SvAj Br B B BMBMnA pA ,Ao]A v A M ,BM B{B
kBM ` ,jnAj k M An BM B{B Apn nA TiAkA An ;2
A Te BqJ /k C mMB6 kATM Kv An kC MyQ BAU
C kAh
X ,k xn{ Br jAkLTwA MB nj  knAj An jAkTwA
A pA ozM ,kj Ai  n*B BA ,k{BM T{Aj An B`M jAkU
/SwA BXTwA nBvM jn ,o/
o2 A nAj w ?Sva Aiji onBXA M dT A ;Mn
% M ;2 ,BAiji a AonBXA a ,RBAe nBT2n  pAkM B] An
n nAmoYBU BM Br /SwBr oT SdU RnkUoQ Tvo>
M nBT2n nj An ji RnkU ZA ,BC L~ BTwj BM B{B SiBw
a oj /d A /d M /d B~U BA /knAm yB
B BqJ ;kAA AnAmSwBw Br /jo L~ BTwj An 
,kwn BM b6w M  k S2ozQ nkUM BqJ TU BA /kAAo]A
pA An A nj ko k M An oTzM nAmSwBw B~U [nkU M
A 6 kBQ /k jB%TwA pBwL{ TiC X B2 R2
;2 Br  SwA A ,SwA kwo C M A_ p  ,kn
b B T{Aj kp AoM Rji ao :kkM BM {B M  nTwj
/kM B\A Aj
M kBM Be /jM B] M ozM Bo~U BM oUPB vB
UB%U mo* pA B M B UA nj BU   xAo2 jooM SUA
A A AoM /kj fn knAj r Aqi nj BM o/ pA Br 
,r Aqi nj  SwA p ,joM { BAiji B AonBXA nBT2n
r /k{BM oUm2 jnAj oj nBT2n AoM C C B KUn  r pA nBT2n C r
jnAm oYA n* JB~A BTwj k{n n  r o ,AonBXA nBT2n

Aiji r 108

jnAj j] UA Bz _ BC /k kU AonBXA nBT2n M BU C nj 


,jnAk K\U B] ,oi ?k{BM AonBXA nBT2n r kwn VnA M pA  Be 
nj /SwA T2o Rn nBT2n Tr n oM jBp B6  j A M
AonBXA oBoM   SLd nBT2n A B6 pA knAmM ,
AoM k A M C pA AU /k{BM KB] kAU  SwA k`Q nkUC
/jo jB%TwA AonBXA nBT2n kwn VnA M a jAj Bz
1
/jnAj B AnLp n  knAj % nBM d v BnLp
jn  d BhU pA /k e xABi nj oze jAp M nBM A
o6i o nj M pA oTzM <M jo nAoU AnAjnLp jB%TwA
Swj ,Yn yAo A M RB%U  SwA k{ kTv AnLp
j] T{AkM jAs BM BjAs /SwA nBT2n RB%U ,jnA <M nj
oM B{Bi pA BC kz oM ,jC AjAp BwB{ BM  knAj
,omQKwC jAs /k  zn Sow M An nBM ,k pA B{TiAkA

 nBT2n /kj B\A An T{AkM zjAp A Aop kM KwC


U U kBM onB BnLp /SwA k`Q nBvM j{ Mo S{AkM M
pA An n knAjoM An C yn ,k BwB{ An TL AjAp BBi
/kpAkM BBMp d nj oM kzM An C k nj
BU ,knC oM C
z nBvM nB nLp BM Tr ByBpC B\A 5Th j M
pA A kBM AoMBM k XkU
onB BnLp ji /SwA
onB Akpo2 nBT2n kM jAj xqC oj jAs pA o nLp BM An jAs
Un /q / An nB A /jo wnoM An BC (pA kC j] M onB BnLp)
nj (kk]) jAp Bk BU nj  k{ ]T A /SwA jAj B\A 2 oM
Swj pA An B{kA T{AkM nBT2n kwn o/ M :kjM T{AkMo> A v
BC nj ,JJ RnM ,jM T{AkM r k{ AkM ao ;kjM jAj
v oj nBM oM Un TU /BvA jn nj MCza r X ,S{Aj j]
pA jB%TwA BM pBM TLA ) jAj xqC T{AkM
B jAs BM An BC A
1. foul brood

2. W.C.R Rothenbuhler

109

r {B :nBa ~.

,o w jAp (kk]) Bk /kwn BLp nBvM \T M (o BnLp


T{AkM nBT2n
A j o ,jAj Bz T{AkM
B nBT2n o /kjM
 An yn oiC o /jAj B\A nB An C o w S{Ak
An n TiAkA oM nB AjA BA ,S{AjoM jM TL jAp Bi n
T{AjoM AoM ,B Ak] r j kB{ jp tke oM Un /jAj B\A
T{AkM BjAs /k{BM T{Aj j] TiAkA oM AoM yn
BC KUn ,Br A B]M omQKwC BjAs ,knAj An r j o
r
BTeA kjAj B\A An nB 5~  Bnj ,knAj An B{C
/kT{Ak An TiAkA oM r kT{Aj (oMAoMj AqM) An yn T{AjoM
,kjM T{AkMo> oBoM  zBpC o C  jAj BTeA oM Un
C oYA BA /S{Aj An TiAkA nj r oop nj BQ RnM kB{
pA B /jL j] yn T{AjoM r Aop ;j{ oBo SvAU
oM jB
B nBT2n ,kT{Aj An C o A ,T{AkMo> oBoM BnLp
/kjAj Bz An TiAkA
yB M k{ bo6 LU ~2 nj  An T ka BTwAj A
o A Te , SLd nBT2n 2 r pA SwB]M  kj Bz /jnAm
An nBT2n C BU r pA U eAo B{ o\p pA n~U oUa
B{ An ojB SwA Te B S o\p /{BM T{Ak
An ji ,yn T{AjoM r  k{BM n*A SwA ,BX AoM /j{
tBveA onB AnLp /kj poM TL M BU RnM
AoMBM k AkQ TL AjAp BBi yn jni pA zhMSBTn
nj p ,k{BM r C nB { o A Te /k{BM T{Aj C nAoU M
BnLp ,Bv ;Ao{ nj , j{ Jvd yn T{AjoM
r

Un
Byn ,knAk An r A  BnLp knAjoM An Byn knAj An r A 
/knAkoM An
n  oYBU nj Br  kj Bz An SUA A j nj
oM r o A /k <Bv ozU> BM knAj B{jL BM {B
C u ,jM kAi kB2M k Ao yn T{AjoM r An TiAkA

Aiji r 110

kj Bz bT BM Tr ByBpC Be A BM /SwA n*
pA B n*M nA kAT{Aj Bv *  o%w nj r j A 
keA An BC j{ kj B\A  k% nB jn nj /kAjM Tv
Tv jApC B j ,k{ oXU Br A M BA ,S2o o/ nj BU
/k{ Jvd
nj r q Tdo> BnB dAA B\A AoM SwA p kTwA A nj
=o> Be nj BAo
RB\> To2 r pA o A BX AoM /j{ T2o o/

BTwAj ,kC jonBM qa a B{ o/ M jo SLd <k{


KLw BU B o/ pA r k{BM BUjB /knBM jB M An T{AkM BnLp
Bo~U Te ,tAe k{ ] A`B k`Q BBLA
]T kBM BU /knAj SBij k{ =o> pA v RB\ nj  Sv ABB C
noT Br pA nBvM k{BM Bv oj ;Ao{  Be nj k{BM
j] BA A r ;2 AoM ,k{BM T{Aj n<e oj 6d A
BU kj RB\ k{ =o> pA An v jnAj BTeA oTzM  jpBvM kM  jnAj
nj r j A RB%U j{ SwA /jpBw An r C A  kM
ao /k AkQ ;Mn 
jBw oJT nj q] nBvM RB%U M SB
BSUA M 6Mn ,k{BM KB] SwA ] k{n kAo2 RBq]
/SwA jo BM Mi M An dT A 1 qn jAo /jnAk BU
oM An BC /kqn BoM ji kp AoM kjBTwA qnBoM nj Br
 k\w UAo6i RBUB%UA BM kC nB nj B{BoM jM m2 tBwA
d enM TBU B{nAj /kC yQ BM {B AoM kp nj
qa ;wU M BM An r BM BC BM  wn Bxn M AkM B /SwBM
nB{C A SA BA /jo oTzM AU kwn o/ M AonBXA nBT2n 
/SwA XkU jo2 BM ,jo ~U C AoM  qJ BM {B
AoM RBAe AoMBM /knAj LU An BSA A <oQ> C Br
pA JBT]A AoM ;k{ jni jBT2A o pA qo AoM ;Am> M kwn T2B
1. Konrad Lorenz

111

r {B :nBa ~.

T2B AoM ;A JC kBvB ;Ao{ pA ji %e AoM ,VjAe nBM


M UApBTA jAj AoM ,oS%] M A K>oU 5Bh u] pA <
nB o M Swj ,jM yhMRm B{ji AoM  BC MBz ,BzAkpo2
nB] A M SwA 2B kAi A o A nC BX /kp
, nB{A nBT2n pA Bi d M Ai BA /k{ mUj kjnioM  ze
C M SwA p ,wn Aiji onBXA pA SLd M  AkM Aop
C n An <BLUnA> KvaoM j{  nj  SwA nBT2n A / d]n
/S{Am
An oj BM {B L~ BTwj SBe B nBT2n BM {B TU
A /SwA jo nAoUoM BLUnA C BM  S% jzM kB{ ,kj nAoU oYBU SdU
/SwA KwB B 2 k jn nj BA ,k{BM =jB z  Sv %oU
/SwA LU BoM kM Tv oYBU ,jAj nAoU oYBU SdU pA n/
jo B j BU ;qo]o] ,>BMnU ,koQ pAC :kjBp BLUnA jnA
pA jBp jAkU /BBvA BMp kM RBoe ,qBPB{ jAj Bz Akj ,w
n*M ,oj BM B{B jAj nAoU oYBU SdU BM BM B{B BnB
oY AoM RBAe /k pBM ji Br oTM kp AoM An An Tvo>
Q nj Q Bv BkoQ pAC /kp nB o M Swj ji BLUnA jM
SepoQ pAC M A pA yQ /SwA jo ji RL ndv An BBvA
xnCS%{ Aj BM pAC A /jo nB{A nAjB B qCnAowA
R Sow pA oT Bxo> pA ozM tnx BAk   jnAj kBvM
jAj ow BM 1 nB%e Bqo]o] /j{ B{ An R =2B B] BU
,kM B Ak SU nP{
{ M ,SUj BM pop BoAn nj Ak

M BU k~Un BnLp /k kM nCRoe n*M An B{pAC ,kpBw


,kkM mUj d*A Am> L B2 S] nBMnj oj BnLp
/SwA vB MBU ozM BMp BM ;2  BLUnA pA nBB{
% *BLUnA BU S  knBM A oM Tw n*M BwB{nAjo
1. mole crickets

Aiji r 112

B]] ,BX AoM /SwA jM C ko kTwo2 AoM  wj


qU kM ]] jAj ow BM SwA B{jow B k{ TU a
SwA njB nB<eA
nB A n2 oYA /knAm oYBU B{njB nBT2n n
A  S% j{ o/ A pA /k SAk ji o Sw M An ]] A 
B`M L* JBhTA Aop ,SwA T2B BU xALB]j jw o*Bi M nBT2n
An AnjB ` k ]] k{ TU  kj c]oU An
/kj KwB gwBQ ]] A M  kj c]oU
Ak X AU ,(Sv noT TLA ) AhM o A
> j{ jn A nj  : U BQ Be B ,nAjB An ]]
nj C M ,kj ow a BkoQ  An nAkz jBo2 </Ak{
SvAj <SwBo* A MB> d*A Be AU ,jo nB{A ~2
C tBwA oM ko An BQ A  k UBAe K~ jw
qo BC BA /SwA jM dd d*A  S% j{ AoMBM /k
?k nj qo BC ;kj cdB d*A RBAe
AoMBM ,SwA RBB%Uw o nj jBp RBAe nj >nj WdM
C uoUBM Aohw M nC jB M /q Aj C M  w
pA {A) jM T2n ,2 {A ,Bz2o hw qBPB{ nBMnj 1 ojnB
BMp B\zAj AoM A BTiC ,k jB%TwA BoC S BMp
nj kT{Aj n<e v2 ka Bk{ B nj /(SwA SA MBU nBvM
kM nj kAU {A BC  ywoQ A n Aohw pA kM S%
WdM AoM A pA oUKB] An T BojnB o/ M /S2onj jBp WdM
> BrA pA JBT A nj /jM ji k ,kkj
k nj M BC ]U /jM Bv2 C o/k `C M <nj> <jp
n/ SLv nAj o/ nj An oUSwAnow {n nBvM % /jM BB C
koQ o A /k{BM jp oMAoM nj xA\T  SwA nB C ;2
<SwBo* A MB> S
pA jB%TwA BM Sv oM nj C MB TU

1. Beatrice and Allen Gardner

2. Washoe

113

r {B :nBa ~.

,jnhM An BC Am> xji BU kj nAo2 An ji AnB kAhM


BB C LU ~U BM  Sv A n/ /SwA T% nj M AU
jo nj BM >nj koQ C  SwA A n/ /jnAj jp k~U
MB nj a kk{ nj BkoQ C ,S2B Swj Am> M oj BkoQ
/SwA nB nj MB BUA nBA  kjo nBT2n n* >nj A nAkz
oBo pA kU BM ,LU ~2 BAoQ X ,jni RAoze pA nBvM
K>A B ji /k %e An ji kTv py B qkM  oj Boze
/AT2o BLT{A nLp BM An pBMBM Bw jnp An An u jni
RBAe /kjBTwA nBvM jAj Ko2 nj k kU nLp pA  Bu <M
BM BU kB o/T AnL Bnj U nj 1 BjB /k nj q nB{
zhM kC za M A pA  B] BU /j{ T2o BLT{A T p
nj k{BM jp oB Ja ow  o pA U kB  SwA T{
/SwA jp oM B A ow BM pA U A /SwA jni JBU _Q Be
An xkBo U C BjB ,j{ jq * a
B TU

B] o* M An A kp An a B C BM kB~Un A MB nj
B jjo pBM BnAnC B B kM /kBz jnAj nAoU yAkQB Bj 
C BU pA jB%TwA BM BjB A /j{ jni kz nj M a
<Sv B\A o > k njM B`Q kBo C M a B
/j{ A * SowM <jo nBM> An A nj  a B
/k jB%TwA ji % M Aoj v] pA BM B{B pA <M
,knAj jB BnLp M yB  jBp SBL{ o*Bi M (KY) knA B
K~ Ko2 A pA `C /k B C BM k{ S%] M K>oU An BnLp
An j Ko2 KUoU A M  nLp Aop ,SwA jo kBz2A j{ KY
nj  ) JBUK{ Bo /k T C M An jo SwA jni
o /k K] An ji S%] ]U n jBTwo2 BM (kAww UA
pA B A jnAj An ji |Bi 6 ;i {M jBTwo2 n A A
1. angler fish

jB B

Aiji r 114

/j{ Be BC pA n]B KoU k{ [ jAo2A  j{ C


TiAkA
n pA Bi A T2B BLj BAoTz za  n*B Swnj

 kTv n pA { C BLj JBUK{ Bo ,SwA Bnj BtB2


<kAjo 5z > BjB ,1
jAs nj /kLM C nj An B{ji qn
2
Bo kAU ,k kU An tU2 jAs pA jB 2An qn o A 
n jo BA ,kT2A 3 n Bow jB M jC /kqM An tU2
AoM Bnj BAoa pA  jpAkA T{m BA AnBMAoi jB oTzM An 4 A
kM kjo jB%TwA Boh Sw M BC kBz BTz jo Ao
/kjo RnB> An kj KwC BznBM
 jnAj j] o6i A z ,j{ TiBw *BLUnA BTwj  SU o
nqM Bkj A BM  B /k jB%TwA ji AkA S] nj C pA B<M
B>nj  o2 BTL* SwA T% B<b> BU nj  Ak{
BA ;BC kB BA ,BonB{ M ,knAj mU oj B M Bp
pA 5Th jAo2A Br 2B Bo {BM T{Aj An Ko2 nj nB/TA kBM
jn nj /j{ nAjoMoM BAiji RnM BLUnA pA ,koM B2
kBL nB/TA pA nj ,kj Ai  n*B /SwA n* jAo2A
kj Ko2 An ji Bp Ao{ ,kqM An ji kA B`M  k{BM
/kM nj njAoM M njAoM
2B BU AoM A nj *BLUnA k{ AkQ  nBM A Te
nBvM ,T2o nAoU AikM Bo nAjoMoM jn uPw jM LB]j
pA Ae BBLUnA nj  SwA a jBp BTeA M /SwA jjBw
Ae BkTwjAj nj Aop ,T{Aj j] Ko2 o~ AkTMA B
wnoM AoM UnkUoQ An kM ~2 nj /jnAj j] 2B jB<U Swj
/j{ 2o BU o/ pA 2B jB<U
unU$

1. photuris

2. photinus

M K] An AjnBnj B{pAC BM  oOBwA ovPA Bp


/kk{ BzjMB K] kkBz Boh w
4. Cornwall uA Mo= J] nj TBA
3. Sirens and Lorelei

\Q ~

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU


;> BoLU jn nBvM  T ,SwA ]BU nBMnj ~2 A oTzM
 o o/ nj Aiji {B An jo2 B` B /SwA k{ UA
B\A k{BM yBr % M nj An ao  SwA n* xAqnBoM
BMp M nBMj ~2 BBQ nj /SwA nB TeAn AoM BM { A /kj
/jooM Br
jq kBzi B kpo2  ) oj BM {B ,BM {B o AoM
;d pA zhM /Am> A B ,Bijn ,oh
X (k{BL A ji
pA j{ B k{BM owjnj B kAU  SwA qa A ,j{ Jvd
SwA jBC :jnAj =o2 Bijn oh BM o/ pA A /jo AjB%TwA C
An ji AoB Br  SwA {B q A  j A M /k e
MBT
_ pA BC %e AoM C ,SwA T{Aj kC AoM RBBA =k nj
{B  kj oUoM Br M L* JBhTA /Sv nAmo2 z{
nAjoMoM ;d pA Rn oTM M  k oT n* An BzBM
,j{ q Rn oTM M BM B{B oj pA jB%TwA B{ A /k
/k{BM oj pA a ,ji pA B{B C a
ok kp M  BTLv BM B{B kwn o/ M jnA <M nj
,kni An ok Bw BU n x ,BX AoM /k pAkASwj
Te /knAk SMBUn BM kp B] T{Aj AoM B ,k oS%] BM
oM SwA /AkM oYBUM n oM
B An BC kBL SBe A nj

Aiji r 116

z jC  Sv A n/ /k SMBUn BM , Bi o
X ,qa ow
 Bi o ow oM yz Be nj ] nj An Bw BU n x
n x M qo xo nj Bw BU za kB{ UA nj ;kM
nB A \T ,k jMB Sv ov An Bn x S] o A BA /kT%
tke UB%UA AU ao /k{BM ]B2 Bw BU AoM SwA
_QoQ Tvo> BAn a pA ,k{BM a SwA nB C RBq]  qM
/jnAmM oYBU SwA i
oYA ok n B Bxn M 5Th B BM B{B
AoM BLUn B ,BMq B A ,* B onB{ SwA /knAm
,j{ nAjoMoM BC pA L\ Bxn M SwA /k{BM JB L
/k jB%TwA B{jo jo B]MB] AoM v nLp pA B  TU X
ok kp M pAkASwj AoM kA pA  BM B{B
kAU o S] pA A ,j ka M /knAj oTzM jBC
oj j /j{ yAkpo2 AoM zSep njB B nkQ A AoM T%] BM
BM ,knAj M  jBp SBL{ BM , B<A  SwA A
oM B~h kA6 nj r %e B{B ,kp Bv Bxn
SwA BU AoM /kA KUn kp AoM p MB ow
BM SMBUn  Sv nkUC qo KUn A BA ,k{BM KUn n x
BM o ow oM BU n x SwA /jnAj SA oj BU
o A /knAj SMBUn oj Bqa o ow oM BM BBU BA ,k SMBUn
/k{ KUn v] o{ ow oM SwA ,k{BM X u] o/ pA
/k SMBUn BjB ow oM ok BM Bo
,kj Ai  j M
%M
BTeA ,k jnA LwC SwA yLUn  oj o M o o A A
/j{ BU yBr
BLUn  k{BM A BM {B 6 SwBw kwn o/ M AoMBM
nj u] jni Tz ao /jnhM An BC Bd]oU uPw ,kzM An ji
r o/ pA %T oLU nj  Sv [An nkUC kj fn SL*
oM o{BioQ JBM nj JBT nj qn jAo TLA /k{BM MyQ MBU Aiji

117

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

,A AoM /k k BU RBAe M ] BzBUC AnAjTzi SL*


RBMBv { M  SwA A ]U MBU ,RBAe B ] jn nj
BM RBAe /knAj kAU pBMoz{ pSz X ,kAwn BoU
o* kBwoU /kn ] M k oz{ k{Q yTwj Sz
BpoQ /j{ UA ] zB] ji BBAU kz fn M MB
B MoT jo jnA pA ,kj }hzU An BjniSv{ nBT2n SBe
nAjji k MyQ B 5T o/ SwA  Akz (pB ) y
/k
SwA An Ae ]BU pA BznqM AnAjTzi oLU A
An nB`M 1 k{ BvA  SwA SwnjB
B ,B~h /k{BM T{Ak LU
BM MBU VnA BU AM kz An ji d  A BU AM
A / ypow kUBwBveA pA {B  BA kB BBUA oj
ke BU k{BM T{Aj k BU RBAe nAjTzi oM B ]BU oM tB{SL*
ke BU k{BM jAj nAoU kBz jn An UBAe d a A M jnAj TvM
nAk2o* B\Aow qn ,TLA /j{ Mo BU pA A nAjyQ M q
C nj ,k{BM k{ =Ao>A jn A nj o A Te /SwA <BvA >
nAk Swj ,kM k{Q yTwj An ] Be nj RBAe
 B

Aiji r o/ /SwA L{ onBXA M AoBo /jnAj j] Se


RBAe  SwA a Aoa /kCoM C cTU z %o uQ pA kATM kBM
So2 o nj An ji KUn jAo2A kn <U oiC BU
?kz
,jnAj  2B nB nj ]qTw  SwA A Cw A M  gwBQ
/kTv nB{C Bq  roA SU o pA o> ,jnAj Bq
nj UB%UA n*M k{BM KUn jo C B k o2 ,BX AoM
k{BM A  ,Aiji jo2 A M AoM kB{ /o nAoU B MB
SwA KUn C /k \ /oLM M pA An A  xU 
1. Homo sapiens

k{ BvA

Aiji r 118

An A BLUn pA Bwn % C M UA nj , B Tz BM / B KUn


A Aop ,kBM kp B nAmM  k{BM A oTM AoM kB{ / me
kAi % M Tvo> n*M A j{ C BM SMBUn onj SwA
nB{C Sq _  SwA A To2 jBw BX A UiA \T /jM
nqM TMBUn B/ nj /jnAk j] BLUn Tz AoM k\v xU nj
SwA :Sv Ao S% BM Bq KUn T{AjoM B pA k`Q
C pA A /k{ koM Tz C pA jo2 C ji pA oTzM oj BLUn
/ko Ao2 kBM l AnB] joM M pA AnB  SwA z Btnj
B An C AkQ yjoM M pA AoM Mi An ,knAj n]B B S2C B{
pA jnAj B{ ji pA oTzM oj S2C k{ ]T kM ,k Ao]A
/knAj nAoU LU pA oUkM T nj SB nj B{ ,k jB%TwA C jMB
RnM ,|Bi BLUn <M BM k] Swj B Tz ,oj o* pA
Aovoe AnAj nqM oTwkM B o A /kwn Mi z o/ M MBhTA
An Aovoe ATM A Tz BM  {BM oj oTwkM k{BM jB pA oQ
Te BA /M An ji w An A nj  SwA UB i ,{ KeB
e
MBT  SwA B % M /jnAj Bo6i q q zq ]qTw
SB nj , do{ An ] o A /k dB2j ji k{pnA T{Aj pA
C pA kB{ /j{ Tz A SwA ,oM M pA SwA  nkUB
y] M j A M SwA xpnABM L KeB A /oTzM
T2B Swj C M ApnBL nj kB{ ?SwA jnC B\ pA An C A BA /n
kB{ /k{BM jAj Sv{ An oj B%oe pA LU kBM
BTeA /SwA
,MB Swj Aovoe M { koM ] A nj o A Te /k{BM Mi k]
 T> pA AT  oM nAoU bo] JoT jn kk{ nkUC SwA
SwA oTM ,jo An AroA SU ] , M /oLM Um AT2o
,k{BM owjnj pA nj ji xnoQ 2k Uk BU o A /k nk An BA
2
nAj oTM BA , oL ,e B] M Be o A /{ oUU oUnqM
/ AkQ Swj A Aovoe M ] BM B\Aow A AoM
a k{BM k] a ~U  kj Bz ;2 ji BM S% A

119

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

nB jw q jn nj ,B CjiB ao ,k`Q LwBd Be ,k{BL


<M TLA ao ,k{BM k] nj BM 2B  Sv n*A /SwA
nj T BU ~U o ,] * nj ,KUoU M /kAa 2B
An xji Bjw Bq BM BU B \M oTzM Rk{ BM A jn
A M L RnM BwB{nBT2n  SwBRk /j{ wnoM kBM  jnAj
JBve M tB{nBT2n
 ,1 SwA jnB /Z BA ,kAjoM Q dT
/n /Z nB BM A /SwA jo BM d B%{ UnM An C ,kC
jo jB%TwA BpBM o/ B M RBTBn pA AiB{ pA ,onBQ /C/Z uAoQ
pA jB%TwA BM AU ,TBn pA jB%TwA B] M An BC mUj o/ /SwA
/nBvM 2B{ xU BM TLA ,jo BM rA
<RBLYBM BU j oLAn> M k 2o SwA jnB  K6
Q nUnC / /n T /j / kB BU An C jn A  o/ ,j{ Mo
/SwA k{ poBoM LU pA nBT2n SwBw <joLAn> /jo
k~U o A ; yBLj jo nAo2 o A ; e 5oe M> :SwA a joLAn pA
Sv qa joLAn  {BM T{Aj ]U SwA </ nAo2 k 2U S{Aj
Ae pA B n~U  k xAo2 /k oQ C pA BB C jo2 
B`B k{ qnBoMyQ pA oUPB BM  SwA nBji BM {B
An C ,{BM T{Aj joLAn pA n~U oUSeAn A AoM /k oT An
BM /o o/ nj k{ T{ vA M  jBw nTwj \
A pA jnAj kwn o/ M  k nBT2n n* Ae ,TiB{B nBpBw
/k oQ BnTwj
B<A oTzM o A  SwA joLAn ,2 (ESS) RBLYBM BU j oLAn
A /j{ C qB] kAU oj joLAn ,k nBTiA An C S]
AoM joLAn oTM S% j{ oj BM M /SwA 5oo T
M  B\C pA /k a S] C jAo2A SoX A  SwA A M TvM jo2
S2 jo oTzM nj w Ako  ,kj zU jAo2A An S] C
1. J. Maynard Smith

2. evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS)

Aiji r 120

] }h{ _ ,k{ AkQ pA kM  SwA C nAkBQ joLAn BU ,knAj ji


6d oJU pA kM SwA /kj oJU An C kAT oj
BA /kj fn S] nj Bw kB{ Te /j{ AkQ nAkBQB BU BU nj
pA AodA ,JBhTA :kB kAi nAkBQ ,kwn RBLYBM BU joLAn M TU
/k RApB\ An C
jnB To2 jnA oUjBw pA M ]BU M dT A ;Mn AoM
joLAn d j ;2 |Bi S] nj k o2 /k ]U SwA
6Mn _ kAjAjnAoU BwA A ) /jnAj j] oUL? JB# BBM ]
BTLv koQ BoUL UA nj :knAk kC BzwA  BkoQ Bs M
nj B jo nAoU JB L* nj B ,B To2 S] nj jo2 o (/kA]BU
,k] BMBdM Rk{M kATM  B] BU z BJB /oUL L*
nBU BM ;2 BoUL /k{BM k{ ip Rk{M  kC BU TU ;2
BM MB o A /kBwn KwC v M qo :kBwoU An o* jAjnAoU
o A /kM KwC jBp AoMBM k nAo2 n2 oUL ,k\M oUL
Rk{M BC pA BU kj AjA nkU C ,j{ onj oj JB BM JB
Ak_ ,jo nAoU oj oUL MB nj oUL o A /joM B j{ ip
Tvi BC pA BU ko 2BU Swr AoM Uk ,k{ ip
A oM An o2 ,2 /k zK AoMBM kBM BU kAhM B j{
JB d pA KUn 2 k MyQ LU pA jo2 A AoM An nAm
pA ,k{BM k] A BM  k2 An A TU ;2 /jnAk j] oUL B SwA
pA  kB xA/2Be nj qa jAj B\A jAo2A BM T{m nj  B]
/joM  C
/j <pBTA> Bk] A M AhLj
B jAjnAoU A M Be
,kk{ ip AoM 1 ,SiBM AoM pBTA o% joM AoM pBTA 5
X
BpBTA A j{  o2 /* MBv nj SU UA AoM 1
,jnC BM pBTA  v /jo kLU BM r [An pnA M BTv An
yQ Aqi Br pA nBvM pA  SwA v ,SwBM xA<jpBM> B
dU jnj M , nj jk BxpnA ,w oTv nj /SwA jBT2A

121

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

/zkM z nBMnj  k  B M ,kni


B k JJ An oUL
BTeA JB ] B A B AoM
KB] B AoM /kAkoM z BJB /Aj An ,JA] LU pA /jnAk TA
o A /SwA RBLYBM BU joLAn oUL B JB BC AkM  SwA A
,SwA ESS C {BM T{Aj nB/TA kBM ,k{BL oj k{BM ESS BC pA
T{Aj j] ESS j  jnAj j] BA A o/ L] pA /kMB BU
A To2 jo2 o AoM joLAn oTM  SwA Swnj Un nj A /k{BM
An B B oUL B JB ,Sv ao S] C SoX A joLAn  k{BM
ST j pA Ak o M  SwA A S] yAo ,jn A nj /k BLj
Ai  A  n*B ,BA /kLv`M d ,kwn C M A  nAkBQ
BU o/ pA BU M ,oUL B JB ,joLAn j A pA Ak_ UAnj ,kj
A AoM ,{BM T{Aj An Ak_ BU nB/TA kBL AoMBM Sv RBLYBM
/ LwBd An BjpBM B kBM j Bz An A
SUo /SwA k{ zU oUL pA ;2  nAj T] k o2
Ao]A * pn wAo BC SMBUn nj /kM KwC v ,k]
 kwn BBQ M TU ;2 , M k{ oi MBv
BTeA ,j{
L M ] A nj  jo pBTA 5 koM SU C /kBM BU o*
Aop j{  A pA o] A M pBTA 1 ,SwA T2B Swj o/jn
pBTA 4 d\ nj ,SwA jo 5U An jBp SU M k{ oi B
/jo SU UA o*Bi M pBTA 1 kpBM /j{ yL~
k{ kpBM BTeA %5 k{ koM BTeA %5 oUL o T2nn
1 + 4 B 5~ MBv o nj Ako nB jpBM AoMBM /jnAj
Ji S] C nj BoUL jo kwn o/ M KUoU kM /SwA + 15
/k{BM
a /j{ AkQ T2By] JB S] C nj k o2 Be BA
JB /jnAj nAoU oUL yMB nj B] BU nj SwB\C JB
BU

jnC pBTA + 5 ] o nj AoMBM ,k JJ An oUL z


+ 15 B{B  BoUL MB nj A /SwA xjo B

Aiji r 122

S] C nj Sow M JB r \T nj /SwA nAjnioM oUoM pA SwA


o MB nj B] BU nj  Sv n*A oj SUC BA /j{ ozT
BM BaC JB r o A ,*Ao2A BX nj /jo nAoU oUL JB
M ;2 ] kM ,j{ zU JB pA S]   j{ ozT S2
BM JB j TU /j{ oj n* dBTA jo Rn BJB
 Be nj ,SwA 1 xpBTA j{ ip Rk{ M ,k{ onj
pA nj SwA JB o ,BJB S] nj /SwA + 5 koM pBTA
o nj Be \T AoMBM /k{BM kpBM BC pA nj koM B]
;2 Be /SwA Ako AoM 25 + 5 1 M SwA qa ]
B] nj ,B /koM o/ nj BJB S] B nj An oUL
S] nj A jpBM B /kM KwC qo o* C pA ,SwA kpBM
BJB S] nj JB \T B  Be nj ,SwA o% BJB
/j{ ozT S] C nj
BTeA oUL r KUoU A M /SwA 25
Bw Aj  kwn o/ M a ,jAj bo{ An BTwAj  n*
oUjBp \T nj kM ,jnAm yAq2A M n JB r /SwA nAoUoM S] nj
r nBMj BU j{ jBp xjAkU kMB oUoM oUL r ,BJB k{
T{Aj j] Bw a Sv p ,BA /oiC BU n* joM mn JB
TMBY SLv , jB%TwA C pA B  jAjnAoU jpBTA B/ A nj /k{BM
7 oUL
5 SLv A ,k JBve o A /jnAj j] oUL M JB jAkU pA
M
12
12
BM JB jo B ,j{ nAoUoM SMBY SLv A  /SwA JB
An Ak_ L* JBhTA ,KUoU A M /j{ oMAoM oUL jo B
yAq2A M n S] C BJB jAkU o A /kj oUoM oj C M
7
oTzM B{pBTA BoUL  ,k{BL SLv
A nj  n*M jnAm
12
n*B Swnj /k nAkBQ ST Sw M *Mo SLv j{
A nj oUL M JB SLv ,SwA 5 M 5 nAkBQ jB M o u] SLv 
M SLv Bw o A ,jnA A pA o nj /SwA 5 M 7 To2
/k{BM /eMBU Aka kBL ,j{ AkQ jBU ST
C pA UA nj BA ,SwA o JBhTA M L{  oBo nj dT A

123

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

B M An BA A  jnAj SBL{ o JBhTA M o/ A pA /Sv Swj


nj jBU Bo  oM o/ nj nAkBQ jBU AnAj An S] BU kj
ESS BA /Sv C nj LU ST M SzpBM yAo ,jnhM M C
<M pA Bo <M A M /SwA o JBhTA pA oUnBM nBvM %
B/ pA jB%TwA BM AU An A /jnAk 6Mn _ k oUm2 oj
RBLYBM S] nj /jAj Bz Mi M BTo2 BX jAjnAoU jpBTA
5 JB
7 B{ 
jo2 C a /j{ 6 1 jo2 o B ,SwA oUL
4
12
12
o jpBM B pA oT i 6 1 /k Uo2 jk A oUL a k{BM JB
4
oUL kT2omQ  Un nj ;2 /SwA (15) BoUL S] nj oUL
 o o ,jBw o JBhTA nj /jM BoUL U U % M SUC ,k{BM
nBvM jo ,k{BM oUL  k LU LB]j RnM jAo2A C nj
BLU ,UAnj) /jnAj nAoU ESS ST nj  LUn o pA jM kAi oUm2
 o nj /jpBw An o oTM oUL ;2 o zU AoM
A /SwA 16 2 MBw o nj jpBM B ,SwA oUL 5 JB 1 B{
3
6
6
/nAk C BM nB 2 AkA S] M BA ,SwA BLU oUm2
pA oTM i ,jo2 o AoM 15 B jpBM BM ,oUL oUjBw BLU
yAo o JBhTA o/ AoMBM (/SwA jAo2A C AoM ESS nAoUoM
 o Aop ,k MyQ An oUL BLU w M BU
7
nj Te ,BBLU nBT2o BA /jnAj oT S2 ,SwA JB B{
12
jB%TwAw o nj  SwA A ,k{BM % M RkpAnj nj  jnA
ESS Bo pA oTM jpBM jAo2A oUL o nj  SwA Swnj /knAj nAoU
 jn BM nkUC BU JB jpBM BoUL ] nj B%wBT BA ,knAj
nj pA SBi BM ] A AoMBM /j{ BJB BU B kAU qa
 j A M ,SwA RBLYBM ESS ST /j{ Sv{ M d
SLv  j A M ;2 M ,kTv C nj  SwA jAo2A % M B~hz
/SwA ~ nj pA SBi M
k{ BSiBQ SiBw B jAjnAoU jnA  Sv BA A BBvA AoM
nAkBQ ESS % M BST C o A Te ,SwA jAo2A U U % M 

nB{ yM

Aiji r 124

jo2 o  jnAj j] BA A j A M BA /k{BM T{Ak


nj  k{BM ]T kAU ,jo nB M An ji BB C okC
BjAjnAoU nj Te /k SBn An BjAjnAoU C  SwA xji jw M RkpAnj
kAU T{Am BQ op BM kAhM jAo2A  jnAj j] o6i A Aj BBvA M
kB{ /SwA jBp nB A AoM ww  ,kwoM jBp Bqa M RkBU? nj
OQ BLeB % M RkpAnj nj /k{BM BSU RBLY BX oTM
tBwA oM /knAj BM jBo> c6w nj An qM SU  SwA qM
BU SwA SU ke A ,RkpAnj nj S% oTzM pA BB C jnCoM
ww A vU o% BpAo ,BA /k{BM T{Aj AjA * Bp
An2 A AnB /kqM K] M jBp Q yBfo jo  BM  j{
/joAo2 An nz BSU yB pA ] ko yQ An xn B
BLeB BB C okC C nBMj  SwA 5wBU B] B AoM
SLXU AoM jAjnAoU jnA BC nBMj ,k nB{C An xji qM OQ
BB C okC  A ,BBvA B nj Te ,AoMBM /k{ SU
Ak ,j{ k RkpAnj nj oTzM S% AoM  BLU B jAjnAoU ,jnAj
BM  ,ze RBAe nj /SwA {BQo2 BTwC nj nj pA SBi o*BiM
B o S% C nj  Bxn kj ,k{ oT xUoQ Br
T2B nB/TA kBM B /SwA oUz k{BM T{Aj BU BA BLU BjoLAn
/{BM T{Aj B] nj An nAkBQ BU o/ pA BjoLAn
/jM oUL B JB jo2 o  T{Aj An jBw o2 A ,BTo2 BX nj
M UA nj /kwn oUL M JB nAkBQ
SLv M BU o/ pA oiC nj

oUL r M JB r pA nAkBQ SLv


M r Aqi nj AU  A

1
/SwA nAkBQ jM {ka Tr nj ST A 2 b6A /S2B Swj
op RnM jM {ka kM AU An ESS mUj jB ,TBn o/ pA
oUL X B JB X ,|Bi SMBUn o nj k{BM njBU jo$ o o A /jnC Swj M
oMAoM BTeA M jAo2A C nj  kwn ESS M AU ,k nBT2n
1. Polymorphism

125

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

7
A M nj knAj ,kj  A nj
X ,JB kB nBT2n
12
nj  T2o UB%UA ~U ,j{ SMBUn jnA  jo2 o  SwA
M 7 LU BM ~U A ,oUL kB a k nBT2n JB kB a SU A
5
,SwA JB %M ao ,~U A  SwA nBvM /SwA JB %
MyQ o*  jnAk j] An _  % A M ,k{BM 2jB~U
AoM /k{BM T{Aj kAi nBT2n a |Bi MBv o nj y%oe k
] 5 nj uPw JB y ow SzQ ] 7 nj jnAk AkB2 ,BX
a  jo2 o /jAj AjA n* S{Aj An oUL y ow SzQ
An /kp ] kwn A M Sow M yLUn ,k nBTiA An AjBw AU
SU o  SwA A k{BM jBw AU xjoLAn  jo2 pA T2o pBTA
pBM An JB y yMB nj k pBM An oUL y kAi  kAj
/k
nj BUA  Sv qa /SwA jBw ke pA yM oUL JB BTwAj TLA
nj  Bqa qnj nj BA SwA <k> oTzM ,k{BM T{Aj j] SL*
i BX kB SwA k /k  B M kj fn SL*
pA n~U jAj B T kB2 AoM Be nj ,k{BM jBw
oUmUj An BC [nkUM jBw Bk n nB BM AU k% nBvM
qa

M ,k{ oUk`Q  [nkUM ,joM yQ Ji qa o A /jo oUk`Q


AoM {n oj joLAn ka 2o /k AkQ SBL{ oTzM UA Bj
ST BU oUL JB /SwA oUL JB k TiBw do{
 kAjo 2o An oUk`Q joLAn uAoQ SwA jnB /kTv
/jnAj B 1
Sv n*A /k pBM An oUL y ] o pB>C nj ]2U
/jnAj AnC kkkU nBT2n M ,k do{ An e AU BU BM JB X 
]U ,oj RnBL M /k 2U ,j{ ne A M 5oe o A BA
MB nj  TU ,j{ JB X ,jo nAo MB e jn T
]$U

1. retaliator

Aiji r 126

oz SvsUAoTwA ]2U /k nBT2n oUL X ,jo nAoU oUL


/jnAj 5oe nBT2n M TvM xnBT2n /SwA
1
Sz JB kB nkU /jnAj B nkB oz SvsUAoTwA pA oj d
]2U pBM /jn nj An2 SUC ,kkM An yhwBQ v BU kp
kB  nj nv] ]2U 2 /nv] ]2U B BM Sv oj
nj /k jBp An C Rk{  MBv nj B BA ,SwA ]2U
o A BA kzhM Rk{ xAMB nBT2n M ,kk An yMA] 5oe  Un
ji M An qCkkU SBe oUL X ,k{BM T{Aj ] ow 5oe
/jo BTA ]2U X Swnj ,k e A M o A /jo
pBwL{ BoM nj jo o l  joLAn 5 A o A
JC pA RBLYBM BU o/ pA ,]2U ,BC pA ;2 ,k{ Bn oUPB
Aop ,Sv RBLYBM oUL /SwA RBLYBM BLoU nv] ]2U /kCnj
Aop ,Sv RBLYBM JB /k U U An BoUL S] BnkU BJB
Aop Sv RBLYBM nkU /koM M pA An BJB S] BnkU BoUL
joLAn _ ,B]2U S] nj /k jMB An BnkU S] BJB
yjpBM ]2U ji pA oj joLAn _ Aop k pBU SiBU oj
B M xjo ,]2U S] nj oUL ,Be A BM /Sv oTM
jBp AnC M BoUL jAkU ,Bv ;Ao{ nj , A /SwA Ji pAkA
) nv] ]2U ,j{ jBp oza n*M oUL jAkU o A Be /j{
pA oTM Aop ,k AkQ Swj oUoM M   (BnkU BJB ,B<U pA
j i ,nkU JB i oM /kwn BoUL Ski ]2U
S] nj  % A M ,SwA ESS BLoU nv] ]2U
oUm2  ]2U ;2 ,oj joLAn ;2 ,nv] B]2U
]2U pA *h S] S{Aj nB/TA j{ AoMBM /SwA
A M Bw BM
BTeA ,k{BM T{Aj An BM Swj nv] ]2U
<U Sv p pBM /BoUL a SUA pAkA M Bw BM Ao ,j
1. Bully

2. Prober-retaliator

127

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

pA M nA jo2 o C nj  ,oM o/ nj jM {ka RnM An


pA Ak`Q KoU SwA jo2 o y /k AkTUA j] joLAn j
/k{BM oUL nv] ]2U ,]2U
ze RBAe pA nBvM nj ,SUA nj  qa pA o/ \T A
]BU nj An <yTwj BM Sz> % M B /Sv nj ,kj n
ip ,joM M  jnAj pBTA M TvM C RBq] TLA /jAj bo{ RBAe
joM qB] 1 Bnj B2 nj /jo mU o> SU UA ,k{
/k{BM jB pA oQ nqM Aovoe T{Aj nB~dA nj me SwA
B]  jnAk K\U B] /SwBM nBvM poQ A pBTA AoMBM
BM vB nj SU UA Bp /k{BM jBp nBvM SeAo] BTeA Bze
AoM /jM kAi qaB B6U k{ koM kB2 k{ ip owjnj
foa /SwA UBe nBvM SU xpnA owjow UA nj a koQ
3 o ;wT n*M SwA p yB]] M jAj Am> SU 2 nqM vn
Te /SwA xpnABM A AoM pn B{n pA BY o /k nB{ * BY
kBM
BTeA An j{ 5U JB.JB ] nj  BU BTLv Bp Rk
yAj oTBe Be nj B%wBT /SvAj AkoQ a M o6i BTeA pA oUk]
5Th Bjw
Bq A M An ABMUA BUn  Sv nkU C B

pA ;2 \T  {BM KoA kBM /j SLv j{ Be SL* nj 


SwA A kA   [BT /k{BL jAkA JBhTA nj B AhLj xn n
 TT oUJJ BM ESS ,kn yQ BU S] nj B ESS 
nBT  ,jnAj =o2 k AkQ Swj C M BLU BM kAU o
/kzM AoM M An B SwA
]> T2o o/ nj SwA jnB  ] BpBM pA oj d
BpnBL onj qo  kj A nj j{ An ] A /SwA <zBwo2
k{ bo\ BTeA C nj  dv
B kB{ ,SwA kz q Bo6i
jAjnAoU BT2o 2BU Swr BM BAj A nj /SwA  nBvM
1. elephant seal

2. great tit

Aiji r 128

k{ koM AoM /kC BU o*j pA TMBUn o nj /j{ o*oM


BU { oi 5oe M BM ji B] ow  SwA A jo kBM  nB BU
Ae _ SwA kM /joM jnAmM y n An yj A oiBM
oj BnB ,k jo kkU o An jkdB Bp kAU
jnAj xpnA yAoM k] C o*Bi M jo2  qa /j{ B\A kBM  Sv
Bp nkU2 BU ,kAq nj ZAoe X /Sv JBve keM C xpnA
A [An ] Bp /k y2o Bp nkUC BU SwA jBC uo ,jpnA
/jnAj kjjBzQ j  SwA kAq
,jB
X ,qa 2  kTvAj LU pA jAo2A A k o2
k{BM oTBe  z] jo2 z /jnAj An SU o nka xpnA BUj
nj An SMBY ke z  joLAn A AoMBM /j{ koM joM oU]
jo jnCoM Ji An L C xpnA jzM o A Te /Sv nAkBQ , %e kAq
nAkBQ joLAn pBM ,kkM jBzQ An KwB SU BUj jAo2A
nj BUj ,kj jBzQ oX Ake joLAn A tBwA oM  o% jo /Sv
AoM AoMBM !kMB Swj L C M Ak_ k{ vU /d
pA /kkM nk An yTU TMBUn a nj A B] M SwA A oU2oM jo2
kAq ZAoe zBwo2 ] M RB%U kBM BU A B
B ji pA MBv o* j o zBwo2 ] nj  SwA A nj UA
BkjjBzQ S] nj /kwn qa M BC pA ;2 ,knAm
/j{ yhQ S] nj SwA oUkCnB k{ vU AkTMA pA j oLAn ,oX Ake
pA LU M kkz vU An2  j{ BC kB jw nAk \T nj
M BC MB nj  SwA 2o M TU joLAn A /kjo oL k{ vU
S] nj An BM Swj Be knAm nAo2 M BQ B2M  j{ T2o nB
c]oU An vU Bp \nkU jAj y L* JBhTA KUoU A M /knAj
WdM jn L C UA xpnA  j{ jq oX Ake M oj nBM BU kj
/kj pB]A
nj Bw pA o~U TiBw M BrA pA jB%TwA BM oj nBM
cd nB A  kj Bz TBn dU oj nBM /TiAjoQ S]

129

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

X An C j{  jnAj j] RBLYBM BU o/ pA joLAn /Sv


/wn B\A M  jB%TwA BrA pA TU BA ,jo BM TBn 6MAn
|Bi ST o nj /kj AjA MyQ MBBo1 Bp BU jo2 o
AoM /SwA L C UA xpnA T2nn ,SwA MyQ MBUo>
, ESS nj /k{BM T{Aj An yB Uj 5 xpnA ;2 S> C k o2 ,BX
Uj 5 BUj B ,Uj 5 pA oT ,Uj 5 pA yM SwA |Bi jo2 o
A  k%M kAU An _ pA A 5oe  SwA A T /kj AjA
/jnAj SB jBC Rk a BU |Bi ST A nj
ABz BM 2o*  SwA nBvM zBwo2 ] nj  SwA
kpo BM  v o /k{ vU kAi TU a kk poM T
TiAkA oPw o2 M  kB%M o* M ,j{ n yTwj K SzQ
A Bz Lw xpo o A
X /S2o kAi nAoU 5T T nj ,jBT2A
jBw joLAn ,jo Rn zK oj Uj BU BTe  k{BM
A pA o/o ,kpo 5oe Lw o A> :j{ AkQ k{ koM AoM
o A , oL oj Uj /SwA jM a vU AoM Rji LU z
BU oj nAmM SU TwAi oj Uj ;2 Rji AoM U
/k nk An SU oj { vU An2 ,kpo o* Lw p 
nB{A o Lw xpo L* JBhTA AoMBM </jpoM kBL SLw SU_
/kBwn o% M ow i ,k nB{A kC nBT2n M  An oj T

/kn yQ BU An nj SBeM B2BU


yQ BU An nj SBeM Boa nBBU Bnj B]M Aoa
C nj  k o2 An jn /Sv RBLYBM >nj A AoM ,kn
* zBwo2 ] AjA k~U BUA  Un nj ;2 jAo2A SoX A
BU MB Bo* ,SBe A nj /k gw An jo ow knAj An
vU An2 kM T{Ao2AoM ow BM An 5oe TU  BC :k AkQ
 jAo2A /kT%M BU ov M B>nj SwA ,Be BA /k{
gw An ji ow jn o nj knAk An * ] k~U BUA
r AoMBM /k{ nAjnioM ow BwC poQ 2B pA ,k

Aiji r 130

L* JBhTA SU C ,S2B SoX A >nj TU /j{ yhQ >nj


jAkU nBMj KUoU A M /kAi An BC Swj  kqoM An jAo2A
RBLY BU o/ pA zBwo2 ] nj /jnAm yB M n B>nj
BSwj k{ n Bp B\Aow TU /Sv TwAn pA oTzM >nj
/SwA MyQ MBU o> B B ,kwnAo2
SMBUn An C SwA jnB  TiAjoQ qa C M ;2 B B\A BU
,o/ o pA SMBUn 2o*  T{Am A oM An o2 B /kB <nBT>
jo BoUL BJB  jM A oM o2 /kok kB ,] joLAn q]
,knAjnioM Bv pn ] RAq\U pA
B jo U pAkA M
AoM jM AjBw o2 A /j{ BzL~ oMAoM jw k{ koM pA
jnB onBQ /jL jq SUA M i BA ,a TiBw
X] o/ pA jAo2A o A ,BX AoM /kTiAjoQ nBTB BSMBUn M SwA
nj An KUn nqM kATM jo2 o ,k{BM T{Aj =o2 BM k] BAU
oYBU SdU An Be ESS <U A BC ,kqM d xji X] BM vB
/SwA a B ?kj nAoU
An A d /k{BM T{Aj j] A nBTB d w  nj kwn o/ M
,j /knAj =o2 BM ] RAq\U B X] o/ pA jAo2A :kj Be
AoM /knAj RB%U BM knC Swj M k{ koM pA  jw o/ pA jAo2A
BU jnAj jAj Swj pA AoM oT qa SwA n K yBQ  v o ,BX
/jnAj n yQ nj An xnnBM kp pA jBp Bp  A] o
AhLj
B nBU k  SwA o/ A Ko> kBQ ,w
Sow M AU C BM Aop ,j{ ESS k{ AkQ WBM kAU ,;MnM AoBo
C pA oUjp B5oe pA  SwA n*A K>A ,X /kBz o2 An B]
<jnApBU> < Bw> KUoU M An BC /kwn MBv d M oj
B  Bw M  nj  nAm A oM An o2 ,WdM o*Bi M /B
o2 A UA nj j a M kj Ai /jo mU pBTA jM jnApBU
o A Te  SwA A dT /Sv A dT BA ,k{BM Swnj kAU
BU BTeA ,k{BM T{Ak j] jnApBU M  Bw oUoM AoM j _

131

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

BM jBwM An C j{ /jnAj j] k{BM TvMA nBU k ji M  A ESS


kM Sow M TiAkA ;i o{ BM An Aj  jo vB BBvA
/kj UBi =ozU
An <yM uQ ,Ak{ jnA o A ; e ,Tv  Bw o A> oz
j oLAn

,j{ o2 AhLj nBU k A  B\C pA /SvAj ESS AU


e ,Ak{ jnA o A ; zK ,Tv  Bw o A> ,C 5Bh joLAn
joLAn j A pA Ak S] nj A /k{BM nAkBQ kAU <
kwn SoX A M oj pA LU joLAn Ak  jnAj A M TvM j{ nBTiA
BC ,kqoM An oz joLAn j A pA S] SoX A  /k{BM
,5oU mL* ,KUoU A M /k{ RApB\ k JBhTA An C pA o> 
/SwA ESS
jnApBU ,j{ koM  Bw> y jAo2A k o2 ,BX AM
pA nj koM B] pA nj uo A /k jBQ An </jqo
,k 5U An SU qo k{ ip SU_ BC /SwA kpBM BC
Be /kBzo2 An2 An BAj ] jAjnAoU wAo Aop

B joLAn A k o2 /k v\ An kC Ak M pBU {n{


A 5oe TU /kz uQ qo k e z ,jnAj JB
k{ ip BTeA ,k{BM  Bw y%oe TU /j{ koM k{BM jnApBU
jAjnAoU BkBU mL*  jAo2A pA yjpBM T2n n /SwA jBp nBvM
RAno k w  {n{ C /SwA oUBQ k nBT2n ESS (AhLj)
oUkM xnB \T < e jnApBU o A , nAo2  Bw o A> k uoM An
koM Rnk M BSMBUn nj ,j{ bo\ owSzQ ;2 A /SwA A pA
M k Ao]A An kBU u A  jAo2A k o2 Be A BM /j{
,SMBY nB\
BC joLAn ,SBe A nj /k AkQ Swj SoX A M vB{ d

An T] o A  jo n~U AU /j{ RApB\ mdTv C pA AodA


pA An B B BxoQ T{n ,T2o o/ nj v ka * nj
/jo kBz C nj oj SBe M nAkBQ SBe
T{Ak j] AhLj BUA BnBU k kB{ ,UA kp nj ,BA

Aiji r 132

oUoM AnAj nj BjnApBU M SLv


BTeA B Bw ,BX AoM /k{BM
k{BM oUTvi jnApBU kB{ /knAj oTzM d*A MBv d T pA /kTv
AoM /SwA jM B\C LU pA  Bw  Be nj T{Am BQ B\C M pBU A Aop
zK jnApBU ,j{ koM  Bw> nAkBQ
SBe j A pA Aoa A

SwA A C jnAj j] oUAqTA j ,SwA oTzM BTeA <k


,<k zK  Bw ,j{ koM jnApBU> ,C uoM joLAn nj 
An C wA SwA jnB  qa jnAj j] ji KohU M UAl BU
UBT ESS ST A nj  S] o nj /SwA T{Am UBT joLAn
k{ z :kT% o  Bw A M k w Ak jAo2A ,jnAj nAoU
Rn A nj  jpSz %UM BM BU /k{BM jnApBU jnioM o nj
pA o>M
B !k xU ji TwAi An nj ,kwn o/ M WL
n* An C j{ joM roA SU o o/ pA nB A  Aq
< Bw>  j] M jAj BBQ M zAo BU kn A nj ,jo dU
,joM  Bw> RBLYBM
ST nj  oj S] B\A nj /j{ kj

 kj c]oU An jAo2A L* JBhTA ,jnAj nAoU <kz K jnApBU


p U M kLva ;jo2 o AoM A /k{BM  Bw k{
n*B /SwA C pA <dB2j> AoBo C jo qoU oT BATe ,|Bi
jBp SL* nj ,<oe pA dB2j> B SdU nBT2n A ,kAj Be 
/j{ kBz
wB{ nBT2n nBU k { A pA  An j oUT2nTv{
A /SwA k{ AnA zBpC nj ,1 oLU ,Tv]oM tB{nBT2n ;wU
nj B j A pA Ako /jM o nAjnBi Bj C nj  S{Aj B oo
dB2j C oe pA kjM TiBw A ji AoM oo C BTA
Az{ yBpC nj An o B j C pA Ako oLU /kjo
SzQ pA kTwAi  An o j A jAj nAoU nB An j S{Am nqM
j TU /wn C KB] \T M Be /jo B{BU k\M BM z{
1. Niko Tinbergen

133

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

k] SBe A B ,joM A B xe e M An
B oe M An j TU BA /k zK jo w B B S2o
C o* pA B joM BM ;2 /k{ uoM dBTA ,jo jq
Ak k e o Ak  jo U oLU ,oj o* M oo
An jBw oz joLAn ,nB{C RnM ,o j o /k{BM kzK
</ zK ,jnApBU o A ; e , Bw o A> :kjoM yQ
T{Aj oU nBT2n pBTA  k bo6 An Cw A BwB{Svp K>A
M  k{ AnA jn A nj jBp Bo/ ?Sva wB{Svp o/ pA
M jnM SwA oj Cw A ji BA /k{ kAi nB{A AkM <M
Bp nBU k o*BiM k{BM ESS ;2 kB{ oU pA <dB2j> /kwoM o/
/SwA p 6U jo2 j M 6MAn kU  kC kkQ
 BAU pAkA nj AhLjo> nBU k d oU kB{
nj k{ koM j oUA z nqM X] T{Aj /k{BM k]
k]  o% j pA o A /SwA C j pA
BTeA ,Sv ]
a  k{BM 6 uo o A ,j{ koM SwA oUS{nj C z
pA S%oe o A> :jnAj B joLAn ;2 k{BM ji 5oe pA oUnqM B oUa
T{nj SA o A </\M BM ji pA oUa BM ,oM nj ,SwA oUS{nj U
T{nj  Un nj /j{ oU[oJM  dBTA ,jo nAoU kjoU jn
k{ o l yQ   joLAn SU C ,kC JBve M  oUoM X]
joLAn> ,k{BM k] k{ ip o6i o A BA /SwA nAkBQ B`
U pA  BC BM> Rn A M /S{Aj kAi j] j <BUBT
A M Aoa SwA <! nAo2 koUa U pA  BC pA \M koUS{nj
op jM ,SwA w  5Bh
B o/ M /kAT% BUBT joLAn
BUBT joLAn pA jAo2A  T] nj /k{BM RBLYBM SwA
pA ,SMBUn o nj  j A M /kM KwC v ,k oQ
y] jo2 /jnAm nAo2 M BQ z ,SwA oUS{nj C ,BkSo{
SwA oUa U pA  An v > <>
j oLAn pA  ;wT pAkA BM T2B

] onj knioM A M  jAo2A pA BM nBaBM < Bn

Aiji r 134

jo2 C ;k e kLM xji pA oUa An v o A Aop /j{ JBT{oQ


Ao]A An <UBT y a ,kj An A e JA] Rk{ M oUa
jo2 C pA yM  SvsUAoTwA C k{ koM BTeA ao ;k
pA /SwA jBp A kk{ SeAo] B SiBM o6i p Be A BM ,SwBUBT
k{ ip BTeA ,kj zU BBUBT An S] SoX A  B\C
/SwA UBT SvsUAoTwA o pA yM  SvsUAoTwA
jn ;2
BTeA BA ,k{BM RBLYBM kAU BUBT joLAn ao
pA oUBM jpBM Un nj BU BUBT Bk] /SwA A ]U
a A n~U ,A /k  An B jAkU Rk{M  knAj ;wT
SLv ,Rn C nj Te /SwA z j{ AkQ TT a SwA
B Sw M  ;2 kBM S] C nj BBUBT M B
Jm] 6 /kwoM B ,oj ESS C <Jm] 6> M BU k
SvsUAoTwA ,jn A nj ,C nj  SwA S] BSLv pA A\
w M o] ,kwn 6 A M T]  :jnAj An BM Swj 
nj  ESS pA jn T2B /j{ kz  nAkBQ 6
/{BM T{Aj An nB A B\A kA B  nAj { ,SwA KB] SL*
jnB nv2oQ ,] oiC A T{ pA kM /jo o/nBoA jp  )
Decobius ,q BT]A RL nBT2n pA op 5U M Ao ]U SwA
BM j{ nL\ SeAnB UL o A> :jo K] 1 unM / /Z pA , civite
pnj o A jn oh o* M =oM X ,joM oM oM zK
B%TiA d nj SwA ,j{ BQ C nj  k AkQ 2B{
,jn C nj M jnApBU A TU o A /joM BQ ji RL
Sow M M k e jnApBU M ,k{BM ji B{ nj RL C
TU AoMBM /jjo ji AoM oj BBQ BLj jn oM
M pA Bk{ B]MB] kn AU ,j{ SeAnB A RL
oX A  j{ A M o\ K>A  ,kMB AjA BYka BU SwA oj
1. J.W. Burgess

135

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

BRL>) </koM B{CB B] M ji BBQ pA C BRL


nj  % M nBT2n A /(1976 tnB ,
,<BT]A
(/SwA UBT ,kC 79 d%
a ,k{BM joPw l M An T{m B] o*Bi jAo2A o A BA
/k{BM q] M q] B  qa Bo*Bi C A M jnAj TvM ?j{
/knAj l nj jAj fn T{m nj `C pA  o*Bi Bqo]o]
kBJB oTzM ,jM koM oiA B] pA jAkU nj  o]o]
oUL oTzM ,jM SiBM kj n oiAA A nj  o]o] /j{
qo]o] pA A /SwA jAj Bz MiM 1 nkBvA /j /n An A /j{
BTeA ,nB A pA kM /jo jB%TwA UA Bqo]o] M e AoM ~
/k{ oTzM oj UA Bqo]o] MB nj UA Bqo]o] C SiBM
] BAU Aq Ak qo]o] o  S2o o/ nj n*A AU
AnAkB] o A /k\w S] C ;wT jo2 nj BAU A BM An xji
,SwA T{m B]  o*Bi BL oM B{nB  ,qo]o] kB

BTeA ,k{ T{Aj TvM o nj BM Uk AoM
An jAo2A C kAU o kBz /j{ AkQ C nj S Be KUAovw
jAo2A vU kTv oUBQ ]nj o/ pA  jAo2A /k kM]nj KUoUM
kAjo RjB joM M  jAo2A /knAj joM pBM oUBM ]nj  k{
,kAjo RjB SiBM M  jAo2A  Be nj ,j{ oTzM B{joM BTeA
joM AkTMA nj  BC Te /j{ oTzM BzTiBM BTeA [nkUM
A pA nj An ji  kn yQ S] A nj jM /M
B BzTiBM
B] jAkU pA  SwA A C T \T /k kML* o j
/j{ TwB o nj kk{
AoX A jo Aop ,oLM nB M An <S Be KUAovw > RnBL kBM
jAo2A SiB{ C nj  k jB%TwA jnA nj <S Be KUAovw> pA
BU SwA q] M q] oTzM T{m B] o*Bi ,jnA A nj /jnAj y
o A DTBw

1. R.D. Alexander

Aiji r 136

Bo BA ;kwBzM An ok  kTv BjC X Bqo]o] /


nj  ,k{BM B{ o A /kwB{ An ok B
oTM /jAj kAi BTTv{ kC nj
BTeA ,jo JJ An B{ T{m
jni Sv{ A pA
LU  v M SLv  SwA A jo2 o AoM joLAn
nB nj kAkk An ok
LU  o jAkU o A /k nBT2n oUL BLoU
,kz o2 ] ,Uk pA kM /jonj jBp ]
,ko nAoU
 SwA A j Bo jn nj /kj Bqo]o] nj  j C M
M  nj A ,BUB%UA /<k qnj> oj jAo2A M SLv An ji BB] jo2 o
nj  kAk{ ]T jo jB%TwA }iB{ A M A pA /SwA o %
,kj fn Rnk M kk{ B] C nj  ,Bo T2o { Bo
nj Ak jAo2A S< a C nj  SwA o C pA oTzM hU kU
oUoM pA K>A BwB{Svp /SwA oTzM ] C nj \T nj SwA oJU
nB{C ]BU kjU A M S Be KUAovw <y> B Tvp
S% AU /Sv A C BM Swnj An BA /k SLd o nj
o M s A Aop jnAj <y> BU nj ,
,S Be KUAovw
RnM An ji  ,jAo2A nBT2n BA TU kB{ /jo2 M jo mU
ATM ,k{ T2o o/ nj o c6w nj ,kj Bz S Be KUAovw
<y> rA oi pA
 SwA oTM ,Be o nj /jnC JBve M nAjy An BC
BC nj  oM o/ nj nBTB SMBUn BESS RnM An <U nmM
/SwA ij jo2 /2Be SiB{
jAo2A M SMBUn /jo wnoM An B<A M SMBUn B\A BU B
B B<A ,kj
LU  n*B ?SwA a RB%T B
BM oUTvo> SMBUn /kA B<A  BLUn M SLv 5Th
T{Aj MB ow oM oT Aj ] nB/TA BC M kBM AoMBM knAj
MB nj ,Bfoww ,BX AoM /j{ jnCoM B nB/TA A {BM
Bvn foa MB nj BA ,k dB2j B{oU pA oj Bfoww
nj An 5Th Bfoww oU z j{ /kTv a nqM
A oU /SiAkA C n An Bvn foa oU z jo wn ]
BUM

137

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

j n  n* ,jnAj B{Q /M
B RnM koQ j
/kAB Ak] o
jB<U nBaj oj BRnM RB%T B jAo2A 2B BA
nB/TA p kAi jni AoM An p kM o{ ,BX AoM /j{
L ow oM SMBUn jB Swnj j{ An A /jnAj ykM pA oj
L /Sv SeAn SwA n*A Aoa A M joM Q 6 o/ pA ,SvAj
BU <kAi> Am> A M An S{ o{ Br /SwA S{ o/jn
A M  kAi An S{ C p Br /kBM kp BzBM {B
pA jB%TwA jn j A /k nB BzBM {B AoM B2 < `B
/jnAj j] 2B jB<U AoMBM ,kok oBJ
MBT S{
njB BLoU nAi Aoa /kAk{ TiBw S{ pA B<A
B BBM ,kj <Bw > Bpn o jn nj  n*B ?SwA
 kz kj qo ,A j] BM /kni An ji a BkoQ
?Aoa ,k KU jni k~U M An ji BM B ,BM AnAhT{
K>A  k o2 <Bb> S] nj BU M nkU C p B l
Bo{ ,o{ Aoa :k n6i C M op Cw X 6
B BCw
k{ kwoQ oT  Swj A pA oj B\M Cw ?k nB{ An oj
?kkM An xAe JA] A B]M k nAo2 o{ pA p Aoa :SwA A
/Sv ESS nB A BC AoM  j A M k nB{ An o{ ,Bo{
A pA yQ BX nj MB joLAn nj  j B M nAi joLAn
M SMBUn jn nj /SwA jBp nBvM ]BTA o6i /SwA nAkBQB ,kj
j A M SwA oT <U A =k BTeA ,RB%T B B<A
A nj kB{ /kj c]oU An nAo2 ,MB B]M B* pA nBvM  SwA
nBU k RB%T B pA Ae j M BU nj  k{BM oA A pA {B
nj Bo /SwA k{ pBwnB ,jnAj j] B<A M `C pA oUnqM
M TvMA oz BjoLAn
BTeA B ESS ,k{BM kk{ nBU k TMBUn
BM tBU MBU BjoLAn RB%T B jAo2A M SMBUn nj /kAnBU k C
BzT2B BU BTeA < e ,oUnqM o A ; nAo2 ,oUa o A>

Aiji r 138

nj  2AodA BM p o{ /SwA j] jBp BnBU k Aop ,SwA jBp


k  kAT2B Swj nAkBQ M ,kAT{Aj ok M SLv BU An
BLj Bo nj BC /joM yAq2A M n nA An SMBUn nj A nBU
 T2B y] p /kAk{ A2oe
B ,KUoU M ,jo nAo2 jo
LUn C pA oT ,k jB%TwA kAhM <\M BM> joLAn pAo{ MB nj
/k kkQB An ji m2A nj  jM kAi m2
An C ESS % k{ AkQ M nBMj B BM  SwA A n~U
nB{M w A M nAj Bp pA BU o/ nj BS2ozQ oU pA
C pA ,B] nj ,nioM B] nj 2B jB<U M SU o /nC
pA
RBAe wB{nBT2n T{n B\zAj / jB%TwA AU
BT]A BpBw ji K>A /k SLd <BT]A BpBw> B M qa
/ko o/ nj s TiB{Svp <RApBTA> BM S An
o2 /SwA S Be KUAovw pA Ajo nB{A C M
LU  BX
BpBw jn nj BtB{Svp RAnBL pA nBvM nj  B% C BM 
o JBhTA M  Bv BQ To2 M AU ,SwA T% BT]A
BM ESS pA SwA jnB  % ,nBMTvh AoM /joM Q kkT
a { ]T B%{ n*M  kj B M An BA A ,k
BpBw  BM kAU Tv Aiji BS pA A\
BT]A BBpBw jn nj BU A o/ pA /knAmM yB M An T2B
B B{  <A]> <BBBwM> jn nj M ,Bnj
wBwA dU ESS % RkpAnj nj ,nAkA /SwA =jB q kjkT
/k jB\A wB{M nj
jM k{  oj SU M w ~2 pA  ,L6 jn nj AU
(kM Br B] M) mBU BpnBQ tBU M  L6 ,oM nB M An C
j A M Br /k{BM BM B{U en kBM  k{ Mo
oBw AnB oMAoMj M ,kTv <Ji> ji ji M  kAk{ kqoM
M BM kBM Ji r /kC nB{ M <Ji> r Aqi Br
T{Aj nBpBw ,SwA Ao BC BM AT BkM vw nj  Br

139

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

r nAhB r Aqi nj k] B Akj r /k{BM Bz


M kM r nAhT{ r Aqi nj ,j{ Jvd Ji
/kC nB{
/jo v\ MBhTA keA { M An Br pA nBpBw KoU j{
BA /SwA jBT2A =B%UA jn BUj ,w ~2 nj AoQ kU BX jn nj
AU jo% Br c6w nj JBhTA BM { ]T BA ESS %
k{ ~T Bv Bpo M Br Sv p /kwn \T B M
/k{BM
op mo* M /kBwn Mi M An % A UA nj pnBQ BM tBU
m2
B o AoM k o2 /{ C ]T AU oTM
A pA ,k o2 kM /k{ B  pA jB%TwA BM BpnBQ  k{BM
pA /k SLd BC M ;2 <M vA M ;2 <M BpnBQ
o*Bi M BA /oUkM koTM BBC M SLv BvA pnBQ o/
 o pA oT h o BMBv nj ,jnAj BLUnA nAoUoM  TA
/j{ koM SwA BC B vA BBU
 BC M ,k B]MB] An jAo2A ;2 A /jnAk <U A M ]U Mo
kpBM mBU nj  BC pBTA pA ,kj pBTA kAjM koM BmBU nj
UB%UA n*M kAMo nBTiA nj  jAo2A o A Be /k  kAjM
WBM  Sv BTeA A ,j{ jnA BC o A SU C k{BM vA
pA o o A ,uoM /SwA k{ jB\A TiA BLUnA nj Aop ,j{ o SiBM
/j{ C SiBM WBM kAU vA jn k{BM k{ zU BBC
A pA ,k{ kAi T2o o/ nj o oTM AM
 SB nj `C
,kwn o/ M h BC B vA RBLYBM ST j
A BA /SwA jo JBhTA keA AM An BMp o  ,Mo AoBo
nj joM pnBQ nj SMBU tBwA oM An jAo2A A /SwA jo An nB A
BU BMBv nj uo A BTeA nAoU pA /SwA jo JBhTA BMBv
kTv \ C nj  oj jAo2A  jnAj TvM A M k{BM koM ke a
 j A M ,kn nB jiMji BSUA BkB /k{BM a

Aiji r 140

A ,KUoU M /kASUA kB a ;2 M kp nBQ Ji


k{ JBhTA BM knAj  MBT nBpBw o*Bi M Br  SUA
M kqoM BkeA A M An Br o kBM B  Sv B A M Bq
BQ c6w nj JBhTA /jM BAoQ jn nj  Un C M ,nC nB{
/SwA oUB c6w nj MBhTA oBB ,jo% r
pA oUKB] /SwA jo ]U jM { M ;2 JBhTA , A nj
BM /k{ JBhTA kTv A o*Bi M SwA Br ,C
4 pA kBM BnC KwBT AoBU o k o2 ,tBU BMp pA jB%TwA
A pA  ,Mo k o2 kM /j{ zU Swj Oa o% 4 Swj SwAn o%
nj o A Be /k JBhTA B{TvB{ Kve oM An jAo2A ,SwA oLiM oA
 TwjOa jo2 o ,k{BM T{Aj BSwjSwAn An S Be k{ JBhTA o
WBM
BTeA ,k{BM  BU o nj A :SwA nAjnioM pBTA pA k{BM C nj
o nj ,uoM /k ] Mi pnBQ AoMBM mBU C k{ koM
jn A /j{ jo{ pBT SwjSwAn ,kASoX A nj BSwjOa 
S] nj oUL BoUL S] nj JB  jM Mi SU L{
jAo2A BkM M BU pA B B\C nj  SwA A nj RB%U /S{Aj BJB
,tBU n pA ,B\A nj  Be nj ,jo SLd Aiji B{B
/SwBkM nj Br BU pA SLd
nj ,kj B\A <Ji> BpnBQ jn nj Mo  AAnn JBhTA
SwAn pnBQ 4 Swj Oa pnBQ 4 U C nj A M j{ o\ SB
B] pAT B U A M An BC A  n* /k{BM Swj
nj A JBhTA M  SwA A oUBU o/ M /SwA jo JBhTA
pA ST /SwA T2o Rn TvB BL*Aj c6w nj ,oUBQ c6w
Oa nBa (k{BM k Ao SwA <joLAn> ,B\A nj) RBLYBM BU o/
BL oM BQ c6w nj MBhTA \T nj ;2 Swj SwAnnBa Swj
/SwA oBo BSUB
M <Ji> Br /SwA RkpAnj nj Br Svp;d r Aqi
JBhTA JBT JBve kM ,kB kAi UBM Aqi nj  Br A

141

Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.

;Sv k{ kBz SUA Te ;Sv o/ A /k{


jM <Ji> WBM qa a  SwA A KB] Cw /SwA RBdTA cTU
jM Ji WBM `C T% A KoU A M
LU /j{ r
kBM Be /SwA ,kM ,kCnB BM {B SiBw BAU j{ r
BU o/ pA  SwBr pA A\ r Aqi / bA An T% A
C nj kAT oj kk] r _  SwA AAqi 5oU mL* ,knAkBQ
B]MB] B ,AnCpBM ,y] mo* pA  ,kk] Br oTzM /k pBU SiBU
o/ pA \ C :k{ Jow L* JBhTA ;wU An2 ,k{ AkQ
j{ m2 kk] r BpAo /kwn yAnC M nBMj RBLYBM BU
nj nj /j{ ozT Aqi C nj k pBU SiBU \ C nj
o/ pA TT BM kk] A\ M B\Aow  j{ AkQ nAkBQB TU
BM tBU nj /kMB mdU BU pA  nAk j{ kLU nAkBQ BU
,k{BM T{Aj RBLY 6 pA yM SwA S] ,Szi BjoLAn
kAU \nkU BU /k{BM Bw nj 6 j M SwA B
Q eAo pA T{n RnM M jL SiA BM M n nA Soe
n*A kB{ /k{BM oj RBLYBM T M nAkBQ ST pA xoQ B ,kB
o2 BA ,k 1 /U ji keA X  nj S]  kwoM o/ M
jo jB\A An ;> n~U A jo% Br c6w nj JBhTA T{Aj Bo]
SUB y\w nB /k{ JBhTA <SUB> o*Bi M Br /SwA
Aqi ,RBLYBM BU o/ pA \ MB nj  SwA jo
/knAj j] r
jAo2A M ]BU (MBT ) y oM n ,qoU BM SwA jnB
M BJB kM nAkBQ SLv n~U /k B%{ nBvM An <U SvAU  nj
oM BA /kj An C j{ SwA nqM qa kM Aop ,Sv z BoUL
;2 ,knAj nAoU RB%T BkM nj  Br M a A By
nj Br M ]U MBU By oM o Ao2 SoX A /SwA h  q
1. self-regulating

Aiji r 142

nj jAo2A kM nj r Aqi nAkBQ BU o/ pA \


fn w nj Aop ,Sv BwC By oM A kj /SwA Bo]
nj  Mi B /k{n Be nj ] Bw nj s M ,kj
Br RBLYBM
BU o/ pA \ nB Be M BkM

/SwA Aiji
A A dT  RBAe  M y oM c6w M kBM BA
RnM An Ae o  jM A oUSeAn ]BU qnj AoM /jooM SwA JBT
Bzi o/ jn jAo2A o A BA /oM o/ nj Tv Aiji {B
A k{BM Akpo2 njB nkQ jAp jApBi ,oAi njAoM jq
yhM BkBzi  j A M /(j{ B{A nBaj) jni M A
An ji TvMA Aiji r o AoMBM /SwA qoTz BzBr pA
jAj cTU kM ~2 nj dT A ,k vU RB%T BkM M
/j{

z{ ~

r Tva
/k{BM DNA pA a 6U ;2  Sv A ?Sva Aiji r
pA Bi 6U Bhv ,jM A Nw nj  n*B Swnj
pA  kM ji M An pB]A A B o A /SwA B] owAow nj ozT DNA
A jAj BM TLA ,knAj ABB C AkA nBA   SLd n* Br
BMp M An Bji BMp A AU AhM SU o  ji M B*A
  bo6 Rn A M An BCw AU SU C ,AjooM wn
Aqi nj An ji jAkU  SwA A Q nj ?Sva y2k Aiji r
BkM XkU BM AoM qnBoM BM An nB A A nj /k oTzM r
<C>  SwA A oM B k BU B\A nj BA /kj B\A ,SwA C nj 
~2 k T /jnAj j] jBp BkM nj Bp SwA ozT j]
nj  xji BS{n M kATM SwA r  SwA A oTBe
o*Bi M nB A ao ,k{BM a o A /k  knAj nAoU oj BkM
/j{ /e jAo2A nj onBXA RnM C j ,SwA r Aiji
1
 knAj j] r ka UA nj /koM o/ nj An BvA jM
Ap r

SLd BC pA nBMnj ;2 ,k{ k%w B kAU


C BU k{BM kM nj oMAoMj Aq M kBM ,SwA JJ r A /
A /j{ AkQ T a pA jn B pA o% nAq 2 o nj /j{ Ap jo2
1. albino

Aiji r 144

jAo2A A jnAj j] o% 7 o pA o% jke nj oMAoM Aq M r


oM ,SwA ozT jBp jAo2A nj a ,k%w r X r /kTv Ap
M SwA C nj  BkM jo qnBoM BM kAU o/ A tBwA
Aqi nj ji BM M ,k{BM onBXA Bk%w oj M SLv  Rn A
 BkM <M o A /knAj An r BC A j M ,k  r
kwoi
B Un nj k%w r ,koM M pA kAk%w r AnAj
B{  oj BkM j{ WBM k{BM AonBXA BC o  j{
An yBkM pA kATM k%w r o A /kj AjA kp M kAr A
r jAkU yAq2A BM BC ,kj RB\ An oj Ap j kM  k nAjA
/k{ kAi AoL]
B onBXA C o ,r Aqi nj k%w
?k{BM S{m BM M SLv BAp  {BM T{Aj An nB/TA A kBM B BC
,SwA % Ak] { ]T A AoM /SwA %
BTeA JA] SUA nj
nB T{Aj B C B A M r pA  An n~U SU n*M kBM
/koUpAnj nj Bb6A SBe A nj ao ,jooM wn BMp M nAmM
Br oj M B kj AjA kp M kAi k%w Br A nj
 j{ WBM k%w r UB%UA n*M o A BA /kBwoM  k%w
RnM SUC ,k nBT2n AonBXA oj BAp M SLv yBkM
oTzM r Aqi nj xjAkU jnAm yAq2A M n UB%UA
B nBji
n B Ak] oYA j kBM r A ,kj n UB%UA a A AoM BA /j{
r A oYA  koQn oa jB\A oM /k{BM T{Aj yBkM
jAo2A M SLv zq RnM  k jB\A BC nj An BU A kBM SwA
j] ABj oYA a BM r o A /k{BM onBXA koQn oa AnAj
/k{BM m2 nBvM *Mo S] nj kAU ,k{BM T{Aj
oM /knAj ABka oYA Br ,jo k BU w ~2 nj  n*B BA
<KvaoM>  j{ AkQ r Sv BA A ,o/ A tBwA
K\ qa o B qLw yn B <nkoQ SwQ>
X oM pA kBz MBU
qa a /k{BM s C BLeB BM KwBT k jB\A An oj
BM qLw yn SwA  BTeA BM /SwA  C BTeA ,Sv

145

r Tva :z{ ~.

,k{BM Ao oj }hzU S~i o B jn o2 BQ S{ nj  iB


Ao <Bqo2> M nj AUB BM jnAj BTeA nkU B qLw yn M BU
C o/jn KvaoM 2 |~i M r A BTeA /k{BM
A tBwA oM ,A j] BM /Sv jBp k jB\A An onBXA pA KwB d
o> kB qLw yn onBXA oYA An C ATM  qa j] ,o/
/Sv
kATM r C  SwA BAn pA ,qLw yn X 2jB~U KvaoM
oj BAn BC /kj }hzU oj BkM nj An xji Bhv
/j bo{  A An oj SwAnow
B An ?jnAj j] nB A AoM
k  AAonBXA BnB n pA SwA ;2 An onBXA r knAj
,kM A> :jB qa  k{BM m2 r Aqi nj kAU r /wBzM
Be nj ji ,k{ =o> pA JC nj v RB\ AoM xU \T nj A o A
SwA A r a S2 j A <kM RB\ An A oPM ,k{BM k{ =o>
RB\ AoM onBXA r B AnAj A ,;wT ke pA yM BTeA M 
KvaoM ,j{ kBz oj u B] RB\ Be nj A A /SwA
Aka p BA ,SwA jnCnj qLw yn pA oT /SwA qLw yn jB
Br C BM  jnAj j] oj LU MBU BAn pBM BC /Sv T2omQ
?kwBzM oj jAo2A nj An ji Bhv
]nj AUA jq Bzi nj A jAj Bz /SwA SLX gwBQ
/Sv z SwA ;wT ke
pA yM Br jM qoTz BTeA
njB nkQ onBXA jM o Ao2 j kBM SwA k{  SwBRk
s M 2 kB /t/J/Z ,1 oz2 /C /n  qa /k{BM BzAkpo2 M SLv
Bzi oj jn nj <U  jM A kjoM Q C M 3 T /j /
BjApBi BjAp ,BjApnjAoM BjApoAi ,BoAi BnjAoM jq
jq jAo2A pA o% j B] RB\ AoM o% o A /k =k q
pA kBzi M SLv onBXA r
pA hv ao ,joM ji jABi
1. R.A. Fisher

2. J.B.S. Haldane

3. W.D. Hamilton

Aiji r 146

/kAT2B RB\ r C Bhv pA oTzM jAkU ,SwA T2n M


/n* <jq Bzi> ,SwA L  <oTzM jAkU>
j / SLd oUcTA  AU B ,jAj Bz T  n*B
SwA BT]A wB{nBT2n BT{ oUxpnABM 5jn nj A 1964 B
oM jn ke A BU BB A Aoa Aj ,k{ ozT  BU 
wB{nBT2n A wnj JBT j B nj Te) kAT2o nAoU BwB{nBT2n
AoiA BThL{i (/Sv oLi A wA pA ,kAk{ NBa 197 nj jo 
nj T BB oTzM /j{ /e A RBo/ M ]U pA BBz
,RBTBn nj 2B{ kM An C jBM A BA ,SwA TBn p
B  qa /jo qnj AU k{ jBw nBvM { M j{ RnM
r jM qoTz BTeA k B ,BTeA Aq nC Swj M Ai
/SwA ,oAi j
X ,jo2 j nj |Bi
Aqi nj  SwA Br pA SLd  o2 ,k{ oUjBw AoM
BM Ai ko{ BM <jL k%w> r nj jo oTzM /kMB r
SL* nj  SwA A r A AAo2 j /k{BM T{Ak B T{Aj TLv
JBT2C  j A M ] pA /SwBApo> pA oT BAp kB kp BTeA
j{ jq BC M  An onB{ kj BTeA kp An BAp za
r X ,Mi AnB{C Br a jM o Ao2 B AoM /k  BzAoM
cTU Ai B /Sv ]U jn Aka r Aqi nj ,jL Ap
o2 AoMBM /SwA BzonBXA \T nj }iA n*M Br S2 j
Br A ,BU Bo] A A eAo nj Swj  nAm A oM An
Rnk M S]  nj  r Te  SwA A T /kMB
pA jAkU /j{ kBz nBvM jABi nj SwA j{ S2B
S]  nj  knAj Br B{ SwA njB S]  nj Br
Bv JB Br AnAj B jo A BTeA UA nj /SwA JB
k{BM MB r B AnAj oAi A BTeA BA /SwA  nBvM {BM
BUoAi MB r nj jnAj BTeA pAkA /Sv  ,SwA nj 
C cTU SwA knj 5 BUj BTeA ,jnA A nj /k{BM o{ B{ BM

147

r Tva :z{ ~.

/Sv z
T2o BUnjB B nkQ pA An C kBM /knAj G r pA hv B{ k o2
G A kkBvM   An oj BSj B TeAn AoM) k{BM
,k{BM T{Aj An C B{ njB nkQ A ,k{BM kk] y] Be
o2 /(nAm nB k{BM T{Aj An C hv j B{ kA pA B
w o nj kBM AoMBM /SwA jAj B{ M An r A BUnkQ 
 knBM jB M Be Ji /k{BM T{Aj j] G r A pA hv ykM
/k yhQ C nj An ji Br pA ,jpBw oPwA jo TU
G r ,SwA TiBw An B{ oAi  oPwA C nj knj 5 BTeAM AoMBM
pBM ,k{BM T2o ji njB pA An G r B{ o A ,oj o* pA /SwA T{Aj j]
A /SwA jo S2Bnj An r A BUoAi knj 5 BTeA M
 MB |Bi r o knj 5 Ajke ,kT{Aj njAoM oAi 1 B{ o A
/jnAj j] B{ BnjAoM B oAi pA o kM nj ,knAj
 kBzi pA ]nj o jn nj An LwBd d kAU B{
o A /SwA kpo2 kA M 6MAn 6MAn /kj B\A kAhM
B{ B`M pA o A BTeA ,k{BM T{Aj H r pA hv B{
B{ v] Bw pA nj H Aop ,SwA knj 5 k{BM T{Aj An C
kAi An C ,j{ TiBw v] Bw C pA pA  A`M o Sv
C BUnkQ A BTeA ,k{BM T{Aj An f r pA hv B{ o A /S{Aj
kAT2o A pA An BUBr pA B{ Aop ,SwA knj 5 k{BM T{Aj An
BTeA  kBzi }iB{ pA nB TeAn AoM /BUnjB pA An
Aq / jB%TwA ,kj BzAn kBzi o% j M r jM qoTz
nj jnAj njAoM  Br pA Aop ,SwA 1 njAoM j M kBzi
2
vU A M TvM :SwA LoU jk A /jnAj j] q oj
B oT qoTz Br SwA |Bi njAoM j nj ,k{BM a po
/SwA 1 BUj z kpo2 kA M kBzi ]nj /k{BM A pA oTzM
2
AoM AoMBM ,SwA k Tvi  ,A pA nBMo ,LwBd A B\A
kBU M joM Q B A jo2 j M kBzi Aq pA jnCnjow

Aiji r 148

jAo2A M oBo BSBL{ ov%U nj B BS /U nj kB{ LoU


BA ,kj JA] jBw jnA nj kBU A /jnhM BUjnj M jABi
jn nj kj Ai  n*B ,jo Rn nBd BM ZAjpA  B\C
/kCnj JC pA Swnj RAoze <M
qoTz k] ,BX AoM /k BwB{ An B A qoTz jAk]A AkTMA
AkQ An qoTz k] TU /SwBC qoTz nqMnjB nqMnkQ ,jAp j
B A AoM A jAk]A  SwA Swnj 6 o/ pA TLA ,kjo
o/ nj An qoTz k] oUjq ;2 nAk nB BC BM BA /k{BM qoTz
B o A /knAj qoTz k]j ;2 A v BjAp KUoU A M /o
k]> B A ji BC ,k{BM xA
X ,k{BM A v pA jAs o/ pA
/jo yBLj B  j{ <oTz
1
op RnM An v BB$ , B A qoTz (B)k] TiB{ pA kM
qoTz k] C M BU koM BM jABi Sinj pA A pA do{ BM /k JBve
 jAkU /kwoM B M BU k Soe BQ w M qoTz k ] C pA kM ,kwoM
B2 j{ kTzoM BQ kM kT2n BM Sinj nj  BQ
nkQ
qoTz k] /SwA 3 v B2 ,k{BM B A o A ,BX AoM /v
C M BU koM BM eo kBM B{ , A pA do{ BM /SwA B nqMnkQ A
/kBM BQ vj o* C pA kBM B M kwn AoM kM /kwoM qoTz k]
/2 + 1 = 3 j{ v B2 AoMBM
qoTz k] mo* pA B A M v B2 jo AkQ pA uQ
/k LwBd jo jB\A qoTz k] C  An kBzi SLv Aq ,|Bi
JoT xji nj nBM v B2 pA Q o ApA M An 1 kBM nB A AoM
2
3
pA o A /knC Swj M An ( 1 ) B 1 * 1 * 1 kBM k{BM 3 v B2 o A /k
2
2 2 2
n pA kBzi Aq ,k{BM Q g v B2 qoTz k] mo*
/j{ ( 1 ) g qoTz k] C
2
pA yM BC o A /SwA B A M kBzi Aq pA zhM ;2 A BA
1. generation distance

149

r Tva :z{ ~.

2BTA An C jB Un k] o AoM kBM B ,k{BM T{Aj qoTz k]


, JBve o% j qoTz jAk]A pA o n pA  SwA a
/
kBzi Aq LwBd pA kM AoMBM /j{ X v B2
A kM kBM  nB BU ,BC qoTz jAk]A pA BL oM B A M
v BjAp ,BX AoM /k JoT qoTz jAk]A jAkU nj An C  SwA
/SwA 4 k{BM  k] o mo* pA v B2 ,knAj qoTz k] j A
4
,k{BM B \T A o A / 2 * ( 1 ) = 1 BM SwA oMAoM kBzi Aq AoMBM
2
8
3
/1 * ( 1 ) = 1 AoMBM ,SwA (B ji) 1 qoTz k] jAkU 3 v B2
2
8
,MBz mo* M /SwB{ \T jB B{ jAp ,Tr o/ pA
1 kBzi Aq) <k{BM T2n> BU M SwA  nkUB B{
4
2
3
(1 * ( 1 ) = 1 kBzi Aq) ji nqMnkQ M SwA (2 * ( 1 ) =
2
4
2
/k{BM T{Aj SBL{
8
1 ) njAoMj B\T X ,oUnj BSLv jn nj
M B ,(2 * ( 1 ) =
2
128
SwA A nj  Bi r o  B] , BTeA o% ;i w
B\T /k{BM qoTz ke C BU S] C nj oj UB%UA jo2 o BM kAU
/koj UB%UA }h{ o X BoU M SLv onBXA r o/ pA njAoM j
1 = kBzi) njAoM j B
,kA|Bi AoM ke BU ;2 (
32
kA U BoAi BnjAoM /( 1 ) C pA oTzM  njAoM j B`M
8
(1 = kBzi) Bv Uj BS%] ,( 1 ) kA|Bi i Akpo2
2
B /xji }h{ AoM  SwA |Bi C AoM nkUB Ako
BnjAoM oAi B BnqMnkQ ,BjApnjAoM BjApoAi ,BBi
/kTv MBM qa 1 kBzi Aq BM UB
4
r nBMnj oUmUj i AU  nAj nAoU TU nj B Be
[Q ji joM M pA BM  r / SLd kBzi M SLv onBXA
[Q  r BA ,k{ kAh oTzM xjAkU S] C nj ,kj RB\ An jAp
m2 AoM p o{ UAke /j{ oTzM kj RB\ An jAp j B njAoM
B kpo2) o{ j pA yM B]  SwA A onBXA y ji r jM
,jApnjAoM ,Aj. ,.Bi B) UB o{ nBa pA yM B ,(kA

Aiji r 150

oiC A jApAj.Bi . . Sz pA yM B ,( ,nqMnkQ ,jApoAi


LwB jAkU nj  jnAj An yAo A ,;wT n*M ,r a /kj RB\ An
/j{ AoL] onBXA jo2 C o BU kj AjA kp M T2B RB\ BkM pA
,SwA yBv Uj Bi }h{  k{BM T{Aj B*A jo2 o A
onBXA r o /k o2 A M SwA ji B2n o2 M  nkU B BUj
o A AoMBM /k{BM kM jo nj A M SwA d Bv S%] M SLv
AjA kp M r C ,joM oj C B] RB\ An nj BBoU
/kC Bj M Bv BUnBa RnM ,6i 9 BjBnC /jAj kAi
jn nj AAnB Ak2 BBoU nBT2n _ pA ,Aj  B] BU
An kk{ T{mji pA nB/TA BA ,kAjo SLd a BjBnC
M ow jn M] BoC M v TU Sv kM ,S{Aj kBM BC nj
/kqM BC
M SLv onBXA pA Bi SBe njB nkQ BSLUAo  M Be
SLUAo pAkA B kBM BM jo2 ,SYAn o/ pA /SwA kBzi
pA An njB nkQ  ji jAp njAoM M SLv ,jnAj ji kpo2 M SLv  An ]U
1 Bv BUj qj jo A BM A kBzi SLv /kj Bz ,jAj Swj

2
nj  r ,S% AU r JBhTA M Mo RBe6A pA jB%TwA BM /SwA
yhQ BTeA pAkA B kBM k jB\A AonBXA nBT2n oUnqM oAi
jBw ke pA yM n] A ,UAnj /kA onBXA r  k{BM T{Aj k{
SL* nj ,SiAjoQ Ai C 5Th j M AkM  SwA dT jo
nkQ
 TLUAo M ,BnjAoM B BoAi SLUAo X oj qa _
SwA A B\A nj o/ jn T BA /Sv L{ k Akpo2 pA BnjB
BC  jnAk j] qa oAi.njAoM kpo2.kA 6MAn M r o/ pA 
T B`M M An B{Br kA  SUA A /kj nAoU BM MBU nj An
Aop ,SwA ;MnM B\A nj k T M r BoAi k
njB nkQ pA An Bv Br pA Bv BS{n jo BoAi
/k S2Bnj Bv

151

r Tva :z{ ~.

JBhTA pA d A BU koM nB M An 1 kBzi JBhTA b6A B<M


nj BM RB%U) jo2 JBhTA (Bo nj BM RB%U) o JBhTA pA An L*
;k ]U An jABi nj onBXA kBzi JBhTA /k qBT (jAo2A
A /jo Rn oTzM Rk{ BM JBhTA A ,k{BM oUjq SLv ao
B]MB BjoMnB <M o*Bi M B%wBT BA ,jnAk B{A _ b6A
[ An kC BwB{Svp
BTeA a ,S{m xoi pA kBM C pA jBp
ji JBT nj 2 v /A /A /k njow
A /jnC JBve M o JBhTA pA Bi jn An kBzi JBhTA ,3
<jo2 JBhTA> M B d6w An C  kj Bz {n M nAj nj
nj  % C M T2o o/ nj C AkT % M <o JBhTA>
M v ji 5oU mL* Te o JBhTA BA /joM nB M ~2
|Bi o d jABi ,{M /SwA jAo2A Bo nj BM RB%U
Aka jABio> jABi M po  SwA A T K6  BA /SwA
A /SwA jq TBn nj RBTeA WdM M oTzM Sv Shw S%w
SLv AonBXA nBT2n ji <jABi B<A > M SLv kBM RBAe
/jnAk B] T o/ nj k{BM T{Aj BAiji nBT2n jAo2A oj M
Tv nL\ B /j{ kz jABio> jABi M *BU po _
oM B nAmM jABi o iAj An BjAp j v
X BC  U
1 n onBXA pA nAjnioM nB/TA BjAp j v AoM ;2 B /C
C A
16
AU B*BU /kwn v njAoM B oAi B kpo2 M  Aj nAk
Bi \T M ,Sv o JBhTA pA Bi jn kBzi JBhTA S%
/j{ AkQ Br JBhTA pA  SwA
j] q oj k] B{A kBzi JBhTA pA v 5oU nj
A TLA !k Jvd kBzi An BC :jnAm nB An Bkpo2 Ak A /jnAj
nBvM 5oU A ,k 5oU An ArA kAhM  n*o jnAj me
K=oU :BT]A wB{Svp

kk]

1. kin selection

2. E.O. Wilson

3. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis

Aiji r 152

BUA  ,yMBT kM ByAo nj v nAkA ,SwA k Ao


njB.nkQ BSLUAo ,r o/ pA /k bA An C ,SwA nAmoYBU MBT
M ,jn j o nj :kAk{ AkQ Bv j M BUj njAoM.oAi onBXA
/jnAj j] noM jo2 kM nj onBXA r jBp BTeA
M An2 ,jo jBTA   Ai nm }~hTo> kAi pA
SU Be Ajo jBw ke pA yM An qa B\A BU /jooM A K6
r AkTMA Bb6A pA / 2o An p ;Ao{ <M  SwA C
kM /jo SLd jq Bzi pA jAkU kp RB\ AoM zji
k JBve BUj  jn nB/TA A RBAe pA UA kp nj ,SwA
RBLwBd  Sv n*A ,kj RB\ An ji Bzi pA o%ka kAi
 k%M kTvAU o* M o A Te ,kj B\A B{o2 nj An T
B ji o 1 nBC
o7i kBM ,UA kp nj /SwA Ak B{njAoM oAi

SwA Te ,jo kp <RB\> 6U zji zB] An Aoj


 o6i  Un nj ,k{BM xpnABM w v jAp B] RB\
kBzi C B{ , M /k{BM qaB j{ }h{ ji ]U
kA> Aq uo /jo kAi pn oiBM kj yUB\ kAi 
An C , BLT{A BTeA KoT BM ,kAU M tB{nB  jnAj <kp M
oT oYA jo S pA jpM  kBzi kp RB\ /k LwBd
B  oj kBzi kp RB\ BU jnAm kC r Aqi n
/jnAj n yQ An xAkp pA pA jBp Bp jnAj B BM An SLv
RBLwBd BM kBM kBzi jn nj B nBT T2nTv{ RBLwBd C
nqMnjB.nqMnkQ ,Tr o/ pA /j{ kU M tB{nB oM nj
BM BzBr pA 1 nj jo ,k{BM onBXA M SLv kBM Bv jM
4
nqMnkQ onBXA
r

,k{BM oTzM nj kp M kA o A BA /kAw


onBXA r M j{ jAj c]oU ,JBhTA o/ pA , M SLv nqMnjB
U M  pA  ~Bi jw SwA
B /nqMnjB.nqMnkQ M
1. statistical risks

153

r Tva :z{ ~.

M  pA  k{BM ~Bi jw pA oTzM j{ Be A] nj yi


kA  jnAk q ,B<U pA ) /kC Swj M v jq kBzi
nj /k{BM oTzM nqMnjB.nqMnkQ kp M kA pA BTe B kp M
nAoUoM SBe A u kB{ ,SwBM AjAp o o Aq  B
(/k{BM
o/ nj o Bk M An jAo2A kBM ,M tB{nB BM tBU ;vM AoM
o*Bi M An ji B pA yhM S{Aj nB/TA j{ u o pA /S2o
 TLv M ]U BM A /jpAkM o6i M An C B jnAmM B oj o% kp
kA o/ pA jo2 C BC A T2o o/ nj BM ` ,jnAj oj }h{ C BM
~U ,jnAj jo o6i xpnA k M }h{ ji BM vB nj kp M
M kA> M <kp M kA> B] M kBM  SLd oUmUj o A /jo
ji r M kBwn S% AoM  BAU> ,C pA oUmUj Te B <XkU
M n AonBXA nBT2n A AoM B C /joM nB M kBM An <n yQ o nj
M  ~Bi jw pA k{BM oT onBXA }Bi o6i kBM ,k BU
kBM BS% BomQo6i /kBzi Aq nkMoT ,kwn kS2Bnj
/jo i  j{ LwBd Ak`Q AM nBC {M
RBLwBd a B\A nB/TA a nB`M BM {B pA BA
tB{Svp TBn Te !\ BM An2 C ,S{Aj AU An Ak`Q
jo o2 v BM ,1955 nj AB nj) kB /t /J /Z a ATv]oM
T oM SwA k{ =o> pA jq AUA RB\ AoM  r
k{ yhQ
=o> Be nj BjC ji  SU j nj ///> :SwA T% (S2o zQ
,(jM jBT2A o6i M  i ji kp  Be nj) ,jAj RB\ An k{
kB  n*B ,BThL{i TLA </T{Ak An ALwBd _ So2
An RBLwBd A BM B{B  o2 Sv p ,SvAj Ji i
A kM B SwA  n*B Swnj /kj B\A BB C Bzl nj
 , jB%TwA LwBd y ;i pA j B\A nAj nBa  ue
n* SwA Ae KUoU M ,SwA TnB pA jB%TwA UA nj
Ak`Q LwBd ,kwoM o/ M xnBT2n pA  k{BM k{ qnBoM LU pA

Aiji r 154

/kj B\A An
v TU /Sv z kwn o/ M  BnkUC dT A n~U
nBA  SwA jo n* ,jo An C nBMj jpAkA A M An QU
/SwA jo e NU ov MyQ AoM An vAo%j RjB pA A\
A BA ,Sva vAo%j RjB  k{BL yAoM B kAk
A A kB{

B d6w nj /S{Aj kAh NU T2o nj A RnB nj oYBU dT


M /jnAj Bo] SwA TBn RBLwBd jB nj  qa ,B C
jo w Lw [BT jo v\ BM ,v TU ,d
jB nB nj ,jo ~U z jn nj ,BAq KB
/SwA jAj B\A An ,oUPB AU ke nj qa ,w LwBd
An BM {B pA k BU  qnBoM An oUPB jM nAoU o A
kBM
BTeA , B k{BM T{Aj AonBXA nBT2n BC joM ~U  k pBwL{
Ae C  BnB pA ABw A /T2n yQ op RnM
nBT2n BA A pA o AoM kM /jo U kj B\A kAU
M SLX S BS% M /jAj B\A ~% LwBd
An BBp Bjw ;jAj % S Bo6i
] , BM BC k\w kBzi SLv }iB{ nj jo JoT pA kM
w kB ,oj BxpnA AkTMA nj AU nB jo jBw AoM /TvM
) SwA xji BM uo kBzi Aq a /oM kk An Tw
A BS% Bo6i pA (jnAk oe B] jnAj An xji Br knjk
 ] /knAj An ji B p LwBd nj BC M ,j{  qa
A
A C }Bi jw :k{BM qa a kBM BnBT2n pA o AoM
AoM o6i 1 njAoM AoM S% 1 + ji AoM o6i ji AoM S% = nBT2n
2
2
1 oj njAoM AoM S%
1 + njAoM
AoM S% 1 + oj njAoM AoM o6i
8
2
2
1 kpo2 AoM S% 1 + jAp A v AoM o6i 1 jAp A v
2
2
8
/o> + kpo2 AoM o6i
nBT2n A C }Bi jw o  SwA jk BA ]Be
jB ] ,ji RBo%d \ nj k Ae C kM /j{ kB

155

r Tva :z{ ~.

A C B\Aow /k LwBd oj nBT2n A o AoM An A


o A Te /jnAj An }Bi jw Aq oTzM  k Ao]A An nBT2n
An o oUBM  k JBhTA An p kBM A ,kCnj JC pA % Bo
o~ BM TLX o B\A k{BM BUjB /k{BM M pA oT xnoT T{Aj
oj BnB B\A AoM j{ BA jo pA  ,SwA Ao roA Bp
An o oUBM  k{BM <nBT2n> jq nB _ M Swj o A /jo jB%TwA
/jp kAh Swj nB _ M k Ae C ,jnAj
{ M A B] M nBM A  ,nAj jBw nBvM B\A nj
/j{ BM ji BM S% RnM ,k{BM oUPB nj pBwL{
T2o o/ nj pA kM /SwA jo AkQ An BUSz ^nBU P  Tv Ae
w o/ pA ,o6i  BTeA o*Bi M nAk jo  C Am> xpnA
~2 X ,BkeA A ) k{BM +6 C keA o xpnA  SwA A jnCoM ,jM
An BC pA BU w ;2 AU  kAnqM nkU C B^nBU /(kAAhLj ,LU
Ajo AkQ  qa pA Am> T2B AC jAj ow BM An Aoj kBM BC /nhM
1 M A kBzi) B njAoM ?kwn v a M Ak ?  oLiBM
2
BM TLv _) D ,(SwA 1 BM xAkBzi) C jAp ,(SwA
8
o% X nj  SwA a jk BM A kBzi Aq :jnAk
/(SwA
, AoM }Bi jw o BM S Bw AT2B  qa jn nj o A
/ +18 j{  nj ,SwA +6 ni  anBU w C pA o AoM
/j{ LwBd  kBM }Bi S% o ,jow An Am> T2B AC o A
j pA Be /j{ vU o% 4 B M Bv n*M ^nBU Sz C
njAoM BM a BA / +12 j{ SwA +6 Ako ni  anBU
q kni An ji BUj BC Ako TU kBM nAj qoTz r AjAp
+ ( 1 * 12) + (*12) = 19 1 ,j{ UA o /kwoM M jw
8
2
j A :jM +18 BAiji nBT2n pA *Mo }Bi jw /(1*12) + ( 1 * 12)
2
Am> jBo2 kBM /SwA }hz Be B e BA ,kT2n yQ BQMBQ nBT2n
/SwA Aiji Br % M onBXA jn A nj ,jow An

Aiji r 156

a k JBve Ae C  jo o2 dT jo jBw AoM


SwA A kj fn SUA nj `C /SwA yBr %M pA oTzM qa
nAoU oYBU SdU dM An kM C  j{ Br pA oQ r Aqi 
/SwA jAj B\A An UBLwBd a kM kwn o/ M BU kj
AkTMA nBvM BnC LwBd M SLv LwBd A Rn o nj
k{ T2o kk C nj *Mo jAo2A w ] pA Bqa nBvM /SwA LoU
^nBU AoM B] ;2  n* ,{BM jni Am> pBU o A , M ,SwA
C pA oTzM nC Swj M Am> AC jAj ow pA  ~Bi jw ,{BM T{Aj
nj  ALwBd \nkU jo oTM AoM /nAj wo SU nj  SwA
/S2o o/ nj BBQ j{ ,kC Swj M ;Ao{ oUJ6
oUKwB M kwn AoM UA RBAe {BM T{Aj nB/TA AU
nj yBpC kBz BM kBM B /koM o/ nj An RBq] oUa ~U
q pA J6 dU M ke a BU nj BC  AkQ RBAe Bj
/k{ jq S%
pA jBp l B A BM j B*A Bji M A AoM ;2
kp BkM /jooM r BMp M  kBM ,Akz nj dT
qnBoM An BC kAkB kp  Br  kTv BM B{B
kB d\ nj  kAjo 6Ao{ nj An nB A kAkp  Br /k
q jnCoM AoMBM /SwA jM T{m Bp nj C Svp ;d ;Ao{
nj  n*B Swnj ,SwA zQ RBMo\U BL oM S%
|Bi B M Mo\U ,jn A nj ,BA /SwA a BvA Bo~U
 B\C pA ) /SwA T{m Br BM ;Ao{ ,M oUmUj B ,r Mo\U
S% AU ,kAkzhM BM B{B M An ojB BAU Br
TU BU (/jo Rn jo2 Mo\U tBwA oM S% q jnCoM
B{B ,kAMi BjnCoM ,BjnCoM A ,k oJU jBp i ;Ao{
,j{
B ;Ao{ o A /ko Mi B~U T2n n BM
An C RB2B kBM Br ,k{ BLT{A nBaj o~U nj BM B{B
 RB*A BL oM BvA B~U o A ,Rn M BUj /kpAjoPM

157

r Tva :z{ ~.

/kCnj JC pA SwnjB
,k{BM
RBLwBd nj /SwA kjoU BLT{A o nj q kBzi BjnCoM
BM {B nBA  jo jA n* ,jAj B\A  BU B  AjBw
kp nj /SwA jq yTLv nka ,SwA kBzi v a kAj
RBUA oTzM BA ,SwA nk 6 RB*A a T{Aj B ,UA
AoM /jo jnCoM j{ B jk RnM ;2 An kBzi Aq
Aq ,k{BM UB B U BnjAoM SwA B A k o2 ,BX
A B ,UB B kAU Aj a BA ,SwA 1 B 1 BC kBzi
4 2
 {BM T{Aj  o A / jB%TwA 3 jk pA o o/ nj An j
8
,SwA 1 M 1 ;2 k{BM B{nkQ A BTeA BA ,SwA B{njB
 Tv 6 knj 1 k{BM UB AnjAoM  jnAj BTeA %9 AoMBM
1
1 +
9 *
1 = .275 BM SwA oMAoM nj BC kBzi ,kAU
/ *
1 2 1 4
v a M B*A A ,nAj B*A knj 9 TU BA
B6 pA kM tB{SL* BvA  SwA A n/ BC ?jjooM
C  SwA A n/ B ,SwA kwn B*A knj 9 M ~% Ak
B] M j A
BTeA uB{  BM ?kTv 6 knj 9 RBAe
a nj RBAe LM kBM ,{ ]T A AoM /kwn Bv
/kTv Bv a Bzjq Bzi  k jnCoM
a ,kAT% B M An A Aop kABv a Bjq Bzi Aj B
JT jBwA B a ,nAj wn BZAjpA a ,AT{Am wA BC n
pA nBvM Jzj <kBzi> dT /nAj Ji B/2Be
kBzi BC n/ /SwA B{wnoM jn A] nj BT]A BwB{jo
/SwA kBzi M Mo o2 nj B% M ,Sv r UA
jAj Bi SA kBzi M ALU BC ozM Bwn nj
jABi M Mo RAno ,SwA AkT nBvM B B yTwoQ ,j{
T r o/ BM /k2A Bw o oTzM oM C M SLv nAjB2
ov%U TeAnM An Boz M Bonj BTznkQ pA nBvM AU
ao ,SwA kBzi ;MAn pA ozM jBp B C pA  Be nBd BM Bp /j

Aiji r 158

,j{ Mo onBXA M jnAj Tr o/ pA nBd BM Bp  pBTA


BZAjpA nj An ji  SwA Mo JJ Br nCBp oYA M ;2
BTeA
An cTU A BwB{jo pA nBvM ,jM) /kj Bz kBzi
(/kkvQ
kAU a ,oj RnBL M B ,Sv BzAUA <kAkM> B\ pA RBAe
AUA  kj Bz Tvo> { M \T nj BU koM yQ nj An nBT2n
An Cw A <k{BM BMo ji Bzi BM> kBU ?kwB{ An ji
M Br o* pA kBM /wBzM An ji Bzi a  k bo6
M pB  k{BL AkBU ,j{ jAj nBAn A M AjBw kBU RBAe
, k{BM AkBU ,k{BM T{Aj B k pA ALB] SiB{
Tv B{C RAno BM BBvA B /k{BM T{Aj AnB ,jB ;Ao{ nj Swj
TU Te ,{BM T{Aj ATvM l o A  SwA jBp nkUM BC RnkU
An kBU Bji pBM ,jnAk oj Bv B B AoM AkB2 _ LM
B
wo pA kj c]oU Shw S%w Bj ,BX AoM / SBn
pA nj kBM Ae /knAm BQ op An qi S{ jnh nTwj koM
Bzi M Tvo> n*M jB ;Ao{ nj BU k oQ AkBU a
?kBwoM jw ji jq
v] o/ pA  BC M SLv  S{Aj j] BU A RBAe nj o A
ji AUA jnj M  Tvo> n*M kB{ ,k nBT2n onBXA BM kB{L{
o nj /jnAj TvM 5Th B nj RBq] M oTzM oA A /kjni
nBC o/ pA  j{ B~U M o\ ;2 AkBU a ,Rn
i Bo nj kAhM A
X ,k oJU ;Ao{ o A /kA<Swnj>

BTeA /kCnj JC pA SwnjB yB~U SwA ,k kp oUnqM


JBhTA M 6o> BU jAj S AU An jAs RBL~U
kAL{ B M oBo o/ pA  Bv BM TvL tBveA AoM kBzi
/kUB%T oBo o/ pA  jAo2A BM jM zi
RnM B<A C Soe B ,knAk Aka Soe C B<A  A nj
BLoU knioM  UB%UA jo2 o M A BTeA ,SwA o

159

r Tva :z{ ~.

< o BM> kBU ,jn a nj /SwA jBp ,k{BM BC jq kBzi


A M /k{BM SLX xpnA AnAj BM o/ pA kAU <k{BM BMo ji

BTeA ,k kBU A pA oQ M K>An An ji BknAj r o A  %


nj  k{BM j M kB{ /S2o kAi q2 r Aqi nj xjAkU
k{ xnAq AonBXA nBT2n pA jnA nkUA B B Bo
 SwA k{ kj /k{ %i ,kz u% A pA o A %j /SwA
,k B{ JC c6w BU kAU kAkj KwC  BC B `M
BC  Sv /kAk{ T{Aj BM ko nj  BAo ;wU
kB{ BA ,oi B kwBzM An ji jq Bzi C BM  knAj An B
k{BM yi U o UB%UA
< o A BTeA /k{BL oA A

Swj ,B<U pA /jpnA xAq M onBXA  SwA jBp nkU C


RB\ ze %j ;wU  o B{ BvA pA k{ kBU
B Ao]B
k{ =o> pA o < RB\ kBU  AU An A /jnAj j] T2B
SwA k{ =o> Be nj  o pA < <5oU> kBU A nj BA /SvAj
SwA %i jp BQ Swj Be nj  pAnj qa > :k{BM qa a kB{
</jnAj nAoU c6w jq
ji B] o M pA dB2j AoM  kAjo xnAq An JBM o BMBM
 SwA jBp BTeA A /kpAkA o6i M Q X BonB{ MB nj An
j] o oj jAo2A nj k AoQ RnM BM o o Br pA jBp jAkU
pA ,Tv BM o o A ,kM> :<k>  r nB{ \T nj /k{BM T{Aj
pA nj /k AkQ yAq2A r Aqi nj < dB2j Q MB nj o
  2BTA k{  nBvM BX A pA k{ jn pA LU  Sv B~A
,k A /SwA jo xnAq An UB%T nBvM qa bl B UAke
/kABM Bo ,knnj  Bv A ,j{ AkQ Q ow TU
BLj ;j{ jAj Am> jABi BTwj nj a B]] M
kM ] ] oM /knAj A AC j B]] /kj B{njB
M /kj ow nAjC BU Ak jni SU ,T%
LU  qU
oj B]] ,SwA njB pA  SwAinj AoM  ,] ] Ak

Aiji r 160

An oj B]] ]U BU nAjC Ak C BA /kj Bz ]U


 Ak BM ,k AkQ Am> A]] TU  A M /k K]
To2 BX M BM :k K] Am> M An oj B]] ]U jnCnj
onBXA A ,LU jn C X /SwA <Am> AC> nAjC Ak A ,LU
pA /jAj cTU kBzi JBhTA pA jB%TwA BM AU BwC M An ]] nB{C
M Mo  r ,kTv U oAi B njAoM B]] SL* nj  B\C
pA oT ]] BAC C q  j{ ozT Un nj ,SwA Am> AC
jw A a /kwn oj B]] M  k{BM ~Bi jw 5~
n~U ,j{ yhQ ,SwBUj pA yM B{jAkU
 ,B]] o M
B A AnB] jn nj kBU A TLA /Sv z oA A T2B mdU
xji B  BhU n j{ nL\ >o  TU ,nq RBAe
BA /kCnj JC pA Swnj ,kzM qjnA B UM hU n Te ,Sv
nBT2n /kj }hzU An A  S{Aj nB/TA j{ yB]] pA o pA
nj ,T2o { SwA  Be SL* nj n*M  6Ao{ SdU BC
/j{ AkQ v nj Lo>
SL*
nj /kj fn SL* nj B Swj A pA UBBLT{A ,Be o M
Lo> jB ,k kp Twj RnM  B
Swj pA An ji kpo2  AjB jBp BTeA M ;k nqM An T A`M SwA
pA ,knAj o/ SdU An B  Bv /kp nB a M Swj ,jAj
oM Aj A ,UA oX A nj /k jB%TwA AjB a AoM <Bi> rA
 BC o A :jnAk j] k{BM jq kBzi A nj B Bi BUA A A
An Bi X rA ,kjM B C oTzM ;ko o/ op An B
LU> pA jB%TwA
BTeA ,jnA oTzM nj /kjoM nB M SeAn n*A
nj nB A k{BM kSeAnB SwA ao ,SwA oTM <kAikpo2
C pA SLUAo BM BMo jB C Aop /SwA UAl kBU  UA
 An AroA SU A /kBwn jw xji Br M T `M
nk ,k xji kC Akpo2 B~h Bzi kp o SvAU
j M kj fn Rnk M  k{BM BLT{A A kB{ /kj

161

r Tva :z{ ~.

A M kj oJU An C  kj ji M An A <Sep> L* JBhTA


,jnA oTzM nj ,TLA /jpAkM nB M oUzq An njB qo>  Rn
/joM BU j{ Bn ji Be M T ,jo Rn kAikpo2 a
C
A kj c]oU jC  jnAj j] *Ao2A nBvM BLT{A pA jn
r o/ BM S%Bh nj j A M M ,jnB JBve M BLT{A An
k{ kj  SwA nAk>Aj njB B jn C /joM o/ nj Aiji
A o/ pA /k SLUAo C pA ,kjpj oj jB pA An A`M
An ji SU BU ,T2omQ kAikpo2 C a ,SwA 5B< BLT{A
jo Bn kpo2 nAk Sep pA An ji KUn jB M ,kj nk
A o/ pA /k{BM T{Aj oj `M jp M  kj A M An pB]A A
/j{ B\A xjn nj  wnoM  jnAj xpnA SwA nAjv jn
;wT Aq ;jo Rn BkapAo UB%UA a AkM SwA p
njB ?SwA nka
BTeA `M C T2omQ kAikpo2 C M kBzi
v  SwA % M oiBM k jnioM a <U A M `M UA

BjB
jp

BM
A
k
k
w
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BC

;k
nAk
xA`M
pA

 BC kAjAj o/) ?knAjA ji kpo2 nAk M An BC ,Mo\UM A]

pCnB pA SwA Bjpj `M ` k LU kAikpo2


(/koLM jw k nAj`M o Kv nj  {pnABM
nj An ji hU  BkoQ 1 <A AnAmhU> oj BTiB2
RnM njB qo>  pA A knAm oj BkoQ
 A nj  a koQ o BM>  kBU A pA BTiB2 kTv k
An BTiB2 /k jB%TwA ji %M <xBM BMo SwA T2o B] ATiBw U
onBXA jo jkd kBU A kB{i \T jB n*M ,nAmM nB
kAT2o nAoU pA nj Ba B UA nj Aop ,SwA jq AkBzi M
BM BB B /jnAj nAoU xji B]] ;2 BLoU uo nj 
Te oj BB B hU n BiM kwB{pBM An ji BhU
1. brood - parasites

Aiji r 162

hU B] M ozBpC BvA SwA  Thp


k M Bqa n
Sv
A ji hU TiB{ B B AoM ,SL* nj /kz jnAmM
jnA ,oUo* C oT ka ,knhM U BhU  Sv n*A Aop
:kj }hzU An ji B]] BC BA /k{ Bv jkd
jq pA ow kAU TeAn M ,kB B] ,hU i oM ,]]
K>A kj ~2 nj  n*B ,jnCnj BM Bv
/jnAj nA B TLUB
1
,kwB{ BC Bi y n pA An ji BhU ,o* C pA
 k{BM j A M kB{ /k ji % M BhU n kMAi AoM
k{ *BU jni U o6i B\C nj SwA B w n BC
ji M An Sep A BC Aoa ,kwoQ jzM kB{ ,BA /jnAj j] BM BhU
o o A B ?kzM B n ;2 kwBzM An ji hU  kj
B ji hU n koQ 2  Sv oj ,kzM hU n AkoQ
a SwA kT o JBhTA M  v /k{BM Tvz oj koQ hU
 Ae a o A j{ a kLM ;2 /k bo6 An XdM
/SwA  o hU jAkU ;wT /k AkQ ;vM SwA `M pA SLUAo AoM
o ,joM yQ Ji `M pA SLUAo qoTz e k{BM nAoU o A A
k o2 Be /kzM hU n ;wT n*M kBM BM koQ
Tvz AoM SU jAj nk B] M /kzM hU n kAh k KU
SwA A nj z A BLp /k{BM oj BhU T{Am o2 nj hU n
BM BC /k SLUAo BhU pA A B] M ,SwA oUonBXA  ,oj BM C 
nj M An C ,kj RA jq Ajoow hU o A> BU pA SUAk
A nj KU r
,KUoU A M /k oQ <zM C n kM U
`M pA SLUAo KwB ioa C ,j{ yhQ S] owAow nj ,B/
/j{ ThvpA
Aoj n] komP UjB BkoQ  Un nj :S% jzM kB{ ,Ji
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B{ KFG Bnj koQ

163

r Tva :z{ ~.

a ,kzM hU n ;2 ;2 koM ~U B*BU kzM An


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nB A /k{BM Tvz C n v A kM k{ Bn w n BzhU
An o2 A B  B\C pA /Sv a B%wBT /k An M ow An BC jp
}hzU pA An BhU kz hU n  BC  T2o v
ji z ,BKT MB nj SB AoM ,nBTwnj BkoQ o A ,kj
nkUB ,jo nAoU ]UM jn SB nj  hU ;k An
,SwBKT % M pBM /BKT C pA hU  k{BM B{ji hU SwA
AjA kp M BC pA oTzM B`M knAm oTzM BhU BC a
jnAj BKT jo JJ AoM nBTwnj  An BU /kj
onBXA pA ,j{ BU LU xji BhU % M
 SwA A
/k{BM xji 2B o2 nj jnAjoM Swj
BU o/ pA kpo2 LU AonBXA <joLAn> SwA jnB U M
pA yM  Aiji KUn joLAn  Sv RBLYBM o/ A pA /Sv RBLYBM
A pA ,k dBTA BC n Tvz pA jnAm hU ji B%~ w
,SwA nAkBQB ji M M q j BAiji joLAn A /jp kAi ]
AoMBM RBLYM xji  jo oM ji % M AAonBXA joLAn pA Aop
A k{BM nAkBQ AoM BU o/ pA  joLAn BU /SwA T2n M pA
B BUj A ,kzM B n ;2 kj }hzU An ji hU  SwA
/jo Rn  SwA qa
1
BC BM
MBT k{ BC nBMow BTiB2  AipAC BkoQ
BM M ,BhU oBo { TvAj BM jn A nj /kAjo pnBL
pA /knAj An B{ M Mo |Bi  BhU qo> }hzU
eAq %* RnM ji B<A  jnAk j] o6i A  B\C
A M ,k 2U BTiB2 o* C pA /SwA oY { A ,j{
hU M L{ oTzM ao y pAkA ,n o/ pA An BzBhU  Rn
1. Song-bird species

Aiji r 164

A Be /kj \T K>A SwA KU pA jn A /k BMq


kU nj BTiB2 hU oza ozQ ,BU nj UBdvU MBv d
AkQ  BC k AkQ An BTiB2 hU pA jAkU jo o2 j{ /SwA
kM v hU BU kj AjA kp M kz n BzTwj ,kAkz
r Aqi owAow nj oTzM o e r KUoU A M /knAmM An BTiB2
ji MqU za BM  BkoQ ,KUoU M /j{ ozT BTiB2
Aqi M oTzM ,kj }hzU BTiB2 hU nj An KU RB%U oUa
T kM v M q qU mUj za AoMBM /k  ji r
mUj }hzU M L* JBhTA a A pA SwA Mi BX A /j{
BM  SwA oj B<A jAj }hzU ;jn A nj ,kj Ak
/kpAkM BLT{A M An kj}hzU kAi ji w oX Ake
kBzi ;MAn pA Ae  <jnCoM> vB M jooM Be
tB{SL* o/ pA *Mo jnCoM BM ,jnAj yo B<A oj BM ji
TiB{Svp B6 o BBw 1 AoUoM BAoM /Ak nB nj }~hT
nj BC nBT2n pA yBTvAj BL oM /SwA jo 2 Tow qnBQ nj Bo{
An C Bo{ kBzi
;wT Aq ,o{ nj ,XkU

/SwA jo jB%TwA ji tke A AoM op BSUA pA A /SwA jo jnCoM


o{ j ,ko oUSMBY B<A  ,BM jB o{ S% pA
,BM jB Bo{ C pA jke /j{ zU koUnBw  BM o
TeAn M  n* kj xnoQ An BU k BAp , BM Bp
jAkU jB n*M /jnAj mU njB Ak M U Ak jAj }hzU AU
C M BU A nkQ /SwA BU 3 k{ kAp { nj  BU
kB nj A] BjB /j{ vU Bv n*M o o{ j
M TU A] Bo /kAjo B T2n B\C pA  k{ BjB qB]
BTwj RnM ,kk{ nqM TU /k{ kAn o pA kwn M
A jABi M SwA kM kp ow oj A M BUj B a
1. Brian Bertram

2. Serengeti National Park

165

r Tva :z{ ~.

/kjooM
AoM An B Un j{ kM ,oj Bo2 BA pA jB%TwA BM
A AoUoM /jnC Swj M o{
nj o{ j kBzi Aq

jB S%] AoM ,.22 k{ kqoM UB%UA  oo{ j AoM An Un


oTzM  B{B2 d\ nj nj Bo , /jo AkQ .15
M BjAp A v pA  BjB SwA UB BnjAoM pA
/koUjq
AoM An ,AoUoM BA ,k{BM U njAoM |Bi o{ j SwA ,TLA
pA /k{BM T{Ak Bo{  SwA B%~ ,S{Ak dT A M joM Q
Bo{ ji nBTiA nj % M ,SwA AoUoM jnCoM  LoU BUnA A ,2o*
r o ,B C ,k{BM o{ |Bi jAkA A BUA o A /Sv q
BM nBT2n M jq nBT2n oj o M SLv  k jB\A An SL>n A Bo nj 
 r o /S{Aj kAi TLX xpnA BM o/ pA /k{BM T{Aj UB njAoM
T{Aj U BnjAoM kB ,B nBT2n  jnAjA An Bo jo njBp
,jL 2B pAkA M r  Ba ,j{ LU d\ nj ,k{BM
/kwn ji Aqw M j v BjAp X oj Bo BM nBT2n r
X

, pAkA M ,k AoUoM  k{BM a Bo{ kp SUA o A
An nB/TA A AU B uQ ,kAjM a jkT Bv BC o A 
 kj Sd]nA onBXA pA UB]nj M L* JBhTA  {BM T{Aj
jnCoM TU SB nj /SwA nj kBzi Aq BM KwBT
BLoU tB{SL* o/ pA Ae C o/ nj kBzi 6MAn Aq
/SwA n/ ,SwA
SA ,onBXA BU
nj SwA  o \T AoMBM

/kwn C M Ae  k{BM jnCoM oTM pA oT <UA> kBzi


kA BSLUAo SL* nj Aoa  k{BM B A e k SUA A kB{
AoM RBAe Aoa ` SwA njAoM.oAi onBXA pA oUkBvMoQ nkU A
A  i /njAoM ka AoM Te BU k{ BU xpnA oTzM B{ji
}iB{ kB qa kBM B ,kBzi B}iB{ oM  SwA

Aiji r 166

6MAn pA `M.kA 6MAn r Bd pA ao A / Bd q An <S6U>


BM B{ jB n*M /jnAj oTzM <S6U> ,Sv oUjq njAoM.oAi
njAoM oAi jn nj kTv BUkpo2 Bv a kAj oTzM S6U
pA oTzM kTv v a  BUji jn nj /kTv 6 pAkA A BU ji
!knAj B*A
oTzM Bqa kM B~2 nj ,kj B B nj An BKT B
Ak Aoj  Bj nj /S% Ai B jB%TwAw B>nj nBMnj
jB%TwA ji % M kBzi ;MAn nj onBXA pA BU kATo2 p M x
kLM SwA nL\ BM {B o ,koLM nB M ji AkA S] nj An C ,k
B o A /k{BM 6 BUA kAU v a pA ,k jBTA kAU v a M
SLUAo ji pA  ApAkA C 5~ kBM ,SwA a njAoM BUA
A M ,nAj ji a kpo2 pA  TLUAo BM oMAoM B  ]U A M ,
A pA AU Tv 6 ji `M pA  nkU C BC / kwn
?SwA njAoM BTe  AkM B\ pA ?{BM 6
A pA kBM ji B`M oMAoMj B C ,k{BM Uj jAq C o A
kp M  TA pA AoM A kp SA kBL UA nj / SLUAo
L{ A ?{BM 6 A pA AU
B BC /k{BM oT j ji
kAoa Bs AoM  Br nj ;2 B kB{ BA ,Sv { ,SwA
SwA ao Aop ,qn A BQ M An ji kp ,oi /{BM o{
Aj S6U BM ji jn nj ,k{BM qoTz BBr knjk B
{pnA pA oTzM AoM ji xpnA AoMBM ,nAj An Br knjk 
Aiji Br U U  Tv jo2 BU /jnAj AoM A  SwA
r o AU BnC RnM ao A /k{BM 6 C pA kAU
UAke AonBXA RB\ AoM  j qB] LUn r BM An jo2 Aiji
r BA ,SwA 4 UAke B ,njAoM j B `M j ,Bv Uj
Mo  LUn r /jnAj An jo2 S pA B*A Kv pnBM pBTA Aiji
BLT{A S }hzU nj  SwA A o nj SwA kBzi M onBXA M
,BA AnAjoL k nBTwj BM a ,jApnjB YjBe oYA oM a k

167

r Tva :z{ ~.

ke BU ,{BM T{Aj An Aiji nB/TA ,SL* nj jAo2A pA kBM B AoMBM


MyQ MBU r kBzi T2o o/ nj BM BU  ApAkA C pA yM
/SwA
ji `M S pA kAU ,nkQ o pA yM njB o B pA nBvM nj
`M B ,SwA k{u kBz MBU  jnAm hU njB /k{BM 6
yBr ke  kAj B*A BM A /k e ji nj An
BnkQ  jn nB/TA AoMBM /jnhM SwA oTzM i nkQ /Sv
u]j joL ~2 nj AkM /knAmM oT B `M xnoQ pA nAk AoM
,KUoU M / ]U oj j M nB/TA A AoM ( ~2)
nqMnjB BU k{BM T{Aj xA M kAU oTzM  njB nqMnjB
oTzM onBXA UU njB nqMnjB pA  k{BM S M kB{ nkQ
`M pA oTzM B*A A  SwA A j /nkQ nqMnjB pA BU nAj
njB nqMnkQ /k{BM T{Am  xovQ ow jnAj BTeA BA ,jnAj xoTij
,SwA 6 nkQ nqMnjB  SwA 6 xA pA pAkA B Swnj
M /kTv 6B pA knAj B*A v pA j o a
onBXA o/ pA  nj kj SA `M B2n M , pA oTzM Aj ,KUoU
BM SLv ZAjpA nj SBi C nj  AB] nj UA nj /SwA Bi kB
AoM oU6 p a k{BM <nkQ> pA oUonBXA kBM BAj ,jnAj
Swj `M C njB  kAj An A BC /knAj `M C BM SLv T{Aj
qa _ pA ,kC JBve M <nkQ> BU mL*  v /SwA B{UB oAi
BM An BC BA ,k{BM BMyQ A A  nAk nk /Sv 6
C T2B Q nj B k{BM T{Aj kA{ Aoj kB{  kA A M 
T{Aj T% AoM LB] Bqa BT]A BwB{jo kB{ ,s M /kCoM
/k{BM
onBXA pA oU kA w pA onBXA  SUA A M jopBM
M An <U A k{BM T{Aj q kwn o/ M  ,SwA njAoM w pA
jBM nBU k cTU kAU A BA /j ;Mn <BwB{ z>
xU Akpo2 pA SLUAo nj oTzM kA /kpo2.kA 6MAn nj k{BM

Aiji r 168

SwA nBT BC r 6MAn ao /kA pA SLUAo nj Akpo2 BU k


kA  SwA A j /SwA jBp wjo pA kBzi pA B*A
RnB kp nA nj koUnqM ,kTv  AoM oTM ST nj

nj ,kkM Am> xnjB B nkQ M kAhM a `M o A Te /knAj oTzM
/jnAk An nB A AoM p RBBA
6MAn nj An C  jnAj j] kpo2.kA 6MAn nj oj nBU k
A /kTv BzkA pA oUa z Akpo2 /M oAi.njAoM
/SwA oTzM BC nj kp M kA  SwA A M ,z ,K>A
oTM nj  ,SwA oJT kp M kA ,jo k BU
LU  n*B
T{Aj AonBXA nBT2n joM ~U kAi Ae TU , ST
C nj  A nj /k Bd ji <RBLwBd> nj An C kBM ,oi B k{BM
B2 ,knAj ji njB nkQ pA oTzM kp M kA ;wT n*M Akpo2
nj ,kA nj onBXA r A /SwA oYM nB kpo2 nj onBXA r k{
/SwA pBTA AnAj ,{BM jo jnA An kp M kA RjB A nj  Un
z o/ A M kBzi JBhTA kAT%  { B
jAoA a kAU v ;2 /SwA  C UA jonB B BA ,jnAk
jnA Se nj /k{BM kz ]T An kBzi JBhTA  joM
<U A M  kM B<A ,kA BSLUAo kpo2 pA SBe
UA jonB pA  Be o> oB v ,o{ c{oU jk> ,k{ Mo
j] AAo2 pA AkT A TLA /kASL* nj kBzi JBhTA A
kA BSLUAo A qnj nj BA ,knAj B C kA s BSLUAo
SwA p k TU /knAj z SwA kBzi JBhTA pA jn
 ,SwA kA SLUAo pA o> jnA BC n/ ,j{ AnA oTzM B
An TvAU /Ajo AnA C AoM j /Sv [An jnA a TLA
/SwA qkA UAnj    BBX oAi.njAoM onBXA pA jo [ An
kj  ) SwnjB o/ A oTzM kBU WBM Aop  nB a BA
B6MAn M |B~TiA kBzi JBhTA  j{ (jM v ]U jn
/jnAj kpo2.kA 6MAn pA o1

169

r Tva :z{ ~.

 pBTA /SwA hnBU jBp ke BU SwnjB o/ A T2B ;vM j


oL S{Ak q  SwA nB{C nkU M jnAj BU o/ pA kA SLUAo
TU /kTvAj An dT A nAj Bp pA /k BM An C T BU 
yB M An BU o/ pA BC SA ,oj ;MAn r jB T
B A , nj /k U oj ;MAn A n jM nL\ BTL* ,S{Am
6MAn BC nj  jo bo6 An nLp an X ,BT]A RAoze pA
kM B~2 pA nj  Ba ;SwA nBvM ,s M ,oAi.oAi
nj "#$ T o/ kjo o2  Ak{ B<M pA /kj Ai
!jnAj joMnB BT]A RAoze jn
JBhTA pA jn A M An kA BSLUAo kAh v o A
AoM  o/  SwA xji k M A oj ,jomPM kBzi
BA ,k MyQ An kA onBXA kATM  k Rn L* JBhTA
m2 SwA kM B M /k MyQ An Lo>
Bzi M onBXA

/j{

T ~

jABi =U
oj pA An kA BSLUAo kAi B<M Aoa k2 j{ TeAnM
pA yhM kA BSLUAo /k Ak] kBzi M SLv onBXA dAA
B jApoAi M SLv onBXA
X  Be nj ,kwn o/ M XkU
BA ,SwA T% B\A nj BUA RB%U o/ pA /Sv a jApnjAoM
BC /k{ BLT{A nBaj kj }hzU Swnj An RB%U A jo BLB>
oj dAA ,kj nAoU % nj An kA BSLUAo XkU
pA ,kk] jAo$A jnC Bj M M Ai BA /oj % nj An onBXA
BSB2 A /{ BU qBU oj w pA ,j] jAo$A M ]U ,w
j SwA p BM {B o /B jo? nqM `M 1 jnC `M KUoU M An
BU SLUAo M Mo B~U :joM RB%T
B ~U d
A kBzi Aq ;jnAj j] A`M> :kASwj A pA jo nqM M Mo
nkU B M yT2n M pA Aq k Am> A M o A ;SwA nkU2 BM
`M M Mo B~U ,o* C pA <?kM Am> A M kBM BC ;SwA
jnC Bj M AoM An p RBAkUA kBM BC> :kTv Bqa a jnC
M `M pA nAk <? kU An ji X BC ?j B\A kk] jo2
nj BM }h{ RBBA oj SU o o/ pA ke BU `M jnC Bj
SLUAo `M A pA BC> :joM ~U jo2 k{BM p SwA /kASMBUn
1. child bearing

Aiji r 172

<?nBM Bj M oj `M B 
KoU pA %Th RBe ,TiB{M o/ pA B ST M TvM
BU o/ pA  qa /k{BM nAkBQ BU o/ pA kAU SLUAo nC`M
1
An ji
jAo2A o A /SwA d SLUAo joLAn ,k{BM RBLYBM kAU
kk] `M _ oj  B\C BU ,k j] B`M pA SLUAo o ;2
nAoU AT2By] jAo2A ]BU jn ow i S] C ,jz jnC Bj M
joLAn pA zhM  TU ;2 SLUAo /koB jnC `M nj  jo
jnC Bj M nAk UAke k{BM RBLYBM BU o/ pA kAU k{BM LoU
/k{BM nB nj kBM
BkoQ AnAkBTvQ SwA oTzM BC BM B B{C  B
`M jnC Bj M AkUA pA kM
/kTv Mi BkSLUAo
Bj M nj K>A a /j{ T2o ~U C pA SLUAo AoM kk]
BA /k *BU BM An j A jo ,kA nB nj jo nqM jnC
A`M pA SLUAo M qBU _ Aiji r Bkj pA kj  n*B
SLv `M jo /jnAk j] SwA jC ovQ  A`M pA SLUAo njAoM 
BC pA Ak M joM ~U j{ nL\ }h{ o A /knAj jC BM Bv
C pA BA /k JBhTA An ji kpo2  jnAk j] j r o/ pA ,kkM Am>
u TU ;2 ,knBM Bj M njAoM kAU B{ ,A ,o*
kj LU ~2 nj /k SLUAo A pA kAU B{ jnC Bj M An A oj
 jAo2A M SLv BC  joM ~U kBM ,BnC SBe nj BM {B a
 pAjoQ A M ~2 A nj / B kM nBT2n AonBXA knAj j] LU pA
/ B knBM Bj M An kk] jo2 BU koM ~U kBM a BC
M  <o JBhTA> BM o/TiA  SwA dT A ow oM oTzM WdM
 ,2 pjnAjA  SwA A S /jo BM jo nB{A ~2 nj C
KBU nj An C ,SwA k oM oTzM o JBhTA o/ A Sv
Ak RBAe U U  jM A A o/ /jAj bo{ <S] /U> o/
1. pure caring strategy

2. Wynne - Edwards

173

jABi <U :T ~.

d\ nj BU knC BQ An ji jnC Bj M `M Aq onBXA o*Bi M


/k{BM jo o % M
i kkM B\A kBM ozM jAo2A `C BM Aop ,SwA KB] nBvM To2 A
qa nBa M S] Aq /jnAj `M pAkA pA yM ozM d /SwA nBpBw
 o A /k{  Bw kC ,T2n jo ^ ,o ,kU :jnAj TvM
Rn C pA oM M B C nj M a ,k{BM o/jn B] S]
o B`M jAkU B  TU BU /Bo BkU kB ;2 ,jo
jAkU ,kj jA kp M ji XkU BM kBM  k{BM BUj pA yM Zp
/j{ oTzM AkAq2 Sow BM BBw S{m BM kC Bj M  B`M
kAi j] zAq2A ,yAq2A pA nAk B] M ,S] C v o nj
ji a /jnAj S] pAkA BM TMBY SLv kwn o/ M oTzM  S{Aj
a M o A /j{ oUnqM yAq2A Aq ,SwA yAq2A M n C pAkA
M ow Sow M S] pAkA ,k AkQ AjA oTM kj pB]A k{n
/kp \ BUn
S] M Mo Bv Ao  Bv B Te  qa ,B<U pA
jAo2A ? TB M S] k{n  SwA A k{ y]T q kTv
yAq2A  B\C pA /jnAj TvM BzB`M jAkU M k{ nAj`M
k{n ,k oTzM An Bv B2 o A ,jnAj SLv v o nj S]
<SwA 2B `M j> kB nB{ B] M /j{ oT S] C Bw
,Rn o nj BA !S{Am An < do{ Bw 3 pA> kB nB{ j{
/jnAj Ao M wBwA Uz S] kAq2 k{n
AoM  {BM kj An  BTze RBLwBd pA B B
BTeA
BoC 2 S] ,BX AoM /koM nB M dT A jo t
mJUw M BC pA nBvM  SwA Uk ,SwA o% 3 M]
5 pA oT o nj ,k AkQ AjA 2 Sow BM S] A o A BA /knBaj
jBTvA ST nj nBU C c6w  n oM BjC  kwn B] M Bw
yM nj ,kM Bw nAq nj ,kj zU An BvA BU ,joz2 RnM
 ,BjC  ,oj Bw 2 BU /kTvBM B{ n ,L* pA

Aiji r 174

/kBw kAi TiB{B B] BAo M ow ,jn BM n Sow BM


M qa a !SwA To2 LwBd A  knAj ]U BTe
B* ,6dU j A pA <M B /kj fn BUA qo j
nj S2ozQ M wU /SwA kA oT ,k{BM nB B BM ShM o A ,B ;SwA ]
yAq2A /joM B] M An BC kB qLw BJA pnBz
BM BA ,kj 5%hU TU n*M An v SwA pnBz RAkU
nj /k{BM T{Aj AnB RkpAnj nj  Sv eAn M TBn LwBd
BM BC ,jo oUjoTv An AodM Aj  K* nj S2ozQ kB ,UA
jBw Se A /k oUkM An dBTA S] k{n Sow jo oTzM
jAkU M B%w nj ,B<2 M o BRo]B jL nj  SwA 6
 BTze o o M B kz oT k jAp BY nj ka
pA jB%TwA pA An ji AoQ  AoLn jo nBM AU ThwM /kB\A
/kMBnj An AjBw Se a k ] ;w AoM oY Bxn
,k nBoA S] oT <L*> Bxn jn nj An ji c]oU BC
BM qa ;kwn C M knAj  SwA qa B BUj L* xn
/wo pA jo
k jB\A RkpAnj M Mo RBLwBd A  o*Bi BzoQ TLA
BBvA /jnAj B kC yBwC AoM B Jzj nj zn
nBM]B2 BkBQ ,yQ pA  knAj An BB C okC A (B{B<M)
 nj  SwA A JBT A wBwA o2 /kLM An pAkA pA yM S]
nB/TA j{ Br pA ,k SAk An BM B{B Aiji Br
SwB\A nj /kPU B  B2n AoM BC KU ,S{Aj jM okC
o2 A /k Ak] BU AoA ApAjoQo/ pA An yAn pjnAjA 
/jnAj j] An AonBXA RnM BkU oT T2B
BU AoM k

pA 1 njnC  eo{ nj B ,pnjAjA BT{ nj  AT


BSUA pA nqM \e  SwA A ,kz k BU C oM ,jAj A BBkj
1. Ardrey

175

jABi <U :T ~.

 SwA kM oA A /Sv C nj kjoU B] SwA m2AU jn j]


yBA o/ BdM  \ Sow C BM ,SL* nj RBAe S]
o kU Aq BM SL* nj RBAe S] B /kMB yAq2A Sv
1
L6U x  ,jnA nBvM nj /kB nAkBQ BTLv , BP yM
jBp Rk{M B ,jnAj kU Kz pAo2 S] ,SwA y2o BX
/j{ nAoU SzQ BST A j{  AoA M jq B
BUA ,\T BpAo ,jnAj j] 6 nj  T] jn nj UAke
Swj M jnCoM  B] 2 AjBB xBw jn kB ,B /SwA jMB
nj <M wj> So{ ;wU  SwA Bi BSwQ jAkU n pA kC
SiA S] Bw C AoBo kwn xo2 M AT BBw
JBveM  SwA A k RBAe BS]  nB BU /SwA
/kj AjA ji yAq2A M JBT
BUA A pA LU :ko jBp w oYA oM ze RBAe qo BLoU
oiAA A BU /kn Bz>Aow M BonB{ B ,o ,Am>M k{ RUo2
qo nBvM ,ko `M nj RBAe oTzM /jM a BvA jn nj
j o BS oj 6dU /kn oUAo2 jM hU eo pA
n*C BA /k{ jBp JBT JBveM BS] Aoa A AoM kAB
eo C M  jnAk j] j BUnoT ,M Bji jn nj 
yQ qo Am>M ,kjo oT An B{kA Aq RBAe o A /kwo
nj Te /k An nB A BUj BC  SwA A pjnAjA o/ /kC
SwA JBT A kAi BM B{  SwA C pA oT TiA jn A
komPM An2  knAj An jBC A Aiji r o/ AnAk2o* /kwoM C M
jAkU ,Bi o nj /k? /U An B{kA Aq RBAe
j{ T{Am  BhU jAkU j{ kAp { o nj  B`M
ow oM TiA /Sv nB{M yB`M jAkU Ae _ /SwA SMBY BLoU
 SwA A ow oM TiA / B j{ oT kA Aq BC  Sv A
1. lemmings

2. Canadain Lynx

Aiji r 176

BU jABi /U L* JBhTA nj kAo2 a * :j{ oT Aoa


kA Aq /U BC  SwA A ow oM TiA ,i n*M ?SwA T2B
n pA B ;SwA o  % M d\ nj onBXA n pA RBAe nj
M KUoU M /jjooM kXkU jo2 M C S% ,SwA Aiji
/pAjoQ o/ j A
oT kAU  jAkU pA jAo2A  S{Am A oM An o2 pnjAjA
JBhTA
BTeA  k{ ]T A /SwA o %M  nj A ,knC `M
JBhTA :k{BM k{ onBXA a k{ AkQ WBM kAU jB L*
,AoMBM /SwA UBU ,AoBo ,B pA oT XkU
Aq
L*

,A o/ M BM /k{ wT o JBhTA M A ,kj ~2 nj  Ba


oT k oT An ji kA Aq B{jAo2A  Bo AoA BTeA
 n* ,k XkU SowM BzB<A  SwA LUn Bo pA
AnAj Bo pA oQ B] ,KUoU A M /kpAkA o6i M An Am> MB
nj SwA pjnAjA o/jn  nAjTzi C /j{ kA oT
xBhzi M T oTzM A BA ,j{ o\ kA oT M  %
A M An BT]A kp BU  kwn  % A M ,jnAm
kp s j ,BX AoM /jo o/ nj S] /U AoM nBpBw
2
1
Ae B pA nBvM nj BT]A
/k{ nB{A C M \Q ~2 nj
LU  SwA
 Ajkd pA dB2j M AnB{C An jBp roA SU RBAe pA nBvM
pe nj kkQ A /kj |B~TiA ,k
C M BwB{ SL*
nj  BB AnAkBTvQ ,BkoQ nj BU ,SwA [An nBvM RBAe
nqM *d SwA oU /Bnj BmB{ nj Te RAoze
Zp ka Aj d ,Bfoww jn nj
X  ,k{BM Sinj pA k{Q
Am> L _ kM 6 kAU ,BB B nj
X B /SwA nC`M
nj  UBAe jn nj pjnAjA /SwA k{ BM A C ;w nj  k{BM
LUAovw S? Be

oB T{Aj

oB

1. territoriality

2. dominance hierarchies

177

jABi <U :T ~.

xAjBQ ow oM oTzM ] A SwA kT k] ji oU pA dB2j


jnA nBvM nj /RAjni U
X UA xAjBQ BU SwA zB
 AjB K>A UA nj /kTv oU kUB2 Bo BM oS%] M oTBe BjB
poQ o* M An ji An2 jAj Swj pA An xoU k{ JJ yT%]
jB SwA ,ov U M nAjB2 AoBo B nj Te /kBLva
/A ji BU k{BM o oU kLBQ oTzM
S{Aj kAh oU jAo2A <M ,j{ jBp pAkA pA yM S] o A
pjnAjA o/ pA ,oU M MBTwj uQ /jnC kAh A`M AoMBM
BoU jAkU a /SwA nCjAp p\
B SM k{ koM X

k jAp p\ jkd jAkU nBA  SwA n* T ,SwA jkd j]


,k{ onj BM Bp\ A S2Bnj ow oM jAo2A SwA /j{ njB
T{Aj kAU nj S] C  An B`M jAkU j] BoU jAkU BA
o/ M B A nj ,1 oUoU BM nj
X ,jnA <M nj /k jkd k{BM
 Be oU M  BC Aop ;kj Bz nAjTzi BkoQ ioM kwn
M kwn AoM xU pA AoBo M ,k k jAp ;2 ,k{
o A : kAT2omQ An pBM kBU A nBA  n* /kz Swj q oU
,jnB Swj M An nCjAp wn BSM pA ,SMBUn ~2 BBQ BU
eAq oS%] ~2 nj  nAjji k jAp pA BL*Aj Rji
/kwoM SwA oXU  B{nB M BC BU z BBLUAxi
pA nBvM nj /SwA a S Be KUAovw pA pjnAjA ov%U
,jApC Bj nj jnA nj ` ,RnBwA nj B~h ,RBAe Bo
pnBL nj kAU An Bv a kAj kwB{ An ok SU jAo2A
~2 nj  n*B /kni Sv{
Bv a pA ,k JJ
poQ Rn o nj
BTeA <kAj>  Bv MB nj ,kj \Q
tB{SL* ,\T nj k{ vU SB kM k w /k{

1. red grouse

Aiji r 178

nBM A Aop T2o B a) 1 <pq B/> B S Be KUAovw kAU


5U BT]A kML* AoM nB AM An (S2n nB M Bo AoM
TLA /k pB\U ji ke pA kAj An ji BB] uo C nj  k

LU  Bv oM kAU jAo2A B ,kj fn BUA kk{ B] B


 \T  kj \Q ~2 nj BA /k AkQ ;vU kAjM B{SwjBM

* B]  SwA A oUBQ Bjn nj Aoa aM SB*A


/kC yQ Rnk M kk{ i RBeAo] ,kj fn oT
<Ji qa> owow Bo JBhTA ioM nj An C jBp Bv
jAo2A AoM /SwA oUB BMM T2nn pjnAjA ov%U /knC nB{ M
j A M B ,SwA BQ Bjn jAo2A pA yM nCjAp BTeA BM Bjn
k{ jq B
BC a B ,kj c]oU oTzM An BC BjB 
BM BT]A jn M mU pjnAjA /k{ BjB M SwjBQ Bo
Swj AoM A B]M jAo2A A /kAj kjAp pB]A AoM oj SM An
BT]A BBB] ow oM ,k{ ] jnA BTv BjB M T2B
,kMB Swj dBT]A kMjn nj BM BB] M kAT o A kM ,k]
Swj AoM {U ji pA BpAo ao /knmM k jAp oi pA  komQ
nAjTzi BM BjB MB nj ,kj Bz oUBM Ajn M T2B
/SwA #Tvo1 BjB ow oM BzTMBUn S% j{ AoMBM ,k nBT2n
U \T ,pjnAjA o/ pA ,jM nAjoU nBT2n jn nj  n*B BA
A ,k k jAp kBM BMjn Bo ;2  ,kBU A M BL*Aj jAj nj
A B]M BS] , nj /j{ jBp ow i S]  SwA
RApnBL pA ,kAjo BLT{A  k{ ]T kM k{BM T{Aj `M pAkA pA yM
jo jkd AoM nAqMA AM oU BT]A BB] ow oM wn
ke pA oUBQ  An ji S] c6w k jB%TwA ji pAkA
/jnC nBM M RB%U C nj Am>M SwA  knAj

1. Pecking order

nB7 kMTwn

179

jABi <U :T ~.

A /k{BM 1 zB ,nBT2n nBMnj pjnAjA o/ oUnCRoe kB{


nj An jBp SU RBAe pA nBvM /joM nB M nBM Tvh AoM A ji An rA
jn AjU nBT2n a Aoa A jn nj /k oPw Z2 B Twj ,
SwA k{ AnA %Th yM  j k{ UA L* JBhTA ]U
qa
B jpnAjA o/ /jAj Ai bo{ j ~2 nj An BC pA <M
] nqM BTwj nj BnBw  Jo> SU k A /SwA oj
,k~Un pAnj JanBa n LA RnM BqnzQ TU B k{
A nBM M a /kj B\A ji S] pA nB{ow Rn A M
 AoU TU ,k nAjji jnC `M pA o  % o*BiM ,jAo2A
AoM An  SwA A  ,k k jAp oT k{BM jBp S]
AM BQBj  n*B Swnj /k{BM T{Aj S]  AoU y\w
zB nBT2n pjnAjA o/ pA ,jnAj pB [wBj M ji nBpBw pA zhM
jnCoM A n/ /SwA S] jnCoM jo nk AoM k \U jB\A
qnj  SwA nBji n B L~ nBpBw ;2 n/ ,Sv BB C
/kj ;Mn BC X kU B/ M An BzT]  AoU pA jAo2A ve
me o~Th RnM k{ o A ,pjnAjA o/ jn nj jo w
AoBo  k tBveA kBM Be B{ ,{BM k{ m2 o A / AjA An K6
jo jB\A B{ nj An jBC A kBM JBT A LU B~2 /SwA T2omQ
T2omQ oBo nj ao ,pjnAjA o/ nj k{ bo6 kA{ M  k{BM
jBp jAkU B{ /Sv Ji C kA{ B%wBT ///k { ,k{BM
An BC j{ pAkA B M ,j{ ov%U Rn A M kAU  SwA
/jo ov%U <Aiji r> oUAojBM 6i ;i tBwA oM
jo jB%TwA wA C pA qo ,Tv]oM tB{M ,2 q kj ao
n oM s M A nB /jM A jABi /U nj Aiji r o/ A nB
 kwn \BT Bo/ M BA ,jM jApC ;d nj BkoQ nAm ]] Aq
/jnAj An ji |Bi nAmhU Aq koQ o /SwA U MBU  nj
1. epideictic

2. David Lack

Aiji r 180

w 2 QnijBM ,knAm hU nBMo 1 nAhB o ,BX AoM


j] dU BA nB nj TLA /oTzM B ]j 3 nqM vnfoa ,hU
nqM vn foa ,knAm hU j ;2 nBMo BqnijBM <M :jnAj
 BhU jAkU  kwn o/ M 6 o2 A /jnAmM hU 12 SwA
,oj S~i o X ,ke BU UAke kz Bzn jnAm jB o
nAmhU j AoM r SwA
X <M /SwBr oT SdU
n* nAmhU nBa AoM oj C ,nAmhU w AoM KUn C
/k{BM jBw M <U nj SwA kM ao /k{BM T{Aj j] oiC BU
nj Br A pA Ak jAkU woPM jnAjA An B Aiji r o/
r
oM kBM nAmhU 4 r
kC o/ M oBo nj /j{ oTzM r Aqi
 { ]T BU  BM BA ,k{BM T{Aj oUoM nAmhU j B w
M o\ M ,kCnj Swnj B\A nj <oTM oTzM> jBw kTwA
oTM pnBM 1 ,oTM C pA BU 1 ,BU 4 pA oTM hU 5  j{ UU A
BM M 6 o/ pA oj RnBL M /SwA jAkU oTM SBM
Bq ,S% oM hU jBp jAkU T{Am SwA kM /kwn
/SwBC M kwn jM S%M ,jnC Bj M `M jBp ABU /jnAj
o nj ,To2 o nj  SwA A k{ C ]T q  T
A RB%U /k{BM T{Aj j] M nAmhU Aq kBM ,6d ST
<?v a Bkj pA M>  SwA Cw A M gwBQ nj pjnAjA BM
,k SBn An C kBM RBAe  , J6 ke C k pjnAjA
Aiji jo2 o k q /kC nB{ M J6 ke  nj o AoM
jnC nBM M  An B`M jAkU BU k JBhTA nAmhU AoM An Aq
,k{BM 3 qnijBM AoM nAmhU Aq oUKwB o A /kBwoM oX Ake M
xnoQ `M nBa k w C pA jo2 o  SwA % A M q AoM
T{Aj BU w ;2 k w  ji BTd KUn pA SB nj
BTeA ,kj
M  Am>  SwA A C {n j /S{Aj kAi oT B`M ,k{BM
1. gannets

2. swifts

3. great tits

181

jABi <U :T ~.

BvnqM M B`M C pA <M SwA  nBvM j{ vU `M nBa


jn nj hUnBa M jnp A vU jn nj <U A /kwn
oM /SwA =jB j{ jAj B`M M hU pA kC oM pA kM  Am>
An ji BhU jAkU ,onBXA pA o> j o M jAo2A ,q o/ tBwA
pA JBT]A k~U M An kA oT BC  Sv n*A /k /U
BU k oT An kA /kj B\A o RBBA pA ke pA yM nAjoMoM
5Bh Swnj k A ,j{ oUjBp kB kp BUA  B`M jAkU
/j ;Mn kA oT M
B  SwA o/
pA nB A AoM kBM njB /SwA AqoQ nB koQ ]] xnoQ
xU ,ji S%]  M
BTeA /kM jBp nAm Bow roA Am> o/
/k S/2Bd BhU pA jnAmM hU C nj jpBvM A BU k jBp
TU B C /kz BhU n AnL BT% jB o BkoQ
%U kM yM  ,njB nkQ BkoQ ,knCnj hU pA ow B]]
B ji pA BC AoM Am> U nj B] BQ BU k SeAoTwA CM
nj ,SwA njB B nkQ  nqM vn foa ,kj
LU  n*B /knAm
AnAkBTvQ /jnC M Am> nBM BY 3 o ;wT n*M pn *
,C A % BA ,kj B\A RB%T  {M An A BvA X
/SwA B B` ,njB AoM B~h ,XkU jM qoQ
jBp jAkU M An ji xU Am> jkd L kAhM njB B nkQ o A SwA
A M SLv ,jo kAi nqM oT B`M SB nj ,k vU `M
jBU BC xnoQ jnC `M M kBM A /jnBM BQ An ji UU c6w
S%] B ,jB jo2 ;wU  oj RBBA Am> nAk  /k nAoUoM
B`M jAkU U jo jkd nj  SwA B j{ nC] , BM
B) A nAm ]] Aq ,L* JBhTA ,q o/ M BM /jnAj y
k /U n* An (o> k{ kAp { pA BM  B`M
/jnC Swj M j] MB pA An pBTA oX Ake 
  j A M ,k{ LU SwA jBp BzB`M jAkU  jAo2A
kp  Akpo2 jAkU  S A M ;2 ,jnAm jMB M n S]

Aiji r 182

T kC Bv M jBp kAU T{Aj `M jBp r


/SwA oT kB
M Anj M kTv r A AnAj  B`M pA  jAkU Aop ,j{
oj  A  SwA A jAj fn poA kT BvA kp nj `C /kwn
U k U kA  jkd RBBA ;wU jABi nqM
Aq

M kATM B{ji  k{BM C pA yM njB nkQ B`M jAkU o A /j{


yQ BQ ,S] C jAo2A oj ,Sj jBw i kwoM BC Am>
B qa ,UA nj /knAj Bw kp An jBp B`M C knAm
BA /knBM `M SwA p v] AU nj  B\C BU BC  Sv o2 Zp
pA yM  kA ,SL* nj /SL* i
B SwA qa BT]A B2n
S{Aj kAh jBp B ,knC `M Bzjo SBe AU
BkU Aq pA SL* nj jnAk q /j{ T kM v M B{Br
nB Ao2A r
o /Sv oLi BT]A B2n pA Aop ,j{ o] AonBXA
 B\C pA /ko wo pA r A AnAj B`M :j{ RApB\ B] nj
S{Am  ,Aiji r kU Bxn M Ai BBvA B
jABi  An A B ,jooM ,k{ 5U Am>M BM jABi AAo2 B`M
BT]A B2n C B] M AT{Am nB k{BM B%ji jB~TUA keA
k Ao2 B`M pA SBe S] nj BT]A B2n  pBTA pA BA /AjnC
/ jB%TwA w kBL
a /k kAj SL* i An TvMC pA oyQ B<M
i BT]A B2n  SwB\A z /SwA SL* i
B ,SwA
M6 qa BT]A B2n  Ak A oM B oX A  o2 /SwA SL*
nCjAp oT S{Aj An SL* i BT]A
B2n AU BA /SwA

SwA T 2 B \T Rn A o> nj a ,S{Ak An SL* i

oUAonBXA BT]A B2n kB{ /k dU B oM SL* `C pA yM


nAkBQB BUAl AonBXA B/ o BA /k{BM RBAe Bj nj k{ TiB{ B/
pA ko/T  ,jo nAoU Aiji jAo2A jB%TwAw o nj Aop ,SwA
`M xnoQ AU ke pA yM  BBvA C /k jB%TwA ji % M C
nAjoMoM BUA jzM  kC pA oUM jnA oTzM nj
BTeA ,knC

183

jABi <U :T ~.

AoLn kBM oTzM o/ pA /jAj SLv BC M An BL*So2 BB C


mzU nB A M An BC Ak ko nAoU ypow jn  UnkUoQ BBpBw
/k
Aq jn nj q kTwA :L* B;d nj RBAe M jooM
,jo AnA pjnAjA  oj B M AU An nAm ]]
oUoUBM ,BX AoM /o> S Be KUAovw ,nAjoU nBT2n :jAj U
i BkoQ A /koM o/ nj ,kjAj nAoU wnoM jn yAnB A  ,An
pB pA yM AoBo  k vU BoU M An C BnApUM kni
BoU o~U ow oM ~2 AkTMA nj BC /jnAj Am> oU BLeB
UA

kAT2omQ An ji Sv{ BkpBM kwn o/ M Uk pA kM BA ,k]


BBQ BU /knAk oU SU_  k{ BkAn BC /k] oj
/k nCjAp oU BLeB ;2 /ko M n BLoU Am>M pA ~2 C
B\A pA knAj An jo k jAp BAU BoUM  SUA A
C pA ,j{ UA oU k AnAjoU pA o A  j{
pjnAjA ov%U /k k jAp kM oQ An A B] An2 mMBw Bk{kAn
kAn jo2  SwA A ,kj  n*B ,nAjoU nj *Ao2A nBT2n A pA
w SwA jni Sv{ nCjAp p\ B SM Kv nj  <jomQ>
/j{ nAj`M k
r o/ pA jB%TwA BM BX A cTU kwn o/ M ,oBo nj
w nBMj knAj kM nj B] TU BU BkAn C Aoa /k{BM z Aiji
qa  BC ?k xU nAjoU jo nBoM AoM oTzM pBM nBM
T{Aj jAj Swj pA AoM qa kB{ ,k oL /knAk jAj Swj pA AoM
kAn AoM ,joM M pA d M oU KeB o A kj
LU /k{BM
o A uQ /j{ nAj`M KUoU A M joM An A B]  Sv BA A k{
M BTeA pA oTzM oU M k{ kAn MBSwj BTeA KUoU A M
A M  k{BM T{Aj An xpnA A kB{ ,k{BM ] An pA oU jnC Swj
roA C A B] M ,joM v C kA M j{ o/T Aiji jo2
BkAn y pjnAjA AoM /kkM Swj pA jM ] nj An ji 

Aiji r 184

oil opBM A M XkU d {Be nj  SwA A o B2n nj


B2 B]  knAmM nAjoU BQ B] nj BQ  k{BM jBC kBM o/T
Br |Bi j oLAn oTM A kB{  kj AU  A /k dAj An
nj pBMnBU kB An Ae j{ ,kj nBa ~2 nj  Ba /k{BM Aiji
,k{BM kA oL joLAn pBMnBU o AoM joLAn oTM kB{ /S2o o/
/k{ fB{ M fB{ j oLAn
C nj  An oj B pA nBvM BwC M AU ,Rn M
o/ BM <komQ> An ji nCjAp k ST SBM RBAe AoBo
jo2 AoM :SwA Bv nA cTU A  { /jAj cTU Aiji r
nAjTzi
2 ,kC nj oTM BSU kA M , SwA A An oTM
% M nB k jB\A SeAq Aovoe BLeB AoM  1 2 /k
o A Te /SwA oUKwB So2 o/T kBMAi x /SwA jAk B\A o
xnBU M kB{ ,kAnmM k jApM An o A kk Swj So2 A
 TU /Sv a A AoM  kj Ai jk\ opBM BM ao ,jqoM
AoM An nB A ,kT2A An \U qo pA w X L6U Bx
jAo2A U U !k kAT{Am SzQ  A6 S]  AoU yB
opBM BM  qa /kAkp AoM oURi B] T2B Q nj ,C Aiji
B a kAT  BC pA Ako  SwA SUA A j{ kBz jk\
,SwA oUkM nBU kB K  BTeA A nj ,jn M pA k AkQ An
/jnC j] M oJU
BkU Aq B ke pA yM  AoU  SwA kTv
B SUA A
M pjnAjA o/ AoM kB{ A M <U A B /k  An
pAkA B M ` A o/ BM <U A /Sv a BA /jn nB
nj An Bx ,zBpC nj ,BX AoM /kCnj n] Aiji r o/ BM
kT{Am BzAoM jni jBp nAk kjAj nAoU jApC B<2 nj A/%d
/kB SMBY uPw k{ jBp ke BU S] /k k jAp AjApC kjAj pB]A
1. Seal

185

jABi <U :T ~.

TwB BjB nnBM pA BejpA oYA oM  SwA A kB SMBY j k{


K>A /kAjo xnAq jBp An \BT a /knC oT B`M :j{
M  C S M B a jAj TLA ,k A <yU> An S An2
BLj M B ,k{BM ao C Tv S Be o M /k <U cTU
BjB L* JBhTA Aoa /Tv BU o/ pA C cTU B B cTU
?k  S] nU Bp nj An ji kA Aq  kj c]oU An
c]oU An Bo C ,o JBhTA /SwA {n pjnAjA gwBQ
n* An ji BjAp Aq k\w An S] BjB C nj  kj
;Ao{ nj /jz nAjoMoM pAkA pA yM Am> RBBA pA  k /U
Bx pA BA ,S{Ak j] Am> jL B_  jM n* T ,yBpC C
qnBoM L* Bj nj kp AoM BC /k%M An C  S2n nB/TA
}iB{ S] jBp ,L* ;Ao{ nj  Sv BTeA A ,kAk{
/j{ Jvd kC nj 6dU AoM oLT
RB%U BM BA ,An Swnj BLoU ?k a Aiji r o/
oUKwB knAj BU RBAe ,q o/ oM BM , Sv BUjB /wBwA
i B  i B`M jAkU o A /knBM ,B{ji Aiji kj pA An `M jAkU
B M  TU BU S2B kAi xnoQ oT jAkU SB nj ,k{BM jBp
Bw nj /jM kAi RB%T <KwB jAkU>
BTeA ,k SBU KwB jAkU
m2AU
LU B /SwA  S]  Bw M SLv SwA nU nBaj S] 
o A  SwA nB{C /kj 6dU wo pA oLi S] jBp  jo
2B o*BiM ,j{ nMn 6dU pA oLT BBz BM AjB
C MB nj o A A BLUn /jnC BQ An ji BjAp Aq xABAiji
oT B`M B\Aow ,kk Bz z A a kjnAkz
BM SB nj AoMBM /k{BM oTzM BkU jAkU o A Te ,S{Aj kAi
o\p mo* pA B BA ,wn Bv \T M pjnAjA
/Akwn B\C M RB%T
B BU o/ pA BkTwA
jB M /jnAk z <j] pAoMA ByB> BM Te Aiji r o/
An ji nqM BS] k M RBAe  jM A pjnAjA o2 knAj

Aiji r 186

C BM KwBT An kA jAkU ,nBC T2o BM {n M BU knAm yB M


UA nj \U o C pA  Be jnAk j] Tv kB{ _ /k /U
_ oM BC /j{ S2B kB{ a k o2 BA /SwA ] j] pAoMA
?jnAj oYBU
k o2 /kMAi kn M nqM Bo nj BM BnBw
nj BC nnBM j{ WBM BTvp nj jBp S] ;2  j{ jAj Bz
M koQ o jAj x o*Bi M BTv oA A M ,kMB yB kM nBM
nj  BC jAj Bz SwA yBpC BM /SwA jM oj BkoQ Ak
,kAjM BnBw joz2 \U nj kM k{ ;LT Ak k{ o
hU /SwA kwn Bz{ M oUAk oUAnC AC  BC M SLv
yB BnBw AC  kj Bz A ,5oU mL* kAT{Am oT
Un B M oTzM An C Aiji r o/ /kC JBve M j] pAoMA
/kj Bx jn nj  kj cTU
pA oUnqM AjABi T{Aj
r

  do{ o2 A BM B ,oj nBM


TwB r Aqi nj xjAkU pA LU jiMji SwA SBe MBU `C
 SwA A ,Aiji jo2 A M ;nAmhU %o /j{
C M kC ~2 nj  ,k MyQ ji AoM nAmhU jAkU oUKwB
% nj An MyQ rA B  knAj jB M nBa ~2 pA /SiAjoQ Ai
KwB Aq kAU n6a jB koQ /joM nB M Bi
nAoU oYBU SdU An A tke BoJT a ?k MyQ An nAmhU
Bw  knAj TMBY Aq B pA nBvM  k{BM a kB{ ?kj
nAhB o nAmhU Aq ;wT n*M AoMBM /k oJU
ke jo2 o AoM ,SwA AAo2 B  Bi BBw nj SwA /SwA
pA  k{BM T{Ak An nAhB B>o o A /kwoM hU j M BTU J6
pA AU , B SwA AAo2 B |Bi Bw A nj
  k%M yQ
j o An ji MB kj o6i M U  {BM T{Aj An nB/TA A BjB
kT{Aj XkU nj jB BBw nj  An S2 C ,nB A Aop /k hU
/k 

187

jABi <U :T ~.

kATM
A  k{BM T{Aj j] ,BnBw
X ,oj B kB{ BA
jo /SwA a Am> MB o/ pA kC nBM k MyQ BTvp nj
nBM nj A a pA  Be  knAj jBp kU BT% Bo{ Ao*A
k{BM Swnj a BpoQ ~U 1 /ZAn Sinj AAo2
X ,SwA kC
mL* A ,SwA BBz a j] 6 o/ pA ,SwnjB a
Bw o An ji nAmhU Aq kAU Ji zQ o/ A
oLT Bz SwA ZAn Sinj /k{BM y% M  /U n*
S]  AoU  kwn o/ M ,Bx jn X ,BA ,k{BL B k{BM
kC ~2 nj kAi TU kAj A nj jB nBw /k{BM Mi zQ
o A /k SMBUn ji jAo2A oj BM Am> ow oM kBM ,kkM Am> yB]] M
jnCoM BTvp nj y2Ao*A nj ji S]  AoU pA d M kATM
U o/ pA kC nBM T MyQ AoM kUnkU nAqMA M ,k{BM T{Aj
joz2 jBp An BTvp S] o A /SwA T2B Swj yB]] AoM Am>
 k{BM A SwA ,xABAiji Bkj pA ,A BTd z;i ,kLM
T2B yB nAmhU M Aq pA xjnCoM :jnAmM oT BTLv hU
/SwA
,knAj S]  AoU pA  hU tBwA oM ,jAo2A A d M
BLUn M ji % M ,Aiji jo2 o An2 ,kj yB An BznAmhU Aq
BnBw o A /k{BL a k{BM jBp BUA a ,SwA jBp S]  k jA
,kp tke B{BTvp BMAi nj Ak \e n pA An S] nqM
X oTzM BU ,k kM An yAk BATe  SwA S% M jo2 o AoM
k jA BM nBM RBAe  An o/ A / k{BM nBwj Ak
n pA A jM jo jBzQ 2 uMo /n/Z oj T nj kAe ka
oYA vAo2 ]nBi s keA ;wU MBz T BU C nj  Bn
S] xU A  SwA A jn A nj B o/ /S2o B 3 B Swr
pA oT ke nj ji nAmhU Aq jo  M Bv BnBw mzU
1. holly Berries

2. J.R. Krebs

3. Beau Geste Effect

Aiji r 188

% M ,SwA k{ m2 nB A nj  k{BM nBw B{ o A /SwA J6 Aq


 Sv B{ r B{  BhU jAkU pA Aop ,SwA Aiji B{
yB jn nj pjnAjA o/  wn \T A M AoMBM /kAjo
j BA ,k{BM A BM me
B kB{ :k{BM Mi
B o/ kAU j] pAoMA
jnAj An 2B AU ,q To2 d pA ATo2 , nj /SwA oj qa A
kBU nj AoBo  k{BM kA{ MA] ,Aiji r BMp pA ,
/j{ AkQ kA{ a o A TLA ,kTv o JBhTA o/
M ,SwA kA k oM jABi /U  o \T ~2 A pA
o*Bi M A ,k pBwM An B{nCjAp Aq BC  % A
kB kp  An B`M jAkU BC /k nAjji C pA S] b
jBp i  i kBM B{B`M jAkU A ,k oTzM
Aj r Aqi nj ,k k jAp pAkA pA yM jnAjA An jo2  r /k{BM
kB kp nkUC ,kAr A AnAj  BjAp Aop ,S{Aj kAh Aka
/k{ BM 
jABi nqM Aq nBMnj UB/e M B\A BU ,KUoU A M
njB AoM BC /wn jABi nj 2B jB<U M  A /TiAjoQ
kBM B k{BM T{Aj Bv nBT2n yB`M BM  SwA A 2o M z
Bv ozU keA A M  nj kBM jABi BC ?kj c]oU An <M
?{BM T{Aj An nj Aiji nB/TA kBM jABi nj Te B ,k{BM
B k xU Bv J6 ke S] nj jABi B<A BC
kTv BCw BA ?jnAj j] <o/ TiA> J6 ke Aq jn nj
M BC  An ywoQ A gwBQ /j JA] BC M  w kM ~2 nj 
M ,j{ Mo BCw A M An `C jnAj j] 2B jB<U BS%]
/Ajo  ~2

Tz ~

Bv joL
k{ bo6 LU ~2 BTA nj  Cw Tvh M TiAjoQ BM An ~2 A
M An kBM B k ]U oTzM B`M <M M kBM njB BC / do{
pBM joLM ow An B{ e SwA A BM ?k B za
rA nBM _ <k ]U> rA / nAoU An nAkz RjB mL*
qnBoM yQ pA {B An njB /jnAk Bi UiA nBM <kBM>
nB M ji r pA Bhv jo ozT AoM An yAU BU  Aj k{
qnj An T{Aj BB C k
,Tv BvA B{ a /jo

nBT2n cTU AoM An nB ,k  pA nBTwA jB%TwA AoM /


/k SeAn BM {B
A M ?Sva k ]U oTzM A`M M njB A UA nj
yAkpo2 M Bv o> RnM jnAj nBTiA nj  An UBBA  SwB
k yB`M o BU SwA njB toTwj nj  UBBA /k vU
 Tep 2BTAM ,SwAm> BC pA Bv /SwA %Th Bqa B{
/jnAk  q njB AoM ,j{ kz C U AoM
B] ,SwBonB{ MB nj B`M pA SBe An nj o6i dU oj BA
TiBw AoM  Bp roA /jnAm B jnAmM B ji pA kAU njB 
B`M xpC o  TU ,B <M nj C pA SB , nAk
An C ji JBhTA M kAU njB B nkQ  SwA {pnABM MB pA ,j{
/kj |B~TiA Akpo2 M oMAoMB B oMAoM RnM

Aiji r 190

B nkQ  An UBBA C BM ATM  qoTz pnA T2o o/ nj


 Rn B M Swnj /Sv BwC nB ,k\w k nAm Bow njB
,nB Bp B ,p ,Am> M kLU MBU pnA A M Q pA BvA A] nj
 \vM An UBBA C BM  nAj pB pnA M B ,j{ jB%TwA
nAm Bow ,xA`M sM ,oj jo2 kp AoM SwA BM {B
An o BwB{M ioM ,SwA Mi tB oB ,roA AoM /k
nB A AoM Be A BM /kAjo SL* nj BroA q LwBd o
nB> C ,jnAj SA BUA B\A  pnA M kLU AoM Aop ,jnAk SB%
/jnAk An p nBLTA ,SwA r BM ,BU <*
%
BM AT2nTv{ { M An v A ,1972 nj ,1 pnoU //n

nAm Bow
JBT joz2 KB6 M pA BM ao ) jo e ji 2 kA

4
3
 tBveA 193 nj ,< kA q> A SdU oz2 kBnow
(/SwA B xj~ BLoU TvM oU tB{Svp oUnqM A
o njB B nkQ  qa o> pA SwA RnBL (P.I) kA nAm Bow
(qCS2 XkU AoMBM ) kp M jAj AjA BTeA BU k kpo2
oj AoM nAm Bow S] kA BAU BM MBU nj A ,k oTzM An A
 SwA A nj pnoU o/ nj kA nAm Bow ve /SwA Akpo2
TU /SwA jq nBvM ko/ jn BUA  BkeA M C y\w keA
BM An k{ o~ o{ nAk k o~ An ji njB o{ pA nAk A`M
j{ jnA njB C oj Akpo2 M  Aovi keA BM  ,oB BM ,oT
pAkA M x k{BM T{Aj y x `M j njB o A BX AoM /k\w
BM ,SwA C o/ o{ A  P.I. pA yhM ,k{M o{ nqM z{
P.I. /SwA jnh An C y Aop /j{ T2o pAkA y o yAq2A BTeA keA
pAkA ,kB a kC Bj a ,oj Bj kp M kA yB BkeA BM An
/ko
1. R.L. Trivers

2. Parental Investment (P.I)

3. Sir Ronald Fisher

4. Parental expenditure

191

Bv joL :Tz ~.

n ke pA yM Aop ,Sv BnC tB kA nAm Bow


pA  SwA A J6 { /r ;MAn n BU ,k k BU kA SA
BTeA A jo2 TU / jB%TwA oU onBXA nAm Bow ,tB
Be nj ,jo nAm Bow B n A ,k jBp An B jo2 kB kp
A kM xji ] pA oj jAo2A o An Bow C SvAU 
B nkQ  ABow AoMBM /SwA kBzi Aq SLv M BT{Am B
kA M  Bp BM kBM ,jnAm Akpo2 pA o AoM BnC Rn nj njB
jnA o> xji ,BjApnjAoM jApoAi ` Akpo2 oj kp
M

RB] i pA SwA o/nBoA ;2 A TLA /j{ k\w j{


/SwA jB%TwA MBU
pnoU tB
nAk xo * nj ,oM o/ nj  An BvnqM jB jo2 o ,Be
BTvM oj ) ji Akpo2 o An C kAU  jnAj nBTiA nj P.I.
B{ A /k (o o/ nj An Akpo2 ;2 TeAn AoM BA ,xji
,j{ jBC B nC] A nB o owAow nj  SwA Bjni
nj  SwA {U roA ,kj U BC M A  Bo6i
M n  ,A] jB Be /k o yB`M yBwC B2n An
SwBw Ak pA oQ ?k o An ji RBBA kBM a ,SwA BvnqM
kBL A  kj q o/ M BM
LU ?SwA UB A AoM nAm Bow
A xn A BM /k vU `M jBp jAkU M B i An ji RBBA
,2o* pA /S{Aj kAh 2B pAkA M :kj Swj pA An jBp Br
Ajnjqq B`M `M kA nBvM jAkU M An RBBA kBL
Bow  A BLUn BA ,k{BM T{Aj ka UA nj A kB{ /kj |B~TiA
kAi oTzM B SB nj kAjo `M M6 jAkU o An ji
BC AkM B Be /jM SiA vU SwBw jn nj B\A BU /S{Aj
kBM ,jnAmM =o2 yAkpo2 M  SwA A oU2o M njB AoM
?k{BM T{Aj jo qq
SLv /k{BM T{Aj jo qq njB jnAk j r o/ pA  SwA A gwBQ
 SwA A A AoM joLAn oTM /SwA 1 Bv yAkpo2 BM A
2

Aiji r 192

BU ,k nAm Bow k nqM kATM  jAkU oTzM AoM Bv n*M


o/ pA jAo2A <M ,kj
LU  n*B BA /k{ nAj`M B`M C ji
pAkA M Swnj k{n  5T U /koTM Aoj pA omQo6i
,jnAj ji nj njB r pA kAkC oM njB { pA A BM  oj BU
yM njB jnAj pB A S% j{ ,oj RnBL M /SwA oT A kp M kA
,;Ao{ M TvM /k{BM yBnjAoM ke nj B\Aow BU ,jnAmM B yAoM M pA
pA A w kk Am> 5T U C M  k{BM 2o M A njB AoM kB{
An A  k{BM oTM
A kB{ /kj |B~TiA yBoAi njAoM M An RBBA
/k ykLU o{ M jnhM An C xji Te B k BnjAoM oAi Am>
A B Aj BA ,kM An BzB`M B njB Bqi
/k JBhTA An 5T BU  knAj ]U
MyQ AU /kj zU An Bi jn 5T BU
S] nj An njB ke a BU `M w A nBMnj {BM T{Aj oU
M BTv k{BM nL\ njB o A ?kj nAoU oYBU SdU oTzM nAm Bow
Swj pA kwo  Ako jAj M o A ,joM ~U yB`M pA BU j RB\
B] M ,A o A  j A M /kj c]oU ,SwA oUnqM  An C kBM ,jn
Swj pA jo A o kp nj  An oTzM Bow njB ,joM a njAoM
An a njAoM njB o A  jo BM jzM oTM Rn A M kB{ /kj
w M An A BU k Zoi ji xpnABM RBBA C pA kBM pBM ,kj RB\
/kBwoM nqMnjAoM
M ;2 JBhTA  k{BL A kB ,k  MBhTA o A ,oj w pA
c]oU An oUa  k{BM A A AoM nB oTM kB{ ,SwA kp o
a `M M An Am> U  SwA A A z k o2 ,BX AoM /kj
, kM ,ji Am> U AoM nqMnjAoM
BTeA /nqM M B kkM
C ,o* C pA /jo A ,kk A M An Am> o A AoMBM /jnAj oTzM BAU
Am> njB o A ,k AkQ ji AoM Am>  SwA C pA oUa  a `M
o A Te /SwA oTzM oUa `M jo BTeA ,kkM oUnqM `M M An
C M An Am> pBM ,joM a njAoM ,oUnqM njAoM B] M kkM c]oU njB

193

Bv joL :Tz ~.

M /jo kAh ,Rn o nj SwA nqM C Aop ,kj SwA oUa


,kkM o{ `M M jkdB Bp BU C B] M nAkBTvQ AnjB j
M njB AoM  kwnAo2 Bp qj o kp nj /ko o{ pA An BC
kC Akpo2 ]T kj oJU A n pA An nAm Bow S] SwA 2o
o A /joM o{ pA An A j{ ~ njB ,kwoM A/d a TU /k
nB/TA A pA jzM kB{ ,SwA `M oiC A  j{ ]T dM njB
BU kB{ kj |B~TiA `M C M ,o M nj An RBBA  S{Aj
oTM BC kLM k w Lw kBM A ,A j] BM /kj xo{ M Bp
BA SLv ao a ,k nAm Bow jApnjAoM jApoAi , n SwA
 AB pA jB%TwA nj BC BAU kB{ SwA BM kpo2 SLv 5~ A BM
/koM xji B`M pA o  k{BM AoM oMAoM j pA yM jnAm A
B vB  SwA A B kkQ M nB{A AoM KwB SU Be
nj jB BvA nnBM kwn BBQ M nBM vB /SwA T2o
B ze jAk]A B nj AkkQ a  SwA kM /SwA BwB
RB%U ,p BA /kkwn Bw w C M Bp pA  jAkU Aop ,k{BM jM
RnM nnBM jAj Swj pA p kp nj nBM oJU A M
qa r o/ pA vB  SwA A pA  Be Ajo nj \nkU
z BTLv ydTU /SwA <nBpBw> SwA <Ak{JBve>
knAj AU  B] BU Bp {BM T{Aj nB/TA SwA ,A B nj /SwA
kB kp BTeA kn oTzQ  Bw M Bw o A Te /knBM `M
A   xAo2 kBL BA !jpoM yTep M kBM BTe /j{ oT BzB`M
/SwA C 5~ SLv A ao ,jnAj SLv B BM
,(81 d%) nAAk k{oQ o/ BM BLUnA nj kB{ ,5Th jM
nj An ji AU [nkU M j{ oTzM Bp w TU ,L* ;Ao{ nj
njB
kp M kA KUoU A M /kj Swj pA `M xnoQ

kpo2
nj p o A , A /SwA v njB kpo2
kp M kA pA oTzM A]

`M C M SLv C jn nB/TA ,j{ kpo2 AnAj Bp pn


M An xA`M A BTeA yAoM  k{BM w nj p TU /k o oTzM

Aiji r 194

w  k{BM A kwn M M BTeA 5~ pA oT kBwoM M w


nAm Bow r pA yT2 BTeA AoM nAm Bow r ,SwA xA`M
 Be nj ,jnAj j] r A nBa o pA nj /SwA oTzM `M AoM
C , nj oTzM kp M kA BA ,jnAj j] `M jo pA nj C KUn r
r Aqi nj M SLv onBXA r k nj M Ak pA An oj r
nAm Bow B AoM kAU oj jnBM `M Ak p o A /j{ o Ao2
Aop ,k{ oTzM BwB nj XkU nj nnBM r  jM KUoU A M /k
/jM nqMnjB onBXA o B{kp  jM B kM nj r A
A j /k{BM Bp nj vB BU AoM dTU kATM A kB{
A
BTeA jn M pA nBM ,j{  [nkU M Ajo nj nnBM Aoa
a jo /k nAm Bow B`M AoM Bp pAkA M Ajo  SwA
 SwA 2o M z A AoM ,j{ `M KeB A] p pA kAU
/ AoM k nAm Bow xji `M n
s M ,kA Bkj pA qa M LU ~2 ~2 A nj ,B\A BU
Bjoqq  S{Aj nB/TA kA pA kBM BC kwoQ /jo B ,njB
BA ?Sva kA AoM nAm Bow xn oTM  nj k{BM T{Aj
pA oTzM A n  kj nAoU oYBU SdU An kA n* kATM `M kB{
An A`M <kAh> kA o A Te /k nAm Bow yBnjAoM oAi
jn oTzM  k nB B`M <M SwA BC ,k{BM jo qq oTzM
r BC ,M oUmUj ?SwA 2oM BC AoM nB A BC ?ko nAoU ]U
zQ ji jB w M TAn r oM ,nB{ o/ pA ,oTzM UU BM Aiji
kA jB<U> A BM pnoU 1974 B nj dT A ?jo
/SwA k{ dU Ji i <Akpo2
jnAj oMAoM SLv k{BM kB a kC Bj M a ,yB`M BM njB o
Bi ]U o A /k{BM T{Aj zan kBL A r o/ pA ,kj  n*B
M  ,k{BM kp M kA nj BC RB%U BL oM kBM ,kj Bz M
BM  TLv jq ,oj jo2 o X ,njB /jnAj TvM oj Bqa w
 6Ao{ nj /SwA yB`M pA o BM jq oMAoMj jnAj ji

195

Bv joL :Tz ~.

An yUBBA ,oTzM Aiji


n pA kBM A ,SwA Bv oj Bqa

BM A /kTv Bv oj Bqa Sv n*A BA ,k xji o


M oTzM S% kAU ,Akpo2 AoM KwB pAkA M nAm Bow
pB oTzM  M kAa B`M  j A M /kBwoM ji Br
nAm Bow r
/k oTM jB%TwA Bow keA o pA AoMBM knAj
oTzM r Aqi nj ,ji AoM nAm Bow B] M ,oUAUB jAo2A AoM
w jo2 C BM Br pA  jAkU nj ;2 BnoM C o A Te ,j{
,j{ kj AnjB nkQ onBXA RBAe nj  SwA j A M /k{BM
poM kBzi JBhTA M SLv onBXA d o  SwA j A M UA nj
/k
B SLv o/ pA A /k B dT A M `M kj pA Be
nj /jnAj BC BM B{njB  jnAj yBnjAoM oAi pA o BM An jq
pA zhM xnjB  <jnAj > A AoMBM /SwA 1 kBzi jnA A
2
BU A nj ,r o/ pA /k yBnjAoM BoAi o An ji Bow
Be A BM ,BA /SwA xnjB nj  SwA nkU B BC M SLv onBXA
A ,SwBnjAoM B oAi pA o BM yTLv oMAoMj xji M A SLv
,SwA Bv oj Bo  6Ao{ nj ,k{BM T{Aj A j{ WBM
BUA kAU oj Bqa jn A nj /jnAmM B M pA yM A AoM njB
o{ pA  k{BM 6Ao{ nj jo ,w BUnjAoM B{ o A /k{BM Bv
ji jB w pA yM M k w <kBM> ,koLM jw pAkA M njB
Be M BU BC /kqM a ji jB w pA yM M kBM A ,kqM a
M { pA  B`M ,kz pAnj jAj o{ AoM njB TU  kAkj
d jnA  k{BM jo2 A k w ] BM kAkC Bj
 ow M  U oiC T{AjoM AoM  B`MovQ B ?j{
BnBT2n pA nBvM s Aiji pA {B kwn o/ M ?koQ
/k{BM qj
njAoM BM jni U ow oM o A /j{ Ti B\A M BTwAj
Am> C pA pA yM  k{BM oUa pA nkU C A {BM T{Aj SMBUn

Aiji r 196

a BM kB{ /jnhM A nAmM  k{BM A Br % M kB{ ,joLM S%


nj ,jnAj kB kA onBXA
jBC
,oUnqM njAoM  SwA Ap

jo2 jn jo nj ,SwA 1 kBzi SLv ,kj  n*B ,jn jo


2
Swj AoM r o A /k jB%TwA oUnqM jo2 BA C pA oUa
a njAoM ,knj 5 BTeA M ,{BM T{Aj jni C pA kz
,SwA ,knjk ,oMAoMj kM nj r C jM BTeA o A /jnAj An r C
M <kBM> `M o , nj /k{BM A 5~ pA oT C M pB RnoT kB{
a BU /jnAj ke C BA /jpkM za kA RBBA pA ji w pA yM
Bj M a ,ji BoAi BnjAoM Swj n  Aq  ke C BU ?ke
/j{ xji K~  k{BM jw oMAoMj Swnj ,jnAm ,kB a kC
`M n* njB o /k ]U `M T2o o{ pA Bp v M
pA /k jBC kM `M AoM An ji kATM  jo o{ pA An ji nAio{
SeAn Am> L o{ a ,jnhM o{ jnAj p 2 `M ,2o*
/k nB ji kp AoM j{ nj jnAk Swj `M ,SwA owjnjM
,k BU An ji kp joM B2 B\Aow kAi A ,M oUmUj
njAoM jnC Bj M AoM A T{Am jApC njB pA k{ Ak]  k{BM TU kBM BA
ao /A pA njB nAk BU k{BM yBr % M oTzM a BoAi
/k Be o{ nAk pA oT jw SLv M ,k{BM oUnqM `M
An A pB pA a zhM o{ z{ ,SwA oUnqM A  j A M
A M /SwA oUBAU ,Am> T2B AoM ,q Rn nj , M ,k jnCoM
njAoM o A ,jAj oUa `M M AU  An o{ z{ ,KUoU
T2o oM ji jB w pA yM kA RBBA pA UAnj jnhM ynqM
`M  [nkU M /jni An o{ C ya njAoM  TU BM vB nj SwA
o{ pA SwA y% M k tBveA njB  kwn Bp ,j{ oUnqM
pA kM  /k{BM oj `M o2 M C B] M kzM Swj `M M jAj
q nqM `M C ji Br % M T2o o{ pA C  kwn Bp ,C
Bhv oj C AoM ,o{ z{ %  SwA A/d A /Sv
xji kM Br pA yM ,SwA yBnjAoM oAi kM nj
 yr
BTeA

197

Bv joL :Tz ~.

/k{BM
A nj 
qa ,Sv m6 `M njB M nBpBw k A
BU An 2 `M kAi njB /SwA kMBp SMBM pA o/ TiA jn
jAj A M An xA<jB> w A AoM nAm Bow BM  kj o{ Bp
/SwA jAj A M yUBBA pA  BU `C kp M kA T2o o/ nj BM ;k{BM
/knAj LU jo `M njB ,KUoU M /Sv 2AU k _ B\A BU
oMAoMj pA yM kC B`M AoM nAio{ A q oj  Bp
TU BA /j{ 6U o{ SwA oTM ,kwn 2 `M M  j{ jw
ji w pA yM A`M njB o/ pA  j{ AkQ TiA `M njB M
oMAoMj pA oT oj B`M AoM A nB A q p ,k jB%TwA
/SwA B eo A ,joM A  SwA jw
j{ /SwA `M njB M TiA jnA pA ;2 T2o o{ pA Bp
A kC kB Bj M BnjAoM oAi jo2 M Aq An C
oM SMBUn /SwA T2o An BkB Bj M C KB] njB C nj  ,S2o o/ nj
pA BM B ,kC Bj M BM  B`M ,oTBe BLUn M RBBA ow
mL* njB ,pBM , B\A /k{BM oUTv SwA ,kC oM hU
/SwA B~A SBn Ao j
BC /k{ mJU nj ji kA ;wU BkoQ ]] pA nBvM
Bj nj An oj jni B o njB ,k jBo2 jAj pBM j BM
]] o Ak kM kBM ,SBe oUJ6 nj /jpAkA BC pA
M An Am> njB B nkQ C z o A AoMBM /k{BM A wo Aq BM KwBT
TU a ,kwoM ji jB w M kBM uo ,kkM Ak oUkM
nj  SwA qa A /kzM jBo2 kM i kBL oj ,jni 2B pAkA M
% UoQ nj BA /kj fn kBM ,k KU v TU , ;Ao{ oTM
T{Aj An nB/TA A ,{BM T{Aj An jAo2A KU nB/TA kBM ,BAiji r
BM AoBo kn A /kM nj ji wo Aq jn nj  {BM
c6w C kzM jBo2 kM njM BC SwA Aop ,jo Rk{
Rk{ pA kAU BA /kB JBve M nj oj \T nj j{ nB\ jBo2

Aiji r 198

mJU BM An2 ,jnAjoM Ak yB nj An B A  jo2 o Aop ,kBM ji


M TLA /jo nAoU Am>M o nj oTzM
BTeA j{ RApB\ oT
,X /j{ kM pAkA keM BkoQ ]] Ak ,oj A o*Bi
roA ,T nj ,k K] An BonB{ ]U SwA kM i Ak
/k o~ An jBp
kC Bj M BM  `M jAkU pA ,kj  n*B ,B
k\M Am> o*Bi M M X kAU /SwA oUqn i ,SwA M pA oU5d
2o M njB AoM
6Ao{ nj kj B /ko B5T A K>A
nAmM A oM An o2 ve n*M AU /joM `M C jnAmM  SwA
A BA ,kj AjA kp AoM U M /d oiC BU kBM 5T `M C 
nkU M 5T U TU /k MyQ An qa a Bq o/
,joM kA RBBA pA  jw ,kp M kA yB BM  j{ AUB
BUBTz SBT BM kBM A ,j{ RBBA C pA oj B`M jw 5~ pA oT
/k yBr K~ An jw oTzM KUoU A M A /j{ AomQ An o
i ,kAk{ jAp BM  BC pA o A ,kM> :k oA  r
knj 5 Aop ,SwA m2 r Aqi nj <oM U ,Tv oUa
BTeA ,k AkQ RB\ ji njAoM B oAi kM nj kp BM  jnAj BTeA
ov nj kBM /SwA  nBvM Rn o nj 5d kM C nj ykB kp
pA LU /k{BM T{Aj j] d SzoM 6 5T U kp
6 C M A d M /kj AjA ji xU M kBM A 6 C M kwn
nkQ B jAq BU q Ani  kj BTn Bd]oU k Bn An ji kBM ,kwn
/j{ xnjB
M ,jo SLd nAm ]] Aq jn nj q o/ pA TU
kA AoM 6 joLAn kC  A `C BA ,jo nB{A dT A
nBaj nB] Bw nj ji nAm ]] J6 Aq jn nj  SwA
<kAj> J6 ke BUA `C pA yM hU kAU A /SwA ~UM
,jn nB/TA  k{BM C pA oTM Am> o/ pA Bw C o A ,KUoU A M /jnAmM
jo  An noT kAU /k{BL a o A /SwA kC xo oTzM `M

199

Bv joL :Tz ~.

o/ pA
X ,k mJU M BM oMAoM An `M C  k{BM ywAe kBM /kj yB
C pA o> ,SwA o o{ nj B]M o A ,k{BM KoA ,pAkA
An Bjni jM oj ,C jB qa B hU jnp pA A nAm Bow
]U a 5T U kkQ kB{ ,njB C Bkj pA /k A o
/k{BM BTeA BnoT pA njB o] kjBz kAU /k{BM T{Aj
/SwA k{ kBz BkoQ pA nBvM nj kkQ A
 jo o/ nj BM {B An Ae o  AnBTwA pA jB%TwA BM
,Bv jB<U ,kpo2 kA M jB<U pA AU ,SwBr %e <y2k>
/o* j pA Tjkd _ kM ,SwA 5oo pnBL A / SLd
C pA oUwo k jA /k jB%TwA jp  AoM To2 o pA `M
nj UA ke pA oTzM ,Sv  SwA C pA oU`M kB{ /Sv BUA  SwA
AoM v] o/ pA  SwA C pA oU5T oUa A /SwA o6i o
nBTiA nj  An wB{An bw o ,kzM B{ fB{ xnjB nkQ
B] BU Swnj /jo nB M jB%TwAw ,Ko2 ,KU ,nj k{BM T{Aj
xAr SLv pB\ ke pA yM k jnA yAkBzi M  noT 
Ko2 KU KoA k ] An ji tAe kBM kA ,o* C pA /k{BL
BTeA  kAkM njB nkQ o A /SwA AjBw nB oBoM /knh k{BM
mJU xn pA SwA ,kM nj xji jM wo jn nj `M jnAj
An jBo2 jAj `M C o A Te k jB%TwA ,C pA oTzM AoM Bv
nj o A ,k nj `M C kB{  SwA A SwB\A nj  z /jpAkM
pA An ji BLAo Br pA nAk njB nkQ C ,joM mJU k \T
wo SBw ka ;2 pA kM L* ;d nj BkoQ /kj Swj
/koM SwA
1
jAj Bz An B`M jB%TwAw pA Bi B6{ { Bd /d
`M /k K] M An BonB{ ]U Ak  kp jBo2 n* `M :SwA
M jAj Am> yjo S Bw An BU ,<oM Ao BM ,BMn ,BMn> <k>
1. A. Zahavi

Aiji r 200

M An A kwn xAjB w pA oTzM Am> M KUoU A M /SwA


A nj  A /jnC Swj M ji M SLv o6i jo ]T BM
nB M BM BQA  SwA B ,SwA BQ BenM nBT2n {
o\% An C  k kkU ,SwBQA nj xji  Be nj ,jo
nj a M  nAj kjoU /kkM A M ]BM A o jo kAi
A pA M ,SwA BenM nBvM  o*Bi A M ,j{ jAj oUoM BU
o A /k{BM T{Aj  jB%TwAw `M C AoM % nAj {
A  S]
A /kj Swj pA An Bqa i A ,j{ AkQ onB{  ow BUA
{n ,jo /e Bd ji  jn ,kpo2 U jn nj <U
pA yM kBM A ,k{BM T{Am B A AoM nka
LU xnjB Sv /SwA
j] A Br 5~ ;2 njB nj a ,kkM SA ji kp M ,xnjB
omQKwC `M Twj pA ;2  kkU C o A Te , M /jnAj
BM A Aop ,Sv 2o M { A pBM kA nj BM  ,k{BM
knj 5 r o/ pA ko6i o nj A BM  BnjAoM B oAi C pA o
nj o/ A  SwA A n~U /knjk xji BM ,SwA qoTz
]] oUnqM ;2 ,RjB M BM onB{ C  kCnj Swnj Un
A M  SwA 2o M ,oUa ]] AoM SU C /joLM An
o6i M jBp nB A BM xji Aop ,kBzM M An onB{ BQ mo*
An oUS% ,Rji jo o\% B] M  SwA A L{ <U A /kT2A
/nAmM RnjAoM ow n
TiB2]] AoM SwA JBnA { A A oUK\
ka pA o nj jB TiB2 ,kAj  n*B /k{BM 2oM
BhU C n B] pA oLiM kA
C jnAm hU ,oj BkoQ

xnoQ xnB nj  njAoM B oAi BM TiB2 ]] AoMBM /kz


AkM  Aln jM ,BTiB2 `M pA <M) /jnAk qoTz r T2B
nAm A oM An o2 Be /knAk UB oAi B njAoM ,S% Ai
`M BTn AoAi AnjAoM  nAj nBow B C pA BM B 
 kzM jBo2 kM nkU C ATiB2 `M o A (/k kp nB nj BTiB2

201

Bv joL :Tz ~.

BA An xAkp SwA jAj Swj pA jBp qa ,k K] An AonB{ ]U


/kkM Swj pA An xA`M nBa kB{ ,SwA kpBM oTzM A pA A BTn njB
,kkM Am> yw pA oTzM A M  SwA A 2o M njB AoM AoMBM
/jpnBM xo6i M kB{ joM nB A pA TiB2  jw
Br wn BMp M ,C ]U AoM SwA oTM  SwA jnA pA A
AqTA BnBTwA A BM  j B*A ji M A AoM ;2 ,jooM
jBo2 jAj ow BM TiB2 `M  o2 A BUA /Akz RoQ eo pA jBp
xAUB njB nkQ <oLM An BnjAoM oAi BM ,onB{ ,onB{>
BQ nj  SwA qa B M r BMp M ?jnAj B a k kkU An
/kC
jBo2 Aop j{ AAo2 xAr Aqi nj TiB2 jp
jBo2 kM r
jAkU
Bz y A j /k jBp An UB kA ;wU k{ mJU BTeA kM
Aqi nj BjBo2 A M gwBQ r
 SwA A BjBo2 A M kA jAj
nkQ o  SwA jM A BC nBzTA j /SwA k{ ozT UB r
B{ji B`M pA oT jAkU ,kjAk 2BTA Am> TiB2 M  BTn njB
M  LUn BnjB nkQ C M SLv oT jAkU k nqM kATvAU An
An BonB{ BTiB2 C jBo2 Aop SwA a /kAjAj oTzM Am> B{BTiB2
pA ow SB nj q jBo2 Br A BTeA ao /jnC w M
Swj BM q jBo2 Br ,jM pjBo2 Br pA oT knBMnj onB{ {
nj pjBo2 r AoMBM :kk{ RApB\ oTzM 2BTA w C M T2B
/k{ yhQ TiB2 r Aqi
kTwA pA MBz o\p ,kC BM nj  oUAqTA kTwA BLj M
TiB2 r Aqi nj
BTeA jo lBiA a r ao kj Bz r
yhQ r Aqi nj  SwA kM BA ,j{ yhQ
nj ,TLA /SwA jo K] An BonB{  Sv A yj UAke ,j{
SwA jp jBo2 r k{ yhQ AoM oj j
B B K] C oYA BUB pA kj
LU  n*B k{BM T{Aj j]
nj ,k{BM T{Aj j] o A ,onB{ zq oYBU B\A nj ,BA /SwA AonB{

Aiji r 202

AkTMA nj ao A ,BTiB2 To2 jn nj /k oUAnC An BjBo2  SwA S] A


jBo2  k{BM A SwA onB{ }Bi oYBU BA ,kwn o/ M UBT
/k oUkM An
oj BTiB2 BC  kj Bz d M  jnAk j] kB{
jB%TwA lBiA xn A pA BUA ,kA]] A Rn B M  BkoQ
BM koQ ,BX AoM /knAk  qa kw pA B BC BA /k
hU oj BkoQ nj ,BTiB2 X ,1 <v k BAn>
/SwA q\ Aki qU q M <v k BAn> ]] /jnAm
ykM kz pBM p yza TU ,kC oM hU pA A dM
njAoM M xkBtAj q BM ,SwA AUB oj RnBL M y{QM
jo AnjAoM :k nBQ o ke BU An BC kM e ji UB BoAi
\T M RB%U  BM BBToM TiB2 /k SMBUn Am> ow
pA oUjp TiB2]] AoMBM SwA BU hU n A kMAi Bp /kwn
,kC oM A d M /kC oM hU pA xA BoAi njAoM
oM pA An oj BhU ,kz A\T BM BA ,nBji TvM za
kM /kj B] ji BM j M j nj An C hU op jn /jpAkA
yBBM Tv]oM M  An hU ,j{ jq L M TvC
k{BM A BU nj BU ,k An nB BhU BM /k RoQ ,T{Aj
/kj |B~TiA ji M An xAUB kA ]U AoMBM
/ ;wU k{ ]T T{m Bw nj  Bqa oU]U MBU pA
BAU BC /jM k{ xnAq BBPwA pA 4 Anw / 3 Bnj tBnC / ,2 pnAC
An eAq BU kjo wnoM An TiB2 BM BBMoU BM UB kA
BhU BC ,yBpC * nj /]] B SwA TiB2 BhU kAkM k AkQ
oj B B]] BhU ,vB AoM ` ,BTiB2 ]]
nj An TwoQ]] ,jn nj /kjo >Ap jnA An TwoQ X
1. honeyguide
4. H. Segura

2. F. Alvarez

3. L. Arias de Reyna

203

Bv joL :Tz ~.

p n >Ap BhU pA kk{ ]T kM pn /kjAj nAoU >Ap


kT{Am yB] ow kT{AjoM An C pBM AoMBM /jM Tvz hU /SwA jBT2A
BM ,a TwoQ C /jM nCS%{ BUA kkj  qa /kT2o o/ op
hU C oj nBM /SiAkA oM pA An hU ,TiB2]] X Swnj nBT2n
xn M ,TwoQ ]] /jBT2A =B%UA B BUj pBM kjAj nAoU yB] ow An
BU K K S{Aj yBM Tv]oM j M B] An hU ,TiB2
/jBT2A p M hU ji  B] BU ,S2n L
kBz A kjo w ,Sd~ n pA kB{ ,yAnB pnAC
r Aqi nj SvAU nBT2n a a /kj cTU An nCK\U
/k{ Mo TwoQ jB kp nj qa M kBM ?k{BM T2B BU TwoQ
BTwoQ jB n*M ,jnCnj >Ap pA ow TwoQ ]] jB n*M
nBT2n A jM BC /k{ kj B{ji q] oj B] _ nj
nj e kT SwBw
M L* JBhTA BC ?k{BM TiB2 kT nBpBw

?B{ji bw BM BTiB2 kM AoM r ,jAj oUoM TwoQ r Aqi


hU TwoQ nj TiB2
 SwA A SUA kwn o/ M
nj  >Ap hU C ,o/ A tBwA oM /k{BM yj kB{ /jnAm
X , j A M kB{ ,k{ ]A nBT2n Ba BM UB%UA n*M ,jM yBpC
kATM TwoQ ]] o A /jM TwoQ hU pA oUnqM xApAkA ,BTiB2 hU
A njB B ,j{ ]T An TwoQ jB BhU nqM hU M RB%U
,kj B\A An nB A njB Aoa jn A nj /jzM RB%U A ]T kBM
Ao/ M AoTA ?]] AoM BU k{BM oUSeAn njB AoM kBM nB A
oj kwB2 BhU jBT2A oM M o\ jB n*M TwoQ nBT2n C nj 
oTM An C kAU kA pBM /SwA jnA q j{ nj BBJ{C
nB  pA hU TiAkA oM  SUA A /kj kj B\A
/j{ B\A 5T TwoQ ]] ;wU jnAj RnB M pB SwA Shw
pA Ao ,kj B\A oUSeAn i An C B BM TwoQ  Be nj
/jnAj y% M n `M C  kBwn \T A M ,kA C Bkj
/jnAk TiB2 M 6Mn
A <U A cTU
BTeA o/ M

Aiji r 204

a BM BTwoQ `M j{ BC BA ,kT%M AkA oM po xn~U pA SwA


RBBA ow oM jnAj k~U kC Bj M A C  B] C pA ?kM nB
M An A ,k SMBUn kAkB Bj M p  BoAi BnjAoM BM kA
do{ pA BhU pA TiAkA oM BM An xAkp  kM ji jw
/k
o/ nj kA Bkj pA An nAmhU Aq J6 ke q o/
o/ pA nAm ]] Aq oTM ,{BM njB TwoQ o A /S2o
nAm ]] Aq oTM ,{BM TwoQ ]] o A BA /SwBU [Q
X ,
C !{BM BC pA  *o{ M TLA ,SwA oT jAkU o/ pA
Bv n*M An C kAi jnAj nBTiA nj An RBBA pA nAk ,kA
ji \Q pA yM w nB/TA ]] o BA /k vU xA]] [Q M
oj BM Aop ,kAi An RBBA C ,TiB2 i oM A /jnAj An
1 oTzM /jnAj kBzi SLv B]]
oM BM kAU A /kAi pA
5
oj hU TiAkA oM BM , 1 M An ji w hU ;2 TiAkA
4
1
,j{ jBp nj
BTeA znjAoM r ,r BMp M ]oU BM /kBwoM M
3
xj] BTeA ,SwA knjk ynjAoM jo2 kM nj C j] BTeA Aop
/SwA knj 5 ;2 A BMoU kM nj
nBT2n a v  nBM SwA kM A o/ A oM A AoTA
AkkBT cTU _ /k{BM kj ,jAj fn BUA o A ,An Ajw
:k kp TwoQ pA UB%T BjAs ,Bj 5Th BB] nj /nAk C AoM
vAo2 jAs ,RB] <M pA /jnAj =o2 vA BM vAo2 jAs k
 o2 ,T2o nAoU mUj kBz jn vA jAs pAkAM
/kAjo ]U C M jnAj j] znjAoM
BTeA
nj ,znjAoM To2 kB ,Tdo> o/ a BM AoM j
nBT2n A C /woM  T M Ai  SwA A B\A
nj
BTeA  SwA nBT2n pA *Ao2A SBe ;2 TiB2 `M BenM
BU knAj M oUjq SLv U BnjAoM /jnAj Bo] BjABi B
o A Te /SwA ]nj o/ pA 
RB%U A BA ,yBkAinjAoM M TiB2

205

Bv joL :Tz ~.

jnA kBM ,kMB BU kATM nB{C znjAoM a   nBM AT


C  Aq BC nj  ,k{BM T{Aj j] 5%i BAiji pA jBp
MB nj ,jpAjoQ ,yBnjAoM oAi M jnA RnBvi RnM ,`M
a nj /kMoa C M ,SwA M j pA yM j{ yL~  jw
kpo2 kA M UA 2B jB<U ,T2o o{ pA Bp jn X ,jnA
/jnAj j]
/j /n ?SwA oTzM yk{ koM BTeA v a Bv M joL nj
o/ tBwA oM /jnAj  gwBQ Cw A k LB] B nj nkBvA
B{ AoM JBT ~2 A kAi ,k{BM a o A BA /SwA koM z kA A
M B AoM KB] dT k{BM Swnj nkBvA o/ o A /SwA jAj nk SU
M A j M ,kMB BU AonBXA nBT2n ,BX AoM /SwA op nAoU
/SwA kA Br % M ;2 a M ,SwA jo2 ji Br S%
nBT2n AoM oj S BU o/ pA kA nBTwj ,nkBvA UM
AoMBM /SwA LB{M co  kBzi JBhTA C pA Ak] ,SwA AonBXA
 {BM ]T
B  B6 SUj M An nkBvA kTwA SwA p
BM B BA ,jAj B\A TBn { M kBM An nB A UA nj /SwB\ nj A BLT{A
o/ B{A AnA BA ,JBT A nj RBTBn Tv joMnB pA qoQ
/AjnC Ao2 ve % RnM An nkBvA
k o2> :SwA k{ }hU U A nj r M Mo A
T

nj KUoU A M ,j{ xji % M RBBA oMAoMB pU WBM ///A`M


,An jo2 1 TvB{ KUoU A M  r /kj yB An njB XkU ,
oTzM An C c6w A BvnqM nj kAU ,k oTM ,SwA A]  TU
jo2 C BjAp pA zAq2A M n yhM nj AT2By] r a Aop ,jnB
y] AoiA  An r nkBvA  oA A </S{Aj kAi j] T2B y]
r SwA oTM /Sv A kTwA wBwA T kj nAoU ]U jn T2B
<TvB{> /SwA kwn VnA M kA pA pA  oM o/ nj An MB
1. Fitness

Aiji r 206

A nkBvA K6 K /SwA XkU nj S2 |Bi B M 2 o/ pA


M ji w pA yM qa M j nj A`M j{ WBM  r /SwA
nj ,kqM a knAj XkU o/ pA xnjB xnkQ  jAkoM  BM
TU An nB A Aqw /k oTzM An xji kB kp BTeA UA
r B
BTeA  yAkpo2 Aop ,k{BM k{ kA xji  kM
XkU nj  S2 o/ pA A  k{ WBM ,kAjoM VnA M An Aiji
Sv m2 r a AoMBM /kT2A SwA k ji  Ba nj A /k S2A
/kApnBL A koM z
BTeA kA
k BL oM Aop ,kAqAoM B nj kjoU An2 kBM kTwA A
<kA> BrA pA n* nkBvA /jnAk Sj] UA nj  SwA r nBU
/jnAj j] BC M wBwA r RB%U  k jB%TwA <kpo2>

X ,Sv BRB%U kpo2 kA M


ao ,kj  n*B
nj ,kC oM BC kM pA B`M ,kTv Akpo2 pA oUnqM kA
Aq ,k B  o* o pA /jnAk j] jBM nBU k _ UA
An nkBvA T% ,n/ kz o~U M AoM /SwA knj 5 kBzi
nj B oj <`M> <kA> BrA jo B]MB] BM TLA , nAoU
RBBA SiA pU WBM  jnAj r kA k o2 /q Rn
,SwA kA TU ,An jo2 TvB{ Rn A M  r /j{ kA
M </k{BM jnB BQ j nj ,An A TvB{ c6w kAU ,k oTM
M jB<U o nj A M ,nkBvA o/ 5Bh wn A\T M KUoU A
/SwA koM kpo2
BTeA ,kpo2.kA
jBw ke pA yM kTwA jo /jnAj j] B\A nj B{A  SwA
nkBvA 5Bh o/ RBLYA k{ nA U A pA k /kAk{
nBTo> B~ Rn C M AU j Bz Ai ;2 ,Sv
pA  B SMBM pA kTwA nkBvA kTwA /jo kTwA
Bkj pA kA Bkj pA nkBvA ,SwA B{A AnAj knAj jo$ Bkj
TeAn M , jB%TwA <TvB{> 2 b6A pA TU nBM M /kpo2
qoQ JBT A nj rA A joMnB pA j M /kC yQ B{A A

207

Bv joL :Tz ~.

C SwA bo6 BU nj yBkj  jnAj j] qa ;2 UA nj /jo


jp nj BAU o*Bi M ,SwA qj kM nj  r /SwA Aiji r
BM jo np nj BAU o*Bi M kA kM Br ;j{ kqoM kA
qj kM nj KUoU M Bv Br  oA A nj /k{ JBhTA B`M
oTM nj B{BAU o*Bi M Br /Sv UBT ko B] kA
BSo2 pA BC :k{ kqoM knAj nBTiA nj  UnkU oA pA jB%TwA
Tvz `M kM nj r TU /k jB%TwA ji jw M KwB
nj r C  TU BM SwA RB%T jnAj nBTiA nj jB%TwA AoM  To2 ,SwA
kp pA eo j A nj A J6 SwBw AoMBM /SwA kA kM
kBM j SwBw C   o2 nkBvA kB jnAk j /SwA RB%T
/k nj M Ak pA An A
pA A /jo kTwA nkBvA BM S%Bh nj AU oj An pA
w pA jo o2 kpo2.kA 6MAn nj An TwnjB nBU k ,w
BM ,pnoU o/ tBwA oM ,k{BM BUjB /jo o2 njAoM.oAi M An C
TiAkA o6i M ,jpAjoQ oTzM w T2o AoM Aiji `M 
SLv BM kBzi pA Bi jn njAoM oAi BA /SwA yBnjAoM oAi
oAi pA A AoM Aiji `M C ji kC `M xpnA /kA knj 5
SMBM  ~Bi q  kBM AoMBM /SwA oT oTzM yBnjAoM
o pAkA BUA ,jnAj j] ji jB w pA yM RBBA M jp a
Akpo2 BM M ,jn Swj pA  BnjAoM oAi Kve oM ;2 j{
nkBvA o/ /kn Swj pA M SLv ji BAiji BM  AkC
 KUoU A M ,yAkpo2 M qj Aiji nBzTA B{A jn nj
A M ;2 BA ,SwA qnj MBU Mi M RkpAnj nj A XkU jAkoM jo
`M AoM / 2BTA Bq o* M An C BjB nj kBM 
UAke kC xo  ~Bi jw  SwA 2o M jM Aiji TU BU
oAi ;2 BA /jnAm yjq Bzi Swj n  k{BM ]oi oMAoMj
kBM jo2 o /jo Jvd Bzi pA kBM q An kC Akpo2 M ,njAoM
pnoU A o2  ,kAkM ji AnjAoM B2n xpnA oMAoMj An ji B2n xpnA

Aiji r 208

A /kj BM xAkC Akpo2 pA o oMAoMj xji M kBM A BA /SwA


k{ pBwnB kA %M pBTA ,2B jB<U A nj  nkBvA o \T
/Sv cd ,SwA
oUUA BkTwA ,r jn nj wBwA K6 A oM nkBvA
o{ kA /jnAj kpo2 kA 6MAn nj Te nBU k nj zn  jnAj
nB Bqa M Am> jnC Swj M AoM
 SwA v ,SwA B2
~U kA o A /jnAj Swj nj An gow  SwA BB] nj AoMBM ,k
oUa a ,kM kAU nB kpo2 ,joM uQ An ji RBBA joM
M ]UM  SwA TU nj kA AoMBM /k ]BTA kAU SwA
SwnjB WdM A  SwA /k dU An ji jAnA kpo2 SwAi
pA BUA kA /jnAj j] BUA To2 nBU k C ,jn A nj a ,Sv
An Ji B=n kwn o/ M /koUkjBj oUU ,oUnqM B`M
Am> j{ ,X /knAj TwC nj koM oM ka B`M BA /knAj Swj nj
M  SwA A Rn oTM BA ,jo vU BC M Bv
B n*M An
A kA AoM SBe oTM /jAj oTzM  ,k jB%TwA Am> pA oTM  BC
o/ M kj  n*B SwA wo pAkA a kM A M `M o  SwA
 kTv TU nj B`M BA /SwA T2B BU B/ a kwn
 Be nj ,kAwo nka kAj BUj a ,kM nj SeAn kAU
k2 kA AoM BLoU / B k SwAn BC  kp tke ;2 BC kA
/k2 An nAkiB{ Bnj
BTeA ao ,SwA o> a Bnj
AoM ,SwA Bd{i SU a yj  kAkM kA SwA Ji ,nBMj pBM
BBz /kj Bz xnjB B nkQ M An ji jM jB{  SwA Ji `M
kA M  kAk{ kqoM j A M kB{ jp khL jAj Ak AnC X
 A`M kj /kBwn oM B`M M oTzM B{nB Ak kB2
yhMSBTn njB o AoM ,Mo `M AnC oioi Ak ,jki
U BoAn nj  { k nj Am>  % B M ,SwA kkBU
SBTn A kM oioi B o{ khL  BA /SwA kkBU SwUnj
khL pA jB%TwA BM kAU  jnAj nAoU TU nj `M oj ,jAj Bz An kA

209

Bv joL :Tz ~.

ji jB w pA yM A RBBA pA kBio`M ji M An kA oioi B


/k K*
_ SwBv M joL koM v a  Cw A AoM ,AoMBM
J6 ST pA AqC j{ Be BTB `C /jnAk j]  gwBQ
BM yz A /SwA kA o/jn J6 ST kpo2 o/jn
C M  M /SwA vB MBU xAUB njB nkQ TiB2 M yz
{j knAj oTz 2B r o/ pA {j j Aop ,Sv q B Rk{
,Be A BM /j{ AkQ wBve BBp nj ;2 B ,jnAj po ke BC
,joM nB M TiB2  An Bxn pA nBvM SwA jo2 ji `M
Aiji pAkA C oj ,jo nB M An jo jB%TwA w jp X
/M TiB2 nj  jnAk
nAoU WdM jn An BZp M jB<U C nj  ,kM ~2 ,~2 A
An BnjB nkQ <M Te kB{ k ] BMkM nBvM SwA ,j
k BU oj nBM /k Ao ,kAjo ok 5U B`M 5U An ji 
B`M  k u_ /Sv BB C BqA pA SLd  
Bznj nj Aiji r a kp An ji njB nkQ TvAj Ak
AoM To2 _ kBM `M> X qa TU , nAoU /SwA
% M An <kBM> rA ,<kk Swj pA An jB%TwAw Ko2 ,nj ,KU
nBT2n B UiA nBT2n A M nBT2n d A pA /AjoM nB M Bi
An B`M L* JBhTA  An A ;2 / nAkLB] J6
kBz BM ,KUoU A M A kqoM k nBT2n Rn A M 
nj An Aiji KU kj nB/TA kBM ,L* B;d nj BS]
M r Aqi nj <k KU kBM `M> RnBL /{BM T{Aj jABi
tnj jzM o A /j{ jAj oUoM jnAjA KU M An `M  Br
n*A ,jAj jB B`M M kBM An
 SwA A ,S2o C pA UiA
/k{BM B{UAl S{ow pA q]  Sv
onBXA

Aiji r 210

~

(jB o) u] j B ]
,jnAj j] 2B jB<U knAj An ok r knj 5  kpo2 kA M TU
?k{BM oUkk{ kBM ke a BU knAk ok BM TLv _  BS%] M jB<U
pA /knAj BzoTz kpo2 nj  SwA r w knj 5 BC qoTz qa BU
qoTz `M C nj UB%T B S2
M njB nkQ  B\C

o A /SwBC jo jw M A jo nqM nj nB ,kTv kU


Aka ,kzM nB An ji ,yUBBA pA oMAoM nAm Bow nj BU BM kA
Bo{ pA  B`M AoM T{Am B BM kAU Aop ,k noT
n*A j{ AoMBM /k ozT An xji Br k AkQ oj v]
M An A k jB%TwAw oj o* pA jnAj w o* o  S2o o/ nj
<kAi> jo2 `C ,SBe oUJ6 nj /jnAjA oTzM nAm Bow
BM  SwA A (k{BM SwA A ao ,Sv v] Rm n/)
jnAmM k qoU An BC uPw xqC 5Bh u] B<A pA jAkU oTzM
Bo jn nj ST A ,kj Ai  n*B /k nqM An B`M A
pA zhM knL\ Bo oj B ioM nj BA ,j{ kj B <M
,jB o S Ao{ pA S{AjoM A /kzM xj M An B`M xnoQ w nBM
s M ,SwA LB]j jBTA k jB%TwAw C nj  A6MAn A M
BTLv WdM BwB{nBT2n o/ pA dT A /SwA jM pnoU k BU jn
,C pA LU Ro{B
,xqC ,v] nBT2n pA B n~U
LU /SwA kk]

!jM Bb o*BiM Te LB]j 2B BM nB


Aiji r 212

An jM jB jM o A RAl jooM A A M SwAn kBM


A kM k{ SLd Sv] nBMnj w ~2 nj /j nAoU Cw jn
<M o RBAe <M  T2omQ /j{ nB{A C wBwA
nBU
k
M

/Sva BrA A UA nj woPM C kM B jB An oj


pA  B AoM ?Sva A nj WBU % ?Sva jM o o] ,Ji
,o wBU SC T{Aj ji |Bi BBz BM Sv] ,AnAkBTvQ
o> ,po Bs <M ,|~h Bk> pA jAj o{ ,BAp
nB M SwA nAkBTvQ  jo2 u] U AoM ;MAT A /j{ 5oU
pA  SwA A X ,Sv oLT Aka BB AnB]  AoM BA ,kC
A M / o/nBoA A Sv] jn nj AhM BvA nA{ {
kB{ /jnAk j] Bi wBU SC u]j pA _ nj ,>BMnU nj ,BX
BA TLA /k{BM T{Ak An ji B % C oj jB o BrA B\C nj
B{oi pA AU TeAn M knh jnj M B>BMnU 5U nj o A kArA
M An B>BMnU jAjnAoU RnM AU {BM T{Aj Swj o A /nmM
 SwA Sv] nj wBwA s BA / vU 2 u] 1 u]
nAoU pA jB o jo Ak] BL AnB] BB nj An C j{
A C /jp jB n An jM jB KvaoM o n An jM o KvaoM jAj
pA oUnB{oQ oUqn i o B<1 Ap> B v] Bw  SwA
=jB AnB] nj BB jn nj oA A /SwA jB <BAp>
SwA A oUSeAn SwA S{nj B{v] Bw jAo2A pA Twj /SwA
Bw ,B o TeAn o*BiM  ,oj o /BM jB An BC 
,SwA nB{C BkoQ Bkqi nj sM RB%U A /SwA oUqn B{v]
 mJ jA pA nB{ow nqM nkU C ,SwA nqM w hU o BC nj
BBvA nj Te /k BU An k{n Be nj j Ap Am> T%ka kAU
/SwA oUS{nj oPwA pA BnBM pBM ,j{ kj Nwo BM hU 
u] j A M oj BRB%U BU ATM kB{ kj Ai  n*B
1. Gamete

213

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

/AkM wBwA RB%U A pA {B An


fn v] XkU ,B^nBU <M
X ,AkTMA AkTvp <M nj
M  B/ nj /j{ /e jM jB B jM o kj
kAU Ak o /kTv %U MBU u]j M jAo2A SwA nz 1 Apn]
hU oPwA Ap RB%T d j  Sv n*A /jqBM oj BM
kB 2 Apn] kA kB v] Bw M ,k{BM T{Aj j]
vU BM Ako  k{ zU kk] jAo2A Apn] j bB pA /k{
kAU A ,{BM T{Aj An C B , A Apn] w o A /kAk{ jB\A <p>
jB v] BB/ nj /jqBM C B A BM kAU B jqBM C B B BM
,jqBM C B B BM kATM k{BM oPwA A o A /jnAk j] TT a qo
/j{ KoU C BM kAU B k{BM hU kBM C B SU C
` r Bv jAkU M jo ,k{ KoU Apn] j TU
oPwA ,knAm S Ao{ M kk] jo2 nj An Am> oil pA oMAoM nAk
jA o/ pA hU BA ,knAm S Ao{ M An r Bv jAkU hU
jnAk z
A oPwA ,UAnj :jnAj S Ao{ A nj oTzM i w Am>
/d nj AoMBM /kBwn hU M An Br oTzM ao w BM ;2
jB SnBz pA oT nAm Bow A nj nkQ S Ao{ w nnBM
kAU pn nj o o kqn nBvM BoPwA  B\C pA /SwA (knj 5 )
jAkU BU nBvM Bp nj kAU BM uQ ,jpBvM An C pA B
,jn o nj a /k kU ,RB%T BjB pA jB%TwA BM ,kpo2 nB{M
An B`M jAkU T A ,AoMBM /k BU ] AoM 2B Am> njB
o  B`M jAkU BA /k jkd k{BM T{Aj kAU jB 
jB pA o oM BTwAj B\A pA /SwA jkdB k{BM T{Aj kAU

/j{ do{
kAU nBU k A BU a kAjAj Bz yAnB 3 onBQ
v] Bw  BA nj /k{BM A Apn] ST pA {B
1. isogamy

2. isogamete

3. Parker

Aiji r 214

n*M Bw <M ,kT2n nB M B] M kjM pAkA yM 


M S{nj Apn] ,Bo/ <M pA /jM M pA oUS{nj  UB%UA
oTzM Am> oil BM ,An ji ] Aop ,S{Aj oUoM qn Apn]
,KUoU A M /jp Un C AoM An Mi do{ AoMBM jo mJU
nj B{A BA /S2n yQ oUS{nj BApn] S] nj BU kn
BTeA
]oM AoM An An ,p ke pA oUS{nj BApn] BU /jM M
kU ;wT ke pA oUa BApn]  BC /jopBM BC pA BAiji
 Un nj TLA ,k jB%TwA ji % M T A pA kTvAU kjo
/j{ KoU oUS{nj Apn] C BM Bza Apn] kk{ 6
nj x] K]oQ oUow B]MB] M qn Apn] T{AjA BM A
Soe BM qn Apn]  jo2 /k{ nk S{nj Apn] ]Sv]
\T nj jpBvM An BC pA jBp jAkU  S{Aj An pBTA A SiBw ow
Bw kU M L* JBhTA /k{BM jBp nBvM xABM Akpo2 jAkU
,kjM C BM kQ S{nj Apn] ]Sv] nj ow a  v]
o/ nj An B Ak] Tv] BU <joLAn> j AU B AoMBM /jAj oUoM
An joLAn A j] /SwA jBp nAm Bow BM <BUjB> joLAn /oM
nj joLAn j A /jo pBM  nAm Bow BM BL*S% joLAn AoM An
BC /S2B AjA Rk{ BM kn A kT2o B2 pA ji ov nj ozQ
pA o RApBTA pA Aop kk{ LU jM MBM ;wT B{pAkA 
a An BpAkA Bo jB%TwAw /kjM od oU*Ao2A BjoLAn j C
S{nj An BpAkA [nkU M BnBTwnj /kjo oTzM An Soe Sow oUa
An Bo jB%TwAw w yB M n Aq kTwAi ,kjo oUS{nj
BzBLj x] K]oQ Bo jB%TwA w C nA a ,k AoL]
oj nBTwnj BM kj <c]oU> nBTwnj o /kk{ SoeM ,kjM
nBz2 C pA oU5T Bo jB%TwAw jo nj AoM JBhTA nBz2 BA /jqBM
pA AoM oTzM Bqa BC op A TiAkAoM M An Bo jB%TwAw  jM
kk{ BnBTwnj /kk{ poQ BU AoM joL nj AoMBM ,kT{Aj jAj Swj
/oPwA kk{ Bo jB%TwAw ,hU

215

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

jBw BL oM k{BM {pnAM nBvM jAo2A Bo kwn o/ M ,AoMBM


/k{BM BjB jAkU pA oT B{jAkU  {BM T{Aj nB/TA kB{ <Bb>
Aovoe  k kU oPwA nkU C kAU tBwA A oM o o a
jAkU RBAe S] nj  jo o2 j{ ,k{BM uM An jB 1 AnAj
jo BM n*A j{ oj { M /k{BM M 1 kBM o MB nj jB
j] jB <o~ nBM> j] oTzM o , o AoM ,
o/ A , B M  Bkj pA o A TLA /SwA <oUxpnABM>
,Bnj B2 jn nj wnoM nj ,*Ao2A nj /SwA cd
B
/kjAj y{Q An kBz jn BoS%] knj 88 Bo knj 4

BTeA  jnAj j] jApB o jBp jAkU ,oj jnA nBvM nj jnA A nj


BL] pA BA /j{ BzL~ oS%] So2 o owAow nj qo
nkUB An ji S] Am> MB ,SwA jB Bo A kp ,oj
<ob> M  v kj pA /S] C BvnqM oj  k o~
An jApB Bo C kBM
BTeA :SwA jAj nk AowA nB A ,SwA kT
o JBhTA o/  SwA Uz pA ;2 A /SvAj dBT]A A
Aoa A cTU nj ,Aiji r o/ ,C uoM /SwA ]A C BM
;2 oXkU Bo nj  TU Te ,koMAoM BjB Bo jAkU
A 1 oz2 /C/n nBMTvh /jnAk z ,k{BM Bo jAkU  pA a yhM
/jAj cTU An dT
pA Bi SBe kC Bj M jB jAkU a o jAkU a  v A
SwAi  kA AoM n*B Swnj /SwA kA joLAn nj z
jABi pAkA J6 ke jn nj kBwoM ke oTzM M An yr BM
/ WdM u] j M J6 SLv nBMnj AU  A ,jo WdM
?oTij nj B jnAmM j M ovQ nj An ji BLAo Br jC SwA oTM BC
AoMBM jo nAm Bow BovQ nj An ji Br njB o2 oM
BoTij n  LUn BM vB nj ,A d\ nj BC :k{BM jAk oTij M qa
1. R.A. Fisher

Aiji r 216

r
BC ?S{Aj kAi oTzM Bw kC r Aqi nj ,jo nAm Bow
 jAj Bz oz2 ?SwA oTij c]oU r pA oUnB{oQ B oUnB{ ovQ c]oU

A kBM C S qnj AoM /SwA 5:5 nAkBQ ,jB ;Ao{ nj SLv A


/ AkQ d*A Sv] U nBpBw pA 
/SwA op RnM r o/ pA Sv] U ,nAkBTvQ nj
oPwA A /k{ kLU jB B o j] M  knAj An jAkTwA A BhU
 BoPwA pA /jnC An Sv] kU Bpo  SwA
B pBwo oj /kTv X BoPwA B pBwjB j{ kU jo ;wU
o/ pA ;2 BzUB%U /knAj SBL{ M oPwA d j A /kA Y oPwA
A T{AjA BM ,k{BM T{Aj oTij ;2 nkQ j{ WBM  r /SwA po
j{ WBM  r /kwn ji k M jpBvM X oPwA ;2 A M
c{oU |Bi yoPwA njB  k nB ,k{BM T{Aj oTij ;2 njB
/k ;w An om B] B ,k
(ESS) nAkBQ BU o/
pA j oLAn jBU  qa M Ai B
joLAn ,jM Szi JBMnj  ~2 pA yM Te ,B\A nj ao ,woM k{BM
/k JBhTA An yB`M Sv] kAU jo2 _ /SwA  Rn ;2
o A /knAj yAo u] C B A T{Aj M  SwA Br JBhTA M njBU BA
j] ,kAu]j pA oMAoMB BSLv Ski nj  ,Br a  o2
LUn C pA oUnB{oQ r Aqi nj BC pA SwA BC ,k{BM T{Aj
?SwA oMAoM v] SLv Ski nj  j{
poM T2B y] r ,k{ o l
LU  Bnj B2 nj k o2
S] C nj a /k{BM T{Aj oTzM AoTij kA j{ WBM  k
knioM z M S%] T2B nj BoTij C ,jnAk j] o jL
A
SLv [nkU M S] C nj kM SwA /j{ ozT nAjoTij r
Bkj pA /k BjB jM jApB k{ oTzM w M Sv]
kAU o ka ;2 kj  Ba Aop ,j{ AkQ z ,Bb
SwA oBoM ,AoMBM /k Ao2 An BjB C AoM p oPwA
jBU  kj AjA ji nBzTA M nkU C pBwoTij r  j{ AkQ nB/TA A

217

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

ji %UM xU BM ,kBUBM o ka  j{  ke M u] j SLv


nkQ ka C knBM o/ nj Be /k ] An dBTA Uow kATM ;2
/k{ nAjnioM ABB] r pBTA a pA kovQ kpo2 KeB  njB
SwA nAjnioM kM ShM A pA k o ovQ n An xABow  uo
,knAk kU oTij pA o>  BC /k{BM jBp MC B2 nqMnjB B nkQ 
r BA BM vB nj A kTv od  jAkU pA  M
/kC JBve M qa SwA jz AnAjovQ n M nj  Bzinj
/jjooM K M Mo jnAm yAq2A M n pBwovQ r ,AoMBM
Mo A M ,UAnj /jo nB{A Mo Soe M jAj Bz jBw AoM
Aop ,joM yQ jBp ,BjB S Be S] nj ,o* nj ,j{ jAj pB]A
An C S] ovQ T{Aj AoM nBz2 ,j{ oMAoMB Bu] SLv A d M
o/ pA  SwA joLAn oMAoM jAkU M oTij ovQ kU
j oLAn /k
/k noT
B k 5hU C pA r o A  B A M ,SwA nAkBQ BU
AoM nB A ,T% oTij jAkU MB nj ovQ jAkU o/ pA An BTwAj
kA nAm Bow o/ pA An C kBM oUmUj { M ,jM K6 jo BwC
,k Ao2 kBM kA  An oj RBBA Am> C , BM
n*M kBM kA /j{ o pAkA kj LU ~2 nj  { C M kBM
,jAkU o/ pA
A /k nAmBow ovQ oTij AoM Bv
BovQ oTij o  UBBA  Un nj BA /k{BM oMAoM B{ovQ oTij
BU o/ pA  oMAoMB v] BSLv SwA k{BM oMAoMB j{
oMAoM w T{Aj SwBw ,Bnj 2 jn nj /k{BM T{Aj j] q k{BM nAkBQ
w nAm Bow BM ovQ o pA o oM A TiBw BA ,ovQ MB nj oTij
Bow o BM /k{BM nAkBQ xn kAU A nj oj qa o Am> oMAoM
nj An A RBBA SwA kA ,A jo U S{nj ovQ AoM oTzM

///SwA |Bi jn A BA /k oTzM Aovoe M MBSwj


 SwA ABow nAk M BLoU j{ T{Am ovQ AoM  ABow
/SwA M
,jAkU o/ pA ,Bu] SLv j{ oTij o
BLoU ,Bv pA nmnj xA* o%w * , r ,AoMBM

Aiji r 218

<M /kAnm BjB kM nj An oj 5~ Bo kM nj An xo 5~


Br oYA An C /kj Bz u] kM nj ;2 An ji oYA Br
xoYA k oT An o wBU SC *  r /kB 1 u] M jkd
jnAj j] BjB kM nj BA ,k nB{C o BkM nj ;2 An
BA kAT jo  Sv j /k{BM T{Aj C nj UB%T
B oYA SwA
/joLM VnA M njB pA An kM SC T{Aj
jB%TwA oTM  SwA A B nB/TA ,k{BM  kM d j pA o nj r
kM B o kM A M TvM BSo2 A /kM C nj j] BSo2 pA An
oM An o2 AU oj nBM ,nB BwC AoM /knAj =o2 BM k{BM jB
pA yBr AoM  SwA Aiji {B jo2 o kM  nAmM A
k{BM o o A Aiji {B a AoM /k nAmo2 z{ _
AoM /RB%T
B oj qa k{BM jB o A ,SwA qa SwBw oTM
BB C nBA   SLd n* jAo2A pA nAm nAoU oj nBM B ,pB\A
pBM M An RB  Aj ji l uQ nj ,LU X /knAj o/ nj 2k
C Ann yAiji Br  SwA {B kM o SUA nj /AT2o
/kAjo qnBoM An
,o{ jo /knBM o/ nj kkC ~2 AkTMA nj  An T%] C oj nBM
oMAoM BzBovQ oTij jAkU <kAi> Aiji B{B A M
 SwA A knioM TiA M  B] /knAk z BM B\A BU /k{BM
jo2 o /kzM xj M An B`M pA o jo nqM A nBM v a
A nAm Bow nAk ao /k{BM T{Aj `M oTzM jAkU BATe jnAj
An SwA /k oTzM An BC jAkU kAU ,k{BM oT `M n
pA yM BU k K>oU An ji v] o{  SwA A ST A M kwn
pA  jnAmM jApC An xji jnAmM B B`M AoM ji p w
j o AoM joLAn A /k{BM T{Aj oj B`M oj v] Bo{
njB a /SwA oUz jB AoM C M BA SwA M6 joLAn u]
1. Sex limited genes effect

219

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

pA ,k oTzM nAm Bow Am> jA pA oQ nqM hU BM AkTMA nj


/SwA T{Am Bow `M AoM nkQ pA oTzM i B bB /d B
A pA kM A oU /k noT nkQ pA oTzM i A ,joM `M C o A
A o A /kBwoM `M C w M An oj `M BU jnAmM B nkQ pA oTzM kBM A
jM ,k{ oow oj Bo BM xji S{Am nkQ kA M An `M
Bn Aki BA M An `M k 2U ,ji AoM  BTLv q BM ,nkQ
T{Am M nAoU o A ,`M k{n A eAo nj Swj ,AoMBM /jo
/uoM ,jn jnAm An njB  SwA nkQ A
BTeA k{BM T2n
nAm Bow B`M AoM o pA yM jB jn nB/TA ,KUoU M
nj BX AoM ,KUoU A M /k{n Anj owAow nj M ,oA kM nj ;2 ,k
k Swnj o{ ,jnoQ ji kM nj An ]  SwA jB A AnAkBTvQ
/jo jo M An A jo nqM Sep ,jnhM kC Bj M pA kM `M 
A BM BU o/ pA j{ UA nAjoMoM jn jB u]
/SwA oUS{nj oPwA pA hU  k{ BM SUA A oM jB%TwAw
`M pA nBMjoM BMo BM k nB Shw nkQ jBp B nj TLA
nBz2 n*M  S{Aj An nB/TA A kBM Be A BM /k SLUAo
BjB pA k w knAmM B oT  `M o AoM  SwBo n
r Aqi nj r  SwA A n/ /k{BM T{Aj oj B`M oj
Tv o o A ,kM> kM  k{BM BU A A nj  kC JBve M m2
BLj  Bn An ji S%] ,k RnL\ KUn C A pA oUjp 
RB%T nBvM 5Th B nj BU nBz2 A Aj </oM oj jB
jAj jB M o o* pA  _
A ,TzM o
X ,nBvM nj /SwA
T kB oj B /k nqM An yB`M BU M A j{
jo k nAoUoM AAnAjB2 nBvM BkQ ovU BM 1 B
A oM An o2 kBM B\A nj /knAj nB B`M jo nqM nj o{
joLAn AoM kBM :jnAj j] BU nBz2 5Bh S] nj Bo]  nAmM
1. Kitiwakes Bnj

koQ

Aiji r 220

d SwA C Ao  T% oM v] o{ pA jB%TwAw
/kMoa S% C oM RApB\ A T nj k{BM k{ no RApB\
,k Bn An `M p  SwA 2o M Un nj ;2 nkQ AoM Rn o nj
/k nqM An B`M BU M kATM jBp BTeA M p C 
/SwA T2o o/ nj An k{ Bn njB y A pA %Th BRn pnoU
nqM An xA`M A jnAmM kLo%M An oj o  SwA A A AoM nB oTM
jBp nB A k{BM kB Bj M p `M o A /SwA xji `M k o2 k
C Br pA ,jnAj An njB C Br pA `M A BM ,TLA /Sv z
M Bo nj An jni A L* JBhTA /Sv A nj qa jni nkQ
o k w  kj c]oU An Bo UAnj k RApB\ Rk{
M /koLM M pA SwA B{kk] ov nj  An ABM kAikpo2
Bx :jnAj B 1 toM oYA  SwA AkkQ B ]U A jBp BTeA
kwoM nAjnBM jB Bz M TU  k c{oU B{ jB o
BM M C  j{ ;w ] Un nj ;2 ,k ;w An xA]
BkAikpo2 o x KUoU A M /k{BM T{Aj =o2 xALU S%] M
BozQ AomQ ;2 xAjB S%] j{ K] kz An xABM
S] oT AoM nBpBw An toM oYA njnC ,A KB] /k{BM A v]
jnA TU  kTv o Bo{ ,A MBz BX !jnC JBve M
 o*Bi A M kB{ ,kz An a Bo{ B ,k{ kk]
/Sv B{ji `M
/kwoM \T B M kzM An BkAikpo2 Bq A kM kAU o
,jB BM xqC pA LU ,B{C * nj jAj nAoU BM kAU
A M /j{ ji pA A qo B ,k nj k{ jq A M  An Bo
jnAj A`M oj u pA ,ji Akp nj A BC kLM k oL kAU KUoU
jB SwA Aoa kj Ai BQ nj B /k yBn ,jM a o A
o /k{BM T{Aj xqC pA LU <jqB> * nj  k{BM A KB*
1. Bruce effect

221

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

Bo pA An jB  *o{M /k{BM C nBTwAi kAU j M


An oj o `M j{ oi BM TvAjB A pA kAU ,jnAj nj oj
/joLM nj M Bw B] k? nqM
,jomPM An xA`M  kj Ko2 An kk] o kAT kB BU jB C o A
TvM %6 pBU o A /jnAj TvM `M w M oTzM ?Sva 5U SU C
An oTzM qa kB{ BU hU A  SwA Swnj UAnj ,k{BM k{
;w An ]  SwA A 2o M yAoM p ,k{BM jo nAm Bow
o{ A ,o* jo AoM ;Ao{ A nj /k AkQ kk] S%] oUjp ao
A oM An o2 B a ,j{ ;w `M  SwA oTM A ,xABM kk]
A /jomPM An `M BU kj Ko2 An o kATM A Sv kA  T{Am
JBhTA /SwA kCnB BjB o/ pA toM oYA Aoa A AoM SwA dTU
joM Swj 5 An ji B]  SwA A k{BM T{Aj kAU jB  oj
/SwA 2o M k{BM nqM `M TU B~h A /k nqM An `M BU M
pB SwA oTzM k{ A o  BU  ABow ,k{BM oUnqM ao

B p o A Te /kwoM B\A M A xnoQ nB BU SwA oT Bow M


An qa B k w  k{BM 2o M A njB AoM pBM kB{ ,k{BM a
A nj j{ nL\ o A Te ,k n] ] jo nAm Bow AkTMA nj 
nB oMAoMj `M C Am> BU AoM SwA T2n T{Am A o{  ST
xkpo2 Br pA  SwA kB{iB ke BU p C AoM A /k
BA /joM BTA A pA ,`M jo Bn BM kAU ,SwA o C M mT
/SwA C pA `M z
BU
Br pA Be /jnAk AkB2 pU

o6i o nj  AjB AoM  SwBw kB{ ,A K\


/joM o yQ pA j{ nB M Swj o pA oU]  k{BM A SwA k{ Bn BU
B `M AoM o pA oTzM A U C BU o A Te ,k{BM y% M kAU A
pA LU  o{ ;Ao{ ioM nj  SwA A kB{iB Se /k{BM T{Am
T% M BM /jnAj pBTA nkQ a k{BM njB a ,jn jnAm MB o*
A /kT2A o AkjnApC ~h nj kAjo yoU  o{ ,pnoU
nj An o{ jo n~U j{ /SwA 5oo nBvM q BwoU WdM

Aiji r

222

M Ako B  k{ nqM 2B nkUM Be `M A> :kM ji BM  A/d


nAmM Be  SwA %M AoMBM / nAk A pA ATM BU
Be o A /jnAm BU An `M o{ {BM 6  *o{M TLA ,oM
kBM A  ~U /k k{BM yBr % M  nB o o{ ,oM
A o A "kAj" o{ Aop ,AT2o  SwA ~U pA oUjBe i joM
o{ ~U A o2 BM AoMBM /jn M pA `M joM jnAmM
A nB oTM  wn \T A M ,SwA yBr %M Aiji
A o{ SwA a B~h / qoU An A A  SwA
X <!kqM ] pA nB A nj /d o kB{ k{BM T{Aj ow nj Ao o2
A T /AjnC K6 jAj Bz AoM An ji BM S% A ,z
j A M ;2 j{ jAj oUoM jo qoU r
M JBhTA nj  SwA
/Sv jo qoU AoM 
A yT%]  AjB SwA  kAnm o/ pA An BnB pA <M B
nj  S{Aj j] A Be A BC nj BA /kj B\A jo qoU An
j] jB AoM An
A BC /jo B\A nB oTM nA B 6Ao{
A /jnAj Swj nj AkoM oM jB ?jo nAoU jB%TwAw jn oT  jnAj
A yT /jnAj BAi A ,B nApBM nj /k nAjji xqC pA kAU
A BM  o /Am> jA pA oQ SwA hU ,Sv  xAq]  SwA
/SwA T2B Swj ji kpo2 AoM {pnABM Am> oil M ,j{ S%]
/joLM BM An ji fo
B ,xqC pA LU ,kAU  SwA 6Ao{ nj jB
jAj dU o M An hU /SwA k{ n xAkoM oM k{ S%] pA kM
, SLd nBvM B Shw S%w ;Ao{ jn nj AU /SwA
jnAj j] qa _ UA nj BC /SwA oj qa oA Se Aj Ji
BU An nj L* JBhTA ;wU k{BM Shw S%w pBa C jB 
joLAn  j nAoU wnoM jn An A BA j ?joM yQ
2
/Ajo joLAn oj jnAj B 1 jABi RjBw
A

1. domestic-bliss strategy

223

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

pAkAoM An o jB :SwA a jABi RjBw joLAn pA SAn oUjBw


Bi M A TvLj nAjB2 pA  Be BBz k w k
A AoM jBC o/ pA S] C Bo B /kMBM A nj kp
An S~i A kATM BjB o A /kTv Bv kzM nAjB2 o{
% M SwA nAjnioM C pA  ov JBhTA BM ,kj }hzU yQBzQ
An ji Uk nB A nj  SwA A jB AoM An /kAjo ji
pB kz AoM An p nL  o o /k z pB jnAj w
nAjB2 o{
BTeA ,k{BM T{Ak oS%] M SBTn Bp M kwn BU A
AnBTwAi pA jB ,jqB * nj n nAoA BM /jM kAh
RBLYA yQBzQ An ji nAjB2  o C BM ;2 k{Q za ji oj
kj RBAe pA nBvM nj UA nj W u] Be pB /k xqC jo
jo % M kAU * jqB ,kj
LU  n*B /j{
yjo M oj o `M jo nqM  o6i A pA An A a ,k{BM
/kBn ,kT%M
pA LU BnAm Bow B{ K>A ZAjpA pA LU Ro{B wAo
o  TU o kk BTn xqC M SwA jB /SwA o o* pA xqC
C o/ pA TLA /k mJU 2B pAkAM An A B k{BM TiBw A yAoM
RjBw> joLAn pA oj SAn BA ,SwA Ji nBvM nB A jB
nj k nL\ An o kAU jB BC /k{BM T{Aj j] SwA <jABi
2oM yAoM oj C pA kM  k nAm Bow nkUC xqC pA LU Anj
jB oiBM BU k e  o ?SwA LB] o2 ?joM jnAmM  k{BL
xqC SU pA A :k o Aq jnAj ,j{ A BM oS%] M TAn
C SLd K] o An jBp SU roA {Qza oj BjB BM
An xo/jn jB C BM jq pB]A  Bp oiBM /k jB
kM kAj TU /kj |B~TiA A M
B An ji nBaB M ,k S2Bnj
Ajo2 poA RB%ozU kBM j{ jq  AjB o M A pA
2. he-man strategy

Aiji r 224

A qoU AoM Aka qA oj ,kwoM dT A M BU j{ * Bjo


/jnAk
B{A pnoU kTwA nj B\A nj ,AjAj Bz AB nj  n*B
kC AoM k nAjA An jo2  A nAm Bow k o2 A /jnAj j]
RnB\U A qo /SwA BQM jB~TUA o/ pA A /k nAm Bow
nAm Bow jn BQA So{ nj (X) nkU2
LU a> k
Bow
LU o A Te z nj </zM nB AU oj ,Ajo
An kC no ] SwA oTM yAoM BC kAkM kAi k{BM jo o An 
An o kAhM AjB A ,KUoU M ?jnmM BoM C oi pA joM
nB An xji AkM kAT A  k~U A M k jBp nAm Bow M nL\
o2 M jABi RjBw joLAn pA SAn A /SwA AjM nB ,kzM
BjB SoX A  S{Aj B*A kBM A C /jnAj TvM oj
M  k{BM S] C nj Apo BjB o A Be /ko yQ nj An xn
k2o Bo C AoM SU C ,kj Bz xi n jo Bn S%] Bo
/k{BM T{Am B ,B`M AoM nka Sv ,k Bn An ji S%] 
B o A /k{BM n6a BjB SoX A nBT2n  jnAj TvM A M oTzM AoMBM
BA /S{Aj kAh j] z  n/ An BjB BQ Ba z
\Q ~2 nj  Ba /jnAk joM BU o/ pA BjB z A
T2B BLj kBM B , nj ;joM B] M An oUL joLAn  kj
jnB  dU xn pA knAmM /knAkBQ BU o/ pA  {BM BjoLAn
jn nj An C  jB%TwA joM nB M qCSzi BSMBUn jn nj SwA
Aop ,SwA oUL JB jn pA oUk`Q  <U A /oLM nB M jB o
/S{Aj Ai o AoM joLAn j jB AoM joLAn j B
BoM M <joLAn> rA ,jM kC SwA jnB wnoM nj  n*B
BW M Mo joLAn j /j{ =*A ,k2ko> BB CB nBT2n
/k{ kB 4 pBLw 3 nAjB Bom joLAn j knAj B 2 po 1 BeBM
1. Coy

225

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

k xqC o BM BeBM jB /SwA op nAoU M d 4 A nBT2n kAU


onApBM pB M An C pA LU ,T% ka kB{ /* Rk pA uQ o
koTBe nAjB2 Bo /j{ S%] o o BM n2 po jB /k{BM kAnm
jB C BM oS%] pA kM kAnmM xqC pA LU Ro{B M jBp Rk
B{e jp pBLw Bo /k{BM xnB B`M jo nqM nj kBM
;kT2A oj jB BLj kn ,k xqC BC BM jB o A ,jnow
BLj M ,kBM jB C yQ  kTv Ji BnkQ X xqC pA kM
BU BA ,jM oUL JB joLAn jn nj  n*B /koUpBU oU BjB
An <U ke BU nB B\Aow
wnoM
,A j] BM ,kTv BjoLAn

/k {n
Bq U AoM To2 AhLj nAk pA B ,SwA jnB kB
,jAj Bz oL] BM An BC j{ , Rn nj / jB%TwA 2B
nqM S2 BM A`M TU k o2 /SwA oUSeAn jAkA k2
,`M jo nqM q /k{BM + 15 A kA o AoM xAr jpBM ,j{
k{ xAnAk o  Bp ,jni  BAm>
% q A /k{BM 2 n T2omQ xkA A o*Bi M  Bo6i
Anj nj SU T2n nk q /j{ <SiAjoQ> kA ;wU Aop SwA
/oM o/ nj keA 3 An C /SwA % jqB *
Bo BeBM BjB C nj  nAj T] k o2
;wT ,Zp o nj /SwA J6 ovU B] A /knAjB2
/jnAj pBTA + 15 BC AoM k nqM  A`M o /SwA oMAoM jB o jpBM
1 Ak o AoM j{ vU Bv BC M (2) xnoQ q
3 pBTA BM jqB * nj nj SU jo 5U AoM Bzjo /SwA
:j{ Ako jpBM ;wT n*M AoMBM /k{ RApB\
/ +15 1 3 = + 2
Ji xnBM nB /j{ S] jnA po j o\ jB k o2 Be
2. Fast

3. Faithful

4. Philanderer

Aiji r 226

pA /Sv * jqB A Aop ,jpAjoQ 6 AoM Aq /SwA


Mi nkQ ,j{ S%]  uo BM A ,kB2BM S] Bo  B\C
151 = + 5 `M o AoM A jpBM ;wT /SwA jo AkQ yB`M AoM
ow jM po r AoMBM /SwA yQ ji BeBM BLUn pA pBTA w /SwA
/j{ yhQ
Swj M o Ao2 S Be  k{BM jBp Ba po BjB S2 o A
nAjB2 Bo ,B\A BU /k oJU dBTA Bo BjnA nj ,kT%M BzA
nB ,j{ AkQ S] C nj pBLw o o A Be BA /kT{Aj nB~dA pBTA
C BjB  T] nj /jM kAi yB2BM BLUn pA oTM A nBM
S2 BM A`M o A /jnAj JBhTA AoM jBp jn pBLw o ,kApo
q j C pA _ A kM ,kwn pBTA +15 A M j{ nqM
SwA A M A AoM q j C TiAjoP  nj /k{BM TiAjoQ An oj
B]p pA o /jqoM n kk] BjB BM k nAo2 SwA jApC 
An C 2 q kp ow ji `M BM BU M A jAoB
 pBTA jqB nj SU UA SMBM A pA kao /jpAjoQ
= 5 yjpBM j{ S%] pBLw jo BM  Apo jB /j{
 T] nj /SwA + 15 pBLw jo C ji jpBM ;SwA + 15 2
/j{ yhQ ow ,yow yUC kB ,pBLw Bo r ,kApo BjB
M S] Bo yhM nj  k{ jBp S2 BM nkUC BpBLw C o A
BeBM jB o /jBT2A kAi A~h kM nj po Bp ,kwoM S Be
,jnhM oM pBLw jo M J\d jB o A /S{Aj kAi pnBM pBTA
e o ,k nBz2BQ * jqB n jB /SwA _ nB Be
An SU UA q Ak_ :jn oj jB BLj k
M /SwA kz kU A`M a ,kwn qa Ak_ M /kpAjoQ
/SwA o% BeBM jB pBTA kpBLw yBo  T] nj KUoU A
pBTA B  SwA oTM 5 pA ,kB nB{ M jk o% SwA
A pA kM ,joM ~U Apo jB o A Te /SwA po jB AoM
pAkA M A j] BM k qoU An xA`M ,jo Bn An A xpBLw S%]

227

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

n nBMj BeBM Br S] C nj AoMBM /SwA jo q BLAo hU


/jnAm yAq2A M
jBp nkUC BeBM BjB jAkU TU ,To2 ioa A U AoM
M An BA kM kUM BjB BM  nBM kMM Bo ,k{BM o Ao2  j{
pA kM BjB /kA< nj k tBveA   ,kkAnm {i
jB M AjB pA pBLw Bo /knAj * jqB M nAoA oj
,k{BM BeBM BjB TU /SwA JA] B] /koM BQ oj
A ,j{ AkQ B2BM o BU o A /SwA o% pBLw o AoM }Bi jpBM
pA oTM + 2 A }Bi jpBM /kqC A BM BeBM BjB  SwA v BU
,knAm yAq2A M n nAjB2 Br ,AoMBM /SwA pBLw Ajo jpBM
/j{ B B ioa Rn A M
5oU n* An BTwAj A ,kj o{BioQ dU nj  n*B
Bz AU ,jn B X pBM ,BA /SwA BBQM Bw nBA  jo
/k nAkBQ ST w M B/ A /Sv nB nj Bw  jAj
5 T] j{ ,kj B\A An LwBd o A
5 BeBM BjB An C 
8
6
LwBd A TLA /SwA RBLYBM BU o/ pA kj zU nAjB2 Bo An C
M BA ,jo U jAjnAoU RnM AkTMA nj B  SwA jAkA C AoM ;2
/jnC Swj M An nAkBQ SLv q oj AhLj o2 o AoM j{ TeAn
/oM o/ nj An RB%T o d j RB%T jB d j  jnAk q
nAjB2 Bp pA 5 nj An o o o A /jL a SwA jnB BdU nj
8
ESS ,oM o/ nj po C 1 BeBM Bp pA 5 nj An jB o pBLw An M
6
6
a oM o/ nj { o M An ESS A /jM kAi nAkBQ pAkA B M
C pA AodA M yAo o ,u] j pA o B<A AoM /jnAj %
jn MB u] BjoLAn SLv nj kM oJU jB\A BM ,KwB SLv
k{ od M An noT C ,ji M M C  ,jo nAoU LU
/j{ %e nAkBQ ST C AoMBM /kAjooM A
BeBM BjB B{ BUk  T] o  oM \T a AU
6Ao{ a nj /jn yQ BU S] nj B k{BM nAjB2 Bo

Aiji r 228

WdM  Sv p /SwA k% BjB AoM BUA <jABi RjBw> joLAn


Br AoM ,UA nj ,BeBM / bo6 An BeBM BjB az BLU
/j{ Jvd S% jB Aiji

LU /koLM yQ
An joLAn A kAU 5Th B{ M BjB
yAoM A
LU  o BM xqC pA jB SwA jo jBzQ
SUA nj /k nAjji ,SwA jL A nB TiBw nj UAke B ,TiBv
Rn xqC ovU BkoQ
pA nBvM nj  SwA nAoU A pA <U

nj  SwA A oA A % /k{BM k{ TiBw A A o jo


oj Bqa pA ApAkA BU ,MBUB BoPwA pA o> o C oS%] /d
/SwA T{Am B
jB  SwA oY BAn pA ,kC ov pA TiBw BTBU
A oM  jnC JBve M n*A j{ /joM nB M o TiAkAo AoM
Te ,jnAmM o Swj n jBp q  k{BM qa o kAU tBwA
An Bo BU o A /k{BM kB Bj M `M AoM Tv q C o A
An U 2 M j B BjrA Tz X ,AqoQ Shw nB k nL\
kAU o/ L] pA ,k S2Bnj An xqC pB]A BU kj B\A
o o /kj yB An oS%] pA kM jB jo qoU AoM o C ww
nB M Swj oj jB BM kAi SwA ji S%] qoU o2 nj 
An A kzM An oj BjrA kBM  n~U A ,j{ ji Br k AoQ
X jAjnAoU BnB a BjB A BTeA nj ,BA /k o~
jBp k dU BzBnBTwAi M An tk B] BLj T2n B BjrA Tz
T{Aj oUSep TwAi  jB C KUn  j A M /Sv
AnAj jnhM yB`M ji jnj M oTzM o/jn nB  n*M ,k{BM
AkB2M BnB B\A ,knAj TBn l  BC M SLv SwA pBTA
Tz kB TiBw kB{ /k K* ji BAi pA mz Bz M An
BC pA xAkB2 k{BL Bn B{B AjnAj U nj B{ B BjrA
/SwA oTzM
,jqB Anj nj jB Bj M T{Am Am> ,jo o l
LU  nB

229

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

SzpBM jB koQ nj K>A nB A /Sv kB2 pA Bi jB AoM q


o pA An C ,koQ ]] kB TBe BM A ,j{ Jvd j Anj M
 KUoU B M ,kATvAj kB{i o koQ AoM An nB A /k BTBU
nqM p jp oe BMp q B k{ `> BK kj jo AoM
jo  2BTA Am> C BU M Bp C nj jB koQ C /SwA kvPj
kU An ji S{nj BhU kUATM BU SwA pBwoil Be nj Aop ,jnAj pB
kjBz BTeA jqB Anj nj o ;wU jB mJU /k
RB%U
 SwA A xA\T /SwBhU ji nj o Tv nAm Bow

/k  An `M n kA j BnAm Bow Tvh

xqC pA LU Anj mJU kkQ BRL RAoze <M `


o6i A o nj o ,qkiC jn X , B\C pA /knAm yB M An
kATM  nB o ,j{ jni SwA oUS{nj  ji S%] ;wU  SwA
o qkiC ,nCtoU B M /SwA o % M k  An jB BT{A
M BU jo nAoU jB%TwA jn Am> A M /j{ yAkpo2 BMoU nB`M
kAi nnBM xji k{oil BoPwA ;wU AkM  BhU TiBw
/k{BM jo  k{
pAkAoM An Bo ;2 SwA jABi RjBw joLAn A , AjB o
}hzU BC nj An nAjB2 pA  Be Bs yQBzQ jnAj w k
M kLBQ jo An ji  o o /kj nAoU Ko2 o nj An ji ,kj
B2M jo Bn M kk{ yAo n oM UA nj BA kj ] jABi
A  LU Bp o A /j{ nAjnioM jBp pBTA pA kAU ,jnAm xQow
BM vB nj ,pBLw jo C ,k nqM An B`M kATM jo qoU An BC
nj /k T An oTzM Br ,SwA nBTwnj nkQ o{  LUn
jp nj Ajo ;wU  j{ jAj Sd]nA Br M ,r Aqi
/kkCnB
An BKo2 A  kj c]oU An BjB C ,uoM ,L* JBhTA
BM ZAjpA pA LU Ro{B nj nj  SwA A BzAn /kj }hzU

B nCjAp kM B~2 nj BA ,k{BM ] BzwAe


B kk] o

Aiji r 230

Bo jiMji nB A /k{BM LU Bw S%] BozQ xomQ jBC


ji B] ow k Mo\U An ji k jAp ~2 A  An nB pBU
~2 nj AM jB  B`M /k{BL a k{BM jp A a ,kBz
An B2M nkQ Br pA BM SLv
BTeA jnC Bj M ji Mo\U A
nAjB2 AnkQ AnjB o
BBw j BBw nj BA ,S{Aj kAi
kM
owjnjoQ * wAo C nBMj kTv nL\ Aop /knAj An BM Swj
Mo\UBM AnjB B`M S] jAo2A oX A o A /knAmM owSzQ An jqB
Ji nkQ
r
o pAnj nj 6 o2 Bi AnjB ,k{BM
/k{ kAi o Ao2 C r Aqi nj jM nBTwnj

B B  T2o o/ nj n* An o  jBw An K6 A AoM


UA nj ,Bo nj jBp BTeA M SUA nj /nBLo2
B B SwA nBTwnj
BM  kAk{ qnBoM n* Aop ,jnAj j] nBLo2  ,jAo2A
o BAU L* JBhTA /k jB%TwA w BzT%] pA BSo2 pA o oM
M  SwA jo qU Ba oj nj nAjB2 k T2B AoM An o{
nB>j pA Bo /j{ jAj Aka Ak nqM tB nj BnBLo2
nj Te  {BM T{Aj An nB/TA A kBM B ,BjB BU koM oTzM jw
 jo nB M A BU ,kj poM AnkQ onBXA ke BU o  B
jB pA oTzM  T2n nj AoM xAjBC k{BM C M BjB yAo pA oT
/j{ Jvd jB ST AnAkBTvQ BkoQ nj SBe A /k{BM
pA nAk AoM jB pA oTzM BUA o BC nj  knAj j] B BA
nkQ B6A pA jnA a AnAkBTvQ BkoQ B nj /k nB ]]
/j{ kj oTzM ST A BB B nj BA ,SwA  BXTwA n*M
 k{ Jvd Aiji r o/ AoM yBa A ?Sva S
Bi ;wU C AoM nBTMA eAn AoiA /jM T{AjA o2 M Ao BRk
 k jB%TwA % pA op RnM A /SwA k{ jBzQ 1 nB /n/R

1. T.R. Carlisle

231

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

/SwA jo BM 1 <kM o> A BM An C pnoU


nj An B{v] Bw ;2 M k xqC BB pA nBvM
j pA kM nj jo Rn jApC JC
nj nnBM /k Bn JC
2o* pA /SwA k{ do{ a AkTMA nj v] XkU
BTeA /o{
d A kAU ,kqi nAkBTvQ koQ X kTv p n  UBAe
zi M SLv B{v] Bw Aop /k{BM T{Aj kM pA ZnBi nnBM
Soe BoPwA Aop ,o u] u] BAp /komQKwC nBvM k{
 B\A BU /k{ jB oj u] C < J*o ;d jnA knAj
 AjB ,oS%] pA kM /A o/ M wn Be /SwA nB{C SUA
kM nj ] /SwA Bn Be v] o/ pA k kp p n
o pBM ,k{BM jo Bn /d B BLoU An k{ nnBM hU C A o A /SwA
A oM An pnoU kM o joM nAo2 M ~U  jnAj An So2 A
kB B A Te
o `M jo Bn M  k nL\ An A k dU

AnjB SLUAo p RAj] M nj ,AoMBM /kqoM An A jo nqM


/SwA oU AnkQ BSLUAo pA
BM o o A /SwA oj n* dBTA pJC AnB] oj BB AoM BA
An jB  Sv A M k jB nB] v] jnA An oPwA ji v]
~io T2o BM kAU o{ j pA o /jnAk An `M BU jo Bn
o Aoa A BA /jnAmM BU k{ nnBM pBU BhU BM An oj C RkBU
o/ M /jnAj j] j jo nAoU BhU BM kB BU o nj oTzM
TMBUn k Bn An ji v] w A BzAk A ow oM
BTeA kwn
 j{ nAjnioM pBTA A pA kM An nB A oUjp  o{ /j{ AkQ
An ji hU A C ,o* C pA /joM jnBPvM oj C M An BBn kATM
A pA kM kAT kB{ xo/jn o{  SwA o6i A o nj jo Bn
Aop ,SwA omQKwC o B\A nj /kj B\A An nB B joM An nB BLj
o A /k{ n jnAj BTeA oTzM kTv BhU pA oULw BoPwA
1. Cruel blind

Aiji r 232

B{A Aka ,k{BM jBC o C pA LU ,jqoM hU jp i AjB


X
BTeA ,kAw nqM SLv M  ,BhU a kC yQ
o6i kAU jB B o AoMBM /kLva M Uk BU \v jU
pA LU o A a kj o6i A M U o B /jqoM hU A k
SU C k{ k AoQ JC nj BC k Bn An yBoPwA jB k{ jBC
M /jpnA yTep M A AoM nB A a ,k qnhU oj jB
kM ,j{ jBC jB BU k oL kBM o ,BoPwA k{
k AoQ z
o*Bi

Sv TJ So2 BYka jB AoM BA /jqoM BhU n An ji oPwA


A /k o pnoU Anj ow oM BU jnAmM BU BhU BM An o j{ kkQB 
JC nj AnkQ SLUAo Aoa kj cTU {n i KUoU A M o/
/SwA  zi nj
,BjB A joLAn oj M jooM  Bn An B
,ko yQ nj An SwBw A BjB  B nj /Ajo joLAn
nj k S2Bnj  B{`M nkQ pA k{ BU  j{ A \T
pA dBTA bw pA oj nBM /koM Ji Br BLj Bw BU nj
oS%] pB]A jAj pA LU kqC o o BM /k jB%TwA xqC
pA oTzM Bo <M {M /knC M An BTeA SUj oTzM o M
An BzAovQ AoTij BM kATM  Br ,kA Ji Br AnAj M
MBU BBz pA jB%TwA BM ,d M jB o A /k <U oTzM
ji Br kQ BM kAU ,jnCnjow o Br jM Ji pA ,kBz
pA jB%TwA BM /k{BM jo xji Br %M ,nkQ Ji Br C M
o%v yBr  An BTeA A kAU jB ,pnBQ Bo tBU

An Mi BBU kAU A /kBwoM UAke M An k{ n]B Bm2n


/k aSwj xji Br AoM
a ,k{BM BjB oX A o/ o oTM jn nj  Sv BTeA A
uB{xi o ,AoMBM /k RB<U MBz RB*A n pA
B{%o uQ pA MiM j{ BzL~ xqC pA oM oTzM
MBUB BoPwA pA jAkU  SwA A kM kBM  nB BU Aop kCoM

233

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

o Bnj 2 nj  SwA qa B
BTeA A /k kU An ji
 ,kj pB]A Bo pA kA jAkU M ;2 BjB /jo Rn TzM
;2 BA /koLM yQ ,SwBo BU nj  An ABAiji ]oM joLAn
Bo oTM n M ;2 An S nj
k{BM 6  k a TU
/kAjz
AoM Ji Br  SwA A BLj TU kj kBM jB Bkj pA
 SwA A ?Sva BLj UA nj ,k AkQ xji Br BM jAj kQ
jq A M  o o  SwA kM /k AkQ kp AjA BAU oM j
Bq SwA kB kp k{ BM w BU  jo SMBY An A UAke j{
KwB
B SwBw /kBM kp kAU A pA kM  jo SMBY
ov o /k{BM nAjBw w Bjo BLj  SwA A BjB AoM
C ,k o kAU  kAjAj Bz An A Swj ,k{BM T{Aj oj
yAkpo2 o A BA /k KoU pAnj o Br BM An ji Br kAU jB
,* o /jnAk AkB2 BC * o knB jBp B A AoM
o S kB{ UAnj /Sv Ajo v] RnkU AoM ] oBoM A
o  AjB /k{BM kz XkU nB jnA  k{BM A jo jBp
jo  ,kqoM LUn pA yBjAp jAkU ,jnAk k~U Bq kqoM An jBT2AB]
/SwA kqoM Ji Br pA oj BBz BM An A]
U `B kB{ /jnAj j] jBp jnA ?Sva oj BBz
nj BAU Bz kM BQ kB{ ,k{BM Am> jnC Swj M nj BAU Bz
Br jAj kQ pA SwA jB /k{BM onB{ Swj pA jo nAo2 ow
nj a kk% Bs A Aop ,k BC jw M UB~i a BM ji
oM An Bo BjB  nAm A oM An BM AkTMA nj B AoMBM /ovQ nj a oTij
BMop Br pA  Be  BBz B UA
B BKvaoM BL
]U C M nAj  SwA LB] T B\A nj BA /k JBhTA kAJi
o A ow oM Bo  AB] nj /k{ A {n n*M oz2 ;wU jo
 BnB oTM pA ,knAj SMBUn kzM Bp KhT U
BU jpBvM ovQ  SwA A kj B\A kAU yBr AoM JBhTA nj njB

Aiji r 234

AkQ B*A jB C o A /kCnj JC pA ]U MBU U o ji Bp nj


nj nqM nj  j{ Bom jk C pA kC nj xovQ  k
jBp jAkU AnAj ,jo nAoU xqC AoM BjB xomQ jn B]
pA ,jB za nj  SwA A o  A\T /k{ kAi
v] o/ pA Ao ,o AoM Bs oUkB{i
KeB
BTeA ,jqC JAm] jBA=2 U o BM  AjB /SwA
jAkU k{ UA kM v BjB kvQjn  k{ kAi BovQ
 jo n~U n*A j{ AoMBM /k Swnj jB C AoM jBp
S{nj B`B X kAnB AnB{C Bs tBwA oM BjB ,A nj
BjB B nj joTv n*M Bs A TU BA ,k JBhTA An Bo
M kA]U jn  j A M ;2 L* JBhTA ,jBT2A L S] C
/kj oUoM BC
\T nj ,TzM o j X ,o nj k{ =Ao>A Bqa kB{ AoMBM

BTeA ,Svh Bpn nj /k{BM T2B BU kozQ nAkBQB kAo2 d


M kB{ An C kkkvQ Bo nj An pAkA pA oUkM j BjB
SvAU BU j /kjAj c]oU Bw nBTiBw Bz A
Am> jnC Swj M nj BAU k Bz BT jL kjBz
nj Ji BonB{ MB pA kTvAU BU j Bo kB{ B /k{BM Ji
A oM An o2 kBL k{BM T{Aj ]U /kjM k{ koM j j A M koM
A M ;2 ,kwn VnA M Rn M  BU j r  S{Am
,k{BM  j o M ,Be o M /j{ U M r jM Swjo2 }iB{
Bd]oU ,TzM koQ nj ,jAk]A BjB  nAm A oM An o2
 Un nj /kjM ke pA oUpAnjj
 jM Bo BLj M Bzza
WBM Bp * nj ,k{BM T{Aj j] j * dU nj r BU
A pA BjB /jnAm yAq2A M n S] C nj Bo j * ;wT j{
 oM C Aow , pAkAoM An Bo :kjo oQ jBw kBU
RApB\ jo 6hU kBU A pA  AjB o /SwA oUkM pA yj
BzBLeB AoM
 kjM k{ pAnj nkUC Bj o A Te ,k{

235

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

A jnC Bj M pAnjj ovQ  AjB o j A M /kjM o BQSwj


tBL nj k X /jM  jo nAoU ]U jn yBovQ pA  BTeA
k{ oUpAnj BLj M yAo kn BoC B{B k B ,BBi
d M Bj oj  k{ 5UT TU kn A /k{ oTzM S2o Rk{
MlB] oM AnB{C kjo jB\A  owjnj kjM k{ pAnj Lo> K\
/jM jo L> B{v]
A SdU ,nAj ;wU  Bp pA ,Sv SeAn % A <
Bd /d /kT2o kk An C B B{  BU k{ bo6 ,v] JBhTA

LU An A <BMn ,BMn> o/ B /S2omP An C  SwA Bv pA


(knAjpBM B A ) 1 <S A> B M %Bh
B o/ A /kj
AoM BjB  SUA A k Bzo*Bi A /jo bo6 C MB nj An
/k{ jnA Ko2 nj pA Bo j{ WBM k{U nj Bo nj Ji r JBhTA
JBve C n yMBhTA nj jB k{BM Mi }iB{ U `B kB{
ji `B nj M kAh Bo  jnAj j] <U a SU C BA ,k
ji tBL B{ op BTzBM BBvA  n*C
X ,kj ] U An
T{Aj pA oUq S{nj B`B T{Aj M oB/U o A ?knAm
 kj c]oU An Br ,v] JBhTA ,k{BM UA S{nj B`B
 kz * qa BA /k jB\A An S{nj oBoM B`B
Q Ko2 A M  j{ BjB BU WBM ,oj T] nj JBhTA
>nj  v] BBji  SwA A Bd A o2 /koM
 jo \T tBwA A oM A /j{ 5z BjB ;wU B\Aow k{BM
AnB{C  BC ;knAk >nj yB  kTv BC m2 BUA Ajo
C ,U B`B jn nj
X /kTv Ko2 A  k SMBY
,kj Bz U AoBo An `B  knAm A oM An o2  Bjo
p jo kM BM
 o /j{ n BjB ;wU jp i BzTwj
B`B k SMBY w toQ nj ji RnkU jAj Bz BM B w
1. handicap principle

Aiji r 236

,oj RnBL M /k{BM m2 BjB jo BU nj kAU ,jnAj d


T{Aj Ajo Bs AoBo ;2 kBL om jo2 SwA kT Bd
o joi BjB LU jn o ,k{BM S% BM o UA M kBM :k{BM
o  kMB BU ByB ;2 AoMBM /S2o kAh nAoU mUj
/kCoM yvQ pA UA U
MBU BUA  Bd o/ pA yhM C M wn Be ,A pA A
oj ,p kM fB{ ,TzM koQ j nj k A /Sv <
,jnAj j] Bj z kkvQjn v] o/ pA  B~hz
BUj kTv o BQSwj ji knAj AoM o* pA Aop
kM yj  o koQ /k AkQ BU kAknAjpBM B jo BM
T{Aj j] BM a SwA U o  k SMBY BjB M ,SwA eAq
An AMBv  knBM o/ nj An AjB /SwA jAj AjA kp M j a
M /d nj jo o A /kTv kj Be nj jo j C nj  k B{BU
An wB>p pA oQ v Ak BC pA  Be nj ,kwoM BBQ ;i
jo C  kwn \T A M BTL* p C ,SwA jo e yTzQ oM
/SwA oUow kj B nBM Be
An C nBMA  TU M SLv , A ao ,nAk LU An o/ A
6 \T T% U C /SwA k{ TwB LU k A Rk{ pA ,k{
SwA AowA  Bd /k{BM za BQ Bjo kBM BU A
,A j] BM <!kAza B BkBo2 oTM pA nBvM> :jAj gwBQ An2
/jnAj j] wBwA UBU <S A> o/ nj  SwA A v
 SwA A A <U A nj k{BM UA B 2BTA nBM C o A
An BjB kAU  n*B Swnj 2BTA nBM C ji B C k{BM UA
C  SwA A ,Rn o nj /k KwC nBaj An B`M kAU ,k K]
/jz T AoTij M 2BTA nBM
o /j{ n*A BLoU , BM r BMp M An S o/ o A
r Aqi nj ,k oUpAnj An j
X ,j{ S C oTzM k{n WBM  r
Aop /k JBhTA knAj An S C  Bo BjB Aop ,j{ jBp
? j A M

237

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

yAq2A M n r Aqi nj q jnAjA MBhTA a M An jB  Br


jiMji ,jkvQ An S A
nAj o  AjB  SwA A S /jnAm
C >n Aop ,SwA Ji oj BL] pA Bzr  kqoM An Bo
M <oj> Ji Br A /kAjAj AjA An ji kp BvnqM BU S
B Br kB kp BC kBwn S% BC B`M kM
ozT An S C knAj Bo kJBhTA Br ` S
Swnj ,kj poM BovQ nj ;2 An ji oYA r C r  *o{ M /k
o/ A ,j{ kj BoTij nj ;2 S o JBhTA
r

 n*B
Rn A M Br BM An dT A BU /k{BM T{Aj AnB kAU
{ M o A BA / B jnAj AnB  {BM 6 AU , kMRn
AkQ Ao/ a jM oY pA oTM n~U AU k{BM TBn k
An S A kAjo xU  Tr TBn ~~hT C  BU /
 SwA A S kB{ /kAkwo B] M ,knCnj kCnB k RnM
BC pA /kAT{Ak An 2B x BC kB{ B ,Sv ni jnj M A A
/jkvQ oTM An Svh m{ ue ,SwA SwA jnB
An ji k M k{BL p  kBBM jB M An ji oUoM n* o o o A
yAq2A M n xAr S2 nB A BM {M ,kj Bz S AnAj
A M ,k{ Aovoe KeB koM Bnj B2 AoMBM /jnAm
 jBw oMkU A BM M kAjM BjB ]U jn TiB{BLp o/ pA  j
BAovoe BLeB /k nBQ S ,j{ jq Aovoe M  An oj o o
A M ;2 kwn poQ M knAj An Aovoe K~> k~U  BC BM pnBL nj
o A a ,kTv m2 K>A BKB> /kAovoe KeB  nB{C j
AjB AoMBM !kjM jo cT2 An B] U C BU kT{Aj k{ m2 BAU
 kj kQ r BM An ji r k oS%] Aovoe KeB BM ;2 
pA jBp jAkU uQ pA q kM BjnioM nj  BU SwA ko SB% nkU M
BAU nkQ pA yBovQ
BTeA /kCoM kB S%]M jniow Bo C
Aka
jB Bnj 2 /joM kAi VnA M An Aovoe jo nAjA
xALU oe KeB k B6i BQ pA Swj kAhM o A Aop ,jnAk ji pA nBTiA

Aiji r 238

koM Bo BM  BjB  SwB]oMBQ A A ,Rn o nj /k


 n*B /kAjo ji r % M nB A BM k xqC BpnBL
Bo BM kj c]oU  jnAj j] BjB pA jBp B ,kj
BM SU B] S Be KUAovw nj  Bo BM B oU AnAj
/k{ S%] knAj
,v] ;MAn jkU ,ovU nCjAp 5Th dAA A i
jB<U RnM AU j{ kj RBAe M  An o> ,nAjAovoe
,ji o * nj <kAi> u] o jAo2A /jo ov%U u] j M 2B
nj wBwA RB%U o*Bi M /kj yAq2A
B An ji XkU Be
v] o/ pA kM kUM Sw M B Bo ,oPwA hU jAkU pAkA
nj An ,j] An j pA BjB /k AnkQ BSLUAo T{Ak
;Ao{ /AkB U o jABi RjBw An BC  ko yQ
xn j A pA Ak w M BjB  k U 6d
/kj gwBQ C M a Bo  k U ` k{ kz
jABi RjBw U o BjoLAn M B eAo dAA nj
o2 M oTzM njB pA Te nkQ jnA nj kj  n*B jnAj j]
,jpAjoQ |Bi Ae B nj RBq] M JBT A /SwA `M nAk
nCjAp pA Bi d Sw M An qa a A jn nj AoMBM
WdM kj c]oU oj BB/ M An xn C k{ WBM jAj =w
jnAj j]
o jB M  nj  BRB%U C B] M /
M RB%U C nj  B n AoMBM /SwA o/jn BC ov%U
An jABi RjBw joLAn BjB  B  nj ,SwA  jB o
/ k BU ,kAT2o yQ
v] o/ pA  jn Bzinj Bn BLj M  SwA o A ,A
pA knAj w u] jo jAo2A /SwA =oM =np kUB2 oTzM jB ,knAj Ao
SwBC n nBz2 A BU o/ pA kqoM BonB{ ;wU k{ jni
]U  SLv B M Bzinj Bn /k{BM T{Ak oza n 
r BMp M /k K] q An BonB{ kAU k K] An 5Bh u]

239

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

onB{ { nj ,RB Bn pA oTzM ,Bzinj Bn r BBQ nj


AkQ nM r ow kM v nj A BTeA ,o* C pA /j{ S2B
]U K] nj pA AUB jAo2A Aop ,SwA Bzinj Bn r pA oT ,j{
/knBnj BM jB<T nBz2j JBhTA AoM AoMBM /kA]A z BM S%]
kTv r Aqi pA Bzinj Bn r T{AjoM S] nj BonB{
pA nBvM nj  Ba /knC Bn r T{AjoM Q nj v] Bo{
M xpBw pA LoU AU An kCnB BM {B o ,SwA oj jnA
SwA KB] B AoM B\A nj `C /S2o o/ nj JBhTA AoM jB<T BnBz2
TLA /jnAj =o2 jB AoM J6 nBpBw BM o AoM J6 nBpBw A
jo o/ nj BLUAxi omQo6i BpBMnBU An Bo  B Bkj BM A
oPwA B o ,jB hU o MB nj a /jnAj Ah
B
BTeA AoMBM /koU] BhU pA i BoPwA S] o/ pA ,jpBw
UA nj /SwA oPwA o pA oTzM i j{ v] bB jnA hU o A
pA kAhM jB  Sv p AoMBM SwA xpnABM BTLv L hU
/j{ 6 yhU k{ nnBM pA BU k{BM JAm] o X i v] o/
/kAk{ kAp jB jBp jAkU pA  k{BM B`M nkQ kAU o
BU xo k K] An BonB{ ]U yUAoM kM j o*Bi M o o A Te
nkQ
o jo pA LU SwA pBM ,kT%M o nApUM B nj B ,j{

nC ]M xoBo  o /k{BM jp `M jBp jAkU n An ji


k{BM T{Aj qkA Akpo2 BA ,k o jB pAkA M kB{ SwA
Swj M An Bj BU o o A jnAj AkB2 a /kz T Aka yBr
?kkM Swj pA ,kBM kp kMA BU kTvAU  ,An ji Br ,jnC
JBhTA ow oM BjB  SwA A u] j M oj RB%U
A u] jo AoM kvQz j /koUtAw oQ v] o{
a /k xqC oj B<A BM BU k BTeA  SwA
BM BvA xqC jn X ,B /SwA kM qa 5Th j M AqC
pA qa jBp AoMBM ,j{ o\ ] zU M oS%] ,k%w
BM A KwA X koUjq M  B TU BA /jn Swj

Aiji r 240

o*BU ]
BTeA /Sv  jB o* AoM UAke C q ,kqC
pA jBp nAk /jqn M An A Akp B jpB Rk M T2o {
,j{ Jm] S%] An pA Am> RnM ;2 ,kA A M A nAm Bow
Bp BA pA oUBM BA ,j{ o~ o{ RnM kM  M
M o*BU C  TU kM /j{ oj B`M xnoQ o SvAU  SwA
j] BM  k{BM A S kB{ /SwApB  j{ kwn M w
kM BM kATM j{ WBM  A KwA Bn M 2B SBL{
vU nj BM  Sv nkU C SBL{ A BA ,kpBvM An o*BU U
nj Br o/ pA o A ,k{BM ao A j Be /k nB Bw p

 kj B\A o*BU jnoQ nj jB   nAm Bow ,oM o/


C BM  jo2 BU k{BM KoA jBp i kBM jB BKwA /jn nk
o A ,kM> ,kM  KwA r
o ,r BMp M /A ,k{BM KwA kqC
nj  SwA r <KwA a k{BM A a , xqC oQ o o BM Tv jB
`M C AoM njB nAm Bow ,k nBT2o o*BU SvMM nj An ji SB
,o* C pA /kB nnBM BKwA AknoQ AoM A BAU pA Rk{ M o*BU
Swj pA AoM oT qa j{ S%] jio> pA < BM o A o
Bo nAj nB/TA B AoMBM /kwn qa M SMBM C pA ao ,jnAj jAj
/k{BM T{Aj oT tAw ji v] o{ JBhTA nj
T{Aj j] oShw AoM j SwA , nj Te
BTeA 5Th j B< xqC X ,nBd BM xqC
nj /k{BM

kz kz Br C nj Aop ,jnAj j] kj KwC r [BT

a kAkpBM Bo pA oTzM BjB , pBM /kj Bz An ji JJ


nBd BM xqC  B] nj /SwA oTzM knAm `M o n  ABow
Bo pA oTzM L C M ko nj BjB  SwA A B nB/TA ,j{
o{
BTeA od j {qC 6MAn nj  k{BM A o2 o A /k{BM o~

 kQ {BM T{Aj nB/TA kBM ,SwA kdo{ oUB2 oUv
pA oUv jB C nj  kQ pA k{BM oU SwA jB pA oUv o C nj
6MAn BU kj fn oTzM kBM
BTeA oTij.nkQ dozB 6MAn
X /SwA o

241

(jB o) u] j B ] : ~.

/k{BM BA MBM qa kBM ZAn o/ pA njAoM.oAi 6MAn ,ovQ.njB


B\C pA /k{BM T{Aj nBM kMM M BU BjB pA oTzM kBM Bo , nj
xqC pA ,k kU  BTLv Sow BM An hU jkd jAkU jB 
o kAU  o ,o* C pA /kwn jBp qa M jkT 5Th Bo BM
kT%M xo  AAjApC oS%] o pA ,k kU oPwA B pn
q] ,jnAk Aq Aka jB AoM
2BTA xqC /joLM AoM kAU
/jnAk yAoM nhMjnj M Be BA ,jo A pA roA SU  A
o AoM :kwn 5Th BjB BM 2B xqC jAkU M qo o
/jnAk B 2BTA rA
BWdM pA SLd TU BA jo SLd BjC pA nB{C RnM
kzkA pA AU AiB Ai ,~2 A X ,k{BM BU M Mo
xqC pA BjB  dT A / JBT]A Bji RBMo\U nBMnj
Bz An RkpAnj nj nAjB2 oM Aj ABz o  TU BU k nAjji
 kBwoM An A SwA /k{BM zj B{C BAoM SwA kj
o joLAn pA BU k jB%TwA jABi RjBw joLAn pA oTzM jB BBvA
,B B] nj /kAovU BvA A] oTzM UA nj /U
 M BnjB /jnAk nB{C oMAoM k SwA jBp kA jo nAm Bow
Tvo> K>A BnkQ BA ,kj B\A B`M AoM nB Tv n*M
o* pA /kqoM B`M BQ M An p jB RBBA BU k nB oUShw
A /SwA [An Aovoe nBvM nj kkMkUM BvA A] <M ,oj
jBp ke BU An BvA kp {  SwA A pA  Be nCRoe B
Bp nj  n*B ,SwA pBM ,BA /Br k U o2
M BjB kMkUM M o BBvA  nj ,j{ MyQ BU
yAo j A pA Ak Bi B] nj A /k{BM BT ovU
Swnj ,jnAj TvM o2 ;Ao{ RBq] M k{BM T{Aj An BM Swj
/jnAj TvM Svp;d RBq] M RB%T Ae B nj  n*B
dT ,kwn o/ M jBo>
B  ,B ji B] s
j{
B BU p nj ,kj  ,n*B /SwA v] Bji

Aiji r 242

M An ji  SwA o A ,jnAj j] RB%T u] j  B] nj ,S{Aj nB/TA


o/ A pA {M poA Mo> jo /SwA BiM jB jnAm yB
k{Q =oM =npoQ BtBL Ajo <M  SwA Swnj TLA /SwBXTwA
 qa B B] nj ,T2n n ,BA ,kAAoQM jBw Bp <M
/o ;wU ,j{ jnAm yB M jB ;wU SwA tB* oTa jB
Ajo /kBLva ~ Bs k n An BzBRn Bp
o/ M /k BnB a ,BzQo
X ,|Bi Bjn pA o>
An BC BBnr B\ k ]U B{oBo M oTzM Bp kwn
Ajo jM Ao jn nj qa oT Ajo B\ nj /k mzU oTzM
nj ,k ]U ji tBL oBo M nBTo> n*M  jo j{ kj
pA SLd S% nj TU /jqAoM kjoU ,jo a ,p a ,B2Ao*A
A nj v] MlB] jL B jM nBMnj AnB{C jBp BTeA M ,k{BM p
nBMnj TU /p B k{BM jo hw k =o2 /j{ SLd
v] nA M 6Mn jn nB M  UB% jBp BTeA M ,kp oe jo
/jnAk
nj  k tBveA AiB Ai tB{Svp ,BSUA A MB nj
B]M k SMBUn Bo ow oM BjB C nj  jnAj nAoU AB] oMAoM
=npM jBw BjB T% TzM B>o jn nj /k{BM uoM A
kA]oQ Bzinj Bo /k SMBUn BM Bo ow oM jnAk q Aop kA=oM
/k JBhTA kAU  kABB] nj knAkoioQ BjB a
,oPwA M SLv hU  SwA A jnAj BAi jB TzM o A j
v] o BUA BC ?SwA kC poA Mo> jo ow oM a /SwA oUJB L
kAU  SwA BB] nj ?jnAj BAi  SwA C ?k{BM yBLj  k{
?j a M ,SwA a o A ?k JBhTA

j ~

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An TzQ U


nj BM B{B M An ]BU v] ,AnjB nkQ yoM B
RBAe M yoM ]U ninj BL] <M /jAj nAoU /e jn
M yAo BC pA /jo kMTwj BA A SdU TeAnM AU An
Z ,BkoQ Z2 /j{ kj RBAe nBvM nj  SwA o kp
BM B]  Bw AnAkBTvQ
B ,B BB BTwj ,Boze

;2
Bk{] BM A /kn nB{ M BM k kp
BLB> /jnAj j] BBXTwA BA ,jo Rn keA B<A nj
B B{ BZ2 B kT2A An BM ze BB Boin
/k{ kj koQ 5Th
,j{ Be Aiji jo2 AoM ] nj kp pA  2B jn nj
/k %Th BUnA B{ An C Bw  k{ nBoA jBp Bo/
/ nB{A o/ ka M ;2 , SLd BC jn nj Ai
nj AonBXA oBoM nBT2n M  B UBM M jooM S] A M
cTU A /j cTU B{nBMnj jM jAj U j{ Mo ~2
_ C kM  jnC j] M B nj BT]A RAoze M SLv An ]U
BTLv ~2
A nj ,B\Aow /Sv B RBAe onBXA jn nj dTU
U>  A A ,pAjoQ LB]j onBXA SA BM % BM M dT
</An U SzQ ,AnBi Ao SzQ
M k{] A pA kBM k kp BM ] RnM RBAe TU

Aiji r 244

i * kAU nBT% Twj /kwoM oTzM jw BzBr


Swj M Am> Rn A nj ao ,BU nBT% BU k nB{ An oUnqM
TiBw nj BM BRL <M MBz jM
BTeA /j{ vU kC
kLva BM nUAoPA BQ /k SnBz B nqM nBvM nBU
A B] M  SwBC Ako %M A ,k %e An Bo ok M
BLj [ [  B C /kkM yo jAo2A oj M B]  ,k{BM BU
 *U pA Bjnk o/ pA kB{ ,kT2A An oj BB
j kAU /joM jw kAjo jB\A JC nj ] BB
,SwA T%{C pA jB%TwA  An  A MBz /k{BM BB o
Soe

BkoQ  SwA j M kB{ kAkj nAwioaj BMBv nj


kpAoQ nj  o jAo2A nj
BTeA /k pAoQ V { M BB]MB] nj
kB{ /ko nAoU ,jnAk pBTA  ,Svh BB] nj  jnAj j] SMBUn A
d A /komPM An oLn A SM M k{  nhj BM knL\
/jo nAoU WdM jn ~2 A oiC nj  SwA oiBU BM LB]j onBXA
pA qoQ M k{ jo{oM ]Twj kp AoM  2B pA nBvM
pA Uj kMnBA T /j{ Mo AonB{ ;wU k{ jni
/SwA jo AnA 1 Aiji wk B M AB nj An Ao/ a
> pA n/  k BU kBM jz 2[ K] A A A AoM
/SwA <Aiji jAo2A > ,<Aiji
M SwA AqTA ao   do{ AjBw <k>
BM oj nBM
;wU nB] k o2 /k  UA Bj qnj nj B
pA /k e * oUjq M z  SwA k{ nB{ onB{
]2o roA o~ nj Aop ,SwA UB joLAn A onB{ C Bkj
A* o  A M /jnAj LB] kBQ A * Bkj pA /j{
pA * o A /k JBT]A k{BM onB{ M jo2 oUjq A pA k{ Ak
o A BA /jnAm nAo2 M BQ SeAn i ,kj }hzU An onB{ nj B2
1. Geometry For the Selfish herd

245

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

B5 nj
X Akow kM j{ AkQ xA ow 2j onB{
M jM oUjq BTeA kBM * o pBM Rn C nj ,k{BM jo 
nj * o   v\ n*A B /k  BATe An anB{
 SwA p pA Ajkd n/ /SwA T2o nAoU 1 <o6i pe> ;w
,BX AoM /oj jAo2A M BU SwA oUjq |Bi * C M xA6 o
/ { BM B{B2 kAjBT2A An BM  B* C o A
{Be nj C q] M) Ako Ao*A nj  o6i pe ,k{BM T{Aj wk
/k{BM ]Sz BLoU { o/ pA kAU yM  ,jnAj nAoU (SwA
,k{BM jo  SwA A o6i pe  ]Sz C nj onB{ o A
oTzM knAj nAoU {Be nj  jAo2A /k B]x An A
BTeA
,Sv a BTLv ]Sz BC o6i jkd a ,komQKwC
/j{ B{ An w 6 SwA pBM  T C o* pA M
/k a BATe An ji o6i pe k w UB jo2 o BA
nAoU {Be nj j{ ]T o A /jqoPM {Be nj T2o nAoU pA k{ s M
kBM jo2 oiBM B%wBT /joM iAj Sw M  k nB An2 T2o
!k{BM kBL xji j] C k o2 jo2 o jo nAoU {Be nj
\T nj /jnAj j] \U iAj w M {Be pA B]MB] Ak
jpM jM Q yhQ k AoQ
LU A o A  SwA nj Ro]B A
do{ n* An ji k B o A Te /j{ \v jo {
B
B] 2jB~U n*M * o k{BL \U M zAo _ C nj  
ji k xU j{ WBM jo2 o Aiji pA {B nBz2 ,k{BM T{Aj nAoU
M A /kBM ji AoM o6i pe pA kj B] jAo2A M Bi B<2 nj An
oUn] ] [nkU M  j{ B\U zU M o\ Sow
/k{ oU AoT
M yAo  knAj j] MBT BnBz2 UA kp nj SwA kM
nj jU nj jAo2A jM A pA o> o A /k jkd An \U
1. domain of danger

Aiji r 246

 kj Bz Aop ,SwA KB] k A Be A BM BA !kjBT2A o k`Q


<M /k MyQ An B\U kAU jBw nBvM BTo2 Te
SUA M BC A /kTv q oUmUj kAk{ jBzQ  ,oj Bk
dT nj BU AoM B M  nj T jBw k xpnA pA koUjq
/k  RBAe B\U
pA B\A nj /Sv AnB yoM AoM B] Aiji k nj
jAo2A pA jo2 o BAiji ]oM pA SLd ;2 /Sv oLi onBXA
xU jAo2A kwn o/ M  jnAj j] jnA UA kp nj BA /SwA oj
jB M An B A /k %e ]B AonB{ pA An ji B k
kjoLi jBo2 kB B BnB A y /jpAkA BkoQ nAkz BjBo2
A n/ /k nAo2 An2 k{ An BC  jAo2A j{ WBM Aop ,SwA
,k ji ]T An onB{ e q> k w kjnAkz  Sv
jnAj j] onB{ kj oLi BC M ;2 A /jpBw nj An C yB%jn pA
A kwn o/ M ,A B nj Swj ,A j] BM /k B{nBz
M A onB{ ]U C \T nj Aop ,SwA Ao onBXA BM jnAkz
 TUA n pA T RnM An A B /j{ K] kjnAkz ji
jBo2 A q2 RB~i o/ pA / S{AjoM joM Q C M 1 onB /n/N
pA o A /k{BM z C d BwB{  jo { n* nAkz
AoM C on  k eAo* An Ak kAhM R }~hT tk
BkoQ A pA nBvM nAkz jBo2 M L{ qa A ,k{BL BwC onB{
;wU kBM jBo2 A o{ ,SL* nj BA /SiBw kAi AipAC a
A M /SwB a M A Aj B ,k{BM k{ B\A L* JBhTA
BjBo2 a ,kAjAj Swj pA An ji B] nBvM jAo2A  SwB
nAkz jBo2 jAj ow B ,AoMBM /SwA jL Bwn 2B pAkA M B{nAkz
kAU KwB Bwn BM  jBo2 oUoM AoM /SwA jM Ao Bo6i BM
/k{BM T{Aj AkBU ]U kBM Aiji r o/ k MB o6i BM
1. P.R. Marler

247

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

A M BnBM BkoQ nAkz jBo2 /Sv z nBvM nB UAnj


n~U  n*M S2o nAoU ]U jn nAj o/ AoM <yBa>
]U ka B Be \T nj /kCnj oow RnM C AoM dTU
 C nC jB M Shw oj  n* ,nAj C jn nj Ji
A ,koQ Twj nj TU SwA /jM a o*BiM SUj tAw
nAkz jBo2 jAj ow AoM  r ,k{BM kBzi jAo2A Sv BTeA
T2B RB\ jAo2A C pA jAkU kM nj jBp BTeA M Aop ,j{ m2 k{BM
M onB{ ]U K] BM kjnAkz jo2 C o A Te /S{Aj kAi j]
=jB <U A pBM ,kkM Swj pA onBXA An nj An ji B] ,xji
/SwA
oj nBvM Bo/ ,k{BL m2A kBzi JBhTA o/ BM B{ o A
BxnM ,kAU kjnAkz /k JBhTA An BC kAU  Sv
pnoU /kwoM xABAiji 2B M ji B%jn jo nAjoLi BM , B
jn A nj An ji o/ j A BA SwA jo o l An Ji jn [Q
/Aj oUkBU
j nj o/ A jni jnj M ,AkB <o6i> An A o/
v\ /k q BUM nj o6i kkU SU nj  nBTTwA BkoQ
nj BM C MB k{BM mJU Be nj p nj BkoQ A pA Twj k
BC o* M BTv kk An BkoQ p JB /k{BM pAoQ nj AB2
kT%M BC M xqU Bza  jnAj j] o6i A /d o BA ,k{BM kB
pA kTv ]T p M  Be nj k o2 /kBM jo2 B e
An ji An2 zaqU koQ A /kT2A JB M yza BkoQ o jAo2A
AoM nB A /k q B5 B jnC BQ An xow ,k ]
nA BiM AkowoQ p A BAo Aop ,jnAk Aka kB2 A
BC k K] An JB ]U BC Ako SwA /koQ nC
jo2 AoM SwBw oTM BAiji
B Bkj pA /kT%M o6i M Z2
An ji BAo kjnAkz jBo2 BM  SwA A kj An JB A 
 kj yB An A BTeA k{ S Bw KUoU A M BU ,k oLiBM

Aiji r 248

/k K] kTv  B] M An JB ]U TwAiB


< {5> o/  nB{A C M Ai  oj o/
j{ jq ]B TU  SwBkoQ pA d C KwB o/ A /SwA
k o2 oj nBM /Sinj n kn
X ,k{ nj k pAoQ
kBM a /j{ onB{ ]T kAmJU Be nj  koQ Z2 pA
BA /joM k pAoQ ;2 kj nAkz yBAo M A kM kAU ?kM
koQ Z2 pA jB < oj /jBT2AAk] koQ j{ SUC
Aow BJB
k /SwA o> BU < M Sv
j ,k{BM T{Ak Sd o/ A o A Te ,kn jBT2AU BoUL
SwBw SwA jL SB] n A AoM jnAj j] jBp o/
jo2 C ,koM xAQ nj A BAo SB nj o A Te /k{BM AkjMB
a /SwA jAj yAq2A An ji o6i pe ,j{ kM p pA pA yQ 
o nj jo kp ,k{BL a k{BM Swnj T |~h o/ A
/kjAj U C M BkoQ Rn A o> nj ,k{BM Ao UApBTA BM kBM
ke BU j{ Ak] Twj pA pA oUjp  jo2 C ,k{BM ao pBTA A
a ,k pAoQ kj An onB{ A  AkoQ C o A /jpAjoQ An yABU
n kj AjA xnB M kk qa  n* kBM A kB{ ?kM
RAo6i nB A BA /k U jnC Swj M jM o nj pA  TBe
BM nj /SwA o6i o nj pBM B<2 nj p A /jnAj Ao M k]
BM joM  SwA A nB oTM UAnj /jM kAi oUA yB] Sinj
oj KUoU A M /k? An nB? Aoj ? k{BM 7 kBM BA ,Sinj
pBTA ABU BUM A j{ Jvd jBo> jBT2A Ak] <
B M koQ pBTA pA M ,SiAjoQ kAh kwn o < o M  An
nAkz jBo2   k BU oj nBM /k{ kAi koM Sinj BiB{
o/ 2 uMo /n/Z 1 nBa //A /jnAj Ao M An ABAiji
B pBTA
koQ `C AoM  kn yQ B\C BU C nj kAjo AnA An MBz
1. E.L. Charnov

2. J.R. Krebs

249

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

rA pA kj B\A xATwj jAo2A M M SLv kj nAkz


!Ak{ nj MBve BTo>M }Bi
pA /k jB%TwA ,<nBTwj>
onBXA

jo2  kBnj n] dT A BM Bo/ A SwA oBo nj


nBpBwB _ UA nj /kj nAoU o6i o nj An ji kjnAkz
kAi o6i o nj oTzM kk ow nAkz jBo2 koQ C o A /jnAk j]
BC B~h ,kAjAj Swj pA An ji B] nAkz jBo2 o*BiM jAo2A <M /jM
jBo2 a kjo oj Ak /jM BwC B{jBo2 Ak B] }hzU 
pA j ;2 < {5> o/ o7i o/ /kjAk ow nAkz
/k BM An S  SwA jBp RBdTU
zji
,k{ o l ~2 nj  ozQ vBU C C nBMnj

mo* pA ;2 kM S*BU BM S{AjA An njnC  A AonBXA oBoM


r o/ B\A nj ?S% kBM a ,jAj cTU An S j{ o JBhTA
,Sv oYBUM BkoQ nAkz jBo2 /SwnM n oU5oo yBa BM Aiji
]U K]M BATe  T2B eAo* n* SwA cTA
B
SwA BBji C By] /k{BL nB{C C kM By] X k
kM BC kwn o/ M /k K] An onB{ ]U kM ke BU
onB{ owMow kAi nBA BLoU ,kAiAo2 ji w M An BonB{
kj kB{i  BMM C nj  k{ Ao/ M o\ kBz A /knAmM
\T ,jM ka 1 SBwA An o/ A k ,A nj /j{
/jnAj An Bd B<A ,Aoa aM SwA k{ Be C pA  6
LB] o%U A T /jAj bo{ a AU An Bd o/
B UAnj ,oj BC M jAj S pA T{m  SwA ozQ %
C BM KwBT ,S C kj BM oj BC /kj nAoU k An onB{
nj ,UAnj nBT2n C k Aop ,SwA L] qa A BA ,k
Tv{ BQ Swj ]oU /SwA onB{ M jAj S ,A ]nj
C  SwA ,oQ kM nka LM> :j{ qa a B BMp C
1. N. Smythe

Aiji r 250

kAU  oM An BC oM ,oM Ao AU ,Tv Beow Bw


kM r A BTeA ,SwA BvA oT  BMp M </koPM X
An B* AonB{ Aop ,jnAk j] j{ onB{ BMoU koQ zB
AnAkBTvQ pA nBvM ,|~i M /k{BM BwC BC T2o  kj c]oU
BM  jo2 /kn 5T oQ B* BLj A M kAo onB{
A tBwA oM /5T SwA oQ k Bji =Ao>A BM joQ
C nj qa o A UAnj /jnAk j] onBXA d _ Bji A nj ,o/
oj jAo2A w M An onB{  SwA A C k Aop ,SwA Aiji ,k{BM
SwA C kpBM joQ oUkM v a kLM BU SwA TMBUn ,UnBL M /kAoM
/j{ onB{ K~ 
 SwA nBdTA BnLp jn ,jooM C M jM nAoU  oj
An A nj z BLoU BA kp y koM \ v M  BC M
nBvM Boze pA BU v nLp /kj Swj pA An ji B]
Ban> B Bn ,an , nLp ,oj Boze /SwA BT]A
BT]A RAoze  pA M nBdTA BnLp pA ;2 /kA<k%w
|~i M ,kATiBw BBTwAj BT]A RAoze BAo]B pA / SLd
nBdTA py BSnB /SwA nCRoe B{nB{C onBXA nB
1 v Ban nj /SwA nBXA T{mji pA A BC
kAjo jBM ,Am> pA oQ B{ BM L\ dM  jnAj j] onB L*
AqC 5w pA jojBM O JBLe X  SwA A kp nj B{nB BU
% nj /ko nAoU oj AonB jB%TwA jn Am> nBLA AM k{BM
,AnB{C ,B] B2n o*BiM BC Sjo2 ;k kp
A UAnj ,BvA
d M Bn B ,nLp ,an dBT]A o /SwA jAj Swj pA An ji S
pA SLd  j{ vU Ba Am> /kwn oUBM d6w nj Sjo2
o <}Un> BM B{ ;wU RB*A /SwA  AoT{A {
kkeA  jo nAoU nBTiA nj KwBT n* BnLp
1. honey-pot ants

251

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

/kTv ji |Bi ve B<A L~ B/ AnAj


]nBi B]B ,kqoM kM A y A B/  qa ;wU
Bj ,kTv oi AnB] pA BnLp ao /k{ kAn uQ BwB{
SwA BvA kM nj  TUj B BM BLoU v k nj BM BTLv
/kwn XkU M tBU A Aj ,oU pA oiC nj /j{ /U
oTw AonB kj zU An BT]A Boze oQ  jAo2A oX A
pA TUA o kM B pA 1 <%6 An> B kpz r AkU ov /kTv
<M nj v] Bw BM An jAo2A A /jnm kXkU jAo2A
`B ,kL e nj oTw AonB /jo vB AU BBvA B AkhU
/kB L~ Bw
B AoM AonB nB onBXA BRn oj nBdTA nBT2n
nB] kM /koTw BC  omPM An SUA A o A jM kAh nCK\U
pA SLUAo mo* pA nCjAp mo* pA kATM  j{ /U n* jB
/k <U An ji Br BM kTv Br B AnAj  oj jAo2A
/Sv nBpBw kC nj ji nCjAp BM oj jAo2A pA SLUAo An nj ji Tz
_ onB nLp BA /kMB BU Rnk M AonBXA zji AoMBM
pA yBr nAk M 6 A BxU /jnAk ji pA AjAp
nLp o /kTv xji kpo2  SwA AkBzi pA SLUAo mo*
jBT2A  SwA SA nkUB yBr AoM S%]M oTw onB
/Sinj Br AoM qBQ oM
BA , pAjoQBv2A BT]A Boze M ]An  jnAj j] BU A
o/ LM ~%U M ke BU Sv kM / nB a jnAk q BUA
kkQ yAkQ A s M ,k jnioM C BM a Aiji r
j{  C pA BTwAj A  An AonB jM oTw o>
/jo o/ nj a

 ,SwA nqM nBvM jABi BT]A RAoze oQ


1. germ line

Aiji r 252

RnkM B k XkU  AonB /knjB BjAp C jAo2A


AonB ,a AonB  k{ vU %Th RBL* M ji ,k
C pA Bv kB Ak{ ~~hU
B BL* ApBMow ,nqM
XkU  Bo M /jnAj B k XkU  AjB /kA]
k XkU  BC ,oUT2ozQ BdBT]A nj /k B{ B o /k
pA kAoLi nBvM nB C nj BA /kj B\A C pA o> oj nB qo
B`M pA nAk Sv M ,kATvMA AonB M nAk Am> o/
Bn an B pA <M nj /SwA AonB k oM

A  j{ pBwhU nqM BinB M kLU jojBM nqM


oMAoM Bk xApAkA /jAj }hzU oze AM An C j{ SepM
M ,kTv yLoA Ak AonB /Sv Soe M njBU
A SwA onB
T\ BnAio{ SwM An yBhU omQBBU Bo] kj Am> A
xAT6w w pA BwC> a k{BM nAoU o A /k SAk
nAw ,ySep AonB SzQ oM ,A BB oM ,kj B oJU
/j{

T% /jo BM An nAk nCjAp M qBU T% ~2 nj


BU ,kTv C pA nAk nC`M pA *h  LoU BjoLAn
An nAkBQ BU o/ pA LoU
BjoLAn  kj \Q ~2 nj /k AkQ

RnM kAU S] C jo2 o B ?jo kMTwj  d j nj AU


nC`M pA Ak\w KoU M
jAo2A AoMBM ,k nBT2n LoU
/j{ vU jAo2A pA RB%T d j M S]  B ,kwn C nAk
tBwA oM /jo o~U An BoUL BJB M jBU AkTMA B KUoU A M
M nAk nCjAp M j mo* nj  Sv BA A ,o/ A
BknAk BkAp M kBM S] :kwn nAkBQ BU o/ pA jBU
 jM kAi nAkBQ BU o/ pA Un nj ;2 A BA /j{ vU
ji o A  jq nkUC ,k{BM Bk{ T{Aj jq Bzi BknAk
tBwA oM SwA ao /kjM jq A M kT{Aj kpo2 BknAk
nj ;2 kwn o/ M BA ,k ozQ S] A nj BU ,o/ A

253

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

/SwA jAj fn
kkQ A BT]A RAoze
BkAp ,k{ vU k yhM j M BT]A RAoze j Ao2A
onB BknAk /kTv XkU BjB Bo BkAp /BknAk
oj nj oTw BjB BBn nj oTw BjB Bo /kTv
nL\ Aop kj B\A Mi M An B{nB d j o /BT]A RAoze
nj Cw A ?SwA v a o/ pA Mi A BA /k MB ok BM kTv
<?kwn a BonB M> :SwA k{ BM Rn A M nAj o/
ji AkA S] nj k tBveA BC /<qa _> kAT% <M
M kwn nj An A jnAjA An AonB B{ nAqMA BM An A nj jn yQ
xjBp nBvM BjAp pA k B{nL\ ,k nB xABAiji AkA
SwA nkBvA 1 <kA nBTwj> o/ pA SAn A /k nAk
An BkAp BonB  SwA C ,A 5Bh o/ /kj Tz ~2 nj 
pA Bhv k AoQ nj An BC kAp nBTwj A BM kj <xnoQ>
jpBw  An BM B{B ,B /k oTzM AonB r
T /knAj jq kBzi BC BM BA kTv AonB B`M
BnLp v BnLp ,Ban nj Swj  joM Q A M Ak{
/k{BM oUjq B`M M ji pA AonB UAnj kB{
oUoza w M An 2 o pnoU kM  A ji o2 A
op nAoUM C kTwA o\p /jo SAk Aiji r o/ BS2
:SwA
v nLp ,an ] pA BMqpB o Boze Sv] U B/
A nj knAk mU o A M BBn /SwA o> nLp
;2
BM qpB o nj /kTv w BC S~i
BoPwA jAj B\A oS%] k~U M pAoQ ;2 A] nj A /Sv BM
A * /SwA jo oil SwA oTzM B Bw j  xo M AoM An
ov B pA TU An BC Thn BhU n An BoPwA [nkU M A BBw
1. parental manipulation

2. Hare

Aiji r 254

/k{ nnBM BhU  Sv n*A BA /k nnBM knm Bi


SwA o  nB] KUoU A M /k{ o M kLU kAkz nnBM  BC
pA  ) SwA po \ pA ;2 ykM Bw BU jnAk nkQ
/k{BM T2o (njB pA nkQ pA ) \ j B X A B] M (SwA T2o njB
k]j B] M ji Bw nj o BMqpB o ,w ~2 tBU M BM
nkQ  o/ A pA jB BMqpB o /jnAj <k]> ;2 po <JBT >
/Sv ykM w o nj po \ j mL* SwA jB jnAj
M M Sv yBr M TvM j{ kLU M B onB M jB A
pA B \ jB o nj , /j{ nqM a  jnAj TvM A
M oTM B) pBwonB Br pA B \ pBw Br
(o> pBMow ,onB 5Th RBL* AoM k{ ~~hU Br pA A\
jB C A M jnAj TvM <j{ B2> \ Ak A /jnAj j]
/jni  Am> o/ pA |~i M ,kMB xnoQ a
Aoa Aj B /SwA a <U A BA ,kAij jBp Bv ao
,jnAj j] j {M /SwA T2B BU v] kU o> B/ A
o/ nj BM qpB nj nCK\U SUA A M An C ;2
2 BA
T2nTv{ kAU BM ,k{BM ao K\ ST A A j /o
/jnAk nBpBw ow jM kBzi Aq LwBd jn nj  z{ ~2
T{Aj =o2 BM B B X A B] M ,o jo2 BoPwA
ykM w o nj r \ ;2 o o /kABv
B ,k{BM
\ C  kBM oPwA o AoMBM /BUj \ ,jnAj
BU KUoU A M /An C pA knj 5 k S2Bnj An Br
M kBzi Aq kBM Be /kA kB |~i M o BoPwA
xnjB A BTeA ,k{BM T{Aj An A r o o A / LwBd An ovQ njB
nkQ o C Aop ,k{BM knj 1 kBM gwBQ ?SwA nka k{BM T{Aj An C
/SwA T2o xnjB pA An ji Br T{Ak
r C xovQ  BTeA A /jnAj B r A AkM k o2 Be BA
A /kwn Br pA ;2 A M Aop ,SwA knj 5 k{BM T{Aj An

255

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

xnjB pA An ji Br o /Sv a BA ,k ] B


eAn /kj xovQ M An ji Br pA ;2 njB o BA ,SwA T2o
r jAkU 5~ ;2 o  SwA T% oA A nj nB{C Bj A
jnAk AkB2 SwA 1 B 1 BC kBzi <UA> Aq A ow oM /jnAj
2
o A ATiBw y\w nAqMA A M B An }iB{ A / 6 An ji
A M nmM xoi pA AU k Swnj owjnj BAoM jnA nj
kM nj A BTeA ,SwA kM nj  A r Bd pA / U oUwBwA
AoMBM /SwA Aq Swnj oTij o AoM ,SwA 1 k{BM xovQ
2
A M pAkA B k{BM  ,jB B o ,u] o pA yBjAp , o/ pA
/B{njB M BjC B`M  kAjq
nkQ U AoAi /j{ oUk`Q dBTA wn BoAi M TU
BzBr BU o/ pA kATvM An BC B%6  oPwA j :knAj qoTz
kB ko kA pA  Br o/ pA BoAi AoMBM /kABv
pA B An C kBM ,k{BM T{Aj An A r jB o A /kTv Bv BUj
knj 5 BTeA M ,k{BM T2o njB pA o A /k{BM T2o xnkQ pA B njB
A BTeA /k{BM T2o xnkQ pA An C o A BA /jnAj An C xoAi
kBzi Aq ,AoMBM /SwA knj 1 k{BM T{Aj An C xoAi
/SwA 3 M ,Sv 1 ,jB Sv] BM AnB] X ,BMqpB AoAi nj
4
2
jq ji U AoAi M jB BMqpB  j{ A \T
Q T  Ba /k{BM  u] o pA ,ji B`M M BU jnAj oTzM
nj SwA oA A (jo BM Rn A M Swnj An dT A ao ) joM
pBwoAi {B A M An ji njB ? jnC j] M An SL1n A BjB

oTzM Tow BM jpBw oAi Tvo> n*M  r /kj xnoQ kCnB?


KUoU A M /k oXU An ji ,jpBw `M Tv n*M  r pA
pA ,jM BT]A UA M , SwA jL UB%UA kB{ /kC kkQ BonB oTw
;2 BM qpB nj B Ak] nBMjpB pA yM AoBo ,AonB oTw mo*
/SwA k{ AkQ BBn nj RBAe oj oU nj nBM
M ji njB xnoQ nj BonB o A /jnAj j] oj z BA

Aiji r 256

B M  An njB L* BU A kBM ,k2 pBwoAi {B A


BTeA ,onB o Bd pA /k oT d M jpBw njAoM BzAoM pAkA
M o A AoMBM /SwA 1 ;2 k{BM T{Aj An A |Bi r 2 njAoM A
4
M A jAj xnoQ ,k kU jB o B`M Bv Aq M kj pB]A
kAh nBzTA oX Ake Aq M BC SUl Br /jM kAh AonB jw
/S2B
Sv] SLv Aq BU k xU kBM AonB kk{ ]T o pnoU
J6 SLv nj oz2 RBLwBd pA jB%TwA BM BC /kj oJU BjB % M An
nB BMqpB |Bi jn n Ajk\ (kj LU ~2 nj B  ) u]j
/SwA 1:1 mL* nAm Bow nAkBQ SLv njB AoM k{ /kjo
B{ o A /njAoM SwA oAi % M 1:3 oAi o AoM nAkBQ SLv BA
A k ozT An ji r A AoM xn oUoY ,k{BM jB BMqpB
1:3 SLv M  knAjA An BUnjB k nAjji nC`M pA BUji  SwA
An oTM ,knBM `M BUji k{BM nAoU o A BA /jpBvM njAoM oAi BTAoM
T{Aj oTij ovQ Bv SLv M  SwA A BUBr M kBwn jw
/k{BM
] /Sv r RB%U onB M RB%U ,kj  n*B
<kAhM> o A , B j{ onB  k{BM A xokU SwA r o/ pA
v] SLv j{ <kAhM> o A 1:3 kBM C v] SLv j{ onB
 r SwA A n/ ?Sva <TwAi> A pA n/ ,Ji /k{BM 1:1 kBM
C  j{ ozT ] oTM M Un nj kMB kM nj An ji
TU r B BA /k nAm Bow Bv SLvM ovQ oTij AoM kM
An xnjB  SwA A xn oTM yAoM ,kM onB kM nj An ji
o /Sv nB nj <UBU UA nj /k{BM BovQ pA yM yBoTij jAkU jnAjA
An jB%TwA oTM SwA xnBTiA nj UB%UA n*M  UnkU BoA pA kBM r
SwA nAoU  kM k{n n kAU  kM BB] nj An ji o A /kM
qa oYBU A pA jB%TwA AoM joLAn oUJ6 ,jnAmM oYBU j{
oYA onB kM k{n po* n kAU  kMB TU nj An ji o A ,SwA

257

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

/SwA oj qa RnkU A pA jB%TwA AoM J6 joLAn ,jnAmM


<k w> /jnAj j] 2B jB<U ,jAj xnoQ nj A
SLv k w BonB /k nAm Bow BjB Bo AoM oMAoM AqM
jo o~U nj B o A /koLM yQ o M jB w S] nj An XkU
AoM M BC z ]] {B AM kjxnoQ AM BonB
pA o> o A /kAjM m2 1 M 3 SLv M kwn nj BonB kB{ ,{BM T2o
AonB k kp jn ywA pA  nB/TA mMB6 BUA ,k{BM A
kBM SU C ,k{BM T6w BB{noQ nAjoLBo2
AnBTwoQ A joM

pA |Bi jn A nj /kMB =%U kj c]oU  1:1 SLv S{Aj nB/TA


nB ,j{ T{Am yBpC M kBM dT A ?Sv koM v j M ]
/kjAj B\A an B pA jBp jAkU pA jB%TwA BM o pnoU 
/SwA kXkU BjB Bo SLv ,o/jn v] SLv
Bp BB2 nj  kTv nAkBM S{nj RAj] BkXkU
C pA kM kCnj pAoQ M an pA oS%] AoM Bi
nAkBM RAj] /kn kk] BoQ TiBw Q nj A] B
xnB{ jn u]j SLv pA LoU jnCoM jnC Swj M AoM kBM An
A /SwA oMAoMB kkU BjB Bo jAkU ,B nBvM nj /jAj nAoU
oz2 RBLwBd ,kj LU ~2 nj  B Aop k k`Q An <U
nAk S] ,u]j jAkU jn nj ,u]j J6 M SLv jn nj
jo p BM o pnoU /kC nB M BjB Bo AoM nAmBow
Sv] SLv kT{AjoM An an 2 BC /kjo n/ An C Ban
TLv M BLoU /kjo jnCoM BkXkU nj nAm Bow Kve oM An BC
 o M jB SLv B ,1:3 M jM jq AkBU n*M  kkwn
An M B{ji % M An C yB AonB jM jo MyQ o/ A
/kjM TiAkA
 2B jB<U nj ,B6 jn Ban nj kwn o/ M ,AoMBM
 BonB kM Aop ,Sv K\U B] jBp /kA<koM> AonB ,jnAj j]
 Br /SwA kM pA oUkpn nj ,kTv BB{noQ BL

Aiji r 258

mo* pA  Br ;wU ,kj oJU An Bj kM mo* pA k{


SwA KB] /k{ njM Ak pA k An Bj kAi AonB kM
o C nj  joM Bi ;Ao{ BLj B<2 A nj 
a Swnj  kk{ ]T o pnoU /k{BM T{Aj BonB pA oTzM
/S2o nB M o/ C AoM mUj pC A M AU An TT
nj /jnAj j] nAjjoM an B <M nj  SwA A SUA
An C kM i B kj B\A jB nB _
A B AonB nAjjoM
 UA B] /SwA joM T2o AoM xn nj BzUnB /kj B\A
nj BBvA nj ;2 k] BM u% oiC BU KUn ByUnA C nj
L* ,an B pA nBvM nj /jnAj =Ak~ BT]A RAoze
BnAnC ,k{ TiB{ pBMow AM  ,BonB pA Ak{~~hU
nj oQ AoM ] 5U An B{o ,knAj nCtoU k]
pA Bi d o joM AoM xn /k oj Ban yUnA MB
M mT Ban M e BM ,Ao joM /SwA ] BSB2
pA B`M koM M pA An BC 2Ak ApBMow k w ,RB%T
BkBMn nj B`M A /knBM a M An BC kB oM hU
L~ BoM mL* kowA  <k2> BC /kC oM hU pA ji
kBM jB n*M B{ji nj  An BnB ji T{ow nj
Bo%w M BpBMow B o joM AonB /kj B\A B\A nj ,kjAj B\A
Jz kABi nj BjoM  Be nj kj AjA o joM AoM oj
pA nAk UlC U ,S2B/ ,Ban opn nA joM yQ
/kTv B`M
 B`M , C BM k2B> SUA A pA kwoi BjoM TLA
An BpBwjoM pA kk] Twn TwAiB BC /knAk TLv  kTv BzLUAo
SwA xU nj joM Br oM oYBU BM L* JBhTA {M /kAnoQ
BxU A nAoU pA BA /kj oUoM nAjjoM 5Bh BnBpBw M
j] joTv kkQ { M nAjjoM Aop ,kAjL kCnB kBM  Ba
/jnAj

259

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

pBwjoM  /SwA A nAjjoM SABM \T B 2 Bkj pA


S] ,kj c]oU ji  n*C An u]j SLv Aq kAU  A
AnB BB{noQ nj oj ,Bo joM ,A UA B`M Aop /kj
BjAp pA knAj k Bi BjoM /SwBjoM Swj nj Be RnkU kTv
b M B{ji nj  An `C o
BTeA k nAk B{ji
BA /SwA AoAi % M  kwoM 1:3 SLv M BU kj B\A kAkM
j] MBhTA o _ SwA BA nj MBT RBAkUA pA pBwjoM

A BjoM Aop ,k Xi An MBT RBAkUA A BjoM oM oYBU BM  jnAk


/knAk B`M BM TLv
jo M mo* pA ,an nj k n~U ,BX AoM
JBhTA /kj ] jB An Bo <k w> jB BhU BM o BhU
A jo oM S] nj  AonB nj zAo o M n*M L*
BU joL RnM An C AU B /kj Ak k{BM pBwoBo
Ak AonB kj <oJU> An qn Ak C nj   v\
ji pA oTzM Br  SwA koM v ] A nj /k <{qn>
 n*B /k{BM T{Aj kM v BkM nj BkXkU mo* pA An
oJU pBwjoM TU BA /kAkoM  kAonB
,kj
/knC kkQ ji nj An C Tv{ BAU kAU onB BjoM ,kj qn
pA _ kM nj ,Sv onB joM nj  {qn r C  j A M
Bk XkU /j{ T AoMBM jnAk j] kXkU jAo2A
/knAk BjoM BM TLv kA kBzi knAj mU pBwjoM M
B nj ,k{BM T2B An BkXkU nj M BjoM r dM o A
T2o nAoU \ jn A A  j{ kj BkXkU
 kk{ qn Tv{ nB M Swj onB BjoM ,Rn C nj /kTv
An qn TeAn M kAU pBwjoM ,AoMBM !SwA BLT{A
T{Aj j] kM v nj {qn Br nBzTA o6i A kM ,kj oJU
/k{BM
nB/TA kBM pBwjoM B nj  SwA A k`Q WdM A ~eB

Aiji r 260

j{ jq 1:1 M u] jo XkU nj nAm Bow SLv {BM T{Aj


A /k Bji  ,SwA nBM ;2 BBXTwA /1:3 M
j ;2 BC kao ,kT2Bnj o pnoU  SwA qa B Swnj
/kT2o o/ op An pBwjoM
UA kp /Ajo BM BnC RnM An BTwAj   k BU kBM
oze oUB{C nj kwn o/ M ,BX AoM /Sv / KUo n*A
/SwA uoM
B nB v nLp nj ,BT]A
nB ; n BU jo Rn Bo n oTzM i nAm Bow
T /AonB Bkj pA kwn o/ M nAj njB Bkj pA 
nLp TU k A ;SwA jo jBzQ B A AoM eAn
y Ao An A nBTwoQ AonB pA o k qoU An k v
jAj Swj pA An AonB A A k C /jpBvM kk] oQ  k
XkU Zoi pA zhM JBve M kBM An BC qB] q SwA
kU kBM BA onB jBp jAkU ,jn  A o ApA M Aop :S{Am
AoM nAm Bow pA q] kBM An 2BTA AonB A AoM nAm Bow /j{
AonB C BSv] SLv LwBd SU /SvAj kXkU BjB
k] z v A ,AoMBM /k\w Bo BM jBU o/ pA kBM An 2BTA
/j{ Jvd o/ A AoM
,B <M nj  SwA A oj o/ A mUj jonB nj
xqC o ka BM o B] M MBS%] AoM ji pAoQ nj A]
yB 3 pA An yBoTij M kBzi B  B A M /k
4
,Sv 6 i ao /kBwoM 1 M SwA *Ao2A jnA nj kj
4
AonB M o* pA Bop AMoT An nB A  jnAj j] BU A
An AonB  SwA j M kwoM o/ M kB{ BUB%UA !oM o/ nj
A pA k{ B kAi ,k Ao xAMBS%] BpAoQ nj
AonB C ji r M 
A nB A BA /k oS%] nBM pA yM
BonB C B nj /jni kC v AonB Br jnj M ;2 k
;2 BC Ako /jnAk j] L* A M nB TvL tBveA _

261

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

An ji njB  jM A onB o nj kB{ /SwA xji Br o2 M


xA%6 Bp C nj Aop ,jL nk yAoM So2 A qo BA k Ao
oAi ji MBov pAoQ nj A] o /SwA jM kz TvM p
ko An A o* oTzM AonB AoMBM /B{njB SwA AonB 2 v
[ ow oj /SwA B{jApoAi  ,An kC v AonB o*
/BwoM B\Aow M An BTwAj  SwA yTU ,jn
tBU pA kj B\A B{njB AoM BMqpB AonB  nB AoM
pA BonB A /SwA r nq BC nq /jo jB%TwA xnoQ
B{ji pA BC r pA Bhv kU nj  AkkU A M B{njB
B M BTvM nj kU ;i
Br /k jB%TwA ,SwA oUkCnB
Be

B % BM kBL An xnoQ pA jB%TwA A /ko nAoU k{ XkU jAo2A


RAoze / BLT{A kpAjoQ Sz M BT]A RAoze C nj  UB%T
pA oUkCnB kAU Am> / Sz  kjo 5z ,BBvA oUoj ,BT]A
/k{BM nCjo nB{
BBn BC pA Ak]
B kk] Bj Ban pA ka ,BX AoM
kTv Ban BC oUo /knAj <^nBU Sz Bnq> Bo2C nj
2 nBvM Ban BA /k2o 1 M] BoC MBT2C oTa M 
/Sv an j pA yM SwA k{ S2B BC pA  BoQ nj /kTv
pop UnjU BoAn pA Ak`Q B\ B{ B{
TiBw q Bi U 4 pA yM jnCnj BM jnAj m oTzM B oT w  SwA
Ak ,Ban /SwA pop BoAn A nj ^nBU Bnq /SwA k{
joi k] pA  knB As j pA BoTvM nj An ^nBU pA Bi d
o~ BTv An BoM A B] M AonB /kATiBw jBC BoM jo
oM AoM MBT2C oTa Ban oQ <BT{A> /k j An BC ,k
/SwA BzB^nBU Am> M Sv BC ji Am> oM ao /SwA jBA=2
An B^nBU SB nj /SwA jo kLU nqM jB~TUA S2C M An BC
1. Parasol ants of South America

Aiji r 262

nj B^nBU /kj BzB`M M kni Am> A M k S{AjoM


AoMBM k Ban ji k pA oTM oM nj jA Tv{
nj oiC nj kao ,k{BM B^nBU % M kB{ /SwBan % M BoM A
jnAj k{ yhQ AoM B{ji B  Tvw pA oTM Ban :k{
k ] An ^nBU Bnq Ban , M /k ozT An BC
me BM KUoU A M kB{ /k q BQ B{CB B^nBU oj dAA pA An BC
6MAn S% AU /kwoM jw Ban B{C B^nBU M ,KUn
L{ B/ SwA o l BB{ /jnAj j] ^nBU an M LB]j onBXA
k{ AkQ knAk BC BM TLv _  BBn B nj ,^nBU Sz A
/SwA
BT{ /knAj An ji |Bi k{Sz BB
Bi RBAe Ban

}~hU nBvM BB o{ k nj MBz Boze B Ak] n*M


oTM i An nB A ,kz oM BB pA An jA Ji i BC /kAT2B
;2 k 2j  An B \T nj kj B\A jA C Jm] < pA
pA nB{ow a Bo6U /SwA jAj Swj pA An ji xpnABM Aq]A pA <M
<M nj  ,k nL jBp Sow BM BzTzQ BTA pA <B o{> kU

B <M nj BA /SwA an ji p pA yM SBw o nj yp jnA


/j{ T2o yAn ] j{ ZnBi oze kM pA kAi jA C TU T{
An BC kp BT{ M BzBQ iB{ BM  AMoT BM Ban
An B{o6U jnA <M nj :kj gwBQ Soe A M BT{ /<k{j>
k{BL C T2o jBC an o A Te kqM MoT Aan BU knAj
An ji SzQ BT{ <M k /k nAjji o6U Thn pA
A AoM ,SwA an Rn X oBo o/ pA  kAjAj BU { M
AoBo j{ BT{ K~ 6MAn A pA  qa /k Jm] An Ban oTM
;wU jBp  T{ pA B /k{BM L* B{j pA k{ %e kBM
,k kp BQow op  B jo{ BB X ,kAk{ Sz Ban
/kAjAj Swj pA dB2j AoM An ji L* nBpBw
ji pop B nj BT{ hU pA Ban jnA <M nj

263

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

An BC kk{ nqM TU B\Aow kj Am> BT{ jAp M ,k SLUAo


/k T k{ S/2Bd Aoa Bp M
jnAj j] RB%T B B<A AoM LB]j jw C nj  An A6MAn
Bqa K>A RB%T B B<A /k 1 Tvp B nB
UB%T B<RnB> kAU Aop ,knAj ok M jo To AoM jBp
nAkBQ BjoLAn M kAU jBM nBU k d A /knAmM S Ao{ M An
KwB d BT{ /SwA LB]j BnB  j{ o\ BU o/ pA
pA dB2j nj k Bj A BA ,knAj B o{ kz oM AoM An Bj
nj BA ,knAk UnB B pA o{ k nj Ban /SwA kCnB B ji
oUoM T{ pA SoB%e Sz r ,Ban r Aqi nj /koB k]
/SwA jo AkQ oUoM Ban BM nB ,T{ r Aqi nj /SwA T2B
/SwA [An BB RBAe M LB]j 2B AoM Tvp 6MAn
Be UA nj BA /oj B o kB SwA B oBoM v B
kAU j A pA _ /SwA L] ^nBU M jq jBdUA Tvp
 Sv `C pA BC jBdUA o A /kj AjA kp M oj C kM
M BUj kp j] An BC TvAU
A oj ,jM oUjq
w B BUj  k{BM T{Aj j] Akp RAj] kB{ AoMBM /nC nB{
?B ji Te kB{ /AjAk Bz~hzU p B k{BM BU
BM jnAj j] qn Bqa pA jBp jAkU B Bw pA o nj
B{nB  kTv a B{ BBinB BnkT A /nkT
oo kM Swj pA An ji BnkT B o A /SwB pBjn roA jB\A
T  kAjo kTwA LUMBU n*M AoiA /S2n Ai M pA BYka
BM BU AkTMA nj  kTv Tvp BoT BM A nj Bnk
nj qn RAj] oj AoM /kAT2B kQ B B d pA Bw
B% C pA dT A /SwA k{ AnA MBz Bo/ B Bw
kwnAo2 xomQ A Bp BA ,jnAj pB Bp M yT2omQ  SwA MA
1. mutualism

Aiji r 264

Br pA o  omPM An jBM k A kBM B B M /SwA


/Tv Svp Br BwC> oQ B /SwA Svp keA B
nj  n*B BA ,k SLd BjA A AoM <kA{> pA kAU jC BUA
B  n*B Swnj ,SwA T{ow qa
A ,jAj o/ yQ B~2
SwA A w oj n / o2 v] B nj r nB po* nBMnj
Bto /SwA jBT2A Ak] B kM oQ pA  k{BM r SwA to 
pA 2B% nj  kA(C M TvMA oXU ji B) }Bi DNA B{
pA BC  SwA A B o/ /kAA BC /kAk{ k{Q UoQ
A B] M ,Be /kATho oQ pA  kAkC j] M oM{C Br
A mo* pA k jB%TwA oPwA hU pA ,oUwn  w pA
An Bji B ,k{BM T{Aj SUA A o A /koQ oj kM M kM pA BTv
Tvp B{B<M  !oM o/ nj AU Bto oQ
BA /k o%w oj kM M kM pA hU oPwA nj knAj nB
knBM o  Aw o BM ,knAj A kp M /kA<wn> Br
{ B
BTeA ,k o%w hU oPwA nj A DNA o A /k o%w
A nj o A /k{ SLd C pA w ~2 nj  jpBw An jApB DNA nAjUBU
,C jB % nj ,<to> BC ,k o%w oj Tv w BM B
/j{ kB
nj Tvp BM B oTBe Be nj /kAkC AoM BpB BA BA
rA /BC nj nAj nBow woQ RAj] M ;MAn c6w
nB M RB%T B B<A jM BM AoM jAjnAoU n*M Tvp
o/ M ,o B2 <Bb> BU Bkj pA B  Be ,BA /jn
B<A jM BM A AoM k{BM T{Aj j] 6 j _ kwn
/oM o/ nj B<A jM BM pA o> qa An RB%T B
k AkQ BU k{BM LB]j 2B B{  BjM BM , nj
<U A /k S{AjoM SwA T{Am `C pA oTzM qa o* o  *o{M
nBvM RAj] pA a , SLd nBT% Twj B<A pA a SwA =jB
}hzU kB{ , nj /B v nLp B ,T{ an X UB%T

265

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

]oM C nj  jnA pA ,jnAj j] LB]j 2B C nj  jn


/k{BM z ,SwA 2o*
kC
kkQ n~U k{BM Bp T2o jAj o A ,o/ A tBwA oM

 jn C X /SwA BwC SwA LB]j noM BC nj  BjL


 jAj M  SwA TU z BA /knC j] M An v ,o*j
ko SwA Aop /k{BM T{Aj j] Bp B2 C S2Bnj
eAn /kp pBM ow nB A pA k AoL]  j{ A SM TU k KU A
BX BM / WdM ~% xAnBMnj  jnAj xpnA SwA KB] v A
/jo BM An dT j{ oTM To2
WBM  kAk{ A n]B A nBaj BkoQ pA A k o2
/koM M pA B oUjp ao  SwA i /j{  Bo6i nBM
An BC kAU k qU y BM An ji BMoQ TU koQ o n*M
C M y  xow BM Sv B] /k Ak] ji pA kM
M SwA jC /kwn BBvA l M n2 z A eAn /kwn
k yAi Swj pA kAU TeAn M ,k{BM T{Ak woTwj xow
,k{ nBaj S2C A M Swj C TU C pA kM /kj B\A yAoM An nB A
j{ kj BkoQ nj 2o*j nBU UAnj /jo AoL] An yTki j{
/AnAkBTvQ nj
kAj Ro~M A jC o /jnC l M An2 An % dT A
An ao kBL  Aj B BA /k{BM owj nB   SwA A UB
o/ BC /knAk Uo~M Br /omPM Swnj kwn UB l M 
 Be nj ,An LB]j onBXA B ,ok SzQ kAnBi kAU Aiji r
JBT nj B ?k ]U jnAj j] Bp B2 C 2U nB M
nB{A C M
LU  ,SwA jo SLd dT A nBMnj ji 1966
oiFU BM LB]j onBXA  SwA kwn \T A M ,nAj kB ,A /jo
jB M kwBzM jAo2A AM An ok kAU  kC kkQ B nj
TU /SwA T2o Q oTzM 1971 JBT nj An WdM A dT pnoU /knBM
woTwj SwA jnB nAkBQ BU joLAn % M S{ nBMA nj A

Aiji r 266

An % A Aop ,jo jB%TwA C pA ,S{Aj o A o/ M /S{Ak


1 <Akp B> M A nB{A /jnC Ao2 xnB2A BM AoM L*
;i C nj LU pA A  kj Bz BpBM o/ nj KB] B
/S{Aj nAoU o2
,kM /k  An C A /SwA k{ xow BM nj A nBaj B k o2
B BLj  SwA L* ,j{ AkQ A ow n A C oj SU
An yAn kz BM An y>Bj ;2 B /joM  A pA BU jjoM
Tv] jw Aoj onBXA pA  SwA jo2 /SwA pBMe B /jn jo
/k 2U %~ B ,k AoL]
MBT U M kAi BA SwA
jB%TwA Aop SwA oTM k  M  BonBXA pA BpBMe dBTA
nj ,oj jo2 ow nBU ,{M /kpAjoPM An xAq A kM k
MBU Be o M SwA a nB ,q Bo6i A T{Aj BM vB
/jo o kBM An BMoQ roA SU pA nAk /Sv B>A
An joLAn j A pA C jAo2A  oM o/ nj An T] kBM
BB C BjoLAn A ,jM SwA jnB dU nj  n*B /kAkqoM
/k{ U ,Br ;wU  kABB CB nBT2n BBoM M ,kTv
p  u o M BB /nAm B 3 <pBMe> 2 <B> An joLAn j A
/SwA v a k =o2 BzAoM A kM ,k Ski k{BM T{Aj
Ski v M SU_ k jB%TwA BB nB Ak2 pA BpBMe
oUL jn X /kAjo jB%TwA Bz pA
LU  BC M Te ,k
/o o/ nj BpBTA BA jpBM AoM jAjnAoU RnM B ,JB
 SwA A ,k{BM a kC Swj M `C mUj
Aq  Sv
,k{BM jBp k{ A jnA o A /k{BM C q pA yM k{ nBU S%
,SwA jo B{nBU
LU  jAo2A jAkU n kAU B jAo2A pA jo2 o
BB B nj B jpBM B AoMBM /k JBve k{ nBU AoM
1. Prisoners Dilemma

]oU Akp B JBT M kAU oTzM B C Aq

AoT

2. Sucker

3. Cheat

/k ]Ao nBpB RAnBzTA pA

267

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

BC AoM <B> rA SwA Ji nBvM BC jo UAnj /SwA SLX


,j{ AkQ S] C nj pBMe k o2 Be /kwn o/ M B\MB
/k BzAoM nB A k nBU An A S] C nj  kAkM
nj pBMe r AoMBM /SwA oTzM BB jpBM B pA A jpBM B
 SwA A j /jnAm AoA M n B r j{ ozT S] C
pA oTM pBMe dBTA z ,k{BM a S] M BC SLv jnAk TA
knj 5 B C knj 5  koM o/ nj An T] ,BX AoM /SwB
S] nj  v B pA SwA oT o jo B /k{BM pBM e
,knAj BB pA oTM dBTA BpBMe pBM BA /k kp BB knj 1
TU /kBwn v M oi ko  ji S~i M BM Aop
kAi BQ AoM jpBM B ,kwoM knj 9 M BpBMe SLv
,knAm R M n A pA {B S% oYA oM o*j jAo2A pA nBvM :jM
jMB M n S]  o A Te /knAj BB pA oTM T BpBMe pBM BA
BU AoMBM /k{ kAh oTM BpBMe pA BB dBTA Bp _ nj /jnAm
AoA B kAU qa _ o o/ nj An joLAn j A ;2  TU
/j{ S]  jMB jBp BTeA M ,BB
/k{BM T{Aj j] 1 <oMBve> B M w joLAn k o2 Be BA
BA /k ]U kAjo Bz
LU  BC M Lo> jAo2A M BoMBve
M C pA :k ] knBPw jB M An A ,kqM  BC M v o A
SwBB BoMBve B{  T] nj /k nBU An A oj kM
AonBXA B{nBT2n Aoj M SLv jo /jAj }hzU pA An BC j{
pBMe jAo2A C oTzM  T] nj /SwBM oMAoM B{jpBM jo SwA
k o An jBp roA A /Sv m2 Aka BU oMBve ,kTv
jo w Lw Aop j{ nMn BC BM  jAo2A oTzM AoM
jAkU o A /k nBU An A v ,o* C pA /j{ oSU yAoM BC
AoA M n oMBve r ,k{BM  BpBMe BM vB nj BoMBve
1. Grudger

Aiji r 268

yAq2A AkU ke M Bp nj B{jAkU BoMBve o A BA /jnAm


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C M B{jAkU TU /k AoL] An BpBMe nBU nj B{jM BxU
jo zQ BpBMe jpBM pA B{jpBM [nkU M ,kwoM pBwS{ow ke
BpBMe TU /kn yQ jMB S] nj AkAq2 Sow BM BpBMe
BU BRk BU SwA j{  BzTwBo2 Sow ,kk{ jMB BLoU
pBMe o A BTeA  j A M /k{BM T{Aj j] SUA RnM
S] C nj AoMBM :SwA  nBvM k jnioM nBM j oMBve M JB
/SwA  k{BM T{Aj pn |Bi pBMe M  jAo2A SLv
jo ue AnB{C AU  AT% n* An BjoLAn A BTwAj
BTeA n pA /Sv {n n*A <U SUA nj /jAj kAi fn a
pAkA a BU j{ tke A LM BU jo pBwL{ oUPB nj An C
BU o/ pA <oMBve> ,pBMe B MB nj k{ /SwA cd
BB k{BM oMBve jBp jAkU B{  An T] Aop ,SwA nAkBQ joLAn
/BpBMe koLM M pA kAU
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S] o /BB ;wU jn M pA BoMBve ;wU ,SwBpBMe
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pA j oLAn j A pA BQ oM kBM
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A nj AhLj
B Bo2 BM TLA BjpBM nAk M TvM
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BM k{BM T{Aj ]U BT /jM kAi oTzM j{ T2o nB M A BTeA
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BU o/ pA j oLAn AM BC ST n oM oA A :SwBoMBve
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/SwA kM nBvM A  ,j{ jMB ,kAoM jMB S] nj An C
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,AodM kBvM pA oUBM  jAkU BM BoMBve pA TUA ,BB *BU

269

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

kT2A =B%UA  qa A /j{ do{ BpBMe pA pAkA B M TUA


BenM ]oM \T  SwBB S] nC5wBU yB
pA BM  k AkQ nB\%A M n yAq2A BpBMe S] /SwBC pA BpBMe
BpBMe AoM BoMBve p BA /kwn ji ZA M B oiC T2n M
,j{  [nkU M BoMBve jAkU ,BBow yB nB nj /knAj j]
%e An ji d M BA jni MoT m2 BpBMe pA Ak BC S]
M kAU BpBMe oj  TU ,B oiC k{ jMB pA kM /k
BpBMe q Zoi   BoMBve ,k ]oM BAiji TeAn
BM BoMBve S] /jo JBT{ BC S] xqi BAj /k jBp An
,j{ jq AoA M BpBMe S] kMB yAq2A kU K{
pA T2n nj Bw BLoU C kBQ ,jM JB pBTA pA jB%TwA BM kM
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kBoMBve BU k{ kAn oM M d pA AkQB RnM AnC AnC
o6i M An BoMBve
BB n<e AkTMA nj A K\ /kB UBM 
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B kz nBU o6i nBMnj To2 ,Be o M
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ow Aop /S{Ak j] z A kjM o nj  Bx nj k{ kj
KB] kBM LB]j onBXA o/ yBpC /kkv An ok
/k{BM nB A AoM LwB dT Bx kwn o/ M k{BM
/kj nAoU WdM jn An oT2n BB KB] Tvp pnoU
An pA An ji kp B a BB ] pA 5 jke Aj
kM /k BU oj B oUnqM BB n pA A k
Mi Am> kqU M joM jw k{ qU pA nqM B SwA
yBj nqM B jnA nBvM nj /SwA Tvp d pA 6MAn A /kwn
kM k q BQ An yBAkj U joM oT2n B kj pB]A k pBM An
jC /j{ qU B\C KUoU A M  ,joM oM ByzMC An pA B{ BM

Aiji r 270

qU
B BU k oL Bop nqM B k{BM T{Aj nB/TA SwA
oUnqM B nB A B] M ,BA /kj RnU An kqU SU C kM j{
A /joM xnB Q onj kM B B{ oT2n jnAm

pAkA oT2n C ,jnA nBvM nj Aop ,SwA onBXA pA oza
/k{ nqM B C * jB n*M  SwA BB
knAj As zB BSoe |~iM An An bo* oT2n BB
BB jni pA nqM BB /k qBT oT2n AM An BC 
k{ jq Bi }Un BM knAj An |Bi An An bo*
C  a
k{ kB vi ST jnA BC k{ qU B /k dBTA
BM /kqM ow BC oM nj B] M oT2n B kj pB]A
A pA kAhM KT BpBMe  Sv K\ knAj Br  Aiji
knAj j] a BB pA B /k jB%TwA w ji % M ST
A o%w kATM BU k~Un n*B kTv oT2n B L{ Swnj 
kB JAi vi C M nqM B TU /k{BM T{Aj nqM B oU nj
pA pB ,k Ak] An BA A B] M BKT C ,jn o2 o/jn
pBM ,BpBMe A j] BM /knAm nAo2 M BQ kp A nqM BM
/SwA nAoUoM BTwj
B yBoTz oT2n B M 6MAn
1
o /jnAj BvMC BT]A Apn kp nj y oT2n 2oe
X  kAkj An nqM BB jnAj Ajkd ji AoM oT2n
A ,jn A nj kB{ /j{ BzTM BU kAkz 5 BzAnC BoTz
An oiBU BM LB]j onBXA BU  SwA kB B] nj M nAoA
B] M ,T2n Bw yQ z nqM B AoM /SwA TiBw
o AoMBM SwA oUSeAn i ,k{BM ApBU Bw BLj Ak A
n<e /Sv Shw <U A nBM /jnhM An a oT2n B C k
o BU k jnA nqM B M  o~Th nBz2 BM KT BBoT2n
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1. Coral reef Community

271

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.

njBU An BoTz ,ji jkd nj kB AoM UA BoT2n nBz2BQ


/kqoPM BKT pA k BzAkQ  k
T2o { Mi M BvA nj jAo2A TiB{ BAU RkpAnj A/2Be
yAkkQ nj y LB]j onBXA jo n~U AU AoMBM /SwA
k nBoA  jn yQ oA A nj Ba pnoU /SwA T{Aj BvA
,tB{me ,ko{ ,RjBve B TiB{An RB~i pA nBvM
qoQ KU 5z ,jo KU nj oTzM BAU AoM BA kB jnj
BKU> ]U MBU jnA pA /SwA T2o { k{ T{BA KT pA
`C pA oT nA ,kALB]j  oBoM  SwA <tvdB
nj A jAkTwA BvA T{BLA qJ SwA Te /kj kBTw
oTM oUBop ao BKU AoM BnBpBw A M ,TBn kTwA
onBXA
n
Bz Q /k{BM kC kkQ Aoj BKU M joM Q

/SwA oiBU BM LB]j


An C joMnB  j{ JAm] BC LB]j onBXA nBMnj pAjoQo/
oTM o/ Sv ,nAj nB A M  BM /LM Bji nj
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Aiji r 272

jpB ~

kk] pBwBT :1
nB kM An C ao ,Ajo SLd jBp BvA nBMnj B\A BU
nj  SwA jM A ke BU <BM {B> b6A pA jB%TwA j /T{Am
/j{ B{ An BvA B B <Ae> rA ,B<M l
j] o jn nj kBM A nj Ajo bo6  BkTwA
j kBM ,j{ BXTv A k{BM nAoU o A /k{BM T{Aj joMnB AT2BBU
Bi j B jM jo2 M o~d AoM BC /k{BM T{Aj j] Bi
/SwA nC Cw A gwBQ  o2 ?jnAj j]
nj AU k qBT AnAkB] oj pA An BvA  An `C oTzM
M ,C UB%ozU B nj An rA A /<o2> :jo i 
BTA ao /k jB%TwA C pA kzAj  oM nB M UnM
,k jB\A BU  o/ C pA BA ,SwA nB /2Bd A nj o2
kAU poA vA 2 owBa o%] /SwA tBU MBU r BTA BM
Ajo v SvM pA d T{n A BM ,k S% BM TeAnM
nB\ Bv BM kTvAU Ako  kj kQ M An BC vA
nAqMA BM BMp kwn o/ M /k SLd ,ovQ nkQ X ,o\p C nj ji
/kMB BU r BU pA oTzM nBvM Tow BM ro>
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1. Meme

2. Geoffrey Chaucer

Aiji r 274

nj  2 pSzQ B M koQ pAC nj 1 q] //J A oiA wB{


nB A  Aoq] nj /SwA jo 5U ,k kp kp Ao*A oAq]
o koQ o /S{Aj j] ok pA }hz pAC jke  nj ,jo
kMTwj B{\ n pA k{ An Bo /kAi An BpAC C pA BU ka B
pAC ,jM nB B{oU  Bo pA BUSz o ,BX AoM /jo
oj A\ Bo /jM k{ kB ww  kkAi An Bi
pA yM nj A\ o B<A B /kkAi oj BpAC
jAj Bz q] ,AovQ AnkQ BpAC vB BM /kjM o{ pAC
nj  Un B M /kwoM VnA M r mo* pA BpAC bo*  Sv n*A
pA An pAC SwA A] o o ,kj fn BvA nj BMp ojB
oq] nj ,jM B\C q]  Bp oTzM nj /k kU ji oU Bv
 S{Aj j] <pAC Aqi> ,k{ k{ pAC jAkU
 S{Aj An BA A A B BA /kjo oQ C pA An ji qh A] Bo
pAC pA kU nj BLT{A BM  pAC ,k{BM kk] pAC <dAoTiA> kB{
kk] BRn SwA k{ > :SwA T{ q] /k{ AkQ kU
,BS <M me ,S M
op oJU pA ,5Th B{ M ,pAC
kk] Rn k{ AkQ /k{ AkQ j] BpAC pA ByhM KoU
nj ,M /kB nAoUoM Bw ka BU nB Be jM AkLA2 jAkin
 n*M ,k{ T A] v M kk] Rn C ;2 ,jnA ioM
</k{ AkQ kkAi X  jAo2A pA Swk \v o
/k nB{A <o2 y]> A BM kk] BpAC BTwBi M q]
B /kMB BU ro> mo* pA BUA pSzQ koQ pAC
jnA q] BA BA ;jnAj j] B BkoQ nj o2 BU pA oj
M An o2 BU AU UAM  SwB A /ko> K\
,jni Am> po* ,tBL k SwA nAoi pA Tz BU BMp /jnAm yB
hnBU Bp nj ,nB2 wk ,nB o ,BSw Bwn
1. B.F. Jenkins

2. Saddle back

275

kk] pBwBT : :jpB ~.

JBT{  kAr BU pA Un kwn o/ M  k AkQ BU n*


oJU A ao ;knAk r BU M 6Mn UA nj BA ,knAj oUjBp
pA oTM
%M kk] /k{BM \nkU r BU X SwA
M ,k oJU B] pA B qnj ;2 ,BoU S{m BM /SwA kU
nj nj zn poA BS2ozQ oZA S2omQ kBM /j{ q oTM
o2 C nj  jM jn nBU
pA kM  Anj ,jnAj (uBvn) Ap

,BA /jM k{ k\ kjM kwn C M BB  d6w nj BQnA


RnM SwA r BU ,kj \Q ~2 nj  n*B
/kj fn knAj nAoU SMBY BST M nj  RkBU BAn2 pA T{n
nj B kAjo nB{A o2 BU r BU M vB M K>A
S2ozQ M tBU /kwBwAM
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1
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,Tr }~hT 2 Apn%wA AB //  n yQ T] nj oTzM
/kAjAj nAoU wnoM jn tB{nBT2n 4  //Z ,tB{jo 3 q /R/
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kU 5Th Bs nj kAk{ BC /SwA jo BU UnAoeoQ nAj
BC ,BX AoM /k{BM <TiB{Svp RApBTA> T2B Q nj BvA
 ,ko o/ nj o S M kzhM AU AoM nBpBw An ALU
oM U BM jAo2A C nj jn nB{ M ] RnM  A AoM
,K>A /SwA k{pnA k nB{ An BQqU nqM B* BM nB
zn  SwA Bo/ BQ oM jnAj j] BU pA  o2 pyQ
BQ oM  S%pBM Ba An Bo/ A AU BA ,knAj o JBhTA nj
Bw ka A pA Ak yhM ozM kB{ /ko nAoU AojBM r JBhTA
kBzi JBhTA /k{BM kAnm kBzi a Bo nj An oiC
T{Am oYBU BvA Br n SwA LB]j onBXA
%M JBhTA

1. Sir Karl Popper


4. J.M. Cullen

2. L.L. Cavalli-Sforza

3. F.T. Cloak

Aiji r 276

A /k{BM k{ B jBM An RBU Bs pA nBvM KLw  k{BM


cTU nA{j
uQ
pA  Aj kM BA ,kAT2omQ ke BU BjBzQ

Bo2 M  kC oM jBp nBvM RB%U o2 BU ,o2


,AkBA nj A LU wBveAM Aiji pA ,jnAj j] B] nj BvA
B2 yQAnC onBXA BU T2o ,jAj bo{ 1 LoU   n*C
Svh A Aow  do{ A pA kBM B  o2 3 /k RnBnB
A AkTMA B~2 kv pA kB{ S2o Ai Q  An XdM /oM
p ,poA BvA yAkQ qnj AoM  SwA A ,kwoM o/ M kM JBT
nj M ji ow pA k{BM BU nBMnj B nBM BM BU r  An o2 A SwA
C pA oUnqM o/ A kT BA ,Tv |oU BQoQ nAj
/

o/ nj tBU AoM ;2 r k{BM r nBM KBU M jkd ;2  SwA


/C pA yM qa AoM SwA kC
/kpBwBT  SwA A gwBQ ?knAj Bi s a Br oiBM ,Ji
BC BA /k{BM =jB Bj B] nj  SwA A q2 AU pA B nB/TA
?k{BM T{Aj B] nBLTA Rn A M  jnAj j] TiB{Svp A _
RBe ]Sv] M k o%w nj RAnBw M AjnB<2 TU
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Sv RBe jn nj qa BC BA /Sv BwC Bp B AoM xn~U
pA Un o A ?k{BM =jB j{ S2B  B{ BM o BM B] o nj 
B k{BM w oM Mo B]M C B{ BQ  j{ S2B RBe
o ke BU ]nj B nj  k{ 5z UAj] o A ,q BC oM JC B]M
,k{BM T{Ak B{ BM
A  j{ S2B RBe pA Un o A ,k{\M
 A pBM BC ,k{BM oTA k{u BnAk BQ oM M
BA /Aj An gwBQ  SwA {n ?k{BM RBe  oM ooB  jnAj j]
nAm Bow jBM A n SUC ,kLM o{ jM nL\ o A
1. Colin Turbul
3. Murguret Mead

2. Arapesh
BoC wB{jo

AnC tBGA nj AQBQ BLG pA

277

kk] pBwBT : :jpB ~.

RBe  pBwBT RAj] BM Aq RB%U  jM BU A C /jo


UB%UA n*M  SwA pBwBT j] DNA B r /jnC kkQ An
T{Aj j] C oj dAA SwA /SwA k{ o Ao2 B nBw nj
Ao2 oj s ;Ao{ <M o A ,BC SU C ,k{BM a o A /k{BM
/k{ BU kAo2 BQ kAU kjoUM ,k{BM
dAA C kBQ nj BpBwBT dAA BU oM nj BBj M nL\ B BC
B nBw n pBwBT pA kk] d AoiA nBM M ?MBM An BU oj
Anj p pBwBT A /SwA Tij za B za nj SwA k{ AkQ
BA ,SwA n*> pB>C Nw nj TwjBi BM p ,kAnm An ji S%*
ow SzQ B An kU r ,jnAj  Tow BM C BU RAoJU
/jn yQ SwA T{Am
kk] pBwBT A AoM B /SwA ozM o2 Nw kk] Nw A
BA /An omzow keA B o2 BTA keA  wA ,nAj p wA
ArA BA ,k{ T2o ;LUo B zn pA Mimeme rA ,k
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oM ke BU  Ai
1
pA An C o A kB{ /nCnj meme RnM jo BU An mimeme
,j SLv mme vAo2 rA M B oM o/ nj memory jABi
/SwA cream p
oM %U o/ pA /j{ SeAn  BBi
,tBL Bk ,B U ,BnBM ,BC pA kUnBL B
pA koQ BM r  n*B Swnj /B=BU SiBw oB%w B{
yhQ r Aqi nj An ji ,hU B oPwA mo* pA ,oj kM M kM
oXU Aqi nj An ji oj qJ M qJ pA koQ BM B ,k
pA kzAj o A /kB omzow An C AU  % nj  ;k
ji B\zAj AnB M An C ,kAhM qa B j{ oLiBM LB] dT
C o A /k SLd yBAohw BB nj C pA /k T
jo ozT oj qJ M qJ pA An ji ,jo nAoU ]U jn dT
/<B> jB vAoP rA /1

Aiji r 278

i a An ~2 A LU uyQ 1 o%B /q / nB /SwA


o/ pA ;2 ,S2o o/ nj kp j] X kBM An ///> :jM jo
,knB l nj An nnBM B{ TU /2 BdM M nBTwA
kLU C nBzTA AoM Aw M An C  k jnA qa UAnj
r nBpBw jnA SwA to  Rn B M Swnj ,k
M nnBM" BX AoM Sv oe ke nj ;2 A /j{ BMq w
nj nBTiBw RnM nBM B pA yM B] nj "o pA uQ RBe
</SwA k{ md jAo2A L~ BTwj
k{ AkQ Aqi nj a Aj /knBM o/ nj An yo2C %
,Rn o nj /k{BM k{ AkQ B Ak] By] BM nBM ka
A kB{ /SwA
RnM ?SwA jo pBwBT a A /SwA jBp nBvM BUA C SkU
Aq a Aoa /k{pnA o A w  M ,rA nBT{ nBT%
nj r Aq <BM Aq> pA n/ B\A nj k{BM BUjB ?jnAj BM BM
/SwA Aqi nj Aq M Sv r Aqi
BM Aq pA S{AjoM A  SwA A AnB pA <M o/
M dU eo oiC nj kAi z BC /jnBA v An C
An o/ pA % A T% BC o/ pA /kjooM <Tvp [BT RApBTA>
jBp nBvM Ao A S kAi /Sv 2B jnAj AjBA=2 Ao
BM qJ /SwA KB] qJ AoM jnAj TiB{An Ao /kAkM An An
kMBnj kAi BC /SwA T2o { r Aqi pA Br L* JBhTA
/k  Br BM M qJ a T{Aj a
pA ,nAj B  qJ A T{Aj nAk {  qnj An xo A
oTzM SUj BM AnB A o A  o2 A j] BM /jnAj UApBTA r o/
jAkU B knAj  kM ,k ]U ji BTo2 jBM A M
,kpBwBT Br  j A M ,A nj /k bo6 Ao BCw
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1. N.K. Humphrey

279

kk] pBwBT : :jpB ~.

kTvAU B  k{ n* ;Ao{ pB>C Nw nj TU /SwBC r


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nAoUoM kMA BU nB~dA A jnAk q BA / SLd C M ]An T{Aj xpnA
pBwBT pA kk] d C nj  kC j] M 6Ao{ TU /k{BM
kT2A kk] pBwBT A Swj M nA Bp ,jpBw xji pA Bhv
A  Bp /jnAm BM SwA xji |Bi  An BU pA kk] d
LU pBwBT Ski nj Sv p Rn _ M ,j{ do{ kk] BU
 SiBw Qw qJ TiBw BM ,jM r JBhTA tBwA oM  ,LU BU /k{BM
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r BU % nj =o> Ba BwB{Svp B /S2o Sow jM BC |Bi
BU dAA pA ;2 r BU  xAo2 K>A  Ak{
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n*A a BA /SwB pBwBT B kU , % nj
M ,k{BM m2 nB A nj jnAj pBwBT AU  r o  Sv
tBU MBU A ,SwA M pA oTM Aqi nj B <M jpBM KUoU
k{ oTzM WBM  An Bs pA ka /SwA L* JBhTA BM
Bs B kBM BC UA nj BA /jo o l j{ B BM Aq
SBA ,BAp ,nBkB :jo BM BpBwBT AoM j ~2 nj  k{BM
An TA C nBkB , pA hv o AoM AoBo /nAjoMhv nj
l nj jow pA  Ahv /S{Aj r pA hv AoM  jnAk
nj C pA Ahv SwA kM jM kAi nBkB o BBQ BU ;2 ,SwA
BA /jnBM Aj oTzM i SwA <BzQ ApCyAj Bjow> JBT
BU jo qJ nj B m>B n jow C pA Bhv  SwA A n~U
i hv BAp ,Br jn X /kB kAi kp kC BoU
M TvM C y AoQ ,k{BM o/ o A /SwA C nBkB pA oU
;k{BM xomQ MBU AkzAj U U AoM ke a BU  SwA A
nj  UB2j jAkU xnB{ BM ATM kB{ An C BM Aq pA LoU y\w

Aiji r 280

o A /jnC Swj M k{ ]Ao C M B\ AT BnB{


jAkU n pA kBM An Aqi nj C yhQ Aq ,k{BM JLd C
kAjp Rw BMBi nj An C C A S] jAo2A k{ k{  UB2j
kA C A  Bv ,k{BM Bp y% k o A /jo JBve
,B <M /kBM BzTwj JBve BpBJ nj C xo2 nBC n pA SwA
ow kMB Swj RkBU Bzinj BS2 M ,Br <M X
JLd BC /knAk Aka Aj Aqi nj BA ,k{ yhQ
AU <M X ,oj <M /kC B kM{BQ By%
ABM nAkBQ o*BiM K>A A ,kj AjA nBzTA M Bw AnAq BU SwA
/jnAj nBT{ SLY  SwA
nj SBA :m2 BpBwBT  s w M wn
M A B nj /nAk d BQ B] B\A nj  AoTA kBM /nAjoMhv
/k{BM Mi BpBwBT SBA S% o/ pA
A B kwn o/
,k T oj u M An C j{ An o/ kzAj SUo
nAj pnoU //n Bo/ M  An j /kj oJU An C ke BU
BTeA
nj xji RB BM B An BC ,A j] BM ,AT{Ak B BQ JBT A nj
An BC ,oj jAo2A o/ ji Bo/ BM ThC k BU oJU BM /jnB B\A
M T2BoJU {M B /k{BM o/ jn K6 KwB  jnC n*
SUj C nj  SwA r BTA u Swnj A /k{ T B{
BTA kwn o/ M /SwA _ B BTA pA SLd SwBM
/ThC o nj SwA y] o nj Ak
MBU An C { Ao B SwA Anlo> oBoM a SwA
X ,kwn VnA M r RB~i pA `C M o A , nj /Ak r BM tBU
vU MBUo> r
oYA kwn o/ M , ]U ,BvA SwQ n B kU
,k xqC Bw jC SwQk%w jC o A /k{BM ThC MBUo>
yB A /SwA MBM qa ;j{ k%w k%w
B Bw Bw BC kpo2

281

kk] pBwBT : :jpB ~.

SwA A M M ,kTv Aq\ 1 Bnl *Mo Br  Sv A


nkUM Ako oYBU k{ Mo SwQ n M BC pA nBvM jAkU 
n* B\A BU /kAk{ ThC BM kwn o/ M d\ nj  SwA a
/SwA k{ zU a pA keA SwA cTA  k{ SLd pA
BA ,SwA C o T% /Sv {n A M <U TLA
}hzU
MBU
o B B o BC ?SwA BUka ?n6a %w

RnBL
?a ///B ,jn C o ,Aq o ?SwA ,C AoU
nj /{ wT joM nB M w ~2 nj  BMp  B M pBM
o nj BkeA M r nqM a BkeA M An 2 Ko r B\C
C pA o> k{BM B ;2  jL SMBY qa r 5oU /jo vU keA
 jM po * pA nAk ,nB jo SeAn AoM jM keA M ,k{BL
SBA o/ pA kBM j{ Jvd L* JBhTA nj LU MBU keA A AoM
%w pA RnBL BU o A /S{Aj BM S% nAjoMhv nj
pA Ak] An C jzM  k{BM joPw jB M MBU }hz 2B nkUM TM
,joM nB M jAn kTwo2 BTvA nj AC Bz AM %w
,BUB%UA /nC JBve M An C  jnAj An TvB{ A SUC
/SwA jo n %w C pA joM Rm AoM Ao BAU dT
o/ BtB{Svp poA TU ,MBz mo* M
T{ pA hv BzAko  Sv A B n/ ,knAj LU An nAj
|Bi {n M uo /SwA jo e ji qJ nj  M  An nAj ji
,nAj ji BT{ n pA An C kB{ /k ov%U An nAj o/ ,ji
 Bqa C RBq] pA nBvM /k{BM T2o oUkk] Bkv pA M
SepM kAi An yMBT nAj ji o A /SwA SwnjB ,jAj bo{ nAj
 n*C pA nAkA kao ,jo AkQ C nj An xji A o/
,BA >n ,Be A BM /kC y{i j cTU An C
An o/ C  jAo2A l nj  ,nAj o] ,Sv qa
1. Particulate

2. gene Complex r

\ B

Aiji r 282

jn nj o%j  oe A SU C ,jM A pA o> o A /jnAj j] k qnj


/j M BLoU ,knAj o/ =B%UA A]
M l pA BTA MBU qa RnM AU An <% >

% A BQ nAj o/ ,AoMBM /jo 5oU oj l


uQ /jnAj j] kAk2 An o/ A  BC l nj  SwA
o/ jzM o A /kC JBve M C pA zhM ,C pA jAo2A ov%U RB%U
LU An A SvU jAo2A <M  n*M ,jo vU yhM ka M An nAj
An A k{BM jo LU An B oj Ak komP An B SvU k{BM T{Aj
An A uo o A /S2o o/ nj B Ak] B An B A kBM SUC ,komP
B o A r BMpM k{BM T2omQ An B BLoU k{BM T{Aj LU
nj ( BM) anBP An BC  SwA A oUSeAn BC k{BM <TwQ> M
/ jAkU o o/
A oM k BU JBT A owBUow nj /oM Q An r tBU kBM
L*
JBhTA /nC o/ nj nBz k2k B An Br kBL  jM

n] X kwn o/ M nAjS]  kAn T] nj An BC k kM


Br> TU
X / S{AjoM An k2k BC pA B ,vkU
A n/ UA nj <kj yAq2A r Aqi nj An ji nB{ k w
nB{oQ r Aqi nj kC nj  SwA dM B{nBT2n  Br> :SwA
Swnj </kj Ai B] nj An B{oYA  jM kAi Br ,k{
  jAkU k2k BB An Br jM oUSeAn B AoM  n*B
nj n* An  k{BM oUSeAn kB{ ,k{ ji BM S] nj
pA ,jn jo nj /oPvM RAn~U M An ji kBL Ak_ jn nj /oM o/
Br jn nj  kj B\A BU  jB%TwA nBTwA n*M ;2 <k>
nj <enM> <Aiji> X BrA pA Te /jM nijnjM jB%TwA A
RB BM nAj UA nj  TvAj
B ao ,jo jB%TwA Br jn
B Aiji B BLj ,A Be B nj AU BC / pBM
?joM enM
 B] nj /nioM z M SMBUn S{ow jn nj ,B\A nj

283

kk] pBwBT : :jpB ~.

BB] ow oM SMBUn ;SwA SMBUn nj ji C BM r o ,SwA v] XkU


pA nBvM S% AU joi % nj  SwA A n~U /po nj
 kAA pBwBT B L{ B , nj BA /knAj B<kT> AnC
Br X A B]M ,kni *> pB>C Nw nj /M jApC
Tvz ji B] nj / KUo ,Bj po BT{n nj poA
BC ,k{BL oLi C pA  Un nj ?Sva B SMBUn pA n/ uQ /k{BM
;SwA ,M ?k{BM <enM> B <Aiji> BC  jo n~U j{
/konj ok BM SMBUn nj BC Aop
Bp /2Be pBwoil B<2  kAj BT\j oUPB
oMnB

o
C Q xpnA BM An BA oUPB nqM q Ao pA nBvM nj /SwA xpnABM nka
BY KveoM  An Bp pA zhM oMnB o M SwA B ;k\w
j{ o pAkA rA Kve oM  An B<2 pA w j{ o pAkA
/SwA ozM qJ k kp C nj B  oUPB /kj |B~TiA
SMBUn k{BM pBwoil B<2 pA oU kjkd B Bp
BTeA
C
nj kAU SwA qJ oT nj  kM BvA qJ /k{BM oTzM C ow oM
qJ ]U k{BM nAoU o A /kj B\A BM An nB wj pA yM keA
oj RBBA /kCoM KUn B uQ
pA kBM ,k K] ji M oTzM An jC
BMBU B<2 qU jAn SU knAj SMBUn C ow oM B 
/SwBBhMBT v%U B<2 BBpn Tw ,UBJLU
nj pBv B\ SwA  kj w ~2 nj ,Br jn nj
,BAoQ nj kU M Mo Br pA nqM \ /j{ AkQ r Aqi
 kAk{ jq M nkU C ,kATwQ M po n 
oUk`Q
%
M B \Q ~2 nj /S2o o/ nj r An BC j{

r
Aqi nj /jnioM knAkBQ BU o/ pA  r 9 pA Bo
BM
MBT ve B<A BzeA BA ,Ba ,BAkj AnAiS{
nAkBQ \ AnAiB r Aqi nj  Be nj ,kAk{ n]S%]
a Aqi nj BC /SwA k{ AkQ oj Bs T{n B{
,k{BM TwQ oj B M kBM kpBw
X BC ?jnAj j] TT

Aiji r 284

ATM kB{ ?k{BM jo  BC BM M jM BM A  n*


BSw o ,w ,AU ,wAo ,nB BM BBvM Bv
/S2o o/ nj pBv
MBT B pA nAkBQ \ An xAnBT{
nAmoYBU nBvM BA A SBn nj  BU pA L] ,BX AoM
BvnqM <M Te Bj pA nBvM /SwA fpj yUC kkU ,jM
/k SB*A Byz nTwj pA o pA kM q BTze JAm pA toU o*BiM
yz kB{ /SwA oY nBvM q BwoU K\ { A
BB C ,qJ {Sv{ TiB{An
oY
B
Bxn nj kjxpC B

ke C BU zz Aj kM BA /k{BM kj qnAkU An ABoM a


wM An ji BM nBzB B ,oUjBp BTeAM /k{BM jM xBM
,knAm yB M m2 Br  ABenM AoBo Bs B
ok j A Aop ,SwA jni kQ kpBw BM n~U A /k <U
/k  Aqi nj ok BM M SU An
TvMza jBTA C B  ,jnAj B BA \ A oj <
BTwAj /kB{ j] >n Te B ,jnAk j] kB{  SwB\C nj SwA
nj  kATwAi , vdU An A  kAT% A AoM An 1 q B{ BU
,jo K* j A tBU / vdU An oj nAe A BM vB
S jo AkQ M =BT{A pA oU qa _ |Bi B <M AoM
,kjL j Tv] Q nj ji d BA BM  oj nAe /Sv j
BM An ji AjB] TvMza jBTA
/k{ 2o mzow AM
/k <U , BywoQ jo jBw k2oU
T{Aj oj jL v o A /k ]U An qa Ann jBTA
An A Ann jBTA ,k jB%TwA yTwoQ AoM UB%T BC pA o A ,k{BM
oz{ M kzgw ,nAj Ma n ,K n k d o M
nj nB\%A BM B ,RoM BBMBi pA nj oU BM ,L \]
Bjo B pA A TwBioM jn nj  jM cv v (AjoB{) BnAe pA BU /1
/(2 JBM /Be \A) jo {

285

kk] pBwBT : :jpB ~.

BTwoQ a ,Ann jBTA Be SwA A /SwB%M nj A2B


/C a k{BM wBw
nAoU MB nj B BA ,k SU An ok r
BTeA
Aqi nj /k{BM YnA kBL jo\ kp M
BTeA ,BX AoM /ko
nj
X  BXTwA ;Ao{ nj o ,SwB2 M d ovM r ,r
nj SwA ovM
,Be A BM /kj BT]A Boze jn
M TvM S2 k o2 ,BX AoM /k{BM m2 Aqi
 To2 o /k ok M C BTA o jo  k{BM Bp nAk
/SwA k{ 5U SU
, C o/ pA ,j{ C BTA pA o> nB o
ji kC AoM ~U p  A] BovQ M An jo\U Byz
nAoU oYBU SdU An Aoj 5Th Bxn M BvA /k T kAT2o
o2 /BA kB jM kp mzow B T{ ,T% hw An pA kj

X ,jo  An jo oM yz l% RnkU ZAjpA  jM a ST k


/jAj |B~TiA C M Mo nA M An jBp SU ]U kBM A o*BiM
Byz B nj ovM  SwA wn j M ,UAnj
 k{ A \T ,jM Rn A M <U o A /SwA k{ nBL]A
r jn nj TLA /k{BM T{Aj ZAjpA pA oTzM BM xpnA ovM
{B yz SwA nAoU o A /SwA =jB SBe A u
B ovM
nj /k{BM T{Aj An jo\U T{ownj
 SwA oTM ,k{BM B BM

jo\U ,k SU An ok


MBT  j B nqM \
/SwA MBUB <
r B\ kB pBv B\  SwA A tke
;d pA  k B %M L* JBhTA /kMB BU pBv
B B{ o2 ;d A /k jB%TwA ji %M B{o2
pA \ Bs Aqi AoMBM /j{ oj KhT
C jo jMB B AoM  n* ,k AkQ An nAkBQ BU o/
/Sv BwC
/wn C KB] n C M Ajo 2BM%  nBMnj

Aiji r 286

B{B B / r :kB UBM B pA kM qaj o B TU


M v w pA kM B L] A /AkC kkQ Br BTA AoM  Tv
T{Aj B M BSBL{ SwA Te B `M /j{ joPw {Ao2
S{m BM BA / n ,w jAkTwA o/ pA ,oa Bw o/ pA
X ,k{BM
M oj w C  kz * jBp /j{ 5~ B r
w v o
pA A\ C BA k{BM kp z B Br SwA /kC JBve
B BjAp pA j SMAqA /SwB2 M d jpBw An B pA o  Br
A nj kU B{ C r Te jBp BTeA M A j] BM /SwA 1 cUB2
/{BM AoB K* nj kBL XkU nj /Sv
C ,{BM T{Aj Mi o2 o A ,{ o{ B] o2 nj o A
d pA kM BRk kB{ ,vM o{ , Swnj pUo] { ,pBvM
pA poA kB{ /kBM UBM oJU kM BA ,r Aqi nj Br k{
qB /V/Z UM ,k{BM kB kp BU j B pA yM Aow Br
p nB oP ,jnB ,Aow \ ?jnAj TA a
2
/SwB]oMBQ
,k{BM B tke BL oM B o/ U nkUo
 SwA A C /pnM k BU k] T oM oj nBM Ai
kBM , ]U BC BM Aq M o2 Bs BU M B TU
mL* BtB{Svp ,kj  n*B ?
pA SLd k{BM {n
TvM ,B B Bo B ,jAo2A B) r c6w nj BoUoM T2B Q nj RjB
 SwA A jM jAk nAoU ]U jn
LU `C /kTv (B{w M
 A{  k{BM T2B BU j A M ;2 o2 s SwA
/SwA jM
jnAj
,w ,Sw X Bqa Tvp BM xpnA BLj kBL B
/jnAj j]
BTeA C ao ,{BM C nBT % M C B}Un
Sva B#M

$o M o# yAoM

1. William the Conqueror

An hw hU  . Akp  uQ A pA o :k wjoP  SwA /2


/AkAoQ

287

kk] pBwBT : :jpB ~.

SowM kAU  kkj qnAkU An qJ ji BM {B AoM Br TU


r RApBTA B Sv p Te /kjBT2A ] B jiMji ,k pBwL{
p qa BU /Sv oYBUM C {M ao ,oM o/ nj kU AoM
qJ  SwA A
BU n* jiMji B BC :k{BM T{Aj kU
/ko oM C pA B BU  kMB
dT BM An ~2 A j UBi kk] pBwBT A WdM M  A
 ,BvA jo2Mo~d s /Bwn BBQ M AknAkA
Br /SwA BB C okC SMBU ,k{BL B k{BM SwA
okC _ (B ,kAkM pB\ An ~2 A RBwke B{ o A ) Aiji
 SwBC pBwBT s /kBMB kM BpBwBT BC /knAk
A nj  joM yQ BU pA T] nj An BC ,oj ;Ao{ <M BM Ao
oT pA ZnBi
B A /AT{Am C oM An Aiji B |Bi JBT

pA  S{Aj nB/TA j{ , a k{BM r a ,jBw pBwBT pA /SwBC


Ao yAoM RkpAnj nj nB A o A Te ,k o/ o ji RkBU 2B

BM /kj jM ]BU nBMnj  \Q ~2 nj An dT A B /j{ BU


nAkBQ BU o/ pA j oLAn C pA oTM
<BoUL BLU>
A

nAkBQ BU o/ pA j oLAn C Aoa a kM L* JBhTA ,jM


/jAj c]oU An (ESS)
onBXA SMBU BvA oj jo2 M o~d s SwA
nj Ai , pnC An A /k{BM A UA BnM ,BUjB
T /{ wT pB M C BU jn nj  WdM xjn
oM An BM  B C nBU n M o A Te  SwA A B\A nj o/ jn
TMBU B BB C okC ,kAiji BwBwA ozM jAo2A  nAmM A
o{
pA An ji BU k  B M kAU k v\ B l nj An kC 
AU Swj B / %e n BpBwBT A *Ao2A BAiji
BAiji 2B o2 nj ;2 A B]M ,nAj  l RAq\U A BM
/j nAoU SA nj An BUkpAnj BAiji 2B ,{BM ji RkBU
nj AU ,M An RkpAnj S Ao{ % <BoUL BLU> nj B
BAU

jAo$A U U AoM

Aiji r 288

AU A B nj / o/ jBLU Bz a TiAkA An nBMnj zM


Rn nj ,AkC Bj M BC BM  Aiji Br oMAoM nj  Sv
/TvBM kj {Sv{ An B qJ  Aiji B MB nj ,q
nj  qa o>M JB onBXA kAnoQ An jn nj AU Te
SLd T{Ak j] B] gnBU BU nj qo  qa ,jnAk B] SL*
,Ak{ o2 {B kB k{ TiBw r {B ` B /
BU p BU nj / BU BBkpBw oMAoM nj  Sv B nj AU A BA
/TvBM Aiji ApBwBT A Bji MB nj AU  B A

jpAj ~
1

kA ] Ji BjC

k{ AkQ BMuM Bj nj RnBL A kwn o/ M /kA K Ji BjC


/kAj oj T % M nB{A An C Ao/KeB <M ,k{BM
kB{  qa  K
AM An C ,BoC tB{Svp ,jnB RnB
,SwA joM nB M xkB <r Aiji> B <Svp wB{B]> ATM
BjC> AnBd % o A /Sv KwBUM  kj j{ TeAnM
jAo2A oj M  SwA v Ji ,AjooM C nAj jB M An <Ji
v M An BzBr BC BU jnAm B ji pA k  ji d
BM :jAkU nj yB M kd Ji BjC AoBo ,AoMBM /k T kM
<Ji> AnBd rA BA /SwA k{ kAi Mi dUB2 vnAj
AnBd pA  oM o/ nj An 5oU A o A /jnAj oj 2 oLU
nBMnj ~2 A /kT%M ] kAU Ji BjC ,Sv nj Aka C
/SwA C oUBMxi
\T A

AoBo  kjM BkoQ /knBM jB M An j ~2 BoMBve


nAjji jo  pA
LU  An BC BA ,kjo  M AonBXA
;v S] oM BoMBve /kT{Aj  BC M kT2omQ kjM jo
]oM jn kjo  M  ) BB pA oTzM Aop kjM k{
ow k jB%TwA pA kjo w  ) BpBMe B (kk{ UA
BTwAj /kjM jo T kC Bv M An ji Br (knAmM 
1. Nice guys finish first

Aiji r 290

An C pnoU RoMAn  ,jnAm yB M An  A BoMBve


oT2n B jn nj  n*B /SwA kB 1 <LB]j onBXA>
B<A M ;2 LB]j onBXA ,kj (27 BU 268 Bd%)

X /jnAj j] 2 BTvp ;MAn nj /j{ jkd keA


~2 A pA kM (263 |) kk{j An B{T{ < >  Ban
 ) 3 jov A RoMAn B M BoC wBw kzAj ,T{ An j
A pA jBp Bd% nj ywA  ,T /j / BM oTz BnB B
kk] BTwAn nj LB]j onBXA % pA (jAj B\A ,kC JBT
An <Ji> rA 2 % nBM A jov A RoMAn /jo jB%TwA KB]
/SiAkA B] ,jnC B M A Ao AnBQ nj 
,BAj jB~TUA ,wBw AkzAj oj pA nBvM kB jov A
B M SiBM joM jBw pBM T%{ BwB{An BAkTBn
An k{ jAo2A /SwA jBw nBvM B A /jM k{ <Akp B>
Swnj An C
A k{BM C nj Ak`Q qa BTe A n~U BM  wB{
BBhMBT Bv%U pA jBp jAkU /SwA kp xAjBw BA !kk%
l%BM jAo2A pA nBvM /SwA T2B |B~TiA kjKo2 pBM A BiB{ M
wnoM BM B SwA C nj B2j BjoLAn qnBoM k  knBM A oM
AM / ozQ B] ] w dU pA AU C
RBAe pA nBvM  2A o/ A nj T jov A BM tB{Svp
Akp B BpBM Jz nA BU gnBU * nj BB ze
/kAjM
e  Sv <nAkBM> ,SwA BvA C opBM  ,A SAn nj
nj nAj k o2 /kj pBM j M An joM BQ k njB
AoM MB> ,kj Ai  B ,ao )  pBM B{ MB
Swj nj /(Sv Uj rA <{BM T{Aj M SLv kBM B  TT

1. reciprocal altruism

2. symbiotic

3. Robert Axelrod

291

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

nj B Ako 2 /? 1 nB BKvaoM BM ,Sv RnB j ;2 B Ako


SzQ M =n TU /nAm q n ,SzQ M An BB=n pA ,pBM
Bp  SwA A :AT{Aj Toe a  j{ ]T MB o* SwA
An B=n nAkBM BU { o/T Ao BM kM /nC An BB=n
TvM ;2 { koM  Q  SwA o*Bi A M B Ao /kAjooM
BU  ) oj pBM =n M M ,jnAk (Sva Aj  ) Bji =n M
/jnAj TvM (Sva Aj kk Bz nAkBM TU
o nj /j{ AkQ SwA ST nBa ,jnAj j] =n BUj BUj a
B{ Kv A AoTeA M) SwA op RnM oM
 Q ST
:(SwA k{ jB%TwA nj pA ,pBM A BoC

/kj nj 3 B Ako M nAkBM /jnC An nB jo : 1 ST


/SwB LB]j nB xAjBQ /eMBU L A
o] nj j An BAko nAkBM /jnC An ? jo : 2 ST
/SwA LB]j  RApB\ A /k
5 M nAkBM /jnC An ? ;kjnC An nB B{ : 3 ST
/k o] nj 1 An <B> B{ (KU ww) kj nj
5 B{ M nAkBM /jnC An nB ;kjnC An ? B{ : 4 ST
/k o] nj 1 An B
kj ww xAjBQ A M nj
Ji nBvM pBM :kok u 4 3 BST  SwA nB{C
BA ,SwA X BpBM 2 1 BST nj /SwA kM nBvM oj pBM
Q Aq /SwA oTM 2 ST pA B jo AoM 1 ST
nka (SiAjoQ) SLX RnM xnka  Sv A Te /Sv
BU SwA `C /k{BM T{Aj j] o A TLA SwA ,(o]) % RnM
AoM ww /SwA C 3 ALUn kM]nj j{ Jvd UA Akp B
 RApB\ pA oTM  ,k{BM LB]j nB xAjBQ pA oTM kBM jp 
pBM A ,oUmUj RnBL M) /k{BM B jpBM pA oTM kBM  SwA ALB]j
1. Cooperate

2. Deffect

3. Rank Order

Aiji r 292

B :kC JBve M UA Akp B BU jnAj p oj o{


AkM 2BTA o{ A j /j{ oTzM xAjBQ pA kBL B jpBM ww
/kAk{ i BjpBM k] nj 5A { nj ST nBa A (/k{ kAi
k{ ]T BU k B An BjpBM k] M ?SwB A Aoa ,
/knBM o/ nj jnm ,B{ BM pBM B , ow pA  An Bo2
pA kBM /? nB ,k pBM =n j BM ;2 B{ Aj
Sw Tw M kBM ) kjM jnC An ? B{ o A /oM o/ nj An BC
An ?  jM A AoM pBM oTM ,( B SwAn
nB o A /k{ B{ LB]j  RApB\ Bv /jnC
oM Be Ji /jM C pA oUkM  k{ L~ B jpBM ,jM jnC An
B Oa Sw Tw M) jM a kM kTvAU B{  oj nB LM
An ?  jM A AoM nB oTM , pBM /nB =n jnC ,(k
nj 3 BM BTLv pBTA M jo ,jM jo nB o A /nBM
SwA A \T /nj 5 :kC o oTzM jM jp  o A BA /kwn
/SwA ? z nB oTM AoM ,B{ pBM pA o/ 6U 
k B{  nB
nB

xAjBQ

Ji B TLv

BjpBM

kM i

(LB]j nB AoM)
nj 3

nB
o] nj 1

  nB
Ji i

ww

( AoM)
nj 5

RApB\

kM B TLv

(LB]j AoM)
o] nj 1

Akp B pBM 'Th BS* pA jpBM 'A {

293

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

pBM M BTAM ,kBM ,Ak{ ]T w m6 n pA ,KUoU A M


B M Swnj B6i pA oM pAkA B M 6 BM B{ /qM  B{
,knioM M kTwA A pBMj TU AoMBM /kA kwn \T
A BM /S{Aj kAi  jw B k{ o] jo kp  jo
,kjM jnC An nB =n jo o A  kAj Ji i BC Ako Be
(nj 3 B BX nj) LB]j nB AoM BM BTLv xAjBQ M BzT%]
o/ M BUBT nkUA ,T2o B B pBM A j A M /kkwn
/j{ T C BU kBM  kAjo jBzQ Te kwn
v ,C nj  kAT{AjoM To2 n pA An Akp rA
BB M
X) jo j /SwA Akp Sd M ,Sv Q xjo
nj d uLe Bw w M o] JBUnA o*Bi M  (UnBnw woTQ
M /kTv / oU o] JBUnA M ,kAAkp AB Ak] Bw
kAi jApC ,k AoTA oj pA LU o A j{ T% B Ak] BC pA o
/j{ d w uLe M ,k AoTA A pA yQ yo{ o A ,k{
 kAj BC Ak_ k Akp jo  SwA nB M TvM \T
w uLe M UnBn ,k AoTA woTQ o A /k a oj C
B] k{ jp  ww vU  woTQ  Be nj ,j{ d
(RBB BM ,ok BM) k nB jo  Un nj /joMnj Bw
,S{Aj kAh j] Ak_ Sd AoM 2B kA{ ,k qa _
xAjBQ
 S2o kAi An  Sd oUa o] o*BiM jo

nB kB xAjBQ An <Akp Sd> ao A /SwA LB]j nB


SzQ * uLe BzAoM oj SBe  jo j A o/ pA ,SwA o>
RnM <BjpBM> ao k /e /kC JBve M xAjBQ ,SwB
M) SwA k{ %e pBM A s ,SwA Akp M Sd Sv nj
pA o B] An BUji o A /(k B ST nBa A SM6 kM]nj
BM SwA ~h{ 2B uo qA  o2 A BM ,knAmM BAkp C
,kM 2AU kAhM BU k SLd BM kAU BC A T2o o/ nj
A M ,jnAk AnBa oj jo T q] BzAk_  kj kAi

Aiji r 294

/k{ d w uLe M jo KUoU


ao 5oe pBM , kAj pBM jo ?jnAj qo An B A BC
, kAj jo Be A BM ;Sv oTM ? pA qa BC ji AoM ,k{BM
///xB ///xB A /jM oTM jo AoM A ,kjM jo nB jo xB
B*A pBM o M  An ,S{Aj j] kwn m2AU M AoM An xB
An ,Sv xji o2 M ;2 SwA jBTA MBU oj pBM  jAj
/k nAjA An 2AU a  S{Aj j]
A /jnAk j] jBTA <U AoM An ,Akp B jBw pBM nj
M jooMoMM ,jnAj pBM jo AoM & 'BT ) + \T BM ,pBM
X BUA BpBM pA UAke A o ,kB\A LB]j 
pBM A BA /k{ BM B Bj K w B C pA oUJi vk ,k{ BM jBw ukU
pBM
/jnAj B <no> B <nAoU> Akp B  jnAj q oj SAn
/S w A jo& kA C Bk`Q nj ,S w A oUk`Q nAoU
RB2j M BpBM B BM  SwA pBM B nAoU pBM
nAj nAoU MB B{ oj nBM /j{ nAoU B
=n j ;2 BAko Swj nj oj nBM /SwA Tvz B M nAkBM
j pA  SwA A B Soe pBM /? nB BKvaoM BM ,Sv
B k { An v ow k{ jAj  kAU Kve oM nAkBM nBM An =n
nBMj ,kwoM oiC M pBM A B] M ,B\A nj BA /k U Ao]
A pBM no Bnj /{ kM nj jBC nAjoM An B=n
vU , B M jBTA LM  jnC j] M B AoM An So2
pBM nj /oM BTA B zhLM , nB{C An ji zi B { yAnC
MB nj Bjo  SwA A ,kz * nka Sv 
/ok MB nj {BM koM nAkBM
,{BM joM nj 5 SwA o/ n*M ,pBM nj j pA kM
An nB =n nA jM (ukU B) j nBvM B{  *o{ M TLA
, B oUBMUA /AjnC An ? RB2j BU  Be nj ,k{BM jnC
pA nBM An nB =n nBM j o jo  SwA A oUSeAn B jo AoM

295

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

a ,k{BM ukU v Sv p SBe A AoM /oM nj 3 nAkBM


o*  k{ MB o* T{m BSoe n pA B jo AoM
/{BM T{Aj RnB/ MB o* nBT2n oM AU ,\T nj /SwA jBTA MBU
oj M Ak_  SwA A kj fn jnAj BTeA jBp  oj SBe
o] nj 1 nAkBM nBM An ? pBM nj j o nj jo :k jBTA
jBTA M ke BU B  SwA A oUTd pA /kBM xo B Ako pA
oiC nj ,nBM An ? B nB =n /B KUoU M Ako ,
/k{BM MBM qa kwn B M  Q
B pBM ,kk ok oQ pA An B  j ~2 BkoQ
xAo2  SwA A ?a /kjM T{Am yB M An nAoU Akp
Ao pA kBM jnAk woTwj ji o w M yB k SU koQ
TLA /k AoL] An A SLd U M  SwA B%~ i /kAhM 
BM AkoQ o A /i BA ,jnAj q A AoM roA SU o/ pA nB A
An Ski A  jomP oj k{ 2n  xji  joM nj xop pA KU
o A /SwA kwn o/jn S% M jpAjoPM Aq A kM k AoL]
Akp B pBM BM UAnj kM k kMLUn An Be BST
BM ,SwA Ji
B (ok B k ) jo jo nB /nAj nBow
M ,k{ B M  Tki AoL] pA dBTA BM  jnAj j] ww A ,Be A
,SwA kM i (B k pA dBTA ) LB]j jp
 /woM oTzM jw
pA oQ Rji oiC nj M An o*  zM Sep  kM C M BA
/kM J { nj An C jpBM k] /{BM 
Q oTzM ,k o2 C nBMnj oTzM ao /SwA ;2 A BA
BU ,SwA nAoU Akp B BpBM pA oQ kp A M koM
Aoa ,M ?BB kp / BB RBAe kp M BBvA kp
B ao ) Sv BB C BjoLAn pA SLd k{BM BUjB ?k{BL
M ,SwA C <TwA jnB> % M joLAn pA SLd ,(k{BM n*A SwA
M oUoj  /k{ qnBoM yQ pA Br C nj  % B
pBM onj  nioM BoT BM Te 5Th RBAe ,BB

Aiji r 296

nAoU A LM oU~%  kBM ,T nj /kAnAoU Akp B


/jnAj TA a jM
k B{  nB
nB

xAjBQ
nB

Ji B TLv

kM An A nAm
An B{ k Sep

  nB

omQ
Ji i

ww

BjpBM

kM i

B 6BM nAj
An B{ k Sep
omQ

RApB\

kM B TLv

,k
M An A nAm

B 6BM nAj

An B{ B k Sep

SwA SeAn Bi

omQ

Ak An B{ B

/'Th BS* nj BjpBM :k pBM J {

joLAn BU   jo MyQ AU C nj  ,jBw pBM ioM


jBw pBM nj /SwA w joLAn dAA oTv nAoU d nj ,SwA UB
nAoU d nj ,BA /? nB ,jnAj j] joLAn j ;2
AoM /SwA oTM Ak Sv ,SwA n~U MBU jBp BjoLAn
nAoUoM nB RB2j oTzM> nj :SwA C SBe AnAq pA op jn BX
SwA B </jnC An  BpBM knj 1 nj 2jB~U n*M BA ,SwA
pA <oMBve>  k{BM T{m BpBM xn M oz BjoLAn
nB A A nj ao jnBPw o*Bi M Ji An BRn ;jM C
oj BjoLAn /kp  A ,k{BM jp 
LU o* o A ,SwA
/k nBT2n oUkzhM k{BL Ji i B{/2Be SwA
/k U An BjoLAn jke  SwB nBTMA U A AnB{C
k M jov A ji An nB A ?SwA oTM pA Ak %M AU BC

297

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

B~~hT M A ,jM MBv TiAkA An S{Aj A  LB] o/ /S2o


pA kAU % M joLAn ,B\A nj /jAj joLAn AnA AiAo2 BpBM o/
jM A KwB BkSo{ AoM AoMBM ,knB AoM k{ qnBoM yQ
AoM jov A /k{ AnA joLAn jnBa /kTwo%M oUPB BMp M An B{BoM
UB%UA ;2  ,UB%UA BM ,jo 2BTA xji An ,oTM y\w
o A :S{Aj An joLAnM BL ;i
d y jnC An ? B nB
/jM kM i BTe ,jL oTM UB%UA C pA joLAn
nj ,kAjooM oUPB BMp M An joLAn 15 C jov A
MB nj joLAn o KUoU M /jAj nAoU ok MB nj An BC nqM oUPB
Akp B BU k{ jAj nAoU (xji ] pA ) oj BjoLAn U U
225 15*15 jAkU ,S{Aj j] joLAn 15  B\C pA /k pBM An nAoU
BQ ,S%] o Soe
2 B\A pA kM /jBT2A An oUPB nj B Ak] pBM

/kjo A An koM JBve An k{ joM


A /jM koM 5oe Ak oMAoM nj joLAn Ak Sv B AoM
<Q> oTzM M ,oj joLAn 14 BM k{ S%] nj joLAn Ak  SwA
:k{ jAj op z mL*  <pBTA> ;2 <Q> /jM kwn
 AoM RApB\ ;pBTA 5 , AoM ww ;pBTA 3 LB]j nB
o% ,B jpBM ;(B LU pBM nj o~Th o] jBU) pBTA 1 ,LB]j
/(B LU pBM nj w o] jB) pBTA
5 nj o nj nj 2) jM 15 joLAn o AoM pBTA oUBM
SwA /jM o% pBTA oT /(pBM 15 C pA AoM pBTA
oTzM BMUA kj BM /kB yQ *Ao2A ST j A pA _ 
,T{Aj nB/TA pBM nBM 15 pA ;wT n*M SvAU joLAn  nAk
BM Ak pBM jo o A  jM qa A /jL pBTA 6 pA yM k{BM
2 BC pA o o A  qa ,kjo nB
k B{  nB
nB

Aiji r 298
Ji B TLv

xAjBQ
nB

kM i

BjpBM

(LB]j nB AoM)
pBTA 3

pBTA o@

  nB
Ji i

ww

RApB\

kM B TLv

AoM

LB]j AoM

pBTA 5

pBTA 1

'Th BS* nj BjpBM :jov A oUPB DMBv Z {

vU BC pA  Un nj /kjnC Swj M ,kT2o pBTA 3 nj


SB nj MB pBM 2U o*Bi M
BTeA ,kqM   k{ ww
nBT2n k{ AnA BjoLAn oTzM nj) k{ 6 pA oT xpBTA
AoM BL ;i
A M An 6 AU /(jM k{ nAqnB B]BTA
/ BM C pA knj RnM An BpBTA oM o/ nj pBM
,S2n BM (pBTA 1) knj 166 BU j{ o/ n*M ,tB AoM
/jn oUAo2 6 pA T2nn joLAn _ nj
BBoM M kjL jC RBMBv C <BpBM> xAo2
T{ An BBoM C  BBvA /kjM k{ qnBoM LU pA oUPB

[o6{) kT{Aj BC AoM An kM k{ qnBoM LU pA Br y kjM


kAU /(knBM o/ nj An nBa ~2 vAAoA oUPB oUPB
,UAnj /koM o/ nj BuBoM C yqn BkB An BjoLAn A
C ao ) k AnA joLAn pA yM  S{Aj An BA A uBoM o
SvAj pB\ An C
BTeA jov A k{ Jvd KU SU
pA Be jw  k /U n* An BjoLAn SvAU uBoM
/(kwoM M ;2 BC jo nB
nj  pAkA C M TLA ,k{ kj nBTMA k{ AnA BBoM <M nj

299

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

oUjBw pA koM j oLAn  SwA ]U MBU /S{Aj j] B{kv


UBC nv2oQ An C jM 1 nj C M A ywA /jM nBTMA oT oBoM
A /jM jBTwo2 TnU pA ,BpBM pAjoQo/ o tB{An ,2 RnQQAn
pA nAjoMhv BM ;2 C pA kM k{ do{ nB Soe BM nj C M
/S2o Rn 5oe LU Soe
qa ,z X ?joM yQ kAU njCMA B{ ApBM a
MB pBM k o2 A /jnAj TvM MB pBM M kT2A =B%UA 
pA Ahv MB nj joLAn o  Aj) k{BM nj C M A
Bnj C M A jo /(k pBM oj joLAn 14 MB nj xji
MB o* LU Soe Ako ,kM Soe nj /k do{ nB BM An nB
nj ,k nB pBM oiC BU jo /k kU ,SwA nB  ,An
/kwn SwA 6  <BL> pBTA M jo BBQ
3
pBM kTL B M joLAn MB nj nj C M A k o2 Be
ykj Be A BM ,jM kz jov A BMBv jnA kTL UA nj /k
j nj
X ,BpAo ;2 SwA nj C M A L{  nj /SwA kpC
KeB An BM pBTA BU kp  S]M UB%UA n*M ,nBM Soe
,jnBM An yB pA kAhM kTL TU BU /SwA qAww  j{
BM * pBM /k{BM jo nj C M A nBMj BpBM SwA
,k * An xAnj LB]j nB pA {B ow SzQ BS%
,oLi kM ,B B BA /kwn BL nAk knj 1 M owjnjM pBM jo
Soe A nj nj C M A ,TLA /jnC An  kTL Tz Soe nj
X
/kC xo SwB jpBM  pBTA o% AoMBM jM jnC An nB
BA /SwA jnC Swj M pBTA 5 ji Soe pA a ,jBT2A ] oBoM kTL
B ;2 ,jnC An & /k <2U> kM Soe nj nj C M A
 kTL ,U A nj /k BLj An 5oe LU Soe pA kU kBU
An 5oe nB Soe ,k oQ ji T{ownj kAU pA TvMza
1. Tir For Tat

2. Anatol Rapoport

3. Naive Prober

Aiji r 300

Be nj ,j{ A B SwA o%  bjBw jpBM Be AoMBM /k kU


ke BU kM Soe nj /k Kv An 5 BM pBTA nj C M A 
A KUoU A M /k <2U> An nj C M A 
kB{ jBB
Soe o ApAM pBM jo M BB]MB] A Bo] nj /kMB AjA oJU
 TiA pBTA 3 pA SwA oT A /kwn (o% 5 B) pBTA 2.5
C j BT ) knC Swj M BSoe nj LB]j nB BM kAU
/(jM kB UBM jAk cTU 292 d% nj  SwA <2BTA o{>
pA oUkM jo \T ,k pBM nj C M A MB nj kTL TU ,AoMBM
 TU /k pBM nj C M A MB nj nj C M A  SwA TU
Bo] Aop ,SwA oUkM pBM B{\T jo ,k pBM kTL MB nj kTL
/j{ do{ oUjp MBT 
1
o{B /SwA jB o{B yB ,k v\ An oj joLAn Be
Bo] jp oM AoM  RB%U A BM ,SwA kTL kB jB
SwA p nB A AoM /jnAjoM oY BkU MBT B]2U
jB M jB o{B /k{BM kTL B nj C M A pA oUnAjRk  xA</2Be>
A B2M 2U AoM A B ,jp  kM Be MB o*  jnAj
MoT > 5oe jnAm <SAk> BM ,k{BM kM o A /SwA jo An nB
MBT B]2U Bo] A /k{BM T{Aj 2U kM oj <jApC
nj C M A jB o{B M An pBM B{ o A BA /k{ %i %6 nj
MBT ]2U M AkM  BBo] ]
 k{ ]T ,k v\
LB]j BnB BpBM oTzM nj /j{ T2o An2 k{ kAi kLU
jpBM /k{ nAjnioM C pA Be Ji pBTA pA pBM jo ,SwA nAoUoM
M A MB nj kTL pBM pA SwA oTM nj C M A MB nj jB o{B
/k pBM xji MB nj C M A  TU Mi M TLA nj C
i kjM jo So{ jov A RBMBv nj  BjoLAn pA <M
B{pBTA SB nj T2nn BA ,kjM kTL B jB o{B pA oUk`Q
1. Remorseful Prober

301

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

(UB%UA BXTwA M) pA  joLAn UAnj /jM jBw nj


C M A pA oT
jM jo AnA B o l kM v An C /jM oU~% pA ,jM m2 oT
un ?SwA BTQ nj BB jC :k{ kB{i Btke A K]
/j{ SU_  o2 ?jov A ji ?o\v o ?Bw
/k K] An B  Sv k{ AnA BjoLAn RBq] wnoM ;2
kMTwj oUKB] /Sv oUPB vBoM nj RnB JBT A dT
oU /SwBTwj C S2 wnoM B tBwA oM BjoLAn
A Ji joLAn 5oU /jM <Ji> jo }hz jov A  A
/SwA nj C M A C /k{BL kUyQ jp  nj qo  SwA
/kj B\A ]2U AoM An nB A ;2 ,kqM  kAU
kM B , i ao ,a kkM jo jB o{B kTL BjoLAn
Ji BU 8 ,kT{Aj So{ RBMBv nj  joLAn 15 pA /kp  j
kT{Aj An BpBTA oUBM  joLAn 8  SwA A ]U KB] /kjM
pBTA B /kjM kB K 2BU pA kM BU S% C ,kjM Ji joLAn 8
/jM Mi pBTA ,6 BL nAk knj 84 :jM 54.5 nj C M A
BU knj 83.4 M BpBTA ,kjM oT A pA  ;2 oj Ji BjoLAn
M OBtAo  knj 66.8 o A M /jM BL nAk knj
78.6

/jM oUm2 pA BkM B nj OBtAo /Sv jBp B2 jnC Swj


/SwA Ji B{jpBM Ji BjC pBM A nj  SwA nB{C
B
1
joLAn S{m joLAn /SwA <S{m > jov A oj 2 b6A

Bnhj /jnAk Mi /2Be k 2U SwA ao  SwA


An v /SwA kzhM joLAn nj C M A /k xAo2 jp An T{m
/SwA T{m BT{m oj C pA kM kj B{ B]nj jp  
jB M pBM * BU nj An qa /Sv kzhM
A j ~2 oMBve
jM nBM ;2 o A Te ,k xAo2 k{ jp A M  An  qo /jnAj
M jM jo So{ jov A RBMBv nj oMBve M L{ AoBo joLAn /k{BM
1. Forgiving

Aiji r 302

BjoLAn B nj /S{Ak LB] Aka \T  ,1 kAo2 B


.oMBve (S{mM nj ,2 o/ pA Ji k{BM T{Aj ]U) Ji
Mi jpBM S{mM BjoLAn A j /jM oUkM pA LU kAo2
,k{ ZnBi MBT B]BTA Bo] pA kAU  SwA A knAk
/k{BM <jB> Bz%oe o A Te
 nj BUj C M A /jM oUS{m BM AU nj C M A pA kB{ Te
nAnqM i kB{ /k 2U nBM jni  SzQ nBMj pA kM
AnA An nj BUj C M A v o A ,joM Q jov A Rn o nj /k{BM kMo/
]BTA nj pA JBT]A  j A M /k{ MBv koM ,jM jo
/SwA Ji i LB]j
Mi :jo 2o poQ BjoLAn AoM ~hz j B ,KUoUA M
SwA oi M SLUB S{m Mi  BAoBnC \T A /S{m
BM  BC AoM ;k ] K\ B}~hT pA nBvM AoM SwA
Te  Be nj ;kjo AnA RnM An Bl BjoLAn op
M A X  joLAn kjM jo So] ,kjM jAj Ji joLAn  B<M
/k AnA k{BM S{m BM nj BUj C
S{Aj kSo{ 62 A /jo A An RBMBv j nj jov A
o BSoe jAkU ,nBMA /jo BU 63 An BC jq2A BC M An UB%UA joLAn
C M AkM  jM ,jM k{ T{Am jApC jL jkd nj 2 M pBM
B <BL nAk> pA knj RnM An Bo AU p B /wn
SMBY jk z BL C oj ao , BM <nB z> o
/SwA oUk`Q xALwBd Sv 6
nBTiA nj An LU RBMBv [BT RBMBv j nj BuBoM BU
oj nj C M A jpBM Aoa  An jov A dU A ] pA ,kT{Aj
, S{Aj j] nB/TA A ;2 /SwA jM BM nkUA Ji BjoLAn
KT j M BC UAnj /koM oM LU RB*A pA d M BkSo{
1. Friedman

303

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

kAU S{m Mi  kjo kTwA n*A Ak /kk{ vU o2


/kjo AnA S{m BM Ji BjoLAn tBwA A oM ,k{BM poQ BS~i
bo* An S{m BM =2
BUj C M A  jo njBp Ba SwA jnB
nj
AnB pA nBvM a  jo kTwA n*A oj o2 KT C /jo
AoMBM ,k AnA S{m BM Ji
joLAn Be kAkAi An jov A dU 
!k{BM jo ]oM MyQ MBU o A pA BU kkM kM BjoLAn BC
RnQQAn UBC  nj C M A pBM /S{Ak AkB2 kM pBM BA
,oj nBM /jM BL Aq knj 96  BM o BM ,k{ koM jM jAj
Ji A joLAn 15 pA /kjBT2A yQ BkM pA Ji BjoLAn , nj
nj o A ao /jM Ji ;2 kM ,oiC joLAn 15 pA ,jM kM ;2
An Svh LUn k{ AnA S{moQ nj BUj C M A RBMBv A nj
Be  jM A S /jo Kv An j B B\A BA ,jnC Swj M
kTvAU  kjM k{ Ak jnA oUtvdB Bl BjoLAn
/jpAkM Aj M An nBBU Byo BenM
joLAn poQ /k k BU RBMBv A nj T oM A
LU An BU A /k{BM k{ AnA oj BjoLAn a  jnAj A M TvM
B5jn nj nj BUj C M A C nj  SwA j nj RBMBv M RB%U
koM SvAU A nj RBMBv nj ,S2o nAoU kMLUn BQ
nBTMA nBMnj JBT A T%
LU  n*B ,BA /j{ Jvd
nj  nAj UnM AU BC /Sv ,oUPB nj vBoM
 BC ?SwA pA oTM BUA joLAn Ak jAjnAoU oT  %
pA BjoLAn o/ nj An gwBQ BU kAjBC kAkAi An A pA yQ B~2
/kMBM nAkBQ BU o/
nj nj So{ AoM Rj A [BT jov A  jM Bv pA
/T{Aj A AoM jBzQ jo So{ /jBTwo2 AoM An RBMBv j
oS] A o/ pA BA ,jM jo o2 ESS BM BLUnA nj jov A
LU
C  ,T /j/ BM kBM jo jBzQ A M AB nj  jM nkUC
An A jov A ,jM Bz BzAj B nj oj yhM nj SU

Aiji r 304

kM M C pA nB \T S2o tBU A /joM tBU ,SiB{


,k{ ozT 1981 uBw \ nj  jM o/M qoTz B BC
ji M An [oU BoC \A k
KB qB]  AB

pA TiB{Svp ka A oM T jov A /jAj |B~TiA


,kjAj nAoU WdM jn ,jM nCRoe LB] po*M  ,An nAoU Akp B
/nC JBve M ESS jon pA 2B SiB{ An C  kjo nB
nj joM nB M nBMj jov A  Anj RBMBv B/ BM An ESS jon
o /SwA BLU2 X Anj MBv o /j nAoU MB
o /k pBM Bv RB2j M oj BjoLAn MB nj joLAn
oj BjoLAn MB nj  SwA BpBTA \ joLAn o B
kBM Anj BpBM nj jM m2 AoM joLAn o AoMBM /SwA jo Kv
Mi SMBUn kTwo%M jAo2A SwA  oj BjoLAn MB nj
Mi pBM oj BjoLAn 5Th dAA MB nj  An joLAn /k{BM T{Aj
BA /SwA BeBM joLAn nj C M A /kB 1 <BeBM> jov A k{BM T{Aj
A /SwA AhLj \ kAjo AnA jAo2A  BjoLAn \
A
nj /jo Ao An B BM nj  SwA AT B

nj RBMBv
M A ,AeA dBTA C nj /kjM Ji BkSo{ 5~ jke ,jov A
koM ,k{ AnA nj BUj C M A o A A Be B nj /jM koM nj C
k{ MBv jnA  BC BLoU ,UB%UA n*M k o2 BA /jM
14 pA a /kBM yQ T a jM SeAn i /kjM kM kjM
M A SUC ,jM kM BC BU 13 o A /kjM kM C BU 6 ,k{ AnA joLAn
,k{ joM Q ;2 /jL KwB A AoM AeA dBTA /k{ koM nj C
BjoLAn a  SwA A M TvM BjoLAn S2 ALUn kM]nj M
BBvA SwAi X
 SwA qa M TvM ,oj RnBL M ;k{BM k{ AnA
o%U BM ?  C jM AhLj pA AU a /SwA AhLj
/ ESS
1. robust

305

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

BU o/ pA joLAn ~hz  nAj jB M LU B~2 pA


S] nj C nB{  TU nj Ji jo M jAj AjA pA jM RnBL nAkBQ
SwA ; ESS nj nj C M A TU /SwA T2o q2 BjoLAn
Ji nj C M A jo kA Be Bnj C M A  AeA dBTA nj
A M B nj /S2o o/ nj <BeBM> pA Bi d AU An A /SwA
JBve M SABM BeBM d BU An C  jnAj j] yAo A AnBM BU
nAjQ k{ koM ,vnAj Bj nj ,Aop ?SwA nkUA Aoa /nBM
m2 joLAn ,nAj AoM /SwA k{ kpo2 KeB ,Sv k{
A AoM joLAn /k{BM k{ nB{oQ BjoLAn S] nj  SwA joLAn
 AeA dBTA nj SwA nB{oQ TU B~h kBM kBM UBM m2
/k{BM Ji xjo ,ko Ao2 xji Bhv
JBhTA Bo] X An yUBMBv w nj ,jov A  SwA A SUA
a /S{Am w nj An C wA A UAnj /SiAkA An , ESS Q nj ,L*
/jo jB%TwA j nj BU 63 B pA M jAk kk] jAo2A So{ AoM AiAo2
nj  o2 Aop ,nBM JBve M w nj An C  SwA oUSeAn AoM
j A Bnj  UB%U pA SwA oTzM LU RBMBv nj j BM yUo2 
/kT{Aj BM
<A v> BU jo oUPB jnA nBMj An joLAn 63 A jov A
To <A v> nj <AeA dBTA> ,AoMBM /jpBvM An BU vw
BjoM ,A v BBQ nj /jM k{ zU joLAn 63 Bv
njB nkQ kB Akpo RnM  <pBTA> B <Q> RnM
B\Aow oUnB{ BjoLAn <M ,Bv S{m BM /jM ,B{(v]o>)
BSLv TU ,KUoU A M /S2o q2 oj <M nB{ kk{ o
Rn kBM pBM kC BSoe C nj  AeA dBTA ,jo oJU
/k{ S2o
oJU ,jM BSLv nj oJU oj ,v 1 jke pA kM B\Aow
BjoLAn ShM ,A pA LU /jM kwnAo2 nAkBQ Bp ;AeA dBTA nj
BoMBve BB ,BpBMe X Swnj ,S{Aj jo2 pAo2 5Th

Aiji r 306

AoA M n A B pA BjoLAn <M / oUPB nj k{ pBwL{


,kM BjoLAn B pA /kT2n M pA 2 v BU B{oTzM kT{Am
BLUA X ,BLUA A BA ,kT{Am yAq2A M n kBvM o/ pA BzBUj
v pA kM  kM joLAn BU /kBP oj , k{ pBwL{ BpBMe
A v 15 nj To BM ShM /S{Aj B To ,jM kp 2
AoA M 1 v Ae nj jo S2A [nkUM C pA kM /jM nB
B
 j B M ,jM Ji SU RnM To jo /k{ jq
pA jM oQ B{oMnj p TU BC /kjM a A BpBMe
jB%TwA ji %M (BS{m BM jBp) Bnj BUj C M A o 5T
BLj An To ,kT{Am AoA M n Bo C TU ,uPw /kjo
AoM o /jM kB UBM BwC * oj a ,kjoM B{ji
/jM pBM ,nj C M A X ,1 <omQodU> <Ji> BjoLAn
X ,pBM nj y{ pA BU [Q nj ,w nj nj nj C M A j i ,UA nj
M BLoU oj omQodU Ji joLAn [Q /kC BM ,j A Bnj
pA UA nj ;(S] nj kBvM o/ pA ) kkwn nj C M A \T B
AoM oj ,kk{ njM Ak pA BkM TU /k{ koM z{ nj nj BC
j] An BjoLAn oj pA B nj C M A pA Ji joLAn }hzU
jB%TwA nB =n pA ;2 MB nj ,kjM Ji a ,S{Ak
/kjo
X nj C M A ao  SwA A jM }hzU MBUo> A kBQ
TU UA ESS ,knAj jB M /Sv UA ESS BUj ,SwA ESS
:k{BM k{Jow T2B y] njB joLAn ;wU kBL oj k{ o Ao2
nj BA ,kMB ;vU nj C M A oM kAU kM _  SwA Swnj  A
nj ,kj yQ   n*B /k =o2 <U ,oj BjoLAn jn
BC :SwA kB BUj B{nBT2n oBo Ji BjoLAn S]

BvkU C X ,oj Ji joLAn AoMBM /k nB nA


1. provocable

307

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

zq pBTA pA nj C M A MB nj Bv ao ,k nB z


M k K] An ]U A kM kAU A j] BM ,Sv nAjnioM TLX
/Sv ESS ST nj C M A 2 o/ pA AoMBM kMB An S] nj
,kB UBM Sv  Mi M Bj a k o2 B{ kB{
xkM kLM ,tv2A BA /oM o/ nj ESS An nj C M A AU
\ MB nj <nB z> ,nj C M A i oM /j{ a
MB nj  z /jnAk SB JBU  z X kM BjoLAn
Kv An <ww> BM o nBMo nj Aop ,SwA poQ nB z
yM BjoLAn nB{ k{ jnA  z X kM BjoLAn /k
/knC BQ An nB z X Ji ke pA
JBve M UA ESS nj C M A  SLd mUj TU kao
 ,An kB nj C M A n]  k{BM A oUB%~ kB{ BA ,kC
jB yM  nj ,Sw]2U Ji BUAl BjoLAn pA *h
k{ *BU kM  kB{ *h a nj /oM o/ nj ESS
RoMAn ,S2o B\A jov A nB AjA nj  LB] BnB pA nj /k{BM
M A B M oj joLAn nj BUj C M A h 2 BMoMn o%] 1 kM
BA ,SwA kM 2 o/ pA qz nj C M A /kT2o o/ op An qz nj C
BA /SwA Svh Soe pA kM nj C M A X Swnj xnBT2n /Sv kM i
kM An C 2 o/ pA  SwA qa A kp  pBM o A Soe nj
nj C M A ,jnAj B ;vU nj C M A  AeA dBTA nj /k
j{ WBM kp A nj   Aop joM B] M An qz
A pBM M TU BA j{ nAoUoM LB]j B]BTA nAjAjA Bo]
nj An oBTA A nj BUj C M A oTzM
S{m
,jnioM nj BUj C M

pBM BBQ M <BL nAk> BM Swj oiC nj pBM jo /k %i %6


oTzM nAk jp AkTMA nj   o*BiM qz nj C M A ,kwn
Jow Bnj C M A S] SwA  kjo SMBY BMoMn kM /jnAj
1. R. Boyd

2. Jeffrey Lorberbauum

Aiji r 308

,qz nj
C M A nj BUj C M A pA *h nj ,BU BMp M ,j{
A S% j{ B*A BM BLoU /jM kAi JBB nB nj BA jo

BTeA /k AkQ ;vU kAU KUoU A M  Sv LoU BU KoU


Ji BjoLAn BM kM joLAn 
KoU pA  knAj j] jBp Bh
nj B<M kB{ /k{BM nAjAk kAU kAk{ zU S{m BM i
/kLM An BBvA kp B{C BL] pA wBA <U A
,Sv mUj i ESS nj C M A  jAj }hzU jov A
X /SiBw An 1 <nAkBQ T2nn joLAn> RnBL C 5oU AoM AoMBM
C
nj nAkBQ T2nn joLAn pA yM SwA ,UA B ESS jn
S] oM BC Ak  jnAj jB~U M TvM M pBM /k{BM T{Aj j] keA
 T] nj /SwA RBLYBM ,nj C M A X ,  z /j{  Be
/joM zQ kAU oj joLAn _ ,kA Be C oM B z
6  oM o/ nj RBLY 6 j AnAj An B/ A AU
pA *h B) nj C M A C oj RBLY 6  z C RBLY
S] oM A  UBLY 6 o /SwA (]2U Ji AoX A BjoLAn
/kB UBM  Be B` ,j{  Be
kBM nj C M A jAkU a ?SwB a M <k{  Be>  o/ pA BA
?kT%M yQ B z pA Bnj C M A jo BU k{BM T{Aj j]
nj /kkM jo LU |Bi pBM A nj nAkBM  BjpBM M jnAj TvM
U L ,kU kBvM ,M AU  qa BU
,kp ] nj C M A kU kBvM U L o* nj /jnAj j]
kBvM
C oj L nj /kqoM An nj C M A oTzM ao JBhTA

 z % M oTzM ao JBhTA ,j{ oTzM  z AodM

BoMBve BTwAj nj An U L A jBU B ,k{BM T{Aj jB M o A /SwA


/T{Aj j ~2 BpBMe
p /k do{ U o* Ak pA S]  SwA
B ,AoMBM
1. Collectively stable strategy

309

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

jAj =w oj L M L pA S] B  j{ a AkM SwA


/SwA T2o nAoU  z L nj  nAj T] k o2 /j{
2B BQ  knAk BM jBp jnioM nkUC nj C M A jAo2A 
j AkU
 2o* w M oTzM An S] L* JBhTA AoMBM /kC B M LB]j
,UB%UA n*M ,SvAU S] o A  Un nj /kAn SwA  z
,x opAow nj C M A o* M  ,kj RB\ L A o{ pA An xji
 SwA cTA /S{Aj oTM jpBM (SL* B) nAkBM q M
nj kAU /knAk o k k~U B o SwAi _ BS]
o* pA  kn wC M Un nj ;2 /k{M o* M T2n S]
/k{ SAk wC M UB%UA n*M SL* Tvo> Bo
M  SwA A gwBQ BM An ?kj fn qa a n6a
A M UA nj /B SBe pA  Be SwA ArA <jB~U> BA /kn <2jB~U>
BC ,kTv }hz BUj B kATiB{B p  BJBLwA>  SwA
AU /{BM T{Aj <jB~U> pA oTM  MA] kB{ </k U An
AodM jU ke BU An nj C M A jAo2A jAkU  zkM BAn M
] nj AoM BAn Tv] BM SwA jB A /kj yAq2A
M nAkBM K] pA  n* ,nj C M A jAo2A pA KwB jAkU jo
/kwoM jw
nj SwA a /SwA L BTLv BA knAkA o2 S] A
] ok BM kTv L{
MBT  jAo2A d BkCjo
RBAe
/SwA kBzi r SLv C nB{C An ,SL* nj ?k{

UB%UA
jAo2A nB BU k kp BjApBi njAoM ,oAi nB nj B oTzM

jiMji kBQ A /k{BM nB nj MBhTA B\A nj Sv p /S] C


AjA AoM knAj jAo2A  BU kLva /SwA S] 1 <kLva>
/kAk{ kT  d M jq kp
nAoU pA ao ) B] BSvU oTzM nj ,gnBU * oTzM nj ,BX AoM
1. Viscosity

Aiji r 310

BjAp pA oTka pA yM Rnk M ozM jAo2A (B poA B] nj


/SwA k{ AkQ r AkBzi B{ B{i ,\T nj /kAk{ nj ji
T2n koA =o{ eAw nj AjBT2Anj oq] kj M TU nC jB M
kT{Aj p Twj X nqM Bx BLoU A kBz pA ,jM
k{BM B\C A JC KwB nqM x  jM kM /jM jo Roe i
U oq] C B Bw oTzM  jM A S /(S{Aj kk{ eBw BjBM  )
/kjM jq yi
nj M oa RB~i nj ;2 ,knAj qoTz r  AUA
M A M r BU o/ pA ,BX AoM kTv kB q oj BL]
JB S]  nj nj C M A o A Te ,AoMBM /jo B jo nj C
,nj C M A jAo2A SwA /k{BM jBp SwA T RnM ,k{BM
MBT nB pA  k{BM T{Aj jnioM BM 2B pAkA M ,d nj
An  BkBvM ;2  UBLwBd o/ pA  Be nj ,k{ nAjnioM
/k{BM U L kBvM pA oUBQ ,jnAj o/k
jkd d nj BM  ,nj C M A jAo2A SwA ,k{BM a o A
a B{i  k{BM m2 jo nj nkUM knAj B nB
d B{i A /j{ oUnqM d B{i M kLU BC d
 BB] nj ,k{ yhQ q oj m*B nj  k k{n Ba SwA
A pA SLd TU /kjM o Ao2  z jAo2A ,jAkU o/ pA ,A pA LU
nj a ,Sv Mi BX T%  koA oq] C ,SwA TvM oU d
jBp Soe  k v\ An nqM S] ,C B]M /SwA jBT2AAk] UA
BU knAj M oTzM SBL{ jq BBv  n* ,Sv C nj
/jo Rn BZAjpA 6 C owAow nj Ak A BM ,nj BBv
BU /j{ o Ao2 kAU nj C M A uQ /BU L M jooM
AkQ L* BS] nj
 pA ,SwA kM{i  p qa
AoM T{ownj jBC ,SwA nB{ TU Te ,nj C M A /j{
op ow
oL pA  n* /jnAj xji L M T2n U pA nL
j] nBU k :SwA 2o* ow
oL C `nj BA /j{ jn U

311

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

SwA UA ESS ao  z ,nj C M A i oM /jnAj


=o2 <U /joM U L w C M d {i pA jB%TwA BM kAU
,kAod B n<e pA  z jAo2A d B{i /k
M AkowM A B] M /SwA kM B{jo n<e nj B~h
/knC BQ An ok ,k{BM M kBwn  Q nj nAkBM q
kLva B kBzi pA ,njCMA i oM , z ,AoMBM
/joM AoM S]
c6w RBLY pA ,SwA LoU ESS nj C M A A BM ,KUoU A M
nj BA /SwA RBLYBM RBLYBM ,M ?SwA a M A /SwA nAjnioM oUBM
MB nj jBp Rk  z /SwA B o/k oUnj pAkAza B\A
A ,Bw AnAq
X , oL p pAkA M o A BA /k SB ]BU
jnC ] U w C M kT> AoM An p nB{ B\Aow nj C M
 n*B /kj fn T A u BA /j{ opAow wC M S]
c6w nj UBLY pA ` joM AoM kM{i pA  z ,kj
/j{ nAjnioM oUBM
qo  B A M ,SwA Ji nj C M A ,jo /e  B
BB6i  B A M /SwA S{m BM Sv kp   v A
2 kBjB M b6A Be /jnAj jB nj jBp An T{m
oM /Sv 1 <RjBveM> nj C M A / 2o An jov A pA oj
Q M S%oe M SLv  w jM jve ,jov A BrA tBwA
/k{BM oUjBp o nAkBM pA d\ nj  Q A ,woM oTzM
xo Q B{ pAkA B M oj pBM o A , jM RjBveM
A /k{BM j{i
B B{ ,kwoM Mi Q M jo KUoU A M ,kBM
kM k ]U o A /j{ Jvd <koM> pBM _ nj UAnj nj C M
AoM q] ,Aop ,k Kv <5oe> pA oUBM Ao kAU pBM o nj A
y%oe BM  SwA A k  nB oX Ake /kp  qo ,2U
1. not envious

Aiji r 312

 B] nj /k{BM BM jo o  SwA A M A yAo BA /k Bv


<5oe> rA ,SwA B nj Ji BjoLAn oj nj C M A BQ
Akp B BpBM BtB{An TU ,B%wBT BA /SwA SLwBM
vU BpBM BLoU ,k BQoM UA BBvA M An nAoU
M /SwA BQ kwn C M  Q o/ pA B{jo k{ RjBve
A B] M k{BM o2 A M Te A kM ,jAo2A pA nBvM kwn o/
An MB o* kj c]oU ,kwoM nAkBM Ski BU kj A Swj M Swj
/SwB\ nB BLT{A  kj Bz jov A nB /knBM BQ
ApAjoQo/ /jnAj j] BpBM <M nj ;2  SwA BLT{A A
vU <d\o%o>> <d\o%> Twj j M An pBM dAA ,BpBM
k{ kpBM BM o% k{ koM d\o% pBM nj /k
A pBM o k a ,SwA d\o% pBM[o6{ /SwA MB o*
Akp B BA /kj Sv{ An MB o* ,j{ koM  SwA
pBM j kj Q  Sv nAkBM /SwA d\ o%o> pBM
/kkhM A yn M k M Swj Rk BU kAU
:jpAkA oPv{ pA zj o6w jB M Ao kki nAkBM yn M A
</SwB BU Tz ,  nB A>
j] nB AoM jBp p T2o B jo <RB2TiA> `C nj
An C AU  ,kwn o/ M d\o% nBn X  qa /jnAj
/jo kLU LB]j 2B BM d\o%o>
pBM M ,oi S  BM

pA BB ,SwA d\o%o> pBM m2 ZAjpA  SwA kM


% M jM ,kB\A q nBT M  TU Te LB]j BnB
o%o> RnM B{Ak] BM kj AjA nB M  SwA 2o*
 j q ,k{BL C AoM 2B j `M yAnC o A /kBM nB d\
Zp  SwAkQ AoMBM /k jnA jABi B dBTA M  6
?SwA A pA o> ,koM  yQ
kBM kT k2
BU Sv BTvA nj Swj /Sv n*A nj ,Ji
nBa o

BM

313

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

M oU]U MBU oUmUj B BU BoC SBA B\Q nj oiAA


o pA < kBM  /jAj BC M An nB a pB]A  A2oe k
B ,kAjooM nj j
B pA An oj }h{ /jomPM  AM An Zp
oj  yQ An A B k o/nBoA xjn nj BU o/ pA
A
j pA An oe  j A /j{ KB] <U  SwB\A /kTwo2
M <B>  kAj /k do{ ,<BC> <B> ,B Ak] BB]
<U TU /y A oMAoM nj SwA  M ;Sv ov
An o2 !jo nAoU <SwA SwA> 5jn nj
,kwn BjAj M
a k{BM T{Aj S~i Zp C a /SwA nB nj S~i  knAm A oM
M An nB UB BTwj  k{BM jo m2AU 2o*
A B k{BM T{Ak
jw M j{ jAkU koM ,kpBM U RnM z A /kkBwoM B\A
/B ;2 jBp BTeA M ?SwA v a
B AoM BA /k{ kBz o%d\ pBM M ShM Zp
C nj  SwA BB] d\o> o%
pBM SwA SwA jn

BM An BzB qoTz JBve A2oe j C kj oM BSwA


A BC nB An /k{j Ak{ nAmqn SUj BM BnB
/S2omQ kAh oj o* kAj B{ji  kj Bd  SwA
T2omQ  kAj jo pBM jpBw An ji kT d ,d o
M  %U o ,B o /k AkQ AjA Bo] n* /j{
2BTA JBve RnM oj Q Twj j{ kM jn <Aj> 2o*
AkQ y BBw kB{ BB kn A ,k{BM B{nB ShM o A  /k
] nB z e AoM B /jn BM BQ M BQ Bq ,k
oM nAoA ,nBpn B<U pA SwA uoM /knAm v] k{
/SwA  K] pA jB%TwA nj BC nB A nAqMA  SwBC jM Ak]
X Swnj /k{BL B C k `C pA B ji SwA Te
Ji i BC ,{ B{C BC BM jpM  B{Ci BxB%i
_ kM B/ A /k Ao]A kCnj A RnM  An kAU
pBM M An B  SwA A ;2 xnB /jn yQ BB C RnB/ B kBpBw

Aiji r 314

d\o%o> i B AoM d\o% pBM /kBzM d\o%


/B AoM
BU  SwA A oUq BQ /k kQ An B oPv{ eAn ?Sva nBa
,kAT2B An B\C M SB pA Bzu\ oTzM BA / An
A u\ pA yM  B<2 jo n~U /SwA d\o% BzTl
An jB\ S Aq UA BBjAj) SwA z k{BM {j M ThC BBToM
Swj a k{BM T{Aj An B A SwA ,k %e
M SwA p kB{ /(nAj Mi nB
BM BU An * BU nj ,ATho2

jB An BpBM o/  ,BzQ B TLA ,Sve BM AnAmBU


2B~AM ,k pBM An 5Bh y Swnj  <M M o A /jAj
nj k mzU ko%d\ pBM Q nj  An  BC /Ajo
/kwoM d\o%o> m2AU M BjAj pA oM
Ak d\o% Ak ?SwA a BvA kp nj oj BpBM
An ozM kp pA L] Ak jnAj =o2 C BM A a ?k\o%o>
M An A ozM kp L] Ak ?
d\o%o> An Ak d\o%
M ?jnAjA <nAkBM> MB nj jBTvA nB M An A Ak <pn>
/koM o/ nj An <BjqTwj TiA> jqTwj ow oM jp Ba , A
<RjBve> B qA BC , WdM =e yAq2A Aq ow oM B TU
UA kp nj ? jBp An BkCnj BUA A AoM SwA nB B SwA
pBM Jz  o2 BC ,BwB{An ByBpC nj  B`
gwBQ / bo6 ;2 An z BywoQ A ?Tv d\o%
/SwA JBT A oTv pA ZnBi BC M jAj
/SwA n*A
,Swj /SwA d\o% pBM BLU2
SwA UB%UA A /j{ kLU d\o> o% pBM M kAU ,BB
nBa M BU BLU2 nj /jAj fn uA BLU2 nj 1977 Bw nj 
pBM oj BB{BM MB nj B{BM o Twj o nj /k{ vU Twj
A Twj nj /k ] ~2 C AoM UApBTA joM B BvU pA ,k
a Sv nAjJC B B{BM AoM j{ Jvd nBLTA jM
Aj

315

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

M A Twj oiC
B{BM w ,~2 o BBQ nj /jnC jo An jBp S]
oUBQ jn M k{ T /k{ T kM ~2 AoM j Twj
/jo Rn jBp xU C pA qoQ AoM  SwA kB{iB B]o2
w pA /jM Bw C nj ~2 BpBM pn oiC 1977 B k\
jM k{ }hz BUj ,kk{ T oUBQ jn M kBM  B{BM
,k{BM U w A pA kBM  jM /jM WdM p w ow oM
B] pA kBM U w A L{ pn C nj AoMBM /oTB B TvoM ,knkBw
A Twj nj yBB]  ) nBa U MB nj knkBw /kT{Am B
/kjM MB nj oTB TvoM /jo pBM (jM 6U
BvU M oTB TvoM kBM SU C ,jpBLM knkBw o A kTvAj
,k{ koM knkBw  Un nj BA /kBM UBM A yhM nj BU kwoM
M TvM ,jM oTB B TvoM S2n BQ kBM  U SUC
kBM tBve pBM j A /kT{Aj MB nj  S{Aj AMBv \T
oUoj Uj 5 oTB TvoM pBM nj /k{ nAqoM Bp
pBM C \T oTB TvoM pBM BBQ pA LU , n* /k{ do{
/j{ do{ k`Q BTwAj A  k{ WBM A /k{
pBM ,oLi xnAq U M ,oTB TvoM M pBM oTzM
Uj Sz nj /jM nBBU ] (knAj Swj o A B) Bze ow
j ,kM /jM 2:2 \T kjM T{B Bzinj B o* jo ,pBM A
,An2 /SwA TiBM knkBw  kC oLi o* C pA ,pBM BBQ M kB Uj
nj  [BT oTA nqM
d% n An oLi jAj nTwj oTB U ok
kkj An C pBM 22 o AoBo /knAmM yB M jM p BTA
oUBQ jn M BU k xU jBp i Sv p oj  kk{ ]T
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Aiji r 316

A kM ,uBa An ,nAj </kTwQ M nqM jB{ nj B B ,k


M UB%UM BM B xU _ kM An NU BpBM  kj k nB kATM
2j ,jM d\o% pBM
LU  qa /k JBUoQ oj w
kLU d\o%o> pBM M ,kwn oM B] pA  oLi o*Bi M
k{ AkQ BwC pA ]nBi <nAkBM> nBA ,BLU WdM BM BLUnA nj /k{
% M \T  jM jnC Ao2 oTB TvoM AoM An BA A ,jM
/Bv :k{BM jo
pBM
Bi jM
BLU2 X o B{BUoQ Bxpn

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o*BiM ,RBAe BB kp a ,ozM kp a ,RBe UA d
kp nj BSU pA nBvM  SwA A Se /SwA kz BQ oM Bo B{BU
pBM An <nAkBM> y K>A SL* /SwA d\o%o> pBM jB UA
LUn kTv nL\ BC /k{ koM ok S2 pA jAo2A k
op An Aiji r AU A kM /kwoM jw M B{ji BU j{ Jow
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/koU] Ji BjC ,jM jov A o/jn
kAkM kBM BpBM /k{BM
pBM  kT2A An TU BA BA
RnBL pA jB%TwA BM /Sv BC M pBM
oiC 2 pBM  (kAj B)
* kAU ?pAkA a BU BA /k{BM kM kBM <kC Bw> ,jov A Ao
SwA A ;Sv pBM * o/ Bkj pA /k{BM T{Aj jkdB
B{ k o2 /j{ BU pBM  kAk BpBM pA Ak_ 
pBM nj 1 BUj Aj jo B k o2  pBM MB
jB ,SwA nj oiC  ,k nj  Aj jo B Be /j{ B\A
UB joLAn BU AoMBM /SwA jBw Akp B SiBM
B joM pBM

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 SwA A k nj nj B pA Ako AoM
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nAoU

317

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

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SUC BA /kz ;i kBM An xnj SwA MyQ MBU a ,jo U
pBM AoM UB JBhTA BU ,k{ kAi BXTwA jB j nj
nj oiC LUB A nj
j M Tzj nj /SwA
pBM j /oiC BU n K n* j{ yTT
6
B MB pBM  kAT{Am A oM An BM Ako  ,6
B
knBM An  nBMo A q] ,S{Aj kAi AjA nj ka pBM kAkM o A ,SwA
B pA BpBM ApAjoQo/ TU j A M /kM kAU oj nB
pBM BBQ  knAm A oM An o2 z ,k SLd nAoU Akp
/kAj An C nAkBM ;2 B ,Sv MyQ MBU
A K>A UA kp nj ,k{BL pBM Bnj mUj jAkU o A Te
* oj nka pBM
 joM Q nBC tke BM  Sv BA
nAkBM LM o A /k{BM joLAn pA yhM kB{ MBpnA A /kz
M pBM  qM tke SwA ,k B ji SBw M SwA AnCB
]T B{ qM tke o A /nBM An  SwA oTM j{ BU jp
 o2 nj B{ A pA woTM SwA ,kAk{ nAkBM nAoUM
/{BM jni  A  v k A pA Ao
BTeA /kTv
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Akp B jBw Akp B pBM M AjTBn  AjBw qBU
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oJU ,kz kAi * nka pBM  An BTeA A Ak nBA  k{BM n*
nB/TA tBwA oM oTzM A pBM ,k{BM oTzM pBM AjA BTeA nkUo /kj
,oUJi ,oj RnBL M jnAj UA no pBM pA AjTBn  :jn yQ
pBM AjA Bp pA A jnCoM ao /jM kAi oURjBveM ,oUkzhM
k pBM jBw pBM pA AkTBn nB/TA mL* A M A BU ,k{BM oUBU
/k{ kAi S{mM oUkM :SwA oTzM
oza kkQ ,kC Bw SA pA AkjBU o~U jov A
 kp An C  B/ pA ,k woU ,k{ AkQ A B] ] nj 
?

BTeA

Aiji r 318

,tB{B] nBgnBU Vn{A U ysQ


M A /kkB k kp nAmM

,vA ApBMow uvo B  kAj Ji An A /k jBTwA


oU L BM jM BTwj BM B{nBT2n ,o*M 6 nj ,BC
 ,SwA oUKB] o/ M ,kAj An A oT k /kjo
Swj ,k kp nAmM  kp ,Szi
k wno> T% B j AjnAoU

k{nA ov2A U pA /jM Kz pAo2 nBaj L] 6i nj Bwj BU 1914 pA


 BC BpBMow kBz pA  kAT% ,Bow pA kjpBM B ,BBToM
/SwA k{ K\T ,kT2n nC nA {j tnoU nj ji ;i w C
,BpoQ pA kM T2o ~U ji yQ /jL B RAo% AoM AoBo>
nAoU pA /kT{Aj An nB a pB]A kBL ;j UBi BnB a M
kp> SwBw
o* jo AnB{C /kTv ] nj  kk2 BA

</kjM T2omQ An k kp nAmM 


BM BA ,jM kz dAoTiA Akp B BpBM o/ p Bp C nj
LB] dU jov A ,S{m a B\C nj SwA nB{C
B ,T{m M B
AoM ,Bp C ow M ow ] onj nj /kj Swj M C pA
nB/TA A vA zow ApBMow pA o o /jM pAnj kC Bw
/k{BM nMn BC Bzow pA |Bi o BM BB BU  S{Aj An
B]MB] SwA nAoU SU a kTvAj
A jBw BpBMow C ,A oM
 Bv o/ pA B/ RAnTwj /S{Aj j] k~U a o A TLA /k{
kC cL{ /kAqnj MBUo> qqT ,AhLj Rk{ M k S2Bnj An C
nj C M A nB d jB\A AoM An B<2  jM B * Ba
/jM Akp B pBM jB ;Ao{ , /jo KwB
BjpBM kBM {BM T{Aj UA Akp B A AoM k{BM BUjB
 M An 1 (CC) LB]j nB kBM jo /k{BM T{Aj An Bi kMLUn
 Un nj ,k nB MB o* TU Te /kj c]oU LB]j

1. Cooperate, Cooperate

319

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

/1 (DC) jp  SwA oTM pBM /S2nnj ov U jzM


k nB MB o*  MB nj  SwA TU SBe oUkM
BC /SwA (DD) LB]j  jnAj An xnB/TA  jBTw  qa / (CD)
Rke Rk{ BM So2 o nj B{ji RAo% kLM knAj Swj
/kp oU BM An BC ApBMow
koM M  Aop ,SwA kB{iB LB]j nB BkBo2 Bkj pA
/SwA J6 nBvM o* jo ApBMow
o/
pA BA /k ] nj BC k{

ow oM
BTeA ApBMow  S2omQ kBM /k{ UA oU k kAi BC
/kAkwn m2AU M BkBo2 BM kpBM k{BM poQ ] nj A c]oU
BA /SwA UA Akp B p  SwA oj ;Ao{ q] A
AM ,A `C /k{BM nMn C BM pBMow jo2 o  Sv MBhTA A
BM MBT nB /jnAk oYBU ]  \T n kj B\A ,jo2
Tv oYA ,o*M 6 nj ,SwB{ oMAoM nj  {j pBMow 2
j M B{ o A Te ,SwA oTM i LB]j  pA ,jnAj BUkp n
k{BM T{Ak o6i BTAoM  Un nj ,B/ A SBn B TwoQ*
B ST A kwn o/ M / (DC) kqM  kj c]oU ke BU
j{ AkQ nj C M A X qa  S{Aj nB/TA AU /SwA UA Akp
/j{ a
,ow 6i pA |Bi B] o nj A6 nAkBQ joLAn A jnAk q
BjoLAn jABi pA < nj C M A /k{BM nj C M A ji nj BTe
M RBLYBM 2 o/ pA o A B{ ,kAS{m BM ]2U  SwA Ji
AoM /kn M pA TeAn M ,kk{ AkQ A pA kM Swj ,kB JBve
/k{ AkQ nj C M BU w A ,j] ;Ao{ tBwA oM ,A6 nj BX
,kC oM BC Bo ///n oM ow pA BK{
/ ///SwA pAkAnBPi qa oUkM /Sv oLi pAkAoU oU pA AoMBM
qo B / ///kTHM ow nj o A B kzM B] An oH Sz SH kB{
1. defection, Cooperate

Aiji r 320

6U xn a ,kzM noQ jBp BBC o { nB3 M Swj


/SwB MB nj BU w BC jo3

 SwA nj C M A BjoLAn jABi B<A pA o AoM


j] nA kBM ]BTA M kkU /k RApB\  o*Bi M An BpBM
nAmM  kp B/ s
]BTA BAU yB /k{BM T{Aj

yB M An o Bz nj RnB pAkAoU ,o* jo nj /SwA k kp


ApBMow oM nj B]M qa M M ,{j ApBMow k ,jnAm
jo xBi X)
j{ kj oTw B2 nj  nB ,SwA {j
AoM UA KM j pA Aoa  Cw A M SU_ AoBo /(oU BM { {
pA nj kAjAk AkBU gwBQ ,k{ jB%TwA o{ j jMB
 Be nj kAjo SLd jBp kTiBw An BC  BzQ BAjq2
M ,oU BM { jo xBi X ,zB jn nj An BKM kTvAU
1
/knAmM B{BU
/SwBC jM S{m BM kB nj C M A BjoLAn ~hz
S~i M SwA  An qa s A ,kj  n*B
]BTA kBz o2 SA /kBz o2 ,j{ kLU RkpAnj LB]j
:SwA jAj Bz Mi M yUAo*Bi nj vA ov2A An
LM T6n k{ An jBo6 BAk 3 jni Ba BM T{Aj
Bqo3 Bi nj Ak3o BBC B BpBMow kj /SwA oLi a
KwC v3 M ,Shn o6 yUC pA nBLn B B /kAjBTvA B{ji
M TH AoMkM M jo3 so{ B RAoH T6n BQ jo ,Ji /kwo
BM qo3 Bi n S6n BC sB\{ pBMow 6j 3 ,BBC
/k{BM kz ip v3 nAkA ,kzhLM An B i> SH kM Ak
</jM T BwoQ A nBLzUC ,jL B o~U

pn w a /jM joP vU M QAr Sj T{AjA AoM nB A Aj A /1


nj /jo e QAr M n{ SPB BBQ QAr M n{ Sj S] BUA kM
/j{pBM QAr M n{ BQ SwAi BoC  Be

321

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

pA yM qa :k o/nBoA a Ainm A jn nj jov A


5wBU pA  Be Ainm A /SwA ]BTA pA o] AoM xU
kj KwC kj Bz SwA ok M jBTA B<2 jo T%{C o*BiM
/jM vdU MBU dB\{ nBvM BC C B /SwA kSeAnB jAo2A
WBM  MBT JBve jM MyQ MBU SA oM ` jov A
zj /k k BU ,j{ LB]j jBTA JanBa %e
BM k ;i pA Bi yhM nj uA BhQU pA  jM 1 <Jo> yUC> C
:kzM BC pBMow BMp pA /S2o knBM nBji /
GU C BM An STBw k{ 3 SBw ow nkbC kC SH SBw
nC nA qo ,jM qbj xjoM ,jo3 o{U Sb_ y6k ///3
SH SBw pA Lb 3 |6 jC BUka Te ///jni K ] B
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pA op T{ nj  Ba ,jo An nB Swnj BC BhQU


:kM vA o* U
yUC RB6j jAkU ,yUC Bp ,xk JBhTA nj nkb M [BBC ] BC
kM 3Q bj Ak3 nj SvAj ///q] 3 ///3 kjM G
3 An qa An 3Q jM njBb A jM qbj i yUBLwBd /kT6A
A pA Lb SvAj a ,joM jo{ nqM oji nB3 pBU nATwA
/kAk{ Ak] B3Q ,kwoM jnioM d M

ow Bjz yUC oBo RB%ozU A ,k Bzo*Bi jov A


e Bz
SwjBM BkBo2 AoM /k kMjn An Bj BQ SBw

/T{C Bz {j AoM SwA


BM ,S2B Swj <k kp nAmM  kp> B/ M S% BM j{
qa a UA nj /BjoLAn jo wnoM BB C jo q ow oM Tvz
1. evening guh

Aiji r 322

M jAo2A gwBQ nj a BjAjnAoU pA AT{n RnM ;2 /SwA jAk fn


AkkQ a A pA
A ApBMow C kB{ ,SwA k{ AkQ ok nBT2n
BjoLAn /{ K\T dT A pA kBL /kjM oLiM jM k{n Be nj
An BC  jM B{nBT2n n pA /kjM BB CB
B jov A oUPB nj
/jnC JBve M C u B pU ,S{mM B S{m BM ,kM B Ji
An Bs A pA Ako ji SwA kT{ An BC BoM  Bv
M kAU kM i jC /j{ Mo WdM A M  k{BM T{Aj
/uoM kvM An Apno S{m BM ,Ji joLAn BoM TeAn
yBqA n pA kj }hzU xnBT2n n pA An joLAn Mi
An M Bp BU  ) xAk U S~h{ n pA (jnAk AqA a)
/(SwA k{ puQ pA q] n [nkU M oUPB nj BoM C jBT2A
pA A kM ,k nBT2n joLAn RnM kAU oUPB BoM
/k{BM oLiBM qa _ pA UAnj B xjoLAn
BuBoM BM Swj B BB CB BvjoLAn % BM B TLA
RBd% nj B CB BBoM /nAj B{C
B SwA ;MnM B{B C 
k JBT A owAow nj jov A BBoM /k{ S2B n2 M JBT A
/nAj Br pA UAnj AnB] BB pA B  kAn~U AoM Mi nBvM
A BL{i o \T AU BC woPM  SwA L* AoMBM
gwBQ /M q SL* B] B{ An BMo S{m ,pno nBMnj
BpBM B kBM SL*  SwA A o{ BU /SwA a TLA ,SwA nC
BpBM k{BM RkpAnj C kC  jpAkM An M n* An Akp B
j] kp Bqa oU nj  M ;Ao{ A /k{BM o% d\o>
/jnAj
BA ,jnAj BB C BoM oT BM  jo BjA v qo
 jnAk j kAAkp B BpBM onj ji BMq BM nA oT BM
M An o> pno ,kzhM X jov A BS% AT B
jB n*M  k T jov A /j SLv BC joLAn
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323

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

C o*Bi M  k{BM A {qQ o/ SwA /k{ bo\ jo2 nj kz


UA j kB{ /SwA kC BQ o* kM <L* SB> SeAo]
qa C pA BoT BM C M kB{ /k{BM T% Akp B BpBM ow
op

Bw> oT BM BvA M pBM nj ?k nB{C An C ,kwn


 B]o pA jn nB/TA A To2 jC o pA Aop ,SwA pAnj
<kC
kk{ SeAo]  jC nj ,2o* pA /kj AjA kp M BBw k do{
k ] oUBU nBvM kC Bw B BoT BM AoM SwA ,jnAj
xAjBQ> pA oUMlB]oQ JBhTA RnM ,jp  <ww> AoMBM
C  Sv A n/ ,SwA cTA /kBBM An ji <LB]j nB
BTeA !ka An BBoM A ji nBBp a  nj BoT BM
,BoT BM Q nj Q Bv nj B{
B BnAqMA pA jB%TwA BM JBhTA
/SwA T{ow An AjBw TzAow BkBU
,k ]BTA SwA BB Te T jov A o/ mL*
6MAn nj o\A nLp o\A Sinj /SwA BB CB AnB{C A
UAnj kni B{  o\A /knAj SnBz nB jq
Bk kM k{ jnA Sv C U nj  a fAnw pA o A /Sv
o\A nLp pAkA M kBM nB A AoM) /kAkB{Q An nAj c6w a
o\A jni SU  qn nkUC BThL{i :kqn BC ,k{ a
/SwB AoM TvM nj nBU Bho o\A C (k{ B{]T
kBz%M An BC jo kAU  B BU /iAj Bz2Ajo AoM UBUA
xkB jw BnLp C M jAj BQ pA Sinj ,AoMBM /ko\A BnLp
hU qn B C pA <M nj BC ?kwn a BnLp M BA /j{
o\A C nj oj B BC /jni An C B{jAp kM  knAm
B pA jBp jAkU nj nAmhU < > ,nLp AoM /k nnBM An
kAU a o\A Sinj BA B pA  jAkU nj Bz2Ajo o\A
nj SwA k{ > ,T jov A ysQ tBwA oM <?k 2U>
An B 2B pAkA M j{ o\A jnA  nLp o A jnA nBvM
C k{n Sinj ,jnAmM hU B{oTzM nj nj k nnBM Aj AoM

Aiji r 324

nLp C nBLA A KUoU A M /k 5UT A eAo nj An o\A


</kn M pA
nj oz2 nA An SL* nj C M A BoM pA K\
A nj ,B ioM /SwA jo 5z ,1 nAjnBi B ,Tv]j B
/j{ U BzBpo ;wU %6 TvM B nj Sv] BB
qnhU nj nj /k{BM T{Aj An jB B o y kAU jo2 o M
kj zU An ovU BZp BC /k Bn hU B oPwA BC
SwA BA /ko k M An jB B o y SM M o Zp C nj
An o y z kj <c]oU> BA Rn nj ,B o  qM tke
yo{  jo2 ,oj RnBL M /SwA oUq y A Aop ,k{BM T{Aj
nAm Bow pA ,joM k M An jB y RBUA oTzM  k mzU An
BB] An xji RBBA ,j{ koM
B BhU nj <A> jB~TUA
/oj BB BM k{ S%] nj
 ,k Zoi oj
mUj
B B/ BB A  jM A kj oz2  qa ,UAnj
/nBM nB{ M nj C M A pA zB An BC nB o A /kAjo nAoUoM An TM
nAoU pA Aop ,SwA T2omQ B{nB A SwA o/jn qa B Swnj A
/oUk`Q ke BU TLA ,SwA B nj UA Akp B pBM BQ
,k{BM T{Aj An jB y  SwB{ SM  TU nB =n jnC
pBM B{ SM  TU ,o y jo pBM AoM xU komPM An y A
2j :jnAj 2U jp  /SwA ? =n jnC jB ,SwA jB y

A B ,k AoL] k pBM An jB y  SwA BTo{ SM TU kM


v] y  BZp nj jo kBz UA nj oz2 /k 6U An 6MAn
/SwA jBp Ak] BTeA ,Sv jBT 2o*
A j{ bo6 BwB{An BwB{B] o* pA B  Cw
SiAjoQ C ApA nj Q BC M ,uA X Bnz nj TU SwA
nj An gwBQ SwA kM o/ pA ?k AkA i jAo2A <M Aoa ?j{
1. Sea bass

325

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

BC TLA /oM o/ nj C jBw % BM BQ Aiji B LB]j 2B


nj k{BM T{Aj i mnqU M ZBTeA TU ,kj i / n*M 
a BnBTw BC M  Sv n*A Te /knAj nAoU SA
pA jn An C kAi j /j{ ow kB{ /kkM qB] *
kwn o/ M ,k{BM ao /nBM JBve M BUjB o onBXA
n pA An A B /k{BM jov A k AoM LwB jn B{Ci BxB%i
/MBnj 1 v /t/Z nB
AkQ /kni i BK{ B{Ci B{B%i ,kAj  n*B
/knCnj Aq pA j k{ m2 o A ,Sv SeAn BzAoM Am> A jo
Be nj ,kjooM Bi { BM oUpAnj BQ pA Swj m2B B<M ,odw SU
/kAk 2BTA nAk kAk{ * T2B M m2  B<M 
jn kwn o/ M ,KUoU A M /jjooM =n SwA kM K{
BxB%i k{ ]T v /k{BM LB]j onBXA  pA zhMkA
ji m2B BAo M UAnj jnC BM BM B ,kAT{Aj 2 K{ 
77 ,jM C kB{ v  jnC BM jn 1 pA /k AkA i
B{ oj jBp jnA kjo mJU An BzB`M  kjM AnjB jn
 S{Aj j] jnA ,Be A BM /k{ r kBzi jAo2A M Bwn i
<kz An i i> cTU  jnA ,jM kBzio> BxB%i M
K>A dT A onj jAo2A  SwA ]U KB] /S2BUoM An C
,kT{Aj nBTiA nj ok BM no BU AoM jBp BSo2 BLB> kjM
AoM o{ oj BC BA /SwA a no Akp B nj  n*B
 SwA qa { nj BjpBM k] ?jM k{ jnCoM Akp B
/S{Aj j] o{ C o A nAj An xnB/TA

1. G.S. Wilkinson

Aiji r 326
k B{  nB
nB

Ji B TLv

nB

kM i

xAjBQ

, SBnj i nBMkM BK{ nj


BK{ nj /kj RB\ wo pA Ao
/ SBnj owjnjM i kBv

B{Ci TiAjoQ

RB\ q kBv BK{ nj


BK{ nj /pAjoQ An RAkp
j Am, M AnBMkM
/o nAo- wo pA o o/i nj

? ? nB?

kM BTLv

Ji i
ww

RB\ An Akp nBMkM BK{ nj


oT kBv BK{ nj /kj
U M 
/

RApB\

AoL] _ An  kBv BK{ nj


nBMkM BK{ nj \T nj /
wo pA o o/i o nj
/o nAo-

:B{Ci BxB?i i AkA boA j {


DTh BSF tBwA oM C \T

?jnAj SMB6 k] A BM /B{Cxi BxB%i jB~TUA BUA BC


/jAj nAoU wnoM jn An wo oYA oM BxB%i p yB Aq v
joM wo pA ow
B xB%i kz *  An Bp ,C n pA
oM An i nAk SvAU w A M /jo LwBd An C B eAo
A Aq joM Q ,K\U BM ,A /k LwBd kp AjA RBBw Kve
AoM i pA nAk /jnAj xB%i kz wo Aq M TvM BTA
Ao M An o pA oTzM RBBw kAU kz wo nBvM xB%i
ao ,oj RnBL M /SwA kB wo oT  {B%i AoM BU jnBM
nj yB A ,k oTzM An kji o yB BTeA i AkA
/SwA qaB nAk kj kS2Bnj M  o yAq2A BM vB
n] Akp B kAU BM B{Ci jB~TUA ,jB~TUA o/ pA ,AoMBM
 {pnA pA SwA oT A AoM kj k AkA  i xpnA /kCnj

327

kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.

Bo B{Ci BxB%i nj) /jnAj C ko AoM i nAk B


pA jBp nBvM jw nBMkM BK{ nj xB%i (kAW BT]A
nAjji) jp  pA  jw kBv BK{ nj BA /joM i k
;2 oe A /kBM BA nj C RB2B pA kATM o A TLA ,joM (i jAj pA
/ko yQ nj An nj C M A joLAn BxB%i  SwA nAjB TU
?SwA Ao2 nj C M A X M B yAkQ AoM oj ;Ao{ BC ,AoMBM
?kwBzM jAo2A A M An ok kAU BxB%i A BC ,B~h
An ok BC jAj Bz  jo zBpC kM nj BxB%i BM v
knAmM k Ak] K{ An xB%i  jM A A o /kwB{
xB%i C SU C /kjAj Am> oj BxB%i M  Be nj ,kBM wo
a kLM jM o/T v /kkAjooM M An ShM wo
k{ nAoU nBM ka yBpC A /jAj v o A TLA ,kj Am> A M v
BxB%i S]  jM A T /kkz wo SM M BxB%i
ka  BnB> pA  xB%i B Ak] o j pA jM *h kM nj
An BzBTwj kATM BxB%i o A /kjM T2o kT{Aj B2 BM oT
;2 kBM ,k{ T{Aj wo zBpC n*M  {B%i C ,kwBzM
/kjo xAmJU kjM xji nB> A  BC
jpAj nj /k{ kj AkA pA jn jqw /jAj fn  jM qa B BUj A
A nB>  ,kjM wo xB%i C <kU BTwj> pA i kjjn
A  wo xB%i M <kk] Swj> jn jqw pA nj BU /kjM
RBe j{ BA ,k{BM jB~U A kB{ TLA /jAj Am> jL xji nB>
BM
B /kwn 5 nj pA oT M BTeA A /jo LwBd An Tdo>
M An kU BTwj ,jAj Am> nj BUA BxB%i  S2o \T AU B*A
/kj c]oU oj BnB> A BBM
AkUjAnA AoM /kATiBw Bv2A jBp B{Ci BxB%i nBMnj
Sze BK{  kABw Bo BxB%i A BnT U
kBz o2 Ak2 An Bw kp ,UBe o{ kz BM ko2C
C nj  BnT BBv2A oj BM An n~U A o A /k ji y6

Aiji r 328

An xB%i AU BC ,qBM nj SwA jC i M SL* Akj a


,kAhM Ao o/ ?SvAj Aiji r Bj BtAo oUnr o/
kBM ,nBMnjow Se pA AhM o A /nAj { BBv2A M SLv
;2 jnAm B nBTiA nj nAj yAj oQ  qa / mdU
oUmUj qa /Sv C RAj] jn nj ~%U bo{oQ RBq]
/A qnj :SwA oUxpnABM
UiA BTwAj xB%i M Mo BSUA ,nAj pB Bv2A M B o A BA
An i i ;2  Sv n*A BxB%i ji AoM /jnAj BAoM
B2 kQ kn oUAo2 kBzi BkQ pA BC /kzM ji SwM
BBzQ kAU BxB%i /k nAoUoM ji M An i AnjAoM AkB]
BC LB]j BnB S Ao{ n6wA /k{BM kk] n6wA
Swj nj Bw TU Te  k{BM T{Aj Ao An o2Co BQ A kAU
/k{BM m2 kAU Ji BjC ,SwA Aiji r

jqw ~

r w oTv
,yz A /SwBQoM Aiji r o/ nj
nj AkjnApC yz

JBve M RBe jBM B Ak A ow oM SwA jo2 kM r M onj


 nAj Tv pBwBT B DNA pA AkLo2 n~U B ,w pA /kC
SU UnM koQ oj v M v pA SeAn jApC  qM kB
T{n  AoB B_QnB ,kAk{ ] nB BM B{B nj UB%UA
B SkMA wM ji B Ak] Bov nj  An BAo pA BBQM
  B jAo2A ji kM M w C pA /kTwo2 k nBj M ,knAjoM
k AnB{C kAanBP \v k`Q jBA=2 {B Ako
Anm pAo{M Cjo Be kM  Sv n*A /knAj keA
knAj BM B{C AoM  So2  k{BM BB r A
/k{ ji r BTAM o%w An ,oPwA B hU oM nAw ,An2 knL\
kwn AoM An tAe B<A nB  SwA lU qJ AnAj kM
B ` ji M M kM /k B keA 2k M
/k nBT2n q SwA qAoMvdU Tv
T2o o/ nj B An nAkB] Twnj M B JBT A B~2 pA <M nj
o pA B n~U /kj BTA kM v M An yBr k xU 
,RBLwBd pA jB%TwA BM < > ,k`Q jB~TUA SBn BM  jM A nAkB]
A oj B~2 nj /k jnCoM An r 5Th BjonB 2B
,r Bkj pA RBe T2o o/ nj kM /k{ AnA r Bkj pA jBM j
yAkBzi ji oXU S2 j] A AoM M Bi j

Aiji r 330

/kj c]oU xji o oTzM *


X M An
?BM nB kBM a ,SwA kp M Bj B  ,UBU A BM
 MBT ,AjAj bo{ 1 T1BxoTv in JBT nj An An A nj ji xU
A /SwA k{ AjB{ no> B nB kp nj oj jnBTwj o pA yM
c]oU BUA BA /SwA JBT C KB6 <M pA o~Th ka ~2
in Aow M koM knAmM nB An JBT A Be B{ j
/T1BxoTv
r Aow SwAn ,dT A M  jon _ nj nAj JBhTA
B] pA %d ,Bz> B% nj k`Q UoQ nj %h DNA /jn
BTv SwAi JBhTA o A /SwA Sn MBUo> L* JBhTA AoM
/S2B nB Sep M nB A AoM ,kqoM An DNA
M X R;LT BnA  n*B Swnj ,kA X Br

A /j{ oBo BC nj ;2 Br M RB%U /kwn o/


nBT2n { nj mo* A M knAj ] k{n kAo2 nj  SwA oYA M
oYBU SdU  6d nj  SwA r m2 r /k nB{C An ji kM
T{Aj qoTz ] oM kjw oYA ,Sv q oj Br
m2 BM M ] C j{ WBM  SwA A kjw pA n/ /k{BM
pA /k{BM kCnB kC v M Br B BTA kU nj  JBM ,j{ kLU
nj r  k jB%TwA oBo Bs C AoM <in> 2 rA
kM oM k{n An pA ,yBC BM vB nj ,r  oYA C ;k jB\A kM
/k{BM za qLw n SwA
X Br <M in oYA /jnAm
qLw za n
X ,knAj in oYA pA yM Br oTzM UAnj
kj c]oU oj B<M M An Br <M L* JBhTA A /k\
Bzin oYA BC oYA o*Bi M  Br C ji a o*Bi M
/SwA
WBM Bzin oYA  kAjo WdM Br jn nj K>A BnAj
oYA

1. The Extended Phenotype

331

r w oTv :jqw ~.

2B
BC /SwA k{ kM  XkU B BM M kBwn noT B jw
A nj UBU  j A M ke BU kB{ /kAjAk nAoU o/k An r ji
jo oTM nj r SwA
X /SwA jAk Bz Aka An ji o/
] pA ,onB{ C kM BU /k{BM m2 onB{ kj Sow
kp j{ WBM A Sow /k{ oUm2 A kj oUkU BM ,yBr
] pA ,yBr pA oTzM Bhv AoMBM ;jnBM `M kBM
Aop jpBM n TeAn M UBU C B\A nj /k T An ,kj kU r C
/SwA Ji kM AoM k{BM r % M  qa
oj AoM Ji xji AoM r in oYA o A j{ a BA
An C pA jnA /Sv RhU pAoQ ;2 A ?k{BM kM kM C Br
o A /SwA T2o B 1 p yAo  oza kkQ
X ,wB{
Bpo jAkU C nj  SwA w vU pA Bi d p ,k{BM BUjB
nj /knC j] M An hU Bw B oPwA Bw j{ 5~
A ;2 ,C S%] o pA /SwA 2jB~U
B vU A p
pAkA B M BA /j{ |Bi hU B oPwA jnA  jnAj An BA
B) oPwA jBp jAkU jn nj o A jo nAoU A B] nj C C jnAj BTeA
C AnAj BC 5~ j{ ,k JBve An B (hU
2jB~U ,w TiAkA BM X ,p vU /kAC KUn B{ oj 5~
kAo2 C  ,Aj Bv An ;i B o{ kC BTeA B BA /SwA
p /o> JBUoQ Rk{ ,jBM SwA nBvM A oYBU SdU q2
n*M o A /j{ UA Br oYBU SdU SwA SwA q2 kAo2
n kB AkBz MBU qa xoYA  j{ AkQ AT2By] r UB%UA
nj k o2 ?j{ a ,k{BM p ji oM M k{BL k] B za
,jnC nj hU pA ow AT2By] r SB nj A BTeA k\Tv p
BC B knAj j] Br a /SwA yLUn AoM BTeA A pA yM

1. meiotic drive

Aiji r 332

,y] oYA oM ,TU /SwA K\ BC jBw /SwA 1 =o%U k5odU


j{ ozT S] C nj Sow M j{ AkQ =o%U k5odU
p yAo A BM  SwA qa B A /jo An ji C B]
n ,kM Sw n xoYA o A Te ,kj fn qa a /wB{
/k{BM qC]B2 kM C nj oj Br
M SLv RAj]  BA A M SLv B JBT A owAow nj
B\A nj /AjM p M x k <KU> Bop ji BT]A AnB6U
/kAkM nj A BM  SwA oj Br MB nj r KU pA SLd
M An BTwj>  kAi Br An BC Tr }~hT ,2 Ao q]
nj t r =o%U k5odU Br oUk{TiB{ pA <kqn
oTw B jo j nj k{BM T{Aj t r j { TU /SwBx
x o A /SwA <kz > 3 hU n] ST nj t k AoMBM /j{
o A / L] pA q] SwA Bw L* k{BM T{Aj t r ;2 o
kAi An t r BC knj 95 nj k wnoM An B{ a BoPwA
nj nqM 5odU A AnB{C /j{ S2B knj 5 nj C C ,S2B
Ao> S] nj Bo /SwA nB/TA jn  SwA knj 5 SLv
yhQ SowM ,] nj yUC X ,j{ AkQ t C y] BM UB%UA n*M
jBp Aoa ,jnAj zeB2 oUoM a BpCShM d nj TU /j{
C jAo2A pA jBp jAkU jp i  kMB nBzTA SowM Ba ?jz
A /(ji njB pA nkQ pA ,) koM VnA M oMAoMj An t r S]
M n eB C S] /BU BU Bp nj k{ ApB B ko jAo2A
T{m BBp nj A oM L SwA j] kA{ /jnAm AoA
/kAT2n M pA t r k{ o oYA oM ,SL* nj ,Bx pA BS]
t X B{LB] RAoYA ,=o%U Bk5odU  Sv n*A TLA
BLoU) /knAj J6B oYBU ka Swj BC oTzM ,Be A BM /k{BM Joh
1. segregation distorters

3. homozygous

2. James Crow

333

r w oTv :jqw ~.

nj ;2 kk] y] jB n*M ,kM6B Br LB] RAoYA


C J6B LB] RAoYA pA C J6 LB] RAoYA  kMB nBzTA Un
pBM ,j{ kj kM owAow nj C kM RAoYA Ji RAoYA o A /k{BM oTzM
oYA j{ oBo kM oM C kM oYA o A BA /k{BM Ji kBM kM oM C }Bi oYA
kM
B }Bi \T kM C Bkj pA ,k{BM r C ji oM ;2 Ji
AkQ y] BM =o%U k5odU o A ,nCBp LB] RAoYA j] BM (/SwA
r c6w nj  ) L* JBhTA /j{ ozT S] C nj B ,j{
jo2 c6w nj C oYA o A Te ,kj c]oU An r k5odU C (k
/k{BM J6B kp
j{ /kTv [An Aka knAj j] =o%U Bk5odU A BM
SwA Cw A pA oj Un A /jAj nAoU Cw jn An BC jL [An S
Ai /kA2jB~U w TiAkA BM X
p BkAo2 Aoa 
ji Cw gwBQ M knAj j] kp RAj] Aoa A k2 BM kj
/wn
A M kB{ ,k o2 v An kp jo2 o j] BwB{Svp oTzM
Cw /SwA TwQ M B anBP {M C Aq]A  j
BwB{Svp /SwA kp RAj] jAj nAoU Cw jn UAnj RBe nBMnj
Aoa kwoQ K>A /kj B\A An nB C B A kp RAj] Aoa kwoQ
Aoa kwoQ kBM ao /k kp BT]A o Rn M BC
oj Be Aoa /kAkC jo kp j] nj kp Bqa ji
A
C Aoa ?Sv Tv Bn BpBwBT AoM A nApnB Ak Bnj
 Bw w qodT B nj kkLva M kU BpBwBT
?kAk`Q nqM nkUA B{ ,jAo2A kM B C Aoa kk{
A S /Sv SeAn Cw A qnj
A BwB{Svp pA nBvM AoM
/SwA BY SL* kp j] ji jAj nAoU Cw jn BC AoM  SwA
ko o/ nj Aw An DNA  kn nj Ba BwB{Svp <M
Aw za  n*B Swnj ,joM nB M ji oXU AoM j] 
}hzU JBT A BkAi !joM nB M kj AoM j]  SwA

Aiji r 334

n  SwA Te /SwA jBp odLU pA {B BLT{A {o a  kj


xo C ,kj }hzU ` BkAi /SwA k{ JAoi xji ow
/jnAj An xji nqM z RBe M Aiji r o/ pA B ,oj
,knAj j] kp RAj] Aoa
A A , C u BLoU z
AoM An Se  AanBP k2k S{nj SL A BM B~h
pA An ji l kBM ,Bz e AoM /kj ] nA BwB{Svp
nj ; q BQ k o2 v An kp j] j]  A Bxo
AU C BM  nAqMA / o2 v An v nAj Rn A o>
AkB T2B xoTv in An C  SwA o/ ,BPM An ji l
/j cTU An C %  A
kM nj r C  SwA BoYA B{
r in oYA
 M B Be BA /SwA wn 5oU A /k jB\A Sv 
o/ nj
j{ An r in BoYA
BkM M SwA jkd r o BoYA  k{BM A SUA kB{ /S2o
jow SUA A ,k{BM a o A BA /jo B] BC nj  owSzQ
nj /jooMnj SwBo/jn An `C kATM  Sv qa /SwA bnM
M An ji C BM r  SwA MBLwA r o in oYA k{BM BUjB ,BA BU
 SwA A  2BTA Ai  qa BU /k T kM v
UAnj /kwoM jAo2A kM jkd pA ZnBi M SwA BJBLwA A Aj
nj  kM pA ZnBi B] M SwA r in oYA  SwA A M
,oTwkM kw pA kUnBL kwn l M C pA B /kMB An SwA C
1
/ujB Bi koQ
 kTv nk n AU Boze ,knAk Bi s BujB
 SwA TU A /{ Bijn pAo2 oM B{pAoQ ]T
A B K>A
M An * nj kCnj BM Rn M A pA LU BA /k{BM BM
kUB2 ,Sv ao ujB n /kAnm Bijn U nj n Rn
jnAj B] BU n ? BoYA

1. Caddis

335

r w oTv :jqw ~.

BM /SwA p n RAj] oUoza pA /Sv |Bi s


xji AoM kB BBi ,RnB BM ,jpBw xji  Bw
A /k jB%TwA j{ AkQ Bijn U  jA pA C nj  k Swnj
B qe Bi X ,k Soe ujB Soe BM SwA nBw Bi
An C  Sv n*A TiBw An C xji nB]  RB%U A BM ,aoi
M Ja BU pA ujB B pA <M /k{BM jo AkQ B jAj xnoQ
josQ BoM BU pA <M ,k jB%TwA BTiBw cB~ A
 k{BM BBi pA oUKB] kB{ /qe a Bk pA <M
An o/jn w ,SUj BM ,ujB /kpBw d nj j] Bw nj
k{BM nqM jBp nAj U Bi B] AoM  w ,k JBhTA
B] AoM An ST oUKwB BU kBioa An w o Te ,a jBp
/k AkQ T2o
Ak] An qa o jM nAoU o A ?SwA ]UKB] nkUA dT A Aoa Be
pA oTzM ujB pBM [nC ~% B za nBTiBw BTe nBM o/ nj Ak]
za a /jo K] An B ]U kBM A jBw BTLv w Bi nB
 j A M kB{ BA /kABi C pA oU<k{eAo*> oUk`Q i [nC
kM nj B [nC za  k{ AkQ Un B M [nC ~% za
C SiBw ,nAk BjA C M SLv B  kAo2 ,k{ AkQ BnjB
/SwA oUKB] BAoM oTzM Bi
nkUo /oM oU]  nL\ ,jBT2A nj K6 pA nkUA  Be
M  AnAkB] jnBTwj ,K\U B BM k{BM KB] BAoM ujB Bi
o A kM An xn~U /kj nAoU oYBU SdU An B oTzM koUjq B
nU L{ SvAU  jo 5z %j A Bnj tB{Svp
BM ,jM %j 2 * pAkA M xo6U  k2BLM oB AoM nqM k`Q
oTzM v qa An RL nBU B Be A BM !k{ bo6 B>> a
/B BT%{ pA BU o o/ nj Bi nj SeAq B

Aiji r 336

pA Bu BM L jn pA 1 Cj ] o A  k v\ An B
BBi ,kTiBw Bi B{ji AoM  SzoM ze BqBP{
JBhTA SUj BM Bw C nj  ,k{ kMmB Ji BBM AnAj
BUj  ujB oze o BA !jM k{ nBBw ka nB KUo
B /k K] An B]U RkBU Rn M ,kj B\A An nB A
,knAj qo> Rn M An nB o A ujB RL  j{ T%
n/ /k ]U An BC 5B< jnAkBTwA BM kAi nBA  n*
/kj ] KB] oTzM An BC jnioM A ?Sva
,ujB Bi  jnAk kjoU u_ /A WdM ow jooM kBM
An C JBhTA kBM /SwA kC j] M nAj JBhTA BM  SwA nBpBw
jAj c]oU An k Shw TwQ
X  n*B Swnj ,k{BM jAj c]oU
j]  AoM KUoU A M SwA kM AoM d B%e a ;SwA
j] 2B  AkB2 ji M n*A B  BU BA /SwA k% yBr
C 2B ,UA 2B /oM o/ nj UB%UA ,L* JBhTA o/ pA ,An kp
A k jn nj /kj kSoB%e S%
TwQ M  SwA Br

nj BA /SwA ykM pA q] AnB{C k TwQ /SwA jB Ao]B


?S% kBM a ujB Bi jn
WBM  jAj c]oU An ujB jAk]A Br C L* JBhTA
nB nBT2n n Br C /kpBvM niMjnj M BBi yBknAj kk{
 qa BA ,] L~ BTwj k{n n T{Am oYA BM kB{ ,kjo
C Bs oj { n Br oYA kM
Tr }~hT
Swnj ,kj }hzU Bi { AoM Br kBM }~hT C /SwBBi
 S2omQ kBM /jnAj j] BQ {
X AoM Br  % B M
nB A AoM /SwA jo wnoM r BM 6MAn nj An ujB Bi v  BU
M k k jAp RnBwA nj  An BujB jAk]A mUj mMAw SwA p
An Br Sv p BA /Sv BwC Rn A M BC k jAp ,jnC Swj
1. Jane Goodall

337

r w oTv :jqw ~.

BBi M RB%U WBM Br <M oYBU k{ 6 BU k wnoM


d j  SwA A p qa BU /SwA k{ Bp B j{ BujB
C nj /SwA nAj nBpBw ujB Bi A AoM k{BM T{Aj
oT nj An ujB BBi dU  k{BM T{Aj j] Br kBM Rn
A o k jB\A An BnBpBw kAU JBhTA Aop ,k{BM T{Aj
/jo Rn JBhTA BC M pA k{BM T{Aj j] UAl BRB%U
A M ,k{BM K\ o2 A Tr B~~hT o/ pA SwA
,w pAkA ,w { AoM Br pA  SwA  B AoM KUoU
SLd A BM  Tr }~hT o / SLd o> w Thw
o> jh nj jnia r ,za n r
BM kBM uQ ,k{BM 5Bh
] K\ w nBMnj o/ A j{ WBM  j /k{BM 5Bh
w S% n r oYBU ,M /Sv kp qa w  SwA A k
oYBU k BjA Tr }~hT SwA /SwA Tvo> RnM
,j{ w JBhTA nBT2n WBM  SwA L~ BTwj n r Tv
An xj~ SUj BM Ai ~~hT a pA BA /w ji n oYBU
kAU Br  qa BU /jnBM o/ nj L~ BTwj n r oYBU pA
n r oYBU /SwA UoQ KoU ,kj nAoU oYBU SdU Tv n*M
z jh jnia B za n n ,jn A nj ,B ,L~ BTwj
An X  k U An UoQ AU pA r /SwA Tvo> RnM
oYBU SdU An Z C kj nAoU oYBU SdU An Y C  kj nAoU oYBU SdU
BTwj w _Qw B Aj jnia n SB nj kj nAoU
Thw /SwA AU d A oTzM AjA ujB Bi /jnAm oYA L~
 r pA SLd o A /SwA ujB r T2B AjA <in> oYA w
k{BM  jnAj y nAkB] L~ BTwj B jh jnia nj
nj  r pA SLd BC (SwA  k o2 B~~hT )
nCtoU o2 /k{BM  kBM q jnAj y ujB Bi w Thw
/Sv C pA qo BA ?Sv n*A ,SwA
kp j] Br :Tv kTwA A kM B jBC B Be

Aiji r 338

nj /k{BM T{Aj oj j] kM n T2B xoTv in oYA SwA


k ,B A T{AjoM nj ;jo B ujB Bi LU kU T{AjoM
 jnAj qe AoM An z B k A /k  B M qe
qe ji Bw pA k /jnAj ujB oze o AoM w Bi
Br
pA TeAn M Tr wn }~hT  n* ,j{ c{oU
 Bqe nAoU pA BA /k SLd C SBhT
X k S%
1
A /knAj T% i Bk k{BM ( ShU o ) A pA Bi d nBaj
k SwA k{ S2C A nBaj  qe C o A ?SwB a M jM S%
oM kSvw oYA A M An C SeAn i B ,S{Aj pB nBvM
kB{ ?n6a oUh\ k jn nj BA /jAj cTU qe nBTiBw
jo oUS% BM BS2C AoBo /k %e oTM An qe C oUhT k
?SwA a BUA BC /k  BzBMq M nj k
Aoa ,k{BM oTM qe AoM BUA oUS% k o A / o2 oUmUj kBM
jB~TUA dT nj
BTeA Cw A gwBQ ?knAk 2k a Be nj
M /jo M
roA /SwA AqoQ nB k TiBw qe AoM /SwA T%
M Thw M  Am> jA pA kBM  jnAj pB B{ jA oj v
,kz k jA TiBw o RBBA A o A /j{ T2o kC Swj
 qe /jo oTzM B`M kU
X oj Bqa o An BC AU
ji kM AoM ,jo S% i k TiBw o An yUBBA oTzM
T{Aj oU* o kB{ ?BM a M BA /SwA jo jB\A A ;Ao{
v M An yBr kAT kB{ jnAj oT S2 XkU nj BA ,k{BM
,kAjL m2 kC v M BTA nj  Br C pA /k T kM
BA A k o AoM ,oj RnBL M /SwA S% i k TiBw
r

ShU o TU AoMBM /k{BM qpB i () B S% i  Sv


%6 qe M o C ,k c{oU An oUhT k qe j{ WBM
/oUS% k TiBw q dU q] SwA jo
1. Flat worn

339

r w oTv :jqw ~.

o C /Sv xABMo pA A  kLM o{ B*A BM AU B


SBhT pA jnAjA An qe  jnAj qe oM BQ B{ oYBU
k{ oU* WBM nB A kB{ /k AkQ AodA ,kj <c]oU> ji 
/k C Br M  j{ qe o
SwA A tke ?k An nB A Aoa ?kwn a o M <U A pA
r jw M qe kM BM ,k{BM oMAoM oj Bqa  6Ao{ nj 

BTeA jnAj =o2 XkU BM BM BA /SwA ShU o r jw M qe


od XkU pA qe r  Be nj /k{BM nB nj B{M pAU kBM
To2 ShU o  j A M /Sv a ShU o r AoM j{
,k{BM jBT2A o xA2 BMq B`M kM nj yr A pA n~U _
A KUn BShU o Br AoM kB{ j{ a SwA /jnAk
,SwA XkU nj S2A BM M qe oTzM o A o2 BM /k{BM a
BC ji Aop SwA qe K] pA q A  k{iow ShU o Br
a SiAjoQ pA qe Br /knAk qe XkU M AU _
/jnAj TvM qe XkU M BC RkkM kC Aop ,kjB{B Aq
Bw n oYBU ShU o r  SwA A o/ ,AoMBM
r AoM SwA xji % M  jnAm qe k
kc{oU

 BU ,S{Am yBpC M AU An o/ A /j{ BU Ao qe


/SwA jo An nB A v
o/ o A / o \T BujB tnj pA  Tv TU nj B Be
 SwA A C kBQ ,k{BM Swnj k ShU o r  nB jn nj
M Swnj ,jnAm oYA qe kM n ShU o r M Bwn AU
Br  SwA A X /jnAm oYA qe kM oM qe r  LUoU B
oYBU SdU An ZnBi B] jo l% kTv C nj ji  kM pA oM M
Tr B~~hT AoM WdM A ,BujB jn X /k{BM jAj nAoU
SwA C nj  kM M jkd An r oYA knAj RjB BC /SwA kAo
Tr B~~hT n/ M mUj B BM ,BujB jn X pBM ,BA /kAkM
LU An A ;2 B SwA p /SwB]MB Ao A  M r <oYA> pA

Aiji r 340

,k{BM a o A /SwA ShU o BM nBpBw qe k nj oJU  


oYA  jAj Bz B /k{BM k{ jB\A SdU o r nAj
JBhTA BM kBM

M M w X kpo> Bqa M ;2 SwA r in


/k AkQ An q oj kp RAj] kM
dAA k{  SwBRk /SwAo]B A ;2 o qe BTwAj
pA A /knAj ji BMq n nCRoe BQ RAoYA ,A 5Th
jC An jnC ww n  ,1 Bw
B M ATiBU Qwo A
s
B  jpBvM B{ jB a SwA <T2Bnj> ,k
B M knAj n ,oj RAoze X ,Bww A /k{BM Bww
n*M /kBM UBM n Rn M oze o j{ WBM  A] n
n kU k{ 5UT BM BvnqM M A] pA kLU ww nj jB
(L{ nBvM LoU)  SwA k{ m2 Bw
A /jo Rn A]
n kM nj k{ ] BM Bw
B /jpBvM An n A
B KUoU A M ,k kU LA Rn M An A] n ww
BU kj AjA ji k{n M n C /k{ BM ww M C kLU pA
/j{ BM o pAkA oMAoMj BwC> oze o  B]
L Bw A AoM jni ww r k AoQ jnj M j] A
T2B xoTv in oYA ww n k{ oQ> /SwA nB{ow
/SwBATiBU C Br
M QoTQ
Bww pA oTzM  wn hnBU jn M B\A nj
A nBaj Baoi !A pBw kp Aj ko2 Ao
Tz ) BM jABi pA A A /jnAj B Sacculina B Bw  k{
M B A n] k B C M o A ,SwA Bnj A ,(Oa
nB`M aoi S2BM m nj qnL{ Rn M A A kC o/
A
BTeA /kz oM aoi kM pA An Am> jA ,kAj zn
B <M ,kj nAoU e jn  B<A A pA  Sv UB%UA
1. Nosema

341

r w oTv :jqw ~.

p XkU BM AoM aoi  An B<A /SwA aoi AkhU


A] B X /k  An aoi A A /jnAm UBM Uk BU jnAj
B]M An ji RBBA roA k{ aoi ,k{BM k{ =Ba  ATiA
A ,aoi XkU BMM /k q ji xnoQ S] nj XkU
jn nj  SwA BTwAj B L{ i /jnC Swj M jBp Am>
o A nj /jo 5oU qe nj ShU o AoM ,jnC ww A ,Bw

xoTv in RAoYA kBM kj fn BMq nj  An UAoJU ,jn w


nj <ji>  kM ZnBi M Br oYA AoMBM /jnC JBve M A r T2B
nAoU oYBU SdU An oj BkM Sn MBU Bs kMB xoTv kC
/kj
T{Aj B{Q BMq A 2B SwA jBp
B ke BU
An qe r ShU o r AU Aiji r Bkj pA /k{BM
k nj jM n~d pA jo /nC nB{ M qe kM B<A>
k AoM  Uj SBhT o/ pA ao ,koM jw qoTz 2Bd
SUA A pA {B ,tBwA nj ,Ao A A /kTv X ,kj c]oU
oj kM M k{ jnA qe A kM pA T2n AoM BC xn  SwA
qe hU B oPwA mo* pA kM A qoU qe r AoM /SwA RB%T
kM /jo Rn UB%T
B xn BM nB A ShU o r AoM /SwA
A T (SwA k`Q Ak[ po*M  ) oA RBq] M k{ jnA
/jn oM qe kM pA qe oPwA B hU An pA BC r  SwA
:SwA A kwoQ AU A o nBMnj  Cw oU o/ pA
o A ?j{ T BMq r  j{ T mo* B pA yBr BC>
/kBwn KwC BMq M d M  SwA A n~U ,k{BL a
kCoM yTwj pA  nB o BMq M  AoM A C ,k{BM a o A
BBp * BM /yXkU AoM  A BM AoM ;2 ,kj B\A
BM B\Aow SwA BMq nB M kC JBve M A oj ,BU
nj  n*C kB{ /j{ }hzU MBUo> A pA jqCnj BMq S2BM
ow SzQ An BU 5* A B Bw ,T% jBzQ 264 263 d%

Aiji r 342

/nj BBp ThC nj BA BkBpBM B :kAT{Am


/kT2A UB%UA a knAj oTz j] BMq r A r TU LM
A nBaj (Xyleborus ferrugineus pA ) KwnAj Bww
BU k xi B] A hU nj M BMq kM nj ;2  k{ BoT BM
A a r AoM AoMBM /kMB BTA kM BMq kM M wkM
S{Aj nB/TA AU /A BMq r AoM  SwA KwB 6Ao{ B BUj
j] Br  k nB BM j B M r Twj j A
<M ,ww r B<M A /knAj nB BM ,nAkB] kM nj
BM M Br pA \ jo /kwn o/ M M ,k{BM <oT BM r>
hU ,jo Aop ,kj Bz <U> C BhU nBzTA M ww
oT BM Br AoMBM /<ko> kC M nm kjAn za M An ww
nj  S{Aj nB/TA kBM o/ pA knAj B{BMq r BM oTz S{ow
/k{BM T{Aj SnBz ww BM kp BL] BU
 Tki /k AjA An K6 me Aka nB rA nAoU pA
U BUB%UA Bww A /SwA S SB nj k AnA ww M BC
;wU hU o A /(k B j ~2 M) nLp an X ,kA 1 jj j
kLU j] M kz nnBM hU /j{ kLU jB M z ,j{ nnBM o
kC j] M BC pA  hU /knAk nkQ Bo ,oj RnBL M /j{
hU i oM ,BA /j{ jnA C M oPwA A kM ,k k{n jiMji
C M qa SwA p ambrosia BwoLC ww hU AoM ,nLp an
hU nj BoT BM /k{ d jnA BoT BM C  SwB\A /j{ jnA
o Bww Rn M  k odU An BC kn o2 kz nnBM
jM A pA kBM T%  kAA d C Swnj BoT BM A ,TLA /kCnj
hU BM  j A M BUj ,k{BM T{Aj MBT nB kz Swj
<j i> SB nj /BMq <ji> Br BM Ao ,k{ T BMq
/j{ kkQB k{ B>jA <BMq> kM nj B n*M
BTeA BC BkM
1. haplodiploid

343

r w oTv :jqw ~.

Ae hydra vi pA AB nj An AknB{C 5* poA


/S2B AU SwA Bnj mB{ L{  nAjiB{ qodUM ,a
hydra hydra vulgaris B nj /k jC An BC S2BM nAA L]
nj /kBwn KwC C M kAvi A BUA BL] altenuata
nj Sv Ak] vi S2BM pA L]
A Chlorohydra Viridissima
T BA /jnC Ao2 sv A C AoM jnAj oY y C Sw
chlorohydra nj ,S{Aj nB/TA AU  n*B Swnj /SwB\A KB]
nj /k T kM v M vi C hU w M An B{ji BL]
chlorohydra Br L] Br 2B Sv a oj j C
oTzM kU AoM k{BM BzAU nj  nBo jo /knAj nBpBw BM
BM vi oj j C Br BA /kj B\A chlorohydra BhU
/Sv ke C nj BzTMB6 B /knAk <B> B{BL] Br
;2 vi XkU ,jnAj 2B vi kM BM \ jo AoM
SwA C AqC nAA ;2 L] AoMBM /SwA vi Br AoM
T , nAoU /kMB BU C BM nB S] nj  Sv a
o yBMq Br S{ow BM yBr S{ow  A ,SwA A
nA%* nBT2n pA SB nj ,SwA o{ yBMq BM 2B nj jni
/kz Swj ji
chlorohydra Br /kC Bv S{ow ,ST A nj
hU mo* pA ;2 oT BM C Br ww Br ,L] Br
Br  <ALwBd> o AoMBM /k AkQ An kC v M BMq
B BUj ,k{BM T{Aj RBe pA yhM o nj J6 SwBw T2B S] A
/SwA BMq r <RBLwBd> Be  kwn TwBw B M BUj BLoU
J6 SBhT  kwn \T A M xAQ o A qe jn nj
BMq ,xA oT BM BwoLC ww jn nj /jL Bv BzAoM k
Bv o/ ww kM Bs oj BM * pAkA nBMnj A
a ykM oj BSvU B BM pA ww C AkM A kM B /knAj
A n pA B MyQ A /qM tke An A AU k AjB%TwA

Aiji r 344

kC M kwn AoM oT BM Br ww Br  SwA kTwA


J6 kC kj B\A k{BM B{AU nj `C J6 qoTz
/Bww hU oTzM ao nBzTA
jn nj C pA BwoM 6 \T M An WdM A AU B
,k nB BM B Br / jB%TwA <Bji> jB Br
qoTz BC kC ov  o*Bi A M M kTv B B A o*Bi M
An SvAU BvA
X ,nAkB] r o o A /hU B oPwA SwA
,S{m oPwA hU
ov pA  k AkQ ji k{ yhQ AoM

UB%T \ BM  j A M /jo SnBz oT S2n An C pA

BTeA SwA kM nj  oj Br pA SvAU kC nj ~d pA


nj  jnioM Br pA B M
LU B /k AAo2 nAjoMoM
 k{BM T{Aj j] Br kB{ /kjo ji % M p vU
/k{BM k{ oj An BBzQ k{ ZnBi hU.oPwA <Tv ov> pA
B nj M ,kAT2o B] po nj  knAj j] DNA pA UB6U
Bw nj s M ,k{ oXU B] B knB{ AjApC w nj
/wB{ 2 kwQ B 1 to L{ X UB%T BB BM An BC /BoT BM
/SwA r ka B{ ;2
,SwA oUqn to L{ pA kwQ
anBP Rn M k{ kMBU ok M
B kAU BkwQ ioM
B{k{ d  kkQ M 5oo nkUC BC /kCnj po
}hzU AU po oj ByhM pA An kwQ kj AU An
Ak] SMBU A /k Ak] An ji nBMj SwA pBM BkwQ B /jAj
M oM M jp M za nj  B DNA TwQ M nBMj k{
NBa nBzTA pA kM  SwA BT2B oUKB] pA koQ po nj
nBMnj kk] T2B A UAnj /SwA kC Swj M JBT A Svh
264 d% nj  /SvAj wke kBU AoM Mi A AU An kwQ
TA BUA BBkj <M pA (kwn o/ M K\  B\C nj ) kC
1. viroids

2. plasmid

345

r w oTv :jqw ~.

B{n{ B k{BM Joh BA A nj B6U A  jnAk


T n kBU AoM /jM kAi Bv BC BTeA nBT2n /ThvnBv2A
/ SLd {n{ B6U A M BC pA o/jn
ypo pA An ji kAU  knBM o/ nj An BvA DNA pA AnBQ
Rn M An xji kB{ ,j{ nB{ w nj AjApC k `U
oj po M kLv`M M nBMj uPw k oXU nBvM Bhv
AoM kAU {n{ pBwBT A oj wno> ov a pA /j{ md
Swj pA An ji SwQ pA Bw Ak B ?k jB%TwA kC M T2n
nAoU pA /SwB jBT2A Bw B BBi q Bijo oTzM ;j
ji SzA iB jC o A / u%U BM An ok Bw Ak B
BM /SwA yn kp w Bk jnBM oM An C TU ,joLM yj nj An
T o* j M jBp kp Bw ,=Bz BxpA BwM
o A /k{BM Bw A pA o nAw kAU {n{ DNA nBQ /j{
nj) j{ jnA oj kM M BTA wno>
ov mo* pA SvAU r

JBhTA  jM A B nB/TA ,(hU.oPwA wn ov B] M B ,jAkTA


/k{BM T{Aj yT2ozQ nj w kj nAoU ]U jn An L*So2 C L*
nB A Sv kM ,koM nB M Bto  %oo Bxn BM
r Bkj pA  SwA pAjoQo/ B pA A TLA k{BM BC az
B jo v6 B /k B dT M T2BxoTv in B Aiji
/Aj to SB2 kjnApC L] Bz
An jniBow
kATM A AoM Bto  k{BM A kBM oTzM BTeA jnA <M nj BA
C /kATiAkA An An BoM A Ak ,koPM oj kM M BMq kM pA
B  k nB ,SwA nhj j{ A jnA u%U BM ;2 A pA  wo
,jo pB An oj Ae Ae TU /M d v6 B 2ow
A BBz pA ,Bw nj /j{ T A =AqM BM nB to
pB j{ zi An M ow AnC
Ae  SwA A nBM
nj Bw X A B] M /jnC Bj M 5 ,jo
nAoUM Ajoow  BTze n*M ,jjoM Bi oTj B2

Aiji r 346

,1 woU JC kAjAj o/ Te /k AoQ nj BB] BU An to C j{


kBTM yj pA An ui 5  jnAjA An w ,nB k{TiB{ Bz
kj Bz  Akk Tv A /k yhQ An to nB A BM
An BTL v] qo> ,k{ T v] mo* pA  BnBM
/j{ wnoM dT A SwA Ji /k{BM a p tke BA ,k jBp
 Be ,2 cnAnl u ,ApR{ jn nj k{ nBoA j UAke {M
An nB B kAnBi M jo T{AjA ///xnBi jB\A BM  SwA A pA
/knAj RnB C nj Bto  kj B\A
RB%U Joh A Bto BM BvA {n{ DNA vB nj
Br pA A\ A nj SwA Bto /M Aka
k{BM Br M kBM { BU qBU AhM B o A /k{BM ThvnBv2A
Br BM jnm oPwA.hU ov pA oj kM M B{BTA 
Twj jo /jnm <A{Be> o> Bov pA B{nB A 
A nj B /kApo <ji> Br A nj  k{BM Br B{ SwA
tke 263 d% nj  n*B ,kB{ B /kA]nBi Joh BA pA
nj ok BA A M AT An po <ji> Br ,jp
 SwA AB Ak] ;Ao{ nj r Twj j A M RB%U /S2o o/
r jniBow to r /joM kAi oM C pA kC nj
BTeA
d v6 B{KeB <kAhM> A nj BvA po {n{
T SMnB BM  wo po wn r /knAj o/=B%UA kM
jo A K\ /k oS%] BzBMq  kA<B> jo ,k{
po wn r ,M /k{BM KB] v] o/ pA BzBMq kAi
 SwAi A nj jo j{ T BMq hU nj  wo
kp oj S{nj qn L] o nj M oS%] nj ;2 BzBMq
m2 ,jM nAqTki yTep k ] B k] Te ,kA BU ,knAj o/=B%UA
/k{BM
1. hydrophobic

2. Spanish Fly

347

r w oTv :jqw ~.

xAnBMnj  BU B  A ,k kp xABi nj ujB


in oYA M q2 o/ pA Br AoMBM /yBMq nj jo SLd
Bin M jB n*M Br  nkUB ,kjq B{T2B xoTv
Bin ,k B2 BM kAU Br BA /kAjq B{wn
BoUnAjAj pA /k{BM T{Aj w Aj kAU T2BxoTv
nBU X ,oTwkM kw /jooMnj An aBnj oTv ,jo n~U j{ 
/SwA B] KB\ pA BUA ujB Bi B RL
nB nj 2k kBM B BA ,Sva kw C nAj k Sv {n
B
AaBnj /k C TiBw o jBp roA SU BoTwkM a ,k{BM
M /k %e AonB{ oU pA An xABi
BTeA k Swnj oTwkM 
B M BoTwkM /SwA Sinj BU  e AoM TeAn MC An
pA AjBB nAA BSo{  k jB%TwA BU jo JBUo> pA j
xAkB2 /kjo jB%TwA BAoMC pA k\ oU wB>p nB\U BBijn
C /jnAj oza |Bi s jpBw oTwkM  oMC ,k{BM ao
JBhTA Be oTwkM j B Akj pA oT in ,SwA in
C n nAj JBhTA BU k{BM T{Aj j] r dU kBM /nAj L*
Ji Aka  oMC Ji oMC M MBhTA kBM B\A nj /k nB kATM
 kqoM An Br C oTwkM nj JBhTA /k{BM T2o Rn Sv
 n*B Swnj ,kATiBw Sinj U e AoM oTM BoMC
oMC /kATiBw BC koM AoM Mi BAkj  kqoM An Br
oT Bk BU kAU ,SwA oTwkM r T2B xoTv in oYA oTwkM
!SwA jBp joM BUA /kMB xoTv oUo*C
kAU BC r ;k kp B{BMq nj  Sv p BA
w nj TiB2 B]] /k nB{C BMq oM nj AB2 pA An ji oYA
B nj An BzT2BM B k An BC i ;k kp B1 vw B Bfow
/nAk kjoU  JBve A An BC A nj B ,koM o2 ji
1. reed warblers

Aiji r 348

AU An xAkAi njB nkQ nBT2n nj nBTwj AoM TiB2 nBpBw

/SvAj TiB2 Br
nj
An pA T2B xoTv in

pA kAjni  AkAinjB kAinkQ BM j{ TeAnM


An BhU  jAo2A /jo jnk k nAk TiB2 BhU
hU B 1 nAqa SPQ hU ,X M TiB2 hU SBL{ k nC]
A Ako jB BTiB2 5Th BjAs) /kAjni An 2 vw
kAinkQ nBT2n ,SwA oUz y2  qa (kAk{ BMq pA UB%T
oQ pBU BLoU  SwA BTiB2 ]] M SLv ~2 oiC nj kAinjB
oza n*M jnA <M nj oUS{nj i
TiB2 C /kAjnCnj
BM ] o~U M nAj Be /SwA xAkA pA oUS{nj
 SwA a Ba ji oQ> kAikpo2 BM vB nj , B
BMq C AoM Bj oT oj B\A /kkM Am> A M BU yTzQ n joPM kBM
TU j j] o /xAM pA , K\U yTUBe pA /jpw
/jnAj jAoA nB B] k%M kBM SwA nqM nkUA xA`M kM
A ;2 ,Sv BMq jp < > ;2 BTiB2`M nB  o2
L~ BTwj n kwn o/ M /kTv  k oB/U qa M  Sv
Te <U A qnj /SwA nkh nAj oYA X  knAm oYA BMq
/Sv z knAk nCjBTA jA o~ pA AMo\U  BC AoM
jo C /k odU SBe BU An jo p kM k{ NBa u SwA
kAj A /SwA p ji BUA k{ NBa o~U k o2  jnh An A
C M A L~ BTwj y A BA ,k B m>B n o] y M jnAj 
pA |Bi jo2 MlB] kB{ /SwA UA p M SLv y A X
oUoM j i oUBM
RB<U o A Te ,k{BM SB MBUo> B AoM 5Bh u]

/Sv Ak_ % M RkpAnj nj }h{ C BM 6MAn  kM B M B


/SwA =jB q T{AkMo> BAm> SB MBUo> MlB] jn nj <U
,jnAk ji RkpAnj 2B M SLv ABB C ]U
BTeA ] C
1. meadow pipit

2. reed-warbler

349

r w oTv :jqw ~.

pA <M MB nj A L~ BTwj  jo qnj AU oUSeAn AoMBM


/jnAk SB JBU |Bi Bqod
jBp BwB{koQ  SwA k A>A nkUC TiB2 ]] pBM
fow j
oj koQ nj  T{Am Am> ATiB2 `M Bj nj AkoQ kAkj
AoM jM pAoQ nj xA w M koQ C kB{ !SwA jo xi B]
jBA=2 j yza { pA B B  SwA joM Am> xji B`M
RB%T
B A pA AkoQ nj An ,a TiB2 fow jBz
nAoU  An Am> C jo [ Lo> C o* M An yAn /SwA kj
o/> /SwA T{Am TiB2 `M Bj nj kkM xji B`M M jM
 SwA B BC BwB{koQ A Bkj BM 1 <jM SB MBUo>
]] <jBTA> kjo nqM An oj B]]  An BkoQ nBT2n
d A  { nCjB Sv B]MB /kjo jAkU <jBv2 B> An BTiB2
o A kjoU kM BA /Sv kCxi Aka poA BozBpC AoM RBMjA
kB nAj jBA=2 qA TiB2 pBM
j
 nAmM A oM An BM
/j{ oUSeAn nBvM SwA nAoU a pA <U A cTU BAoM ,SwA
yBwC> `M jo n  a njB B nkQ C nBT2n BM jnk
<jni > /SwA jAk Swj pA An y A /j{ oUSeAn kTvA
nBTiAM nkUB ,SwA oT SdU A L~ BTwj /Sv B] M rA
 SwA kzAj X TiB2 C B ,SwA a nAj M jBT  SwA
/k{BM jo o2 koQ C qJ M An BjoTA
SdU B{nBT2n  nAj AkAinjB B nkQ pA oTzM qnj  Be BA
Aoa /joM nj ovU
TiB2 jnAm L* JBhTA Aoa woQ pBM ,SwA oYBU
nCjBTA  pBM fow Bj MB nj SB AoM BMq L~ BTwj
/SwA T2B An nB A B\A So2 p JBhTA kB{ ?SwA T2BBU SwA
BoU nj ,kA2 BBMq %* oiA BoU nj ;2 BTiB2 kB{
AoM j /k ji BMoU An oj B k Bn An BC kC
1. irresistibility theory

Aiji r 350

y C pA yM qa kBM  tBveA BA /jnAj j] o/ A kBU


BMq o TiB2 M BU 1 <UBdvU
SMBUn> nj ;k{BM T{Aj

q jM oMAoMB pA {B  ,jnAj j] T{ow nj TAkM


o  SwA BTiB2 v nkA v kBpBM TiB2 ]] o /SwA Sv{
 ]] o /kAjM m2 AkAinjB B nkQ nBT2n nj oJU jB\A nj BC Ak
BBQ M xAkp ,jAj Swj pA SU n*M Te An BMq oM ;vU A
 SwA jAk]A v nkA v kBpBM kAinjB B nkQ o BA /SwA kwn
ji nj  BC /kAjnhoM ATiB2 M B{o nj qo kB{
kM ~2 jAj AjA ji kp M pBM ,kAk{ A vU T{Aj ATiB2
Sv{ AoM o  SwA Aq nBU k nj T /kAjo nCjAp
B fow w nj TeAn M BTiB2 M jZBM oMAoM nj Sv{ r
/kpAjoQ
pA oZBM nj Sv{ r /j{ T kM v M B]
n/ /kMB BTA oj v M BTiB2 nj kAU kAinjB B kAinkQ
<Sv{ q nj oMAoMB> <T{ow nj TAkM> pA
pA oUkU xoi> :SwA kC NpA BBTwAj pA nj K6 K /SwA
C B{ AoM ;2 BMn jj yB] AoM xoi a jj BMn
/<B{.B] A> AT{Am An A B uMo B] nB </yL{
SvdU k nBT2n n* RBAe B SwA B{.B] A M BM
knAj B M ,UAnj k{BL B{jw M
A  k{BM oj Ae oT
A B{.B] A nj T :k ji S% oTzM S] nj
BzAoM nB A k SB SBij A oMAoM nj kAU BC  SwA
SB TiB2 ww MB nj A AoM kB{ /j{ BU Ao i
q C  ,k{BM T{Aj oUnqM qJ B oUnqM Bza kBM k
nBTwj A MB nj SB M yAo BC nj  BLUn /jnAj AjBA=2
q yj ,koUm2B kM v M BzBr BTA nj
jnAj j]
/SwA SB jBp nBvM
1. arm race

351

r w oTv :jqw ~.

Bkj pA kp M BB  B\C M TzoM B oj nBM BA


SLd qe ShU o pA TU /yBr Bkj pA k{BM kp j]
in oYA BMq kM oM kAU A r  T{AkQ a jo
in oYA <ji> kM n nAkB] o  Un B M Swnj ,k{BM T{Aj
/SwA 2BTA o2 <ji> kM n~U jo bo6  jAj Bz B /jnAj
AhM B a ,kA<A> Br kM nj Br ,% M
 A pA A AM TiB2 /C o>
a ,AkM kM <j i> r
An BC
{ B M oTzM A /k{ B WdM jnA k kp yBMq kM nj
nBTwj oYA A k nBTwj An yBMq ,BMq nj BA
kk{ n B nkh jB o X kAU ,kj  A  n*B
An K6 BU kBM B Be ,nj BA jn X /k{BM SB MBUo>
/ BM oj Rn M T2B xoTv in r o/ pA nBMj
o* o ozQ ,BMq TiB2 M <UBdvU SMBUn> BU nj
/j{ UA L* JBhTA SB jn jo ji M r y] Rn
L~ BTwj n nkh nAj X  TiB2 jBzj jn nj `Co
A /kC JBve M r y] A nj kBM ,k{ T% k BMq
onB T{Aj ,TiB2 ]] j { n n
X  oYA mo* pA y]
RBUB%UA
n An oYA oUC /SwA jL C oYA oUC A p BA /SwA jM

{ n n r oYBU /SwA T{Am w nj


Sn
MBUo> B{

 ;2 /SwB] nj T /SwA Tvo> oYBU ji A pBM Bj


ji Sv [ BMq nBT2n n TiB2 C  SwA oYA pA oUTvo>
{ n oM TiB2 r (in) oYA pA B  % B M BUj /jnAj
r (T2BxoTv in) oYA pA AU , SLd TiB2 pBM Bj
An BMq kM kAU A Br / SLd yBMq nBT2n oM TiB2
jB\A BM kp BMq kM nj A  TU ;2 kj nAoU oYBU SdU
pA Ak]
B  TU M ,k nBTwj An C BTv B{ RAoJU
kM   n*B ,UAnj /k xAnBTwj nj pA SwA BMq
/k kM pA ZnBi pA SwA B{ RAoYBU Te ,M

Aiji r 352

BLoU BA /SiC Bqa C pA j{ SwA LB] j] TiB2


An pBTA A Boze /SwA MBUB Boze MB nj AnAjo BT%{
BM>  SwA T{Aj nBoA ,1 RoMAn ,nB :kAAo2 nBvM  knAj
AU An <%*> Boze </kAoze B ,KwB KoU
/SwA k{ dAkMA pA BnBM K>A BzUAjB kjBp nBvM BC ;jo xnB{
xn pA oUAo2 Ba jo Ai ]U C M  B pA <M
mdU T2B xoTv in pA RAn~U oUK\ M  SwBTiB2
/SwA kzhM
Ban <M /j{ kkQB jnAm An yhU jB TiB2
BwA K>A /kj Bz An ji n<e oUB{BU {M jB
B B. decapitans B Bothriomyrmex regicidus BA ,nC An U
nj ,TLA /kAan oj B A , jo A /knAj BTwAj
o  kAonB AoMBM /kA kj Am> BonB An B`M ,Ban
A k% kU /k B{nBTwj B kqM B{ kBM A pA kM A
KUn Akpo2 kU M A  BM ,BonB C ji njB
o{
pA  SwA A
jnA jpj BU M xji , A j A nj /k{ |i ,jnAj
BLoU jjo BMq BLj /j{ Ban pA oj
Bop T% M  k An nB C AkowM j{ nAw yn
TvC TvC :T2B }~hU C nj  SwA nB BU> v jnAjA nAjq*
njBM AonB An jB UBU A SUC </k Ak] U pA An xABMoU ow
pA <M /k SLUAo A n BhU pA U BM kj xnoQ k{
C qB] [nkU M k{ onB M kLU B{ji BhU C
BU k pAoQ oM M k{ oj <M /k{ A
BzTki v p  kjo B Bow kk] BB Aoa BLj
/SwA kwo
o A BA /SwBC =B{ 5U pA a zhM ;2 ow jo nA BA
1. Robert May

353

r w oTv :jqw ~.

jn S~h{ /kpAkA Sep M An B{ji koM MBTwj kATM


1
JBT nj U
Mon omorium v T{
xonB L* ,d\ nj ,BU BBp * A /SwA Santschil
,k nB o BzB%* o*BiM BMq AonB
/SwA jAj Swj pA An

UAnj ,]B A Bo2 M /An BnB oUShw Te


jB%TwA yBnAnC pA KB> C Sv p /kp ji njB TU M Swj
kj B\A An nB A a /joM yQ An ji nB Bl oT BM A /k
L~ BTwj Aop ,B{ jB pA jB%TwA BM
BTeA ;Sv
A bw BUA o A /jo nAoU B{ jA oYBU SdU i
Ban
AkowM , nj k{ TiB{ oj nAj o X uQ ,k{BM B{
B`B nBTiA ,jpAkA *U M An onB an l jB A /k
od SwA S{ow nj B  %Bo pA An A ]U ,jo Swj M An A
znjB Ban AoM /k AkUA ji njB jnAjA An A k
kBM jnAjA A M An BC  nAj ,UA nj SwA r |Bi Aj
M Ae nBT2n a kwoQ kBL ,T2B xoTv in Bj nj /k{BM U
?joM jw jnAj v a r B] M kwoQ kBM ;SwA yBr jw
,k{ UA BA z oM jn Ban  SwA K\U vM B]
BTznB pA nCRoe A\ M ,oj Ban ;2 BA A
pA An Am> jA > Bo] onB Ban /kTv o%*
SwA nhT% Ak BnAoU  qo nBLA iAj M SoMoQ zaow
kAcv
B :kTv Mi B/2Bd Ban /k SAk
 S2o o/ nj n*A j{ An j ~2 BT{ /SwA jBp B{jAkU
,AoQ ka /ko AkhTwA M A2oe 2Bd kj B o{
BTv <M /kAnm an nj An ji jM o eo
qa k BC pA Ban  TLUAo ApA M oj <M /koBPa
/kpAjoQ
RAoze B]

1. The Insect Societies

Aiji r 354

o /kq\ B{B/2Bd jo oT AoM Bw M K>A BAoQ C


nj R kU < j{ kB Thisbe irenea  AoQ oze
nj QvU kB S%] ,kAiAo2 An Ban  jnAj xow
n /jqn oM C pA Ak A>A nB~  SzQ K SvU
oj oUBop jB] BM  jnAj nAoU oj iB{ S%] yBB{
oYA  SwA oj nAo2 \ M Sv Am> BC c{oU /k v2A
A nj jo nAoU C oYBU SdU  Aan /jnAj Ban nBT2n n B{BU
jBC jB SU pA yM i ,]BU SBe pBM BnAnC BM /joQ
pA o> TLA /jo pB An C k e AkL] qa o M ,SwA e
Aan , M /SwA K\U B] A ,k e kBM  Aoze o C
B M TT jnA B\Aow SwA oze o nkh jB v2A op 
/j{ Ak] oze pA kAU pn ka C nj  TT ,j{ 1 <B~UA>
nB BA jnB ji S/2Bd M An an ,T{ X ,oze o ,BC
AonB MB nj an jB ]BU n BT{  Be nj /k oTM
o/ M  k q\U Ap]BU nAj oze o C ,kjo JBve
/kBLva M An BC AkoM kwn
SL* ,oUjB BSBe nj ,BA /Ajo JBhTA An K\ B
oj B B ji jAo2A kp nj  BB RBAe pA SwA oQ
c]oU An nBTwj r L* JBhTA  jnA nj /k SBij
in> oYA  Br AM Br C pA AU BUkBU ,SwA jAj
/ SLd knAj k{nBTwj AnAkB] kM oM A<T2B xoTv
k /k{BM T{Aj nAoU j] Ak kM nj q2 o/ pA r  Sv
L* JBhTA /k{BM oj kM B kM B SwA jnAm  oYBU
A ,k nBTwj An B] ji nBzTA AoM  kj c]oU An Br
:AkAi T2B xoTv in A <U An C  SwA qa B
Br C a ,k? oTzM An nBT$n C Br B#M A M jnAj yAo nAkB] o nBT$n

1. binding

355

r w oTv :jqw ~.

/k{BM A pA o1 a SwA jpow A pA nBT$n C ? k{BM ~i M nAkB] kM nj


,pAkA ,n jn nj <U A ,AT{ Ae nBT2n jn nj B\A
/k{BM =jB kAU oj qa o {
M ,jo do{ C BM  Av M jooM SwA C SU B\Aow
kBM  LUn BAkkB A M C Br kp j] ji M yz
oM An o2 LU B~2 nj /k{BM T{Aj L* JBhTA nj An A y
B\C nj /r BM BM jM jB jo2 kU Aop ,jnAk j] z  T{Am A
xU yBr nBzTA AoM nAkB]> kM kAU B{ jo o2
M </k B{ozT BU k{ kp j] AU AoM Br> B ,<k
w M TvM ,kAjo BM An qa BMp j M BA kwn o/
/SwA UBM B{A p d M BA ,kkvPM An BM Ak  SwB{
<pBwBT> b6A pA jB%TwA dT jo {n AoM An
SwA  A qa C ,L* JBhTA nj jBM keA /SwA 1 <d>
B ,Bv Bhv pA Bjj  qa C ,kBM kp kAT B kATM
DNA B /j{ kB pBwBT ,SwA UB%UA y] BpAo
k{ TwjnAj ,kwn Ai C M  j M , BC /kpBw BT
/ <d> C M  ko nAoU qoTz BM {B nj
AoMBM /B ji kM
X ,kTv BkM wB{ Ji B  Bd
A Aop , k BU <U A oM kBM /SwA d ,Sv pBwBT kM
BC ,k oXU An ji Bd /SwA k{ UA B%Uw jn dT
B] pA T2Bnj ,BpBwBT /k ozT An ji BpBwBT BU k{
d BC ,kqo AonB{ MB pA B k nB{ * ,knAk
nBvM j M /jnC Ao2 BzAoM An BnB A BA  kpBw
qoT d c6w nj An ji ]U  SwA A oUSeAn BwB{Svp AoM
r /k{BM pBwBT n qoU  SwA A oUSeAn ,oj AkA AoM /k
KUn nAj yB d nj A y T{Aj AoM nAkB] j]
1. vehicle

Aiji r 356

RB] nBvM pA B{y kok RB%T AopBM BC /kTv


/d y pBwBT y ,jnAj SA pAkA M
 B M 5Th B{ M d.pBwBT b6A pA jB%TwA
JBhTA jo c6w jn nj  AknApC o/TiA jn nj
X /k
jn <o JBhTA> w ~2 nj k{ bo6 <r JBhTA> M L*
B JBhTA ,yM <jo2 JBhTA> /jnAj j] T% ~2 nj B jBTA
jp B M B2v2 BwB{Svp pA nBvM SwA *Ao2A SBe j M
<U  M B Be BA /kAjBT2A An A M /knAj BU BwC An A nj
j] ,d y T{Aj AoM BTwAj A nj M Be /SwA A pA o>
AkkB BzAk_ ,kok UA BLUn kp RAj] o kp
UA nj <o JBhTA> <jo2 JBhTA> M k] A /kTv pBwBT y

A r JBhTA jo2 JBhTA M k] /SwA KUn Bd M k]


RB%T By AkkB Ako kp j] r Aop ,Sv k]
/d pBwBT kBTwAj A nj
 ,An d y ow oM kp RAj] o kp j] M yz
j] BM 6U poQ , o/ pA /kBzo2 AU ,SwA UA SMBUn
BU o B o{ C /jnAj oM nj S o /SwA kp
 2k B B\vA BM vB nj BA ,knAj B\vA k Rke ke

B Be An o/ A Sd /SwA MBUB knAj C B o ,o{ kM Aq]A


M kAU pBM BA T2BxoTv OU2 ?SwA a
,kAT2omQ
/kwoM B jAj
Br ,k nB ok BM A Br kj B
j A  SwA A S /knAj nB ok BM  kTv BMq
kM ,qoTz d C UB%T BAn pA r RB%T
\

hU oPwA mo* pA An qoTz d qe r /k qoU An ,BMq


nj oPwA o nj oMAoM w qe Br a /k qoU qe
,knAj So{ B2o*M BpCShM p nj Aop ,knAj hU o
d qe kM pA AoMBM k nB B oi AoM BM
Aoa BA

357

r w oTv :jqw ~.

pA AnB{C ShU o Aoa A A j /kATiBw \v nAk2k


BMq S AkA BM An yT AkA Aoa A j ,SwAk] yBMq
xn An RB%T {nM ShU o Br  SwA A jqC nj
p BpCShM C nj k qoU An qoTz kM C ,qe Br
;2 ke A BU AoMBM /knAj An ji |Bi z oU knAk So{ qe
UBM Ak] pA ,C nj Tv ShU o qe ,d j ke A
AkQ BTA qe oPwA hU BM Ao ShU o C r o A /kB
Te B kB{ /kT2B BU kM Rn M j] j C ,jo
X ,Akp j] <U> o /kAjM d j A nj M TvAU
Twj ,BkoQ Z2 RAj] o /SwBk{ B>jA A SB \U ,B
nj Br  j A M BUj ,kpBvM d  k{ B>jA nj Bo
,{M /k qoU An ji 2 d Bv xn BM Twj B Z2 C
nj  Br BA /k{BM T{Aj BiB{ SwA Twj
BiB{ C M jB vU BM ov pA ,kTv A Twj
kTv o Twj nj  Br BU AoM /k{ T oUa
BM r SwA /Sv Bv kC BjAkn pA BzjoM jw BTeA
Ao2 An ji kC B2n ,oj Bo kp BM M ji o jAj c]oU
a o Twj /B A TvB{ SwA d ,o o ,AoMBM /k
,o o kM nj  SwA A yj ,M Tr o/ pA /Sv
 Be nj ,knAj Bv Br ,v] Bw q] M ,Bw
BA /jM kAi BC pA o nj oMAoM BTeA M v] Bw Br
An BA A knAk Bv Br kTv o Twj nj  Bw
BC /k{BM j{ Ak] C pA  AiB{op Bw nj  knAk
a M koj Bo kM nj  BLUn MB nj k] BM An qa
pA ,kBzi
BTeA o Twj B<A  SUA A ao ) knC
/(kB A Rk{
]oi ov kBM ,j{ Br AoM kCnB d kAhM j] o A
=jB o jU jn nj A /k{BM Bv kC M T2n AoM yBr

Aiji r 358

vU BM jnm hU oPwA pA  SwA nBM An ov A /SwA


M A /Sv =jB o Twj jn nj <U A /j{ jB\A p
BAiji kATwj C nj  oj Br kp BM M  SwBr %
v k BnLp TU /kj BUnA ji B2n AoM kAC nj  An kM
,Bo Twj X ,k{ Twj Twj BM AoBo ,k Soe ]Twj
jBp ke BU Br C M , ]U SUj M o A BA /k oXU An ji
C nj  Br kC jBp ke BU Swj /knAj qoTz S{ow
BnLp oQ j A M /SwA T2o B] AkhU nj ,kAS]
BQ B A k nBT2n kwn o/ M UA jo% d X
/j{ BM oj Rn M  SwA A pA LU B~2
Ak] Ak] k2k BdU nj kp M B] ,UA nj
BpC BA /v nLp k nj o nj
X ,SwA k{ kMTvM
,A nj /k{BM a jnAk q  SwA TiC B M T2BxoTv OU2
Ak {BM T{Aj nB/TA AU Bo/ tBwA oM  qa BU
] An ji np BM ,koQ  ow M BpBwBT C nj  SwA pnBL
oYA ] A nj BC bw /k] ji r
kC AoM kpAkA
BA ,Bw nj Tv B{ oYBU Rn M qa o pA yM ,SwA in
Aoa aM /oUnj BoYBU Te BBa BoQ oM oYA Rn M BTB
Bd nj kC jo PU2 BoYA A  SwA nAoU A pA <U
B oPwA qoTz
U ov pA Br d o nj ,kAk{ kMTvM Aq\

nj Te An C jzM  Sv TUA A BA /k AkQ An kC M hU


/jAj nAoU Aoa a jn An C j{ ji M M  SwA oA /S2o o/
?kAkC jo qoTz r ]oi An BM nqM d nj Br Aoa
?kAkqoM ji kp AoM An nqM BkM TiBw k{ Twj Br Aoa
hwBQ z Cw A AoM Ak{ T1BxoTv in JBT nj
S% pA kM kB{ ao Ajo bo6 An gwBQ C pA zhM ;2 B\A nj /MBM
/oLM oTzQ  An C ATM  k{BL nB/TA pA nj Bw
?kk{ ] Bw nj Br Aoa / vU yhM w M An Cw

359

r w oTv :jqw ~.

kjo nBTiA An qa BkM Aoa ?kk{ ] BwoQ kM nj Bw Aoa


?B 1 <B RBe ioa> 
C Aoa ?kjo \U Bw nj Br Aoa LM A ,AoMBM
Swj kT{Aj pB>C Nw nj  ABB{ jApC pA kU BpBwBT
?k nB BM Aoa ?kT2o B] BejpA oQ nqM BoQ nj kkz
B{ BinB nj poA DNA B nB po* M B BM
/kpBw UoQ DNA B /MBnj An gwBQ ke BU kp w
/k vU An B{ By A pA <M qC A M BUoQ
2B k% B ~d TiBw AoM B{ y A BU K>A
kU kpBw BBvA  B{ jA BBinB C nj /Sv
AU An A B{ jB /jnAj kU ;i M ZBTeA nhMjnj M ~d
BM B eAo T{n /jo kLU o/jn B ~d M BTv
 j{ A o Ak{ nBTMA
oTzM
/jo Rn kBM |Bi KUoU

o/jn ~d A B{ jA M  ,An nB B eAo ov


kA w nj  BqC U KUoU M /k /U ,SwA
B ~d KoU M A B{ jB pA BUM kAU

kLU y A M  AoM ,SwA p qC T{n /kwoM o/jn
S] y A vU AoM oj ,B eAo pA eo A M Bi jA
/oiC BU n* j B eo M A B eo pA C kLU
kU ov nj o A /j{ TiBw r ;wU BqC A pA o
n<e kBM k kU An BC  r y{ BU ,k{BM p qC 6 AU
M kwn AoM 5Th ov j  SwA jBp BTeA A BA /k{BM T{Aj
ZBTeA An ji |Bi qC y{ Ako /k{BM T{Aj j] B ~d
nj RBUB%UA d A /jo JBhTA An qC j M pA k{BL p k{BM T{Aj
M j{ T2o o/ nj ov Ak A /kC yQ B{ jA BBinB
k2k qnBoM tBwA oM SwA B jjooM hnBU =B%UA
1. bottlenecked life cycle

Aiji r 360

M /Sv k2k qo JBhTA A ,SL* { nj ,TLA /k{BM BAk{


An nB KUoU a L* JBhTA BA /j{ U L* JBhTA ;wU
knB Br o nB Be k AkQ iAkU j A  kj
pA  SwA wBU C M L{ i C xn ?SwA nBpBw BM
r  SwA A /(5 ~2) jo bo6 vA BC BpnBQ
A ov oj Beo Br n<e nj A ov pA Aeo M Mo
BM S Be S] nj o A /j ov Br n<e nj ,k{ kAi B2{
jM kAi A ov jw M oj Br JBhTA ,k{BM A ov Br
BLT{A
B /SwAo AoBo ao /k{ RApB\ j ov Br
JBhTA o Rn M j ov qC y{ Br  n~U  SwA
BA ,j{ JBhTA B Ak] Aiji r A M BC pA Ako /k{
/kj Bz An ji oj Br pA LwB \ n<e nj ;2
yo{ kBM /jnAj AjA Bw nj Br M nB A poA
B) pB>C Nw nj pBwBT B M A{Be nB RnM
Aw A M w nAj kB{ /k{BM jM (oj pB>C w o
jo a pA B BU k{ AkQ B{ jA T{Aj nB %e AoM
S2BM nj w nj B{ By A pA nBvM
/j{ BC T2n nk
B] y Ko B vU y Bz> ;kMB AjA Bz>
,kz jkd w { Svp M Br M nB BA /jnAj An yBpC
(k{ nj pA kTvAT w vU pA kM B) kk{ ] nj Bw
/kTiBw An woQ RAj]
nj Bw Aoa /jo bo6  BUw pA Cw j M wn Be
Cw A ?kTiBw An w kL] RAj] A Aoa ?kk{ ]
nj B Bj pA ZnBi C pe BA ;?SwBC nB nBMnj oj
BC /kn oUAo2 Nwo pA woQ BkM /SwA oUw tB
qa Bq jM X] S{nj /kCnj 2 Rn M SwA Te
BA /kTv 2  i jAkU kAoT BM RAj] oTzM :Sv M6
p ,k{BM k{ TvM qn RAj] AoM xB nAoA BAn TU

361

r w oTv :jqw ~.

RAj] ,BX AoM /jnC Ao2 oUnqM BL] BM An {i kp AU


/k{BM oM BC SwjM k{ jni pA ,knhM An BoUqn kAU oUnqM
Ti L] pAkA M ;2 jM \ nj BAq Bw AoM
nj Ako  n* ,k{ ~~hU kAU o Bw /j{
oj Ski nj T2B }~hU Bw /k{BM oUoB ji |Bi nB B\A
koM oj B~~hT RnB pA ji kTv B{\ Bw
nj ove AM
kAU Twj ,k{BM jBp Bw nB{ o A /k{

T An BBQ K~ y nj oj Ak ,k AkQ }~hU * BwB{


,kpAkA nB pA An * py Bw y nj oj ioM k
,ko An * kjnC nj Soe M An pBM Ba `B Bw
Jm] An C o{ oj o pBM k o An C kc{oU Bw
,B kM X ,poA BkM nj Swj   xAo2 kBL B /k
Bw nj TLA /Bv Br B{ B{ ;kTv 1 BU Bw
w d o Br /k{ kLU UB%T Br M T2B }~hU
XkU }~hT Bw pA TUA nj  B{ji Bhv pA BTv
/AoB BnmM vw Bw pA ,koM jw
RBe ioa nj BkM Aoa /w Cw M kwn ,KUoU A M
?kT{Am BQ B
nj w jAkU a Sv ?Sva B pA n/ kj kBM AkTMA nj
do{ k{nnBM hU ,w pA BU An xAkp 2 ,k{BM 2 kM
M kLU pBM ,] k{n BM  ,SwA nBM k{nnBM hU C /SwA jo
,wka Sv /SwA BM 2 kM nj  j{ w BoU
%o BU kj Swj M Swj k{~~hU d
ka Sv
Ao ,kBwoM B\A M An BM 2 TiAkA An k`Q jBA=2
B oPwA j{ w TiBw M o\ pBM Bw C xU
k{ nnBM hU BM ,w BM ;2 yo{ BU 2 /hU
1. clone

Aiji r 362

,SwA BwU kU q xAB ~d B k ,yBBQ SwA


kU 2 kp ioa BBQ do{ ,kM v k{ nnBM BhU
kp ioa s jM B A /jnm nBM pA S{nj
nj B ?Sva nj C SA ?Aoa /SwA RBUBL oTzM woQ RBAe
C kM kp nBM o/ nj  j gwBQ Cw A M AU Un
/jM kAi a
1
2
Bpo qiU BB M Bnj B5 pA To2 j n~U
nj /M BiB{ oM
nj Twj Rn M Bpo /k  B M

Tv{ A /j{ nj Ak] k{ AiB{ BB /kn Bnj


nqM B a SwA BU C ,k{BM B C B] o nj SwA
A B X nBMj kAU BC ,BM nj koM BiB{ X /k{BM
kAi  n*B /SwA A oXU xn BU jBT2A A /k k{n
BU oXU nj A q] ,jnAk Uo2 C k{n xn BM oXU A UAnj ,kj
n*B xoBo qi U /kok pA Ak] q2 o/ pA k{n Be nj
M nj wBwA RB%U /k k{n T%{C Rn B nj SwA
AkM  k Bn JC nj ,AnPwA B M ,wU B B B A /SwA
C oj Bw kB Swnj B B A /k{ kk] BB M kLU
B{ B BjAp /jnAk y B\A nj u] ,Bpo jn X /kA B
A M RB%U BU /kTv A B Bw 3 BU  SwA Bw
jAkU B{  xji pA BU jo Ak] BM Bpo  SwA A j
AoM qiU  ByhM ,k oXU An ji SwA w B
/SwA w AnAj ;2 k Ak] ji pA oXU
RBe ioa M RB%U n An ji ]U B B j A T2o o/ nj BM
pA ji jAj nL np M BM qiU / qoT Bo> B
k{ kM j{ nqM ;2 Bpo /k XkU w B

A B ,kAAB Ak] Bv pA BC  S% j{ Thw M /j{ BUj


1. boltle-wrack

2. splurge-weed

3. clone-mate

363

r w oTv :jqw ~.

?SwA n6a T qi U jn nj /k{ B{ An AB Ak] <RAj]>


M BC /nAj C gwBQ pA LoU n~U Be BA ,j bo{ An C kM 
?k{BM oUTv j] M qiU ,Bpo BM vB nj ,kwn o/
oXU An ji k k{n  {n B BM Bpo ,kj  n*B
k{n M
B qiU ,o* C pA /k XkU
A UAnj /k
a ?jM a n/ BA jo qoU RB%U A n B /jnAm =o2 XkU
C nBMnj jBp Rk ? ]U C M kBM Aoa ?jnAj TA
,Cw a M kwn ,B<U pA ) /AkM An JA]  B AkzkA
yhM w M AU An gwBQ (!C AoM gwBQ T2B pA SwA oUShw nBvM
/jnAj nBow ] k{n BU M 6MAn BM A BUj  ,jo vU
/knBM o/ nj An oUjBw SiBw pA k`Q nBTiBw k{ AkQ ,AkTMA
k{BM oTM kB{ WdM pA eo A nj  SLd BB pA ;2 Sv p
p pBM /knAj oUk`Q BAkA AnB{C BC Aop , ]U AnB] M
v]U v]j RAj] MBU B\A nj ; ]U u] M Sv
jo Bn BM RBAe  n~U AU /j{ l AodA WBM
kB r o/ pA  BwU BM ,k XkU v]o> BnPwA
/kAkM C Bw oj kB By] pA o/o BM TLA ,kA
pA [nkU M  Bioi B BvA X T2ozQ nAkB] k`Q B<
C  Sv n*A BA /kAk{ AkQ C jAk]A oUjBw B< BU
A X ,k{BM jo 2 B< M kLU An ji jAk]A B<
,kkz kLU n*A BU /k{BM k{ M M kLU BU k{BM kM An oz{
kLU BM /k{ a kTvAU jnA oX A nj  M Ai M
RAoJU /j{ Be jkd RAoJU SwA M M oz{ Tv
TiAkA nj <wn ThU> Aow M T2n nBMj BM ;2 An wBwA BUA
Bwk TU /jnC Swj M AU kk] bo* kz LU d%
jnAk q ,k kU kk] bo* kjooM wn ThU M nBMj
k w v UA nj /kpAkM nj kT{Aj A z nj  An o2
S{m BM kU { C /jpBvM An kk] qa kU { { nj oJU BM

Aiji r 364

kMM An oz{ kATM jC kB{ /kj Swj pA An ji xpnA i Bp


?jo S] nU kM BM j{ An oTQ nU BA ,k Swnj M
/S2n wn ThU Aow S{Am nB An oTQ nU kBM /j{
BC /kAjo eAo* wn ThU n An kp RAj] qo TLA
o /k{ pB>C oj nBM ,v o nj /k{ do{ pA nBMj nBMo
bo* pA n~U j] C /k pB>C An ji k{n w pA kp j]
BC v] B<A BA /SwA joM VnA M DNA BoM Rn M ,An ji jAk]A
M (T2ozQ
BTeA ) kk] LBU nj njB B nkQ KU  Sv n*A /jnAk An
do{ kk] w pA AkTMA pA nBMj qa /kCnj kk] KU {
AoM BTeA UAoJU BM ,nkQ KU bo* pA jB%TwA BM ,kk] KU j{
nj /woM Ai A\T a M k]T B{ /jo { ,k{ oTM
BA jB qa  SwA A T ,<B > RBe ioa
/jnAj j] wn ThU M TzoM nBMj
k AnA <nBzB > /jnAj q BY kBQ B RBe ioa
nj /jo jB%TwA TiB{] BkAo2 M jAj / AoM C pA AU 
Bv BjAkn pA T{n yM  , v o ,B RBe ioa
vU BM /SwA kp w Rn M AkTMA kp j] /jnAm owSzQ An
nj
BTeA /j{ oXU yBw yhQ BM /k k{n Bw k{
kwn o/ M Ao RjA] B AoM  BnkUC A jo SB
j]  SwA TU kp ioa BBQ ,WdM A Bkj pA /jnAk SA
j] o/ L] pA /k{BM k{ do{ kk] v jo XkU 2
nB/TA A B ,k XkU kAU ji k{n Anj * Bp o nj kp
TU  UAj] /k{BM T{Aj j] oXU AoM M6 Bp  nAj An
kAi oT BjAp SB nj k XkU koQ i B w i
zAp TiB jBp nAk uPw ] An ji o  BLUn C pA S{Aj
/k Bn A] ZA nj
/ n*M kp ioa  jn yQ LBU o2 A Sw M WdM
j{ do{ TiB U B pA ;2 v o kp /j{ nAoU

365

r w oTv :jqw ~.

Rk A /jnAj }hz Rk C <j> Anj k{n nj M


Bqa A AoM An So2 ,k{n nj , JanBa nj ,}hz
n* ,jnC Ao2 kj fn ] k{n * nj Bi BBp nj Bi
M ,5Th RAj] nj /j{ Bi kMBp tBwA oM 
SBn An Bi SMBY AU k{n * nj Bw vU ,RB%T RB]nj
o /jo Rn nBMj RBe ioa pA nAoU o nj  Bi AU ,k
pA /jnAj An ji |Bi n<e Bp BB] w vU BoM nj TiB
o M kAU BwB{]  SwA mUj nkUM A ,jnA ioM nj ,B<U
nj oj w o/ An kp j] nj |Bi w kkM B w
/kAkM oj kp j]
C BM  SwA U B SBw k{n ioa Az { ,AoMBM
pA a B knBM o/ nj /S2o pAkA An TiB{] BjAkn AU
jAj { AoM k{ni nj M p Bw yioa pA Apn xjo
k{n k{ nAoU C KUoU M / jB%TwA Bkp /U
AoM kwn o/ M omQBJBT]A kj qnAkU B RBe ioa 
|Bi Br ,|Bi BBp nj /jn nB M ] M jAj { /
k{n Aioa .B nBzB Aop ,kz Swj SB2 pA B k{ B2
B BqnBoM a /SwA jo A An ABoM a BC M
B<A BS2BM kU S] ] BU o pB yQ Br SB2 AoM
T{Aj kM An TwoQ BM B JB za k`Q S2Aoo /SwA k`Q
/S{Aj nB/TA AU 5Th eAo T2o Rn AoM Bp mUj BoM
pA pBM B\A nj /j{ Mo r M B RBe ioa kBQ w
o2 BM ,nB jo jBw AoM pBM / jB%TwA 2 Bpo 1 qiU
/zkA BC BU nBMnj ,knAj v]o> XkU B j A A
/jnAj pB y] r RAoJU M BU
Bjj ,Bpo nj /jo Rn y] SwA r vU o nj
1. bottle

2. splurge weed

Aiji r 366

Ak] k{  AiB{ o nj /B MB nj ,kA 1 Bi] Bw


 w j  SwA Td
B AoMBM /Sv w jBp jAkU j{
M SLv BU k{BM oUnj AkBzi M SLv ,kkk] iB{ nj
B ,<AkBzi> pA n/) /knAj nAoU A iB{ nj  Bw
AoMBM ,j{ iB{ iB{  knAj ~hz vw Bw /SwA o>
AoM Ainm kM AU An ( ) jAp j v X ArA
nj /jnAj =o2 Bpo BM
B qiU B\A nj (/joM nB M kM Bw
,kAzAp TiBU BjAp ,kk] B Bw qiU
o B) BjAp M SLv |Bi B Bw AoMBM
/oj B nj w o M BU koUjq (oj kBzi
S{ow /jnAj BkBQ r o/ pA B j A M RB%U
nj /nC o/ nj qiU uPw Bpo nj AkTMA ,An T2B y] pBU r
pA kk] B Aop /kj fn w nj z] SwA Bpo iB{ o
nj An ji kAU T2B y] w C BjAp ,k{ AkQ An Bi] mo*
kAnj BTLv AUA  jo y] Bw BM A B nB kk] B
 Bw qoTz k] oUjq B qiU nj uoM /kLM
mo* pA B yAkQ WBM  (nPwA ) zAp TiB C pA ,kB nj
,k{BM T2B y] r B{ TiB C o A /Sv oUBv ,k{ B
TiB C o A /k{ T2B y] r C AnAj kk] B Bw
r o/ pA qiU nj Bw /k{ a BC ,k{BL a
BM 2 TzoM y] nj yM   ) Bpo Bw BU koU{
M o~d r S BM SwA keA U B o qi U nj /(knAj RB%U
r o/ pA Bpo BB /BM jo2 An C SwA A TvB{  ,ji
A M oT </qiU nj BzBBT M SLv ,knAj oT S
/k{ TiB{ <jo2>
nj Bw ,y] >n /Sv RB BM pBM ;2 A
1. broad - fronted

2. reverse mutation

367

r w oTv :jqw ~.

 SwA A Q nj r o Bpo w nj /knAk Bv r 2B Bpo


BM  Sv A Q nj Bq /kMB Swj 2B M ji w jo oTzM BM
nj Bw  An BTeA A y] /kwoM 2B M B C  oXU
BC  Sv n*A ,AoMBM /k  k{BM kB r o/ pA B
pA oTzM L* JBhTA /k nB kk] B B<A TiBw AoM BM
,qi U nj o* C pA /<BB > B pA BU jo Rn Bw B
oiA By] BM ;2 A AoM ,kBv r o/ pA Bw
BTeA
Swj kCnB BBM {B TiBw nj B BM BC AoMBM /kAk{ vU
Br ,RB%T BB Bw A BTeA /kj Swj M
BB pA  An Bw  j A M /SwA oTzM k{BM T{Aj RB%T
A ) jAj }hzU
BM AU kAT{m RB%T
pA jo Rn KUn BBpo B pA JBhTA ,AoMBM (BC K>A
B< BU kB{ nAj nB/TA B ,KUoU A M BC nj Bw B
/kTv B  Ski nj  {BM UAkU
]U dT A M A2oe n*M  BC AoM B~h ,Be o M
AU B /SwA nB nj o JBhTA WdM BM wBU B\A nj ,kj Bz
o JBhTA pA Un /oM o/ nj w <o > An kp j]
M dU SLv yAq2A AoM nAqMA  o{ A M BA ,k{BM kCnB kAU
A yAq2A BUj qi U oXU xn / AkQ o nj dU M o
M BSBL{ TLA /SwA uoM Swnj Bpo ST ;SwA SLv
 jnAj j] ,k{ bo6 ~2 A nj  oj o/ j <B > xn
jM A o/ j C pA /{ BC jnA BA k{BM o{n SwA
,qoTz w nj B{Br  B] BU k nB BMq BM A 
A ,oj o/ /j{ T kM v M ,qoTz B pA T{m BM
vU  o*Bi A M ;2 ,j{ oXU v] RnM  kM Bw
/k nB BM SwA B2o*M
B BC nj p
B kp ioa Aoa A AoM T{Aj j w B ,d\ nj
anBP }hz BM {B Rn M Akp j] yAkQ WBM
B{oiA By] q] qa

Aiji r 368

Bp ioa> ,<wn ThU M SzoM> KUoU M AU An w A /j{


ioa ,kk{ AkQ BA Ak A /S{Am B <w {> </
jo  o2  SwA A M BU ?keA kp j] B B kp
keA kp j] o ~hz nAj { UAnj /kk{ AkQ BM
B RBe ioa o A /jomQ BBQ pB>C B w BM  k{BM
nj  jM kAi A M d kp Bqa kwn o/ M ,j{
Bqa C ao /k{BM kp RAj] ji M o~d Aq\ BTvM
B{B C Bw ,k{ kMTvM Ak] Ak] BBM {B nj kp
nAoU  Bw pA Bi L* oM k qoT An ji xU oTzM BM
,kkQ j A /kBwoM kM v M B mo* pA An B{qoTz Br SwA
, BU BM /kn yQ BQ M BQ ,Aq\ RAj] B ioa
kB ,k SU An ok MBT RnM /j{ SU oj C
/{B Bo] nj Zp RBwBveA BTA xjo
nj An C BWdM j{ SwA * JBT T1BxoTv in
j{ BTLv ,joz2 Lw pA B\A k{ nL\ /jo joz2 ~2
/ BM An K6 A {BM k{ m2 nAkA /oM  ve Te
r Bkj pA ,RBe pA Ai BM ,BU BM BM kkM pB]A
K6 A o/ A pA /BwoM BBQ M An nB ,T2B xoTv in.Aiji
,jBM keA /SwA =jB <B] B] o nj> kp j] o jn nj
 B] nj SwA qa pBwBT /SwA pBwBT ,RBe  A qod
/oUqn RAnl T2o nAoU nB 2jB~U BM /j{ TiBw C pA Bhv
,k{ AkQ pBwBT A pA kM ,kk{ AkQ B] nj UB%UA n*M AkTMA BpBwBT
a BA /k kU An xji Bhv pA nqM SBM \ SvAU
UBU B{ BpBwBT C S] ,Sv }M nAjoMhv kAo2 _
Swj pA An ji oXU AU RB%T dAA C pA <M /knAj =o2 BM  SwA
oj Ak /jn M pA Bz ,BzT2n M pA kM kj
 kTv oj dAA pBM oT AnB BM ,k pBwBT B`
Ao~ LU Bv M SLv BC :kM oUSwjoU nB A nj An ji

369

r w oTv :jqw ~.

BM /k{ o Ao2 S] nj  kBA BjAp ,kAoTM BpBwBT ji


/j{ =i RnkUoQ BpBwBT pA oQ B] ,Bp S{m
5z k{BM Mi pBwBT A AoM oUmUj oTzM BAn [nkUM
Bs o*Bi M BU A ,kj AjA kp M BpBwBT /j{
nAmoYA A /knAm B] oM  SwA oYA o*Bi M M ,BC ji UAl
C B\Aow  SwA A p qa BU /k{BM Tvo> Rn M SwA
ow SzQ An Tvo> i_QoQ pAnj nj An nkU o ,BoYBU
/knAm oYBU pBwBT nj A S2 oM kjooM pBwBT ji M ,knAm
a B] C  jnAj A M TvM B] nj pBwBT S2
oU B pA /jnAj TvM j] LU pA ;Ao{ M k{BM B]
C kB /SwBC BoYBU oj BpBwBT ,j] ;Ao{
BU An ok 2B
MBT  ApBwBT ,BC vA BpnBQ
Bp nj /k{ kAi o Ao2 ,k{BM T{Aj n<e oj  B] nj Ako k
nBpBw
MBT BpBwBT
A pA ATwjnAj ,B o nj RBe BU *

BkM ,kM ,w Ak] Ak] Bd pA k{ zT M kjo do{


,kT2B BU B kp ioa pA kU BM  Bd /woQ
/kk{ oUqodT oUTv kjo S2ozQ
~hz BaC B Ak] Bd nj kp Bqa kMTvM A
do{ a kk{ d jnA BwB{Svp TU  k{ o Ao2 KB>
RAj] Bd nBMnj BzCw oTzM ,kjAj nAoU Cw jn An RBe
tB{Svp B C jnA jo% kp j] AkTMA /jM pA Ak] Ak] kp
pA zhM AT{Am r An BzB Be  An BpBwBT C A ,k{
/SwA T2o nB M kp j]  jnC o/ nj UC{B
,kT%M Swnj ov M nBMj wB{Svp BU SwA p jBp l xU
BpBwBT `hnBU o/ pA ,SA o/ pA ,M Bji M
/kk
Te ,nC o/ nj  SwA A Bji M omU A jAj AoM An
Tvz C nj  kM U C M r in oYA  Sv n*A ,poA

Aiji r 370

KBU pA r RAoYBU Aj ,SUA nj a ,A nj a B  /k{BM jkd


/kj nAoU oYBU SdU An C Ao*A B] Bqa jn oUAo2 kMU o
C BM  ,SwA kp Bj C pA zhM B]M B] ,oM B] pA zhM
L{ qo nj An Br AU ,v\U U
 BM /jnAj jBp B2
qo ,B] nj { o /LM T2BxoTv in o zzUoQ
kp RAj] nj  SwA nBvM Br L{ RAoYBU Ao
oQ Bj owAow /jnAk po ke r RAoYBU joTv Aj /knAj nAoU B
B{oj ow Br M B{ow  SwA oM nj *BT 6i pA
/SwA BC jq nj in BoYA M
nj p SvAj xAUB%UA ATM C pA oU ,oj SUA
Twj Twj 6i A  SwA A ,kB omQBJBT]A An C AU o/
nj BC ;k{BM yhQ Bnj nj AjApC BpBwBT  Sv n*A /kAk{
BkBQ kp RAj] kM nj knAj nAoU nB nqM BTvM
nj ,k{BM yhQ B] owAow nj SiA RnM A B] M in
B AoM  ,Ak] Ak] BkM BA /kAkLva M BkM nj jnA nBvM
BU /k{BM T{Ak j] jM ,SwA B{C nBvM qa o A n oM
B ,SwA noT B] B\ o nj RBe pAoeA AoM xj]  qa
/SwA kp z pBwBT

BS{Q
/SwA JBT A NBa ~ jpB nBMnj op BS{AjjB
~
?AkC B\ p A B

,Cw A M jAj gwBQ AoM 1 8 9 pA yQM Mo BxU ///1 |


/ ///jnAk nBLTAoj Be
jM nAB ,kAjL Lm  BC Te ,Bi AoM w pA . / A
ThQB o pA nj i ,j{ kAi A nB T.  nAj L. An A /SwA
 gnBU , SwA jn o ] X  ,kwn o< M B=o>
oTM Aj An C ) C M AknBM gwBQ pA Ak] ,BA ;SwA SA Boe yM
BCw M jM nAj pA yQ  BgwBQ B .A (pAjoPM ji nB M SwA
oH BC k{ jAj <Tv B\A Aoa> <?SwA nAjB RBe BC> ,<?Sva BvA>
SwA BLT{A B Bqa QM jn nj ?knAj {pnA hnBU L] pA
/k Rk BCw C M 1859 pA L. BgwBQ jn nj B /.j A
/, nAkLB] k{BM BU BLoM , UB2iApA ///2 |
jM Aiji A
pA Aiji r kAjo n~U BLT{AM Ak/T QM
A Z/ BTeA  ,oj Ak ! kp n^C kBM B k nAko^
a , kAjo o ,kAkwo yA dA j M kAkAi An JBT
S{ow A q] ln BnBTn oj Aiji ,Ah a AhM
omQBo>U ef ,z r <oL]>  k{BM A oM B n~U oA /SwB
/kAk{ nBvM A oBi Ba ,{ BLT{A A nBaj SwA TeAnM ,SwA
nBTn U nj (kLM An 4 BU 37 RBdA) Lo/U A nj Br .A nj

373

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ow oA>  SwA jAj Swj M An  U A Lo/U o\T /knAj y/


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kM pn Ji A pA oLi ,o{i fow JoH  SA ATM kC yQ
M A JC  Aj Ji / JBve C n AU jBp B BA ,kj
C jn nj MyQ o SwA qTh A oYFU SdU \o>M {
o  Sv n^A /kAnBC n pA Z/ BMyQ /kCnj JC pA ZH SwA
r jn nj /k{BM T{Aj BLj M An kM pn Ji A B f. n fow JoH
SwA TeAn M /k{BM kU Aoa aM qa  Sv n^A
<r b> nBMnj oTzM WdM AoM /k An r oYFU oj Br oYFU
M
JBT 2 ~ M SwB\ BoLUw A zn A
T Ao /k ]Ao <n Bi nj n BU :Svp wB{B]> B/
A n< !kAB{ BoTvB A nj BBvA k  kAjo
:jM A {M (2 dA nj) B{ BoTvB BM tB. pA
TBxoTv i n

AoB kp Ao { nBMnj  v S~h{ jn nj kAU jC


M Mn WdM A /k{BM T{Aj BpB ,kAj Bqa A k{
nj  v M LzU pA TvAU /jnAk BoTvB C |Bi Bs
\A S4 M  ~h{ pA B jnAj BM B7 BTvA Bv
jn  jM r A Rn nj / jB=TwA kwn oLT nBvM oA
/jC SAo nAo B vB7
oj CD A <Aiji r> pA CBAj nj> A BM AB7 nj
C pA An HA B 7 AjAj cDU An SwnjB i L= BS{AjoM
/AT{AjoM

kAi j{ WBM ,~ A nj wBw Bn{Be  B=A kBM


jo Jow M pB] ] /k{BM z AoM 1989 nj C nBMj
M BnBM oiA BBw nj An [o  jMB pA k{ B AoM jAiji
M nB <Bd Jqe BQA X Ao (8 |) /kAjAj omU BBToM nj onB /L^
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AnB{C jM pnBL nj knj 23 nU BM AkAB jM jo ] En yAoM

Aiji r 374

op Aohw n pA An hw BTeA /jM oTzM R/e AoM SwAinj Ao


SAln  jnAj kk] RAnBTiA BM Tj BBToM   A /jM T{AjoM Bp C nB
hw kwn o< M ,SwA kzoM MB] BB] BU An Aiji
uQ An ji Boe  Sv A n< /SwA qwFU B] TvQ AkU
BA ,jnAj TA  An kB{iB K.A B p BAiji oU /oM
,k{BM BAiji oBU jo AkQ BLj BBToM nj v oA ,Bpn A
Bn{Be A SwA oTM .A nj /k n onB /L^ M A Sv p
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BC AnAj AkzAj jBTA nj pA BB y j] poA /k{
pA AnB{C //L Rw kB /t/J /Z,X 193 BBw nj wBw
/SwA TwB B{nB xpnA
oTM An A v] Ao]A o oze ow jni BM jB oze kB{ /// 5 |
/ ///k,
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SA A /S{Aj zsQ Aohw ujB u nBMnj AnB pA
M An BC k{ e k k jAp zBpC BujB SwAi
] qjn nj  wB{oze jBTwA ,= A k{ BM /jnAjA oSA]
oUL^ A nBA  <?k An B{ow> SA /i kM BM n^ ,jM Tvz
/So Rn kBM  jM nB
r M ,jo; ji Te o ,SwA JBhTA A keA ///11 |
/ ///SwA
jnAj BA BC A nBMnj ,T{ An r JBhTA nz  Bp pA
k{BM jAj fn BU ^ Anj ^ B oUBM dfw nj JBhTA
n< <oUBM dfw nj> T.   B=A kBM B] AkzkA
/SwA C pA oUjBw oUKB] nBvM qa n< /Sv <o JBhTA> A
.BM oTM oj QM pA kp RAj] QM BU  SwA A wBveA Be
/k AkQ BU /M pA oTM SwA AnB] pA /L^  M ,kB
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BA kASB jn BJBhTA nj knAj jAoA XkU nj S/ B/M n


An `nj kAU q TiB{ a /A BoM nj kk]  y]
BU pA  BwB{ a AoM /k pBM kC Bw B nj BU xnBM AoM
A M MBhTA :k{BM T{Aj j] oUBM cfw nj MBhTA kB{ k SBe
M \nkU AoMBM T{BLA SwA Te JBhTA A /omQBU
<omQBU BU> B/ nj An Bo< A /k{BM o JBhTA BioM A{
BMB pBwSBw B M oUPB pBM pA BA BM oTzM An B/ A ,Ajo BM
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Bz An C A o Aiji r nj jo JBhTA An Z/ ,pAjoPM BC
oTM B JBhTA BU A  j{ jB\A n~U A Ai /j
,Ajo JBhTA An oj o< A k ,BMB pBwSBwnj ,.A nj /SwBC
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BhMBT Bi jo BM B pAkAM An ji .A S{Q T{


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A kM SwA <A] p> M kjoUM almah oL rA /knAk WdM
rA pA C B] M jM o<jn q{j oA /k{BM C nj q{j = A
jBwM vA BMp nj maiden BMA AnAj rA) /k{ jBATwA bethulah
T. y] (/koQ oj C M B A pA j{ SeAn nk/a  kj Bz
B]M ,oAjBTA ]oU M Bo
]oU nj  jAj fn
<q{j> jB n^M  kjo jBATwA (tUnBQ) parthenos pA almah
uow M ,cv o~ nAe C ),(Matthew) TB /kj
`C ,SwA k{ BU nB  A> k B{A . pA T. (A pA kM nBvM
j{ nAj`M Ao BM oM k  SwA wn BMp pA B JBMnA hw
hv ]oU) <jomQ e/dU kBM kB BA An A jnC ovQ
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A ji S{AjoM  TA An qa kwn o< M ,(pB\
kAj kM RB.BdA pA An cv k{ jAp o BM BTwAj cv j AozsQ
]oU (BLT{AM) `C j e/d AoM SwA BMpB AoQ nB BTeA 
X kk] BSAn nj /SwA jM k{
TwnjM B{A nj
Bme An <o BM> TwnjM KUoU B M TB nj /SwA kC <A] p>
/kAjo ]oU B n pA Aop ,kAjo
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M BjB{ BnBM BnBM (njB B TLv k{BM ,njB njBp ) SM B{ A
M Mo z pA zhM /SwA k{ / ^AoA <r oL]> A A
Anj njB /knAj <RBMn>  pA jo  SwA TwnjB [An S{AjoM
TBiM C RAj] C BRBMn oj Tv oTA ^
nj Te BQ. pA /knAj S.i x BC /koM jB qa kAT  kTv
jM {B RAj] xn< ,jo AkMA An <RBMn> rA QBa nB  192
BRBMn k B  Bv /kk{ ez L. pA ,ozM RBwBveA AnAj 
o) kTv ]T Swnj ,kAk{ eAo^ BBvA pA oU<oL]> qoU oM BM
AnAj BBvA  SwA  Be n~U A Ak C nj  k{BM Bi C A A
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?kTv a B .A kTv ,k`Q nBvM pA TLA ,RBMn oA
/AjAj nAo. WdM jn 1517 |
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M  n^B /SwA k{ Ao oj <nBTA> y] BM BLT{A A
oM kwn o< M ,k{BM k{ jAp q{j pA cv SwA p  M BM
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r BpBwBT nBMnj /k <oT > An B nBTn BL] BU Br
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Br .A nj , kA]T TeAn M /jnAj Ro <oT > BM i Sva
jn <SoL]> A M  A C BM k oT kATiBw  An qa
,k{BM) xU kM B jo Rn ] Z/w  nBM o /SwA k{ .A jB/TA
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B Br nj

w ~
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/, Ak] oj Br pA An r nB, SwA oH B LoGU ///24 |


847 BdA nj ` B\A nj r <Aonl> Ak/T M gwBQ
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/ An ji TA B n^A SwA k{ p A pA AwFT !SwA k{ T{
kk j{ An Aiji r M Mo ByhM TeAnM nAo. pA BA ,
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An Ak o SiBw jo q\U qn Aq ]A M An kM j{ /jnAk j]

Aiji r 378

y7 r Bk kM BSvB oTzM SiBw nj /jAj SLv r M


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T{ `C M Be /jM T{ An A Aiji r pA jB/TA nj k


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n RB=T oYA ka r o / Ak] oj Br pA An r nB SwA
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/jnAj Br oj BM C BU M TvM r o oYA SwA

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nj ,k{BM /Tv jApC k Bv B pA  oAw nj Br nk. o
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/k oUkM An BQ ,jn A nj ji B jo M SLv ,
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,Twj Bi Aonl  jM f yQBzQ ,k nAo. pA /jAj bo{
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k FU jn An 193 BBw nj <vnAj > AnAmBM ,SAn kB ,oz
QM ,jnAk B BBfA  B BMp o^Bi M kB{ ,A j] BM /AjAj nAo.
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Aiji r 380

Bo< oUkk] /23847 RBdA nj s M ,SwA kC


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Bn /n /t O / o` /N AoTw / , //j X Bv
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k{ U U oYA oA /AjAj bo{ <d pBwBT> AB/ nj (979 |)
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Bv M o>U C kkM Swj pA An BQ X k o>U Ja oze
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kTv P BC /kok kB JBT A pA k{ NBa BS{n BU
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n^A /kAk{ nAjoMhv n pA  j A M ,kAk{ nAjoMhv
oj QM k] BJBT QM kj zU An Bhv pA Bjj  Sv
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o< M Bhv pA Bjj Ja oze BkM AT
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X) j{ jB\A o>U Bjj A Q nj zBpC n^M oA BA /kC


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{A BM X) kj o>U An C r Bjj BQA pA zBpC n^M
U oYA BioM , SwA j A M /kMB AjA Bjj C nj o>U A (uA
pBwBT <L^ JBhTA keA> kp j] ,p jo U
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/SwA SwnjB VnAU nB o<
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oQ o< A Aoa (A yAj BM B ,qB ji TLA ) kAjo jB/TA pA
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qB 1957 B/ eo^ pA KHA ,BoC nj s M ,BwB{Svp pA nBvM
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BU ,L^ JBhTA ,1 Aoka>

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1952 nj An o< A A o] nAAk  SwA A }h{ o< ,BA j]
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<jAo;A BT> nj 1957 Bw nj 2 wB{Svpnj kze v JBT nj
jM kA nBvM jAj C M qB  fvM bo{  B=A kBM /SwA jo BM
jo k B U C oM {n n^M nAAk  k nB{C C nj An Aeo q Aop
xAB/ nj A oiA T /j / /(r ka BoYA B <Aoka> SA ) /jM
/SwA TiAjoQ o< A M oTzM <L^ JBhTA ZwU oQ kMKB.>
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,SwA C nj  w jn nj kM <jp > nBMnj Bo< M B{Ak_
,Sv /B i AoM p A A /(412 |)k{BM TvAj jnA jAoA
?Sv SAoQ {qQ o< pA BC ,k{BM Swnj oA
?Sva Sv]kB; ///43 |
1. pleiotropy
2. An unsolved problem
3. The Uniqueness of Individual

Aiji r 382

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///SwA ;BFA o;Bv oTM RnBL M B ,A ///;BFA DNA ///45 |
(kLM An 264 263 RBdA)
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pA AB/ M k B) /kAjAj ZvM kTo BwB{Svp An k{BM
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nBTiBw nj Aiji DNA Aiji r Bo<> Aiji DNA hnBU
o< pA </k{BM T{Aj UBAU Aka kAU SwA jnoQ An BC  d=U
M  T{Aj An S.Ak A A ,BQ. pA  /SwAo SwnjB A kTwA
pA kM /jnAj BkTwA jn nj An o< A ji kM
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kM oM  oYFU BM Ao p SwA yAq AA M n q Aj Aiji r kBvM
M Aiji DNA kBvM /k  C M B7M Ao M xU nj jnAm
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k qBU An C AU BA ,Tv k o< jn qBU ]T


r o<  pA Bi jn An Aiji DNA p ,uoM / Jvd
/SwA Aiji DNA n~U A k{ AkQ a B /.j  Aj Aiji
A 182 dA nj kB{ SwA |Bi jn Aiji DNA  An T A )
BTQBw ,Tj pA 45 dA nj  . / M SLv kLM oUc=A JBT
nj <Aiji DNA> B] M BTQBw Tj /SwA kC o BUnA
An k gwBQ op tB. pA jBATwA BM knAmM (/kAjnC An <Aiji r> B{A
M ,k{BM T{Aj Bw jnp An An BnLp k{ WBM  Br kBvM /kM

RBAe q> Rk{M (<kjnAkz>) n bo^ A  j{ jBp j A


oLM nj Bw jnp AnAn Bbo^ WBM  Br kBvM /k odU An oj
n bo^ A  j A M /SwA <C u j M B /.j> k{
nj /k odU An oj RBAe q> A BnC ZAo{ nj (}hzB)
BM (!oj LUAovw cfw nj)tB. MB. jnAj j] qBU B\A nj ,.A
  BjA Ai /SwA RBq] nj qoi qBU A ,k qBU
</kTv RBAT SwA jnoQ An BC  d=U nBTiBw o< pA> jn j A
Bz M B .A ,kjo vB/ TiB hU BM An Aiji DNA o nA T.
/jn nj za op pA jnAj BMq hU M  jBp SBL{ BM TiB hU :kjp
AoM kk] jnPv, C vA o; yAo oiC nj ,BQ. pA
B AjA M BU :r jA B r jn nj> :Rn A M SwA kC <Aiji>
DNA> pA Mi nBvM joz qoU A </in oM oYA kM xoTv
/SwA Aiji DNA B{ B .A C j kB{ SwA <Aiji
/SwA jnM <in oYA kM > C oiC RnBL , o< pA ,Be o M
BA ,k{BM T{Ak oYFU in oM Aiji Br  jnAj j] BTeA A
xk~.  kM kAU SwA uo M TvM A /knAj BC pA nBvM
in oYA _ B .A  SwA <Aiji BDNA> C M B jo jkd
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AoM kA/ BjB  kTv B qBQ BMo Boi BT]A B{C BnLp
TiBw Bo An xAkp ,SwA /Tv jB nBAe nLp o /k nB oQ
jB o B /k ji An ow SzQ Bn AoM AmH BBQ
nB{ BLj kM /SwA Bi U .BUA C k. nj  k p nj pAnj oAe
M T. /kTA An (nqM ^ nBAe nLp AoM 1 pAnj fB{ Bg
xAoAe nj kz An C kM /j{ SoeM BU kp y An C ,jnhMoM
jU n hU ,jo nC] An katydid BU [Q nBa A pA kM /joM
B katydid pA kLU oze o M hU C /jkM An oAe jn jnAm BC
pA An C Z/ ,^ Tz B] M nLp A  SwA A T BA /k m>U
/j{ jni kp kp pBU jz kwB BU jpAkA Soe
2
An nAj  jM AnLp j jABi BnLp nj Bi {
eo^ BM Rnk.oQ Aioi o  omPM AU> :kvM S{AjA
1. katydid

2. ichneumonidue

395

\Q ~. S{Q BS{Q

</ ///k m>U kp BjpjJC kM pA  jpBvM Bk A M An BA L.


BU jqQ kp kp An aoi  vAo qP{C C M BX AM SvAU A
 ,jB nBAe nLp kp M jooM /k nB{A ,kk Swj pA An y^
nB jkd B nj ,/Tv ao , oj BjB SwA /Tv kp
oAe ,kkM ji M An oAe k Sep A B] M B k
/k B>{A An oj nLp k{k
BU kC BoA pA A /SwA Cj] nLp jB M BoM ] oTj
B Lo/U pA ~A BS{AjjB xji BM / nB jnAv C nj BM
yBS{AjjB /jM jnC jB BnLp pA B o j kp BjAkn
M An nLp U o kMBp JBve BC n pA k{  jM B nk.M
S. oTzM kp pA yhM AoM oA :SwA jkd BA Bp /jnC Swj
jo B{C BM An B Ao C /kB .BM oT oj ByhM AoM , Bo
B / jnCoM Swnj An XkU B Bp Bq a jAj jB B M
M BoBzP S] nj jB BnLp ZwU k{ B\A pBM n pA
kA{ a M TvAT ,kwn .A h ESS AoM kA{
oBzP BnLp ,M BU /MB Swj ,BBz nj ,oj S] nj
BM /k{ oj nLp k{ k jnA B k oAe ji AoM B
T{Am An BoAe BnBAe QM a ,SwBnLp A M Bo~U ,B oLU M
,jnAk Aq Rn A M Bo~U /SwA jBATwA MB. pBM B C kATn
/SwA k{ Bn Ak B>{A Ak ,kAj kBo~U BA
oiC nj ,j{ B] j jooQ >z pn ka k ofi A
SwA Tn jBM oM A RBep o xnj kLM jjooM Bi M SwA
nj oA /SwA jo nj An A oi T{Am B\C nj An ji hU oj jo
(double  j] BoAe jAkU ,joM Rn jBp jo Bo~U S]
o M jo oAe A oMBM oTzM nBMj jM B>{A BTeA occupation)
jBp j] BoAe jAkU ,kM oAe BnLp pA jBp jAkU oA ,uoM /SwA
kAU Bo~U pA Bi ke S] nj /j{ o M jo Bo~U
jo Bo~U k SA C nj  k jB\A T= /k{BM kU
kBvM C pA oUBQ jnAj j]  BBo~U kBvM oA /j{ oMAoM

Aiji r 396

BoAe jAkU Aop ,kj c]oU An Bo~U L^ JBhTA ,k{BM kU


pA oUBM jnAj j]  o~U kBvM oA /SwA jBp jnAj j]  Ak{ Bn
M L^ JBhTA jM kAi  j] BoAe ,k{BM kU kBvM C
kA{ /j{ Ae S] C nj jBU KUoU A M /k nBAe A
k nLp o AoM ,SwA .A h ESS A  kC pA  Be  ~A
BnBAe pA ^h B{ S]  Sv n^A ,jnAj j] jo Bo~U B
/k{BM Aoe BoB>{A
/ ///wB{nBT;n nBGU k { ApA , j oUT;n Tv{ ///79 |
pA oUc=A yB ,1 nAkBi Ja oze n uQj /J /C ysQ
L. oM UnB /kj SwjM An oM U 2 <SwA koM z  Bw> kkQ
BL oM JBT A A NBa nj ESS pA oLU jM ESS o< AoTiA pA
ESS o< UoQ nj An ji AoQ Bf uj /jM (hindsight) zkApBM
,jnAv C jq B] , BT nj o BAoQ  k{ ]T A /kBwn B\A M
,kk{ n B C Jm] BjB /kjo p oM JBTC n B nj
Cow oM  kT{Aj An C xpnA ,kT{Aj k{pnA S. B C KUoU A M
o nj jApB jAoA jM n B jAkU pA oTzM Bo jAkU /k{ onj BM Bo
So An Bo uj /kkB ji ShM o<T ] oM oQ oTa
C nj oUjp C AoQ j pA  jAj Bz KUoU A M jo BzBn
/k{ jAk. C <B> BAoQ C jo Bo^ pA ,jM k{ Bn n
C BXTwA kM /k{ Jvd <eAq> kwn n C M A kM C
nj /jo nAmA <B> M An B\C ,TomQ An ji Sv{ A n jM eAq
o  kLoAM An AoQ j n^ SvAU uj ,B kU yBpC
a nj Z/ /<eAq> oj SwA <B> xji k B j C pA
 ,jnA A nj /So nj ^ k] ]  jM T=
AoQ SA] Z/  jAj bo{ n^ An C Q. jo jBw o^Bi M
/S{Aj j] BAoQ SA] pA nBC nA T{Aj j]
/2BT ESS ///81 |
B pA ,SvAj .BT ESS An C AU  oj RBAUA
1. Speckled wood butterflies

2. resident always wins

397

\Q ~. S{Q BS{Q

ka> :kC oM (1977 oLBwj 7 ,k )qBU M wAjq] B.C B M ~h{


jBATwA BMkj AoM aoQ j oU pA  Bnj o Ak{ ]T SwA Bw
BTwj C n kAi  oj Bnj o o AoM BXTwA kM ,k
</jnAk koQ j C pAkA M fMn A k pBM B] kBM jo
A Bi jn nj Akj  Q.BT joLAn oUnB{C
SwA oTM BA ,SwA nAkBQ ESS A B M joLAn A /SwA owA L] nj
Ae ji kp ^ nj Aop /( 1 nAkBQ k{n o< pA joLAn) BM DSS An C
nj  SwA nAqMA owA L] /BU BBp ^ k nB{C An ji
RnM AmH kM kj nBz An oA ji m>U AoM jo jB Ae C
nj An n x B oUL KHA Mo\U BwB{An /j{ jnA A`nj pA nBji
AoM  ko jB ow i B\C nj BC ,knAm owA a BL]
ko jB An Bi /kj nBz An a BoA AmH SBnj
yQ Bw ka)Sv qoi Aka  oA BM oUnqM owA L] nj
/({ oMjn ki pA yjnC jB M BM  kj jn A nj zsQ 
Ao]B BA kjM jo SMoU An Bi ,Aki nj q /J /Z oBM /A /J
yhM kjM T{Am Aki ow nj An oA Twj /S{Aj oj {
joz pA kM jM nL\ i  Rn A M /jM C oj ow nj kjAmH
M \ BM nBMj kBM xo AmH BU joM Aki oj Bo^ C M A n oA
kBM BA ,Sv B{A Q. oBi nj /oiC BU n^ joM oA Bo^
j] BA A SBe A nj /kT{Am BTwj C nj BUj BUj An Bi q
An <joM> y/  i /k jBATwA ji A M oj nB pA i  S{Aj
nB JBMnA i ,jAj nBz An Twj kj Bo^ C M Bo^ A pA S{Aj
C .A nj /jni ,kC oM C pA AmH T. jM Tvz AmH `nj
kj /U nB ,kkwn joM . JBMnA nAkBQ S= M i SA]
/jM jni xnB oTzM oj ,jM
<joM> <JBMnA> BKvaoM nAo. pA /wn C .BU M Be
C ,kkwn nAkBQ S= M i SA] S.o /kAjnCnj
Swjop oj jnA nj ,S{Aj An , jBATwAw B <JBMnA> y/  i
1. Developmentally Stable Strategy

Aiji r

398

i ,jAj B\A An BnB jM To An <joM> KvaoM  i /jM


L. pA Bi C BM  uo /S{Aj An BM Swj oj jnA nj  jM
JBMnA kBM Zv i C  jo o jp tke An A u ,jM B{C
/U oTzM  k{BM joM kBM Swjop i k{BM jni xnB oTzM k{BM
KB. nj An C  Un nj ?j{ AkQ B\ pA .BU A /jnhM oT k
jM nAkBQ A kBM Z/ /SwA e MB. ,oM o< nj BjoLAn nAkBQ
nj  Bp tB/ ,C M ,k{n Anj M BU BBp nj pA An joLAn
,Tv Zv oA  joLAn A / /T ,jo { jo j M fMAn C
M /f ao ,pAkA nB M An oA Tv Swjop oA ,zM AmH `nj nB
nBz An oA A pA kM Swjop i /Sv nAkBQ Aka kwn o<
AmH jn ] An yBQ Zv i kM Bo^ C jj ow ,jAj
oi pA BU Rk pA kM Swjop i /kBM oM qa jnAm To
A u M Be BA /SwA xAjBQ kM xnBTn A a jnm oA joz
AmH `nj nB ,Twjop oA ,kM nBz An oA ,fv oA> :k ]U joLAn
i  k{BM A C .BT \T oA Te ,SwA nAkBQ joLAn A <zM
i AoM AmH
 SwA A p qa BU /kwoM oTzM AmH M Swjop
kwn ow  /kC Aki ow C pA T. ,k{BM kB .BM  Be
AmH   T. BU /k nj `nj pA kj An Swjop i TeAnM
{ jooQ TwAiB oA joz  nBTn A ,k{BM kB .BM xAjBQ A M
nB LU BM  Swjop i C nBTn M /kMB AjA SwA Swjop i
X fv oA joLAn  KUoU A M /jo eU xAjBQ k AmH `nj
kwn xAjBQ M  nBTn <JBMnA> X Twjop oA , nBTn <joM>
/jM kAi nAkBQ AoMBM
/ ///(Blo]o] nj) S, Be KUAo vw ///82 |
A AoM ,jM k{ ~dTA nB \zAj Bp C nj  nM kU
/SB Swj Bo]o] nj oj kA{ M S Be L{ KUAo vw
 A jM ] nj oj o BM yQ   o o]o] jAj Bz `
pA ,kB <oLB j oYA> kBM An A /SwA oTzM BjB BM yk{ SA] BTeA
:SwA kC oLB u{j A Apn BS{AjjB nj  op T n
nAkA

399

\Q ~. S{Q BS{Q

BM </kzhM Rm M nBMj BQ M kM a kC ] pA poA JB] B>


Ajo n cfw o>U nBMnj SvTBw\ pA op xnAq M ]U
24 nj BpBM uU nj :jo jBzQ C AoM An oj A ATM kB{ oTwTvU
nj C cfw ,pBM pA kM /jn BM oMAoMj ydfw pBM pA L. SBw
/kC BQ kpBM nj kB .BM BM koM
pA kM BU oU nj BS;ozQ oU pA An ESS P ///84 |
/ ///nAj
nj  jBp ]UM MB/ nj kB{ /SwA qCRAoHA  ] A
kj ESS A M BoA nj B ~h Bp C BwB{Svp BT{
/A /A T{ 1 BT]AwB{Svp~A JBT nj X /jAj Bz z A a
Sv n^A Be /jM kz bfA A M AnB{A _ v
jC l oA .A nj /{BM T{Aj oUjBT oU/f B Q. A M AU
M ESS /k jBATwA ESS BMp pA Sv p ,k{BM {n B pAkA M
Tr o< pA  jnA nj B ~h ,k  i o jo {n
/j{ B{ An jnA oTzM nj A k{BL nBTiA nj B BTvAj
v]oH XkU  SwA A oM o Aka ESS Bk nj k B
kU MBG nj jM v]oH o  k{BM A M TA A oA BA ,SwA
Aka ESS Bk  SwA A S//e /jM kAi k Ao ,SwA v]X
knAm A oM An o ,= n^M uoM /kpAjoQ r B< RBq] M
C Te /jnAj CnB jnA pA nBvM nj =o a /jn yhU M oU 
wBwA Bqa Sw M An l Aop /k{BL kB pA Bi kAU yjM d
jnA pA nBvM nj  ,r S Be X RBq] B{Be pA kj Rw
M jnAm ;jnAj k y/ oTzM ESS oAU /k nj ,SwA TiB{B
/k K] An Bo< SwA  { nBaj TwnjB RAn~U
M SiA BM M n nA S,oe kAU \nkU BU ///86 |
RBLY BM F M nAkBQ SF pA xoQ ; kB Q eAo pA AT{n Rn
/k{BM jL oj
 SwA Ak{ TiB{ o< bo{ pA L. MB. i BAoAnBQ A
1. sociobiology

Aiji r 400

X T{ An UBwke T. A TA pA Ako{ /jnAj B Af/ jBU


ozT yQ Bw w  o< A pA ,Bp C nj BTvA BwB{Svp pA nBvM
pBw SBwnj X jBp ke BU kB{ ke BU C pA kM /jM oLiM ,jM k{
oA /jAj Bz SwBve k{ RAoHA Af/ jBU o< jn nj A M ,BMB
A M kAU /Ai nm ,Ajo nAj do] An v tBveA ,nB A BM
/jM yTwnjB]ow K2 ,1976 nj .A , knAmM JBve

z{ ~

r Tva
/ ///oM jn ke A BU BBGA Aoa Aj ///9 |
BTwAj /kTv ]UM jn T 1964 BB/ oj  A
Bf = kAU ji B] nj BC kM SiB{ A BTAM
/ Aqi nj <> y/ nBMnj jn Bf ,k{BM KB] 

/Aj BLj ~ S{ Q nj An A ozQ jn


/ ///kAJB, r Aqi nj , SwA Br pA SLd ,o; ///9 |
nj ,SwA JB S] nj  SwA r pA SLd  o  xn A
/j c=U oUjBw An kBzi Aq y\w A AoM SwA  
pA oUpo ,A [BT jAj Bz  jM A T A BjnBTwj pA
C pA AL] A nAo. pA /SwA RjB ,o< jn r jM JB B oAo
/Sv SeAn AoM ynj  SwA o<
BLT{A nBaj op Rn M An B pA nBvM kBzi Aq y\w v
, a k{BM T{Aj eU jABi M a , pA Q j o /k
pA B T. kj kBM S. C /kAoTz Br knj 9 pA yM nj
n< , SLd BjAp M 1.8 B AnjAoM M 1.2 kBzi
nj  (Sv a o B) knj 9 C oM AnjAoM  SwA A gwBQ ?Sva
BQA AoM /kA kB Br 1.2 nj kA o{ BM Be o
pA oUBQ dfw nj .A nj  jnAj j] kBzi BL Zi
nj An onBXA ,k{BM a o BL Zi /kAo{ oj B BQA C

401

z{ ~. S{Q BS{Q

/k{BM BL Zi pA oUBM B{kBzi Aq  nAj nB<TA jAoA


A pA JB Br kz yQ pA jBATwA BM ,JBT A Svh NBa nj
nj /Sv Ao]B SwA Swnj ke BU Q. A /Tn oA^ v
Bz Ao C  Ba BA <Kv n pA kB> T{ T ji ,r jn
a j] A oj Bkv /jnAj An xji BB{A A ,jAj
 ,An oTz Br ef knj SeAn i kjo pAoMA An Av
jo SLd S.jM n^A /kkz yQ ,SwA knjk nB{C BLT{A
jB/TA = Tv]oM tB{BvA ,BX AoM /k{ jBp BAUw K]
a jo w ,k{ ozT 1978 nj  BT]A <wB{Svp> M kk{
An A nB<TA kBM ,kM SA kBzi JBhTA = M oA  k kTwA
99 pA yM nj a ,k{BM onBXA M SLv BBvA  {BM T{Aj
JBhTA pA ZH S{AjoM jpAj B/ nj /kAo{ ok BM Br knj
kM /jAj BLT{A A M BU gwBQ (S{Aj An \Q LUn C nj A  )kBzi
/kpAkM B ZH S{AjoM 11 C M Sv
k jBzQ An qa <wk Bkj pA kBzi> B/ nj Ao C
k~. k{BM kBzi opAkA v AoM B eAn kB{ 
JBhTA ,L^ JBhTA> ,oj B/ nj A /j bo{ B\A nj An C nAk
A
pA B]MB joMnB ,oUB{C v ,<o JBhTA kBzi

Swnj Bxn ` /k {n An T 1 <oAo TvB{>


/jnAm Bn yQ An r AkBzi Bjw Bq LwBd SwnjB
M ow ,jn M] BoC M v, T2 Sv kM ///BjBnC ///93 |
/kqM BC
BA ,SwA kwo B Swj M {nAq _ BjBnC L] nj ozQ pA
,BT{ 2 <pBwL{> RBAe pA oj o nBMnj nCRoe S.A ka
B{XkU (qLw u X) BT{ kTvAj yQ BRk pA /nAj
M ,kLM B n An T{ pA AjU B{ oA /SwA v]oH v]
 BT{  Be nj ,kAkeA jB L{ BQA BC jBp BTeA
a ,o< A tBwA oM /koj L{ BQ kTv >M B n
1. "inclusive fitness"

2. Cloning

Aiji r

402

jn _ BA /SwA KwB kBzi JBhTA onBXA BU AoM T=


BT{ pA QAr nj A BU jM kz kj BT{ onBXA pA .A
oj ,kk{ qz 1977 nj C  { ZwU oTw <ApBMow>
nj An kkQ C C C pA kM /k{ jnC JBT A A NBa nj  jL To
kkQ A A pA jAj Swj M Mi kA{ jo qz oj qTh ka
/SwA TB BU BT{ pA ATh Bo nj BAk] nBMnBa .Ake
o< pA <pBMow> BT{  SwA nAo. A pA C Ao]B ,M BU
Boze RB/L^  n^B Swnj ,kAqBT /L^ kM BTiBw
B M M  kABoze o BC /kAa Ban X Tw BT]A
Boze o M nBTn o< pA B oBi o< pA /kTv oTw AoMBM kwn
pA oUS{nj B BpBMow /knAk TBL{ ,kBv BC BM r o< pA  ,pBMow oH
M ^n L{ oBi  SwA nqM jBAR B{] BBQ ;kBpBMow oH
AoM bw A pA BC /SwA jp oM B{ow pA qU BiB{ ,kj BC
nB A Bo] nj KHA /k jBATwA ji BTeA AonB{ Tz k]
An BC  SwA A Swnj pBM ko oA BA ,kj Swj pA An ji B]
/k XkU a AkM onBXA
nB{A B /.j C ?SwA nAo. a pA = ,Aiji r tBwA oM B\A nj
jAoA QM / QM ,j{ WBM B a A M k
BQ kBM M AU B^A BM BA /k{BM jB BM BkXkU
BT{ oTw ApBMow Aop SwA kM /k{BM B nj r ,fd RBAU
M yAo nj Br kBM ,Rn o nj /kBv r o< pA B n jB
/k{BM T{Aj y/ RBAT fd ov j A pA o
knC nj ow / ApBMow kM pA SB nj Br C pA QM A BM
A j M ?kqoM An BC L^ JBhTA Aoa ,k{ /T AoMBM
pBMowoH BkM nj Br B pA Bhv ,ApBMow C nB Ak BM  SwA
~) BT]A RAoze nj  SwA B ,BMop A /j{ oXU
,Bn an X ,BT]A RAoze oj nj A q] ,jM (kLM An 1
M jM nBC BTeA tBwA oM Z/ oTw <AonBXA> nj Br
nAjnioM BT{ nj /k  /oH BkXkU nj ji Bhv

403

z{ ~. S{Q BS{Q

BBv pBMow BT{ Aop ,nBC SwA Te onBXA r pA k{


Rn oUc=A C BT{ UnBL M /kTv ji  XkU AoAi
/kAT nBA AU pA .A
Boze B~TiA \A nj SQ pB]A BT{ M kBM BC AoMBM
,v BnLp ,Ban B{BM Tw n^M  j{ jAj .A BT]A
j M SwA nB <Bd BwB{oze ?SwBBn jB BnLp
/knAk o pAnj BC  j A M X /kj En BC qTh
B kM Bw pA oTzM ,kA.A pBwL{ BT{ a C oM
Ae C /k m>U B C pA  kAe BU /kTv BT]A
,SwA jo v/U kA pA Ak] oBi o< pA  BT{ M An ykM .BAUA n^M
kAw BL X Swnj ,knAj k oM An Bj ~~hU y/ QM  n^
ao .A BT]A Boze  kMB AjA a WdM BvA kM nj
BM C BT{ ,k nB BM kTv kp j] pA zhM
v A pA /knAj eU <kp j]> M a k nB
,Ban B nj nBM nj ow  pAkA o< M /nC nj ow B
An BC ji M  nBTh S. C ,jnm a BvA Bw BT{
c]oU j M ,kAhM Ao o< /nB B nBM JBve M BT]A
j] pA zhM nBM nB{ M BT]A oze An C T{ j
BT{ MBz ,jnAj An kp j] kU Bs T{ /kp
nBMj qz > A BM ~ nj
nj kTwA A /jnAk An C
kC <r w oTv> B BM o=Be JBT kk] ~ nj ` <kp j]
/SwA
TBxoTv i n

/Sv o JBhTA pA Bijn kBzi JBhTA ///94 |


AjA p kBzi JBhTA o JBhTA M RBAU pA {B njow
B\C o  k FU ji BBoe n /k{BM k{ oUkk{ kB{ /jnAj
NBa 12 dA BM nj An ji SwnjB o< rA JBhTA nj T.jM BM 
A nj  SwA Bqa jkd pA ) ATA A T nj /AjnC JBT A A
C 1.16 j v BjAp nAj nB<TA Z/ B> :(SwA k{ yAo

Aiji r 404

T{Aj ,jo Rn njAoM . oAi M B Akpo M SLv  An onBXA Aq


SwnjB /SwA nB{C BLT{A A jAj omU TC /t  n^B /k{BM
ZMnM M TwAi S. C nj  AT M AjnC  j a /SwA
/SwA
,kkM ji AkBzi M kAi  jnAj  onBXA Ae oA
SLv jq kwoM C pA ^B. A.A M  jnAk j] j A
BQA Aop j{ T aQ M .A nj A /k U An ^B. pAkA
kAU kTv nj kBzi Swj ,nB M oj B Be , C
/k{BM T{Aj An k{ To pAkA S.j M a U SBnj BjA
jnAk q A ,k{BM xe e C nj jq yi . oA ,uoM
kB. X oj A oYFU SdU /kwoM  Swjnj B M 
nj  zi . oUjq M kBM  BU ,1 TB /U BSzoM
j v AoM Z/ B  jM A WdM A pA n< TLA /kwoM SwA ,toTwj
B kpo M  Aj nAk/ C 1.16 An onBXA pA nAjnioM nB<TA BjAp
ji R. M q  A  SwA qa A (94 |)/kwn v njAoM . oAi
/SwA .BM
!k, Jvd kBzi An BC :jnAm nB, An Akpo; A k A ///94 |
nj An kBzi JBhTA pA yAoU vA /C  jo nAkA nBiA
kBzi q] Akpo  k n^ An C /kj o>U xAkM BT{
B]MB RnBL ,A 2 BvA SL J BM nj JBT nj A TA pA Bd{i /k{BM
qoU n^ kBzi ao> :kAqA A /SwA k{ Bme <Akpo pA oH>
nj Z/ kBzi JBhTA bfA ,j{ B{ q An Akpo  k{
njB nkQ B ,njAoM ,oAi X ,oj B ka Swj  jn nB M Un
jo{ cd BwB{Svp joMnB nj ] A BAwFT </j{ B{ An
Twnj nj BwB{Svp pA nBvM p  kj Bz SeAo M j{
L B=A p. An C BLT{A M p /knAk kBzi JBhTA Kf A pA
kBQ kBzi JBhTA /Sv a /kAj <jo JBhTA> p. BM
1. laws of diminishing returns

2. On Human Nature

405

z{ ~. S{Q BS{Q

/SwA pn kBQ K{  n^B ,SwA vnAj jBM o


/ ///Ak`QLwBdaB\A ///BA ///96 |
U A M ,A] B\zAj Z/ C ,B\zAj AT Bv
pA An T.A pA nj LwBd Shw nB kBzi JBhTA o<  kAjp Aj
T{ wB{SvppA jBPTwAw jBPTwA JBT ,k K^ RBAe
SLv kU jB/TA A M oA ,qBw B{nB ,Tv]oM BT]A tB{BvA
BMA nj kMA BU jM ,jM To nAo. BL/TwA jn BT]A wB{Svp M
nj kBzi JBhTA BC  SBM A nj ,op . / /kBM .BM ABoTd
:j{ Jvd Swnj  SwA Ji C pA yM ,jnAj CnB BBvA jn

SBe k pA {B TiB{ SAo Bv  SwA o l M p {Be nj


oL nj k] RB{A M o\ ,SLv KoD , r LwBd nj BMp
B] BBMp nj njB kkQ  ov /k{ kBzi JBhTA
nj Ho{ BTwBM BkU nj BQnA k BBMp nj ,SwA
KPA AkTMA do B M ozM BBMp nj BA ,jnAj j] jq
pA oUAo A ALwBd BL BknCjo BanB{ /jnAk j]
 oUnqM v A nBMnj oL nBoA pA /knAk w ,j ,
nAjji ,SwA r ( ,jAp) = 1.8  koM Q a RBAe
/

nBMA  / An o{n nBvM f. A  Sv nBMA A


/ <kBzi JBhTA pA ZH S{AjoM jpAj> pA C M An ji kU B TLv gwBQ
:
pA nAjji> ww vU  SwA UwFU K] qBw Ao M
B aQ /SwA k{ r M RBAe joM Q a nBMnj <oLnBoA
M l nj An nAkz p kBM joM ohvU M kAi A  oA
jBAHA TnB _QnB qe dk Bi /jnCnj Ak
na ?jnAm B\ An yTnB k] qe ,SwA qAS={
LwBd Ao M p BMp SBe pA  yBza wk ,kAi An C
Ao oA M qLw BB ?kTv nAjnioM ,n nBvA KoD , m

Aiji r

406

?koM Q a

pA L] o B Lo/U B ,rq , wB{kLB M B{ oA  SwA A S//e


v B M k ]U qBw xn M ,nBTn Z/ wB{Svp
B B Ae kM pA a yhM o ] k{n qU /kwn j]B
xji B B Ae C  Sv B A M ,jnAj pB Ak`Q RBLwBd M
!SwA xBM Ak=Bn
kB. pA  knAj kBBM nqM BkMSzQ KHA kM i BSinj
, o nj /k SBe C pA k{ pBM U nj BM M n Sinj
 kATomQ /SwA oUnqM SLvM kMSzQ C ,k{BM oUkM Sinj ao
BQ ow AoM An Mf k{JBve S= BkMSzQ A pAkA {
=Bn RBLwBd kBM Bwk ,C jAj Bz AoM ,jnAj Sinj T{Aj
 SwA jo nfi oj u B qBw l M qo /kj B\A An Ak`Q
AoM An p oLi BSinj  tBwA A oM An BkMSzQ BMop o<
|Bi
j n nj v A Aoa uQ /kj nAo. kjoU jn ,knAk =Bn RBLwBd
SwA nBTn  k{BM j A M kBL ?j{ bof kBzi JBhTA nBTn

pA oH n<)oj BnBTn pA nBvM B Aop ,wB{kLB oj C


kM SB=n M An BC qBw  jnAj j] (SwA kBzi JBhTA nBTn
dA nj)  n~U M X ,jomQ xA<BwB{So> SABh
nBiA

QU To B dM B Ak o  T{Aj Ak`Q RBLwBd pA (146


wB{B] AkzAj BC :SwA K\U B] B .A /k ]U j B\A
j M ,k{BM T{Ak z  nj L^ JBhTA o< BM  kTv
qa BU k{M AkAB ,jnAj B{= gnBU nj zn kB{  LoH K\
?kMBM
nj B ~h An qa o BLT{A
Bzjq Bzi , k,jnCoM a d nj RBAeLMkBM ///99 |
B M An A Aop kTv Bv, a B jq Bzi Aj B ///kTv Bv, a
/ ///kATP
To BM AkBzi SiB{ WdM  Be BU JBT A T{ Bp pA
Aoi BBAU B{ n pA ,B ji ] pA ,RBAe kwn o< M /SwA
nj kBzi SiB{ kk]
JBT ,nAj jioH pA ji jAoA }hzU AoM

kBzi JBhTA oE

407

z{ ~. S{Q BS{Q

/jnAj j] nBM A nj  BU  SwA UB^A i 1 RBAe


B) RnBL M kBM  kj Bz ,T{ BvA nBMnj qBQ  ~
 B=A (kATA B M An A Aop kTv Bv a B jq Bzi Aj
Bg ow pA AU B  kj Bz Aoi qn kA{ Swj :
C BM A  . / nj AoM / jBATwA A.A U Ro M kB ,oH
:SwA k{ i =  k o{
AU An Ji BTwj

SiB{ B{nBXA { pA

qB /A /A

/kwBzM An ok A.A k{BM p onBXA pA oH Bqa o^Bi M kB{


kM S{AjjB nj  n^C ,nCjAp oM qCyi BM M kAhM kB{
/k nAo.oM jBU ,kj Ai
Bz B; BZAjpA nj An ji , J_ Br nC Bp oYA ///99 |
(/kC Bz{i c=U A pA BwB{BvA pA nBvM j M) ///kj
o X ,J> kz /kz An ji knAj  SwA r kz r
Bkz /kj Bz An ji oYA jz oMAoM j C Aq BU ,oj J> r
pA hv Z/ BC Be
j AoA oTzM Aop ,kB .BM r Aqi nj J>

,SwA njB Bi kz o /kABA nj C oYFU pA AoMBM knAj ji nj An C


An Be ,jnhMoM ji pA Bhv M  j{ jBp n^C jAkU oA Aop
 Sv BTeA A pBM knAj j] Bkz AA ,A j] BM /Sz kAi
r Aqi nj BC qTh AA jAkU pA  BjnCoM /k TL An B
BvA o nj ZwT n^M kz j M MB QM nj /SwA qTh k{ BvA
oTzM BTeA ,j{ SA] .BAUA jB BM .BAUA o oA /SwA k{ nB{A
nBaj BC B`M k{BL jB Bkz BM o C Bkz  SwA A
,k oSA] xoTij BM nkQ B ,xoAi BM njAoM oA BA /kz nBTo
r nk. o JB S]  nj kz r nk. o /k Ro =
j] BTeA A AkAo ke nj ,k{BM njB S] nj oAi kz
nj j{ , JBT JBve oA /k{BM Bv A Bkz  jnAj
1. Kin Recognition in Animals

Aiji r 408

,nAj  kz r o ApA M ,{ SA] oAi BM  Un


kAi `M nj B kC kAi Bj M jo j{ kU  A`M Sz o pA
:SwA kU B nj jo pA <oUkz > j nj jo ,r o< pA ,BQ. pA /jo
n^o BA /kj nk An ji kA roA S. jBp jApjo `M
T{Aj o~Th Aovi qCyi  Sv n^A , B Q. M 
oj kB Bzi BM xqC pA qoQ AoM JBhTA /SwA /BM ]B /k{BM
/k{BM nAjnioM BM AU pA kBM ,SL^ nj k\w BnBz
nBd BM Bp pA pAoTeA nBMnj nAj c=U A BM  BwB{BvA
QM /k SABh AU oQ nAj WdL a BM kAj kB{ ,kAqBh
M hwBQ k{BM p ,kwn o< M  SwA q= nk. M BC BkTwA pA
Rn M ,B nj nAj JBhTA B .A oA ,k KHA BC X /j{ jAj C
An C  S{Ak q oj ,jM T{ow ,Bzi BM ThC pA nj qoH
nBd BM xqC M jo nj  SwA A TvAj Aoe A S /k
nTwj M k{BM TiB{Svp kB. kAU AoMBM /jnAj j]
Bo> :M  SwA A X ke BU jnioM po^ A /SwA <BT]A> B
S.ow k= w Bo A. uQ /knAj A. Bnj a ,jnAk p A. LUA
<!jnAj Bi C L] Z/ ,Sv
RBod qTh Bo k k FU  knAj yAo A M BwB{BvA
A oBi /knAj kBzi pA UBAT qoU Ak o ,knAj An ji |Bi
pA pAoTeA M nAj o< ]U Rk{ pA kAU xo A k o BC
v]  SA AU uQ ,k{BM n^A oA /kBM qCyi
BS= qTh Bo a k{BM nAj nBpBw kAU
 SwA TomQ B o< pA /kj c]oU oSA] nj An UBAT
kBQ ,oj RBAe pA oT ,BBvA nj AkBzi BM xqC pA JBT]A
/SwA nAj Rnk.oQ JBhTA
nBvM kAU kAjq nBvM jo M r o< pA  BC BM oSA] Z/
yT k{BM kM nBvM kAU q knj nBvM  BC BM nCjAp M k{BM kM
/SwA RBAT Bn pA Br jM nBpBwB
jAp BM AU BC /jo MyQ B /.j An BnC Zw ke C AU

409

z{ ~. S{Q BS{Q

pA k{ {BM oUBQ ?nfa pA kM w B j v BM ?k{ SA]


RzU nj /kj c]oU An B\ q^ A nj kwoPM QAr ankM
pA kATM BkoQ A  kjo Ao fAo{ AjoTvC BTwj B BM BzBpC
,kjM k{ qjn a BoT SzQ  ji qBh u] BQA B
M SLvM BkoQ M B njAoM . oAi M An BjAp BC /k JBhTA SA]
a BankM  jM A pA  Be oj ByBpC /kjAj c]oU ji
c]oU ji kp nj kM ,k{ ji jAq B]] Bs ]T
/k{BM ,BC L{ B ,AjAq C L{ B Lo/U B{v] o{ ,kj
nqM A BM  BC M UAl BU k BM ankM kwn o< M AoMBM
,BT]A kA. SBn BM oj RBAe /jqoQ BC BM k{ SA] pA kAk{
AoM /k{ T{Aj pBM nB A pA ,jnAj A k{ k AoQ M An BT]A  kA.
nj kBzi BjB Z/  B\C ,jABi pA A] Bo{ ,BX
 k nCjAp Un nj Z/ ,k{ kAn oM ,kAtoTwj
A] BjB ,Bn qBP{ S] nj /k{BM jo KeB~U An oj
k{ RoAT A j A /k{BM oSA] BLj oj o nj k w
qTh Bo B nj AU An BankM xn `
/kj q Bji
Rn M ji BuA , jnAk j] ovi A , B\C pA ///13 |
/ ///j{ eAq Ph
pA kBL ,A j] BM /SwA a = koQ B oTzM jn nj BTeA
nj / K\U ,k{ ji B A^ BkoQ QM A kj
A nj B ~h /j{ kj B pA zAqA M n jAkU nj kkQ A ,.A
nj /jnAj eU  M  jAj }hzU AU Bxn BM  Bp
nB<TA ,T{AkQ  BU B `C pA yM kB{ ,Aiji r o< ,S//e
/jnAj An C .
/Bo{ nj kBzi JBhTA ///15 |
od kBzi JBhTA A oM L An AoUoM k FU wQ /C onBQ /V
 o o{ j k BjA BC /kAkz yBa M SwBo{ nj nB A
k jBzQ wQ onBQ /knAk TLv BM kTv B pA nBvM nj

Aiji r 410

c=U kAU ,kBzi JBhTA kB  Swj ,LB] j onBXA


~ /k SwAn Bo^ j o kB{ /k{BM Bo{ M nB AoM BTeA
 j{ AkQ Un nj Z/ (nj C M A )LB] j nB k k FU 12
T{Aj j] X M B pA AkU JB~ ke o^ M AkTMA pA
MB/T jBp BTeA M kC BTeA o{  k QU C j] /k{BM
TBe a kC yQ AoM /o^ oUnB{C kwn o< M /k nB
nj oA Te AoMBM ,kAL{ M L^ n^M AkBzi /k{BM kBzi
jABi nj SwA pBM ,k{BL nAo.oM Aka kU Aq C S]
j BzQ ,kBzi oYA eo^ pA Bo{ nj nB BM kB{ /k{BM a =
Ao LB]j nB JBhTA AoM An p ZAo{ SwA k{ T{Am ,AoUoM
kBzM o kAU S.A Z/ An Bo{ jn nj o< BTiA A /k{BM jnC
o< pA kj oLi |Bi jn pA Z/ S.A z X
/oAo
/ ///k{BM 2 j jAq C o A ///15 |
A tBwA oM ,jo jAq .j  SwA k{ B  A
B.j B .A oA TLA /SwA xpnA AnAj A AoM jo ji pAkA M ,o<
nj Q.  SwA A ,SwA kz nj Ji i  qa /k{BM Bv
 k{BM T{Aj / B{ oA /SwA RjB .A ov U njB jn
AoM ,jnC `M BUnkQ pA Z/ kj AjA BUnkQ pA jnC `M M BUnjB
,B{ Bv .j jAq  SwA k{pnA nk.B ,r o< pA ,BUnjB B{
BUnjB BC ,koM o< nj `M kU BTwj An BUji oA /BUji B
BTAoM B{ U BnjAoM .oAi U njAoM .oAi kU BTwj j{
AA WdM A nj TLA /knAj xpnA BUji B`M pAkA M B{ AoM
,SwA oUnqM B{ pA BUnjB X /o kk An BT]A RB<e
XkU AoM ,B{ M SLv oUKwBB B KwB q An A = A A
/jo AnA  kB. AU jnAj TvM s ZAo{ M k kC
M Z/  jo B^A ji njB M AU  SwA A oM o ,WdM A nj
/oj o pA ,kj AjA jC nkQ pA jnC `M
o oSA] B< M TvM jo jBTA A M ATM o< A pA ke a BU

411

z{ ~. S{Q BS{Q

 SwA nB{C ,SwA nBM kMM B UkB.  k{BM A Q B{ oA /jnAj


nj Te /k{BM BU U njAoM B oAi BUnjB `M  k{BM f kAU
BUnjB SwA ,omQBJBT]A T= nj ,ov U BnC ZAo{
o ,k{BM jo nkQ oA /joM BUnkQ SwA /j{ BUji pA oUkM q
,jnBM Bj M A pA A`M  S{Aj An nB<TA A AU ,kAhM njB  nk.
?SwA A pA oH
AoM kBM B / ,kj fn kATM qa a C nj  fAo{ S//e nj ,BA
o nAkBTvQ A M B /k{BM KB] nBvM kBzi JBhTA o<
B TLv Bp B nj oSA] pA kM Rk kBM BAp 
kM BA ,j{ nAj`M yo pA kM SwA om BvA /kj fn C BM BU
/(BM nj oPwA jo qo  M o)k{BM T{m yo Bp pA B A pA
j{ oil oze nj o BU AoM oPwA jB ,RAoze pA o nj BA
nB A jpAkA oM BhU jo nnBM AoM An BC [nkU M kM
A Q B{ oA /kMB AjA A SA] o pA kM BRk BU KHA
KwB <r q> BUnjB  k{BM f kAU /BM ,k{BM a
B\A oSA] AoM pAoQ ,xAkp AA nj Z/ jB an /SwA
TLA /k oSA] oj kj Swj pA An yBBM C pA kM /kj
BM oSA] AoM pAoQ e jB ,an B pA nBvM nj , SwA Swnj
U B .A BC pA M .BAUA n^M B{ oA BA /jqC jkT Bo
r o< pA BUji pAkA M An BUnjB kAU B .A ,k{BM T{Aj eU ov
,A] an oA  SwA A T /koM o< nj LwB q
jo B / A .A nj) S{Aj kAh TA nkQ jM jo k{BM ,A] nAkBTvQ
BUnjB SwA kp A pA kM BUnkQ oPwA  k{BM f kAU /(!SwA
/jpBvM BTAoM U njAoM oAi C pA kAU
,k{BM KB] BAoM njAoM oAi pA nAk BU B z oA A \T
]U ,k oil o BU AoM An oPwA BjB C nj  B M kBM
v nLp ,an nj j{ WdM 1 ~ nj  Ba /j Bz |Bi
 jnAj j] jM 1 j j j U Bi r s BnLp
1. haplodiploidy

Aiji r 412

SwA o< jn B\A  qa /k{ BT]A nBvM ,j{ KLw BTeA


{ A BTeA /Sv pBwp B BU jM jj j U  SwA A
ZAo{ nj jnAj SA pAkA B M o AoM oPwA jo oil
k{pnA r o< pA jAq .j pAkA M An njB kAU ,BnC
/k <AonBXA> B SBnj TvB{ pAkA B M
/k{BMT{Aj TP AoM LB]BqakB{ BT]ABwB{BvA///16 |
BwB{BvA k BkM /SwA Ako{ WBM Be RnBL A
pA nBvM M :knAj TA AoM Bqa 1 <Aj oYA>
nBMnj Z/ BT]A
!kATiAjoQ C pA oH qa M BC
jAkU nj k{ TiB{ Mo\U S.A jo <MyQ>  oYFU
M /kAk{ TiB{ BwB{jo AoM SwBj  SwA Bo pA jBp
Aq  BB] nj  jo bof An |Bi =o A T. ,
SLv pA a /SwA <nkQ> pA oU <onBXA> Aj ,SwBM ZAjpA nj BM
An S.A A BAwFT ,(16 |) k{BM f kAU oTzM `M C BM ji
nj) jM jo nB{A = A M nkBvA jnB`n L.  To kk
B=A T{BQ nj An = A M nAo.A JBT A A yAo kM BNBa
Bxn pA jBATwA BM ,oj Bv nkBvA ji ZwU =o A (/jo
/SwA jAj eA \T To nAo. wnoM jn BwB{jo BnB A
T ~

jABi *U
k oM oTzM o JBhTA oU A Sv , pjnAjA ///11 |
/ ///SwA
BM KHA  SwA BjnioM pA oU k{ pjnAjA BM  jnioM
,SwA {n b= M A BLT{A a /jo Rn BzAj nj AnAmSkM
jo l JBhTA jn nj SwA TvAU  kAk{ B. AjBAR nBLTA yAoM
A ji /(SwA k{ >BL nBM A nj  o B ~h{ ) k {n An
1. mothers brother effect

:kv 1978 nj T. ,kj k/ o>U AnAnqM

AU  SwA A oL BwB{Svp =d oDBe Be nj


nBvM nBzTA pA o JBhTA ,k Soe C BM  SiBw LB MBB k
oL Ao MBM ,joM S7Lw jAo AA Sw jw M Aiji r oUow
/omQ An BC
w nBM SwA AnAnqM A nBMj oLkk\U A ao
/yMBT oiC nj BSAk pA SAk :SwA T{Aj

 Bp pA oT  A ,wB{ SwBRk  A C M o JBhTA


A pA oH B{ oA /SwA BwB{Svp ]U jn k{ ozT JBT A NBa
 k{ AkQ ,BoC nj |~i M kk] v :jnAk B{A ,k o
jn o n /k yhQ B] RBL / X An <o JBhTA> KvaoM
JBve M ,kBzi JBhTA X ,oj qa B TeAo (p B o< pA )L. 
BpBM { a M SLv  SwA jM o< M /kBLva An C kC
JBhTA Q.   ,A j] BM /j Bz SwBve jBp 
,k{ ~ e oj Ak SwA jnB B] ZwU ,yQ j ,o
j ` v j B pA oTz BMp M  SwA qwFU B] Be
jM SwkB A  SwA knApC A B ~h /SwA TiBw BAk] S
,k{ p A jnA knAj pBU oiFU  BM  An BBv RBefA
/k [ TA{C
M An ;Ao C o JBhTA kBzi JBhTA ,Lh JBhTA B/
kk] o Q. A nAkA  A  U {n o~U A
/k AkQ BBw ow ~hz n^M o JBhTA AnAko^

Tz ~

Bv joL
/jo, e ///AT;n Tv{ { M An vA ,1 9 7 2 nj ,pnoU //n ///124 |
oTzM ] pA A jBTA BBw AA BB/  ,pnoU RoMAn

Aiji r 414

~ nj s M A Bo< jM JBT A A NBa T{ nj BA BB


M An C /jnCnj An xji1 /BT]A BU ,JBT oi BM ,SwA kC 8
A ,BBA{ o / U yLw o^Bi M M ATd o^Bi
jpAkM Swj An jM k] jBp C BU BzBvA BiM  cd
B\A nj BC pA o l pA AU  xji kp M Bqo{Ba
kBz pA An ji B\ pnoU /kj Bz An A S~i Aop : nAjji
S{Aj oj j B\> :k BM a B nj K.n o MBM j fMAn
ZA nj Beow A]
o nUnC /jM nUnC BM BCjiB jq tBveA C

kCpn An = ,Akpo kA jBQU nBMnj pnoU kk] ~ </jM B


 SwA kB .BM qa oT kk] .A j n ka pA oH .A nj /k
kC oM kMow Bp BdTA pA o< A /jo B=A A 1974 B/ M ATM
B LBH BkTwA A oM kAjM kFU oU~A r =Bn Bk /SwA
/knAj nAj k{TomQ Bo< nj zn .A nj pnoU 
/SwA koM z kA ,A oU tBwA oM ///135 |
2
nB] kM (39 |) BvAxMAn vnAj,ji 198 JBT nj nkBvA
kA poQ ,Akpo kA M Ak] nj  kTwA A nj jomQ B\]
o< M Be /SwA jo BLT{A ,jM vnAj jBM Bo oqB kBQ
M SLv oMAoMB RApBTA pA kA ,Bv jBQU nj  An A o< A kwn
nBa nA pA  ,kTwA pA oj BM AU ,knAjnioM Akpo
/jo S/U ,ATiC
SwA T{ oTw /L^ Fz BT]A RAoze nBMnj nBa
jB /j bo{ An C oU Rn jnAj oUw joMnB A kTwA
nj ,k{BM oze B Te Sv p ,koM o< nj An ov U pA A]
xji joM ,joM ~U kBM  SwA A A z A] BTwC
/k SL.Ao xoUa njAoM.oAi pA kBM kA nj B ,k XkU
yAoM jBp Uk BU njB  SwA f ,ji nj nCjAp { n pA
oAi A r o< pA ,T ef tBwAoM /jnC U njAoM oAi
,r SLv o< pA xji B`M  kA<xpnA> BM A AoM nk. B BnjAoM
1. Social Evolution

2. Darwinism Aand Human Affairs

415

Tz ~. S{Q BS{Q

B kBM k .o ;SwA vA A AoM xn j A pA o JBhTA


pA oA /k{BM RBAUM Q. A M  Sv n^A ykA AoM BA /joM
xpnA /SwA `M M JBhTA WdM ,k B = M xoQ njB Bkj
kA jBQU oA /SwA kk] B xpnA oMAoM j ,r o< pA ,kk] B`M
,kBwn nB nA nj ,kB B jn kpo BC  AkM A nj An kpo
 kAkA A Aop ,SwA kA z jBQU A  SwA nBM A oM nBa
/kM jBQU Rn M An Q.
koM oA Z/ M  SwA Bo. kj j M /MBv L{  A
A kBM B /jo eU kQ 1 joLM a ,jpBLM a yAoe M ,j{
o oA Rn A oH nj k xU oTzM  {BM T{Aj A kj pA An nB<TA
pA yM nBa o<jn T R.
TLA /SwA koM A BTeA ,k Bv j
pA An nBvM  Sv nk. C kj A. BU BM q Aop ,SwA tB. A AU
nj a A BkqoM /jz B j{ jAj BC M jB xAjBQ a ,jnAjpBM nB A
:kC nB{ M oBi R\U oTzM ,nAj BpBM o< pA ,PA
oj S] nj  /B xU BM nA jo Rn S] nj  {U
/MBv Bo oTzM AU a o nBA  SwA n^ /j{ AoL] ,SwA
koM kM B/MBv nj A BTeA ,C pA {B Tvi o^Bi M ,M
/j{ oT {BM
\T AU qo AoMBM ,SwA RBAT qTh B nj B=A
r SLv jM jq Z/ oA ,A j] BM / MyQ An nAj BpBM
f oTij o  n^)  o ov U An B< oM o< nj An
 oQ njB C {BM T{Aj nB<TA AU (kAU yBnjAoM oAi  k{BM
A pA /k{BM e ,jnAj xji yQ An xoTij yB`M pA SL.Ao AoM
nj SB/ AoM AqA oTij ji  Be nj kwn qa M njB nB
UBAU yAoM j] q j M r o< pA Aop jnAk njB SwAi A oMAoM
/Sv n~T
 Un nj> BkTwA C pA A   k FU SwA ,oj nBM
kTwA ,Sv Bv ZAo{ KHA ao SwA <k{BM Bv oj ZAo{
kA oUoM jn nj nkBvA kCnB kTwA ,Be o nj /jnAj CnB nBa

Aiji r 416

/SwA jBTA B] Ji kA jM BA kB oU. ,oUnqM


~

u] j M ]
oUkk{ kBM ke a BU knAk ok BM TLv _ , BSP] MjBuU ///14 |
?k{BM
oj ZAo{  Be nj> A ] A A nj ,oj jnA i X
B BzAoM BM SA] nB  SwA /SwA TA <k{BM Bv
onj BTeA SA] o Aop /AjnioM = A M nBM ka ~ A nj /jnAj
j o joM k nB Bo^ j oA  ApBM ,koA \oH pBM
k{BM oj C SiBM BM oMAoM Bo^ joM  Sv n^A ,j{ oTzM
 SwA JBT nj BB] C pA A /(AjAj bo{ 12 ~ nj An = A )
kB{ /jnAjoM qi RBe pA Aiji A {o w M BB d
nj jB o SA]
fMAn jn nj  Be Bkj Aop ,jM p Bp C AoM

 kT{Am A oM An o B Lo/U /jM qCRAoHA jBp oj T]


nj /jL bof jBATwAw BA A /knAj ok BM >njM nB SA]
nj MB. ,j{ kj A ] nj  nB{C MkM ,B=A a
/nAj Q. A M oU jnioM Be BA /SwA
A BBQ nj BvA v] y/ nBMnj BSLd  tBveA Be
nj v] RBAU BU jn nj  MBT j /jnAj AThP kMrA , ~
nB Aj UnB pA 1 nBT;n BU,u]pA kUnBL kAjAj c=U oU ozM
/qw kAj pA 2 BvA nj Sv]BU ,v
o , B`MjAkU ///142 |
pA SwA jkdB k{BM T{Aj kAU
/j{ zo{ jB pA o oM BTwAj B\A
BL A M ,oPwA hU pAkA oMAoMB oM k FU  o Be
/SwA k Ao ,u] j A By/
TMB.n nj oPwA B TiBw BA ,SwA MB.B a oPwA ao
1. Sex, Evolution, and Bahavior

2. The Evolution of Human Sextuality

417

~. S{Q BS{Q

AoM  A /Sv a nB ,kAn jB iAj M S/ BM An BC w


/j c]oU An op jon jB o M jBM nB/U k c=U
An jB B o |Bi Bs pA _  nAj u] j A pA k o
}hz kBM  qa BU /oM B BC pA B A BXi BwA BM /knAk
o S. C /jo Rn B A BM kBM {qC o  SwA A k{BM
kBM  An {U S. /SwnMn BTvM kM BM , B a k{BM A a ,Ae
pA uoM S{Am B`M pA nAk AoM AU jo BL.n BM ] Bo
nB<TA Ae o pA /k] BL.n BM jp AU B`M AoM p xU S.
/jnAj jBU M K.n k j A M Bo AoM An ji xU jn
C BM SwA kwn C M B A  jBU  woM T A M Ai
jBU C M kwn pA kM A ,k{BM T{Aj Ro kwn C M B B  jBU
]T oTM A AoM /S{Aj kAi j] kAq oMAoMB B{M BTeA ,
An ji Bow oTzM A nj A pA , B A u] j A  o {
BM ,k Bo (SwA Bv] BM SMB.n o n<) ] nj B B`M n
 SwA A T a ,k{BM qaB RBAU A AkTMA nj SwA /kARBAT
k o{ ] BM B A ,X /jnAj j] BRBAU k{n nj UAl yAo
BM B B BA /jnAj oYFU ,AnjBnkQ nBTn pA oTzM ,XkU nj B{S/ nj nB A
pA oTzM  ji XkU S/ nj U M k o{ AnjBnkQ nBTn
jw AnjBnkQ nBTn pA A  SwA Swnj , A /kj SA ,]
SwA oT eB K.Ao BM e K.Ao M RBAU B A nj joM
Swnj BB B nj /eB k] BM e k] M RBAU pA
C kAU A ,xU pA nAk/ jn nj ,AoMBM /SwA RjB A u
pA nj BM , B  Be nj ,k{BM T{Aj Mi jo jo ] Bo An
kAi oTM jo ,AnjBnkQ SL.Ao An nj ji S Bo ,]
/S{Aj
pA oT  BB ,k] ji kA pA oTzM  B A ,kM Bv nj
A oTM M RBAU Be /k SL.Ao oTzM  k] ji kA
o< pA A oUkM A oTM RBAU ,SwA k{ oTzM k] o< pA A oUkM
An ji xU  SwA A A M pBM AoMBM /SwA k{ oT pBM jo SL.Ao

Aiji r 418

A u Swnj ,Bp S{m BM /SL.Ao Bo oT k ] Bo oTzM


nj  q] RBAU C  SwA A T /kC yQ B B jn nj =
AkTMA JBhTA :j{ kj oTzM ji M ji ,jnAj j] u] j M AkTMA
B  B] BU ,k oUnqM nqM An C [nkU M o{ An a RBAU
 SwA qaB nk. M A RBAU C /B jB An B B oAn B A Be
B u] j AoM Tvh ZAo{ SwA kM Aop ,k{BM .BAUA SwA
/k{BM Bv
1

B Ap A Ak] o< kB BLo/U A ,kj kAi  n^B


nj kjo bof SwA oM ,onBQ  SwA hU oPwA M AkTMA
Ak] /SwA oU k{ AnA  A  XdM /So nAo. WdM jn 142 dA
k{ Ak] oUwBwA oU WdM pA L] Z/ hU oPwA k{
oj oPwA hU Ak] kTwA A nj /SwA v] By/
Ak] A B] M ,o o< nj Bv An By/ Ak] C BL]
nj An jB o |Bi Bs BU zn j nAo. BQ An oPwA hU
p ;k{ SA] ok BM kBM  nAj u] j  o Z/ \M C
{M , o A pA o{ BM /AkM B{nBMnj A pA yM qa Sv
Kv BM ,k{BM L{ M AkTMA nj u] j  nk. o ,nAj nB<TA
nj pA [nkU M ,XkU Bxn nj jBQT B}~hU
B ,SwA pA k{ nj A pA ABz hU oPwA Ak] /k{
/C kjB\A
M qCSziBSMB2n jn nj SwA jnB, {n pA knAmM ///15 |
/oLM nB, M jB o wnoM jn nj An C , jBPTwA ,joM nB,
BM jBU nj  An u] nj h nAkBQ BU joLAn TB o
,SwA jnB ji  A ,k{BM oj u] nj ^h nAkBQ BU joLAn
B/ /kAjAj AjA Lw jnB`n Ao C ,S] B nj A pA /Tv
c=U oUjBw SwA jnB T{ ,SwA oUTozQ  o< pA Lw Ao
j pA Ak o  ,jo o< nj An joLAn j AkTMA A ,A o~Th /SwA jAj
Bk nj  n^B /oU BL ,ko yQ nj kAU u]
1. gamete

419

~. S{Q BS{Q

pA ^h a  SwA A KB] ywoQ ,jM k.M .BBM po.TB\i


?SwA nAkBQ BjB M BjoLAn pA ^h a oMAoM nj Bo M BjoLAn
/jnAj TvM C |Bi jB~T.A ZAo{ nBMnj B o M Cw A gwBQ
Sv n^A ,BC jB~T.A jn nj BBo jAj o>U BM  SwA A KB]
Z/ k A nj /woM nAkBQ  o< pA BjoLAn AA pA B q^ M 
n pA An joLAn nBa A wA /k{ kAi AkQ op nAkBQ joLAn nBa pA
oU o) jnA pA kUnBL kAT{Am kTv C pA A  AnB] BwA
,(k BL o ,k oU jB)nAjnBi B ,(k BL jB ,k
/(k BL j o) L (k oU j o) u
ESS Bk ,k{BM BUjB 5 ~ pA oA /Sv B\A oUKB] qa
nj /kMB nAo/TwA ,knAkBQ pAkA M  joLAn j pA o nj SwA
A |Bi joLAn j o  SwA A KB] /SwA n^ SwA jnB k
jB~T.A ZAo{ nj BM j o ,k{ AkQ oj BSA] MB/ nj , a
B jnA ,ZAo{ T{n SdU ,BX AoM /kTv nAkBQ Bv
/knAkBQ nAjnBi
B ,BjB~U M jnAj TvM ,k{BM T{Aj j] j A pA Ak A
ZAo{ T{n SdU /A ZAo{ BU hnBU VjAe M ,M oUe.j
U  SwA hnBU VjAe ,pBM /k{ nAkBQ u L ,oj
Sv fAo{ _ BA /kj fn j A pA Ak |Bi o nj k
jnA C nj  Sv fAo{ _ ;k{BM nAkBQ BM jnA L C SdU 
(pBw kk] rA) 1 <nAkBQ > dU A /k{BM nAkBQ BM u
pBwpBM nj LB] BkBQ ESS nBpBwB nBpBw Bh jn nj
nj  k BSAk S] A nj ,BX AoM /jnAj BU `hnBU
AA pA QM ,oSA] BB< M {BM T{Aj nB<TA BU `hnBU
pA o~Th wnoM nj SwA jnB /k{BM TdB QM Td BB/TA
hnBU L{ A nj Bk M AnB] o. nj oSA] BA
o{ o AnAkBTvQ Aoa  kwn kB jB M HM Cw A M jpAjoQ
/kj
1. Stablemate

Aiji r 420

SF w M BU A /Sv nB, nj Bw jAj Bz AU ///153 |


/k, nAkBQ
,SwA LB] BLT{A BA /SwA BLT{A ] A  A xpQ o BM
/ oM An C BU kz ^  Be AT{Am B\C nj  SwA BLT{A Aop
SwA jnB A B/ nj pA  SwA BLT{A B kB .A nj
=Bn j Ao BLT{A /(kLM An 74 dA M Mo S{AjjB)kjo AkQ uAoQ
/kTB kp / oTw{ /N ,k nB BAoTwA nj  tB{Svp
An Bpo M TB\i BjB ,BkM k.M M BBM Bo SLv
j o e pAkA M o j o C nj  n^ ,jM jnC Swj M Swnj
 jM jo S.j BA ,SwA jBU .A nj A /kjM e pAkA M q jB
k{BM Bofi .Ba L jM oTzM / B Sv nAkBQ jBU A BC
a qM M  An C oA LM kBM ,jBU jp d AoM /A nj BU
pA oA ,jn M pA ,kj nBz .Ba L M An QU oA ) kj fn
jk BX C nj /(jjooM B\C M nBMj ,kj nBz oM M nj Zw
SLv .BAUA oA BA /jM pBLw 3.8 BBM 5.8 Bo AoM jBU SLv ,
a ,jo nAo. jBU ke pA oUBM   j{ jBp n^ S] C nj BpBLw
BpBLw C jo kBM ,k{BM BBwji nAkBQ jBU A AoM ?j{
a ,kjAj Bz kp oTw{  Ba ,BAwFT /kBM BQ  A n
/Sn BM S] nj B{kBvM !k{ oTM BpBLw nBM nB ,uoM /kz
k{ oTzM kBvM TLA /k{ AqAji ,j{ BBwji A B] M BTwj
nj odT k Rn M An A B{ oA / ke BU Z/ /z AoM
BBQM nAoU Bioa M ,Ajo An nB A ,k pBwL{ oUPB
nj An xA=o Rn  SwA Aioa B B /.j A ,BQ. pA /kwn
,oUL JB/ X ,Z/ jo o . C ,AjAj bo{ 125 dA
An C BLT{A M B ,oUL JB/ BM tB. nj /SwA jAj bo{ AoM Aw
oTw{ oiC oU /kwn nAkBQ jBU M B .A BTwj C A ,T{AkQ =o
:S{Am .BM Boe B] oj kp
:wn \T j A M i n^M AoMBM
/SwA nB{ ^ kB ,RB] i pA ,u] j M joL (qA

421

~. S{Q BS{Q

MB.oH A X jnAj Kz pAo BwC nj B X e{B nBTn (J


/SwA MyQ
An Bqa A k{BM B{C vAoAj RjB BM A kM jo TLA
/k
?Sva S ///AnkQ pBvA pA jnA ///BBBnj ///155 |
,kn nB Be An B nBMnj nB vBU B M \zAj =o
Rn M ,RBAe o. nj kA BSL.Ao pA ~A wnoM =
nB nB =o ji X ,kn B/ /SwA jo BdTA /LfU
/SwA Ji jBAR
BAwFT  S{ AoM An C jM wB{nB nj \zAj nB T.
/jo K] An Aka ]U
/ ///kozQ nAkBQB kCo; z ///158 |
bof BU i  An v] JBhTA jn nj oz /C /j kozQ o<
= /kAjo BM =Bn Rn M yAnB knC  A ,jM k{
o~Th oj jAj bo{ =Bn oH BMp M An C AU /SwA z
nj /k B>{A An ~ BU  k{ kAh nk. C TLA ,jM kAh
An = B\A nj AjAj |B~TiA C M An Sz ~ BU BMBpBwSBw
/ nAoU
C oM BJBT nj p pAkA M S.`  pAjoQ Av M nj
Rn nAj JBhTA T. ?j{ Ae p U a /Ajo k FU
kAhM v oA X /k{BM T{Aj j] r U B pAkA M  jo
nj /j{ e AkTMA nj ,k{BM T{Aj oUpAnj Bx BM Bxoi
nB BM) fwT Bx xoi o ,Bxoi pA jApC S]
B{Bx ,xoi jAkU /jnAj (kpAnj Bx C B nB BM B / ,{oi
nCjAp oA /SwA ZwT pA oUkM B{Bx jAkU ,ZwT pA oUBU
nj An x ZwT pAkA AU ,jo Rn BoUxpAnj M Z/
BoUpAnj x C k jAp oA BA /SwA a Uk BU /jo oTzM kM Bv
BC /jnAk j] p U oj  kwn kAi Bp ,kMB AjA B`
BU nj /kwn q.U M BU ,S{Aj kAi An Bx <oUpAnj>

Aiji r 422

SMBY nBz a ,BZd oTzM Aop Sv pBwz qa a ,


n^M ^ oTM /kj AjA ,k{BM S] nj  An TiA
o  x Be ,k{BM  x pA oUkM  >  Sv A Ae o AoM
BA /SwA ,SBw Sz X ,SMBY S x AoM ^ oTM </Sv a
ke> BLj nA  jnAj An kjnApC s A B .A v] JBhTA
o AoM An oUpAnj Bx z BjB /w /SwA kodU <Jf
SwA B .A AoMBM /SwA nk/a  x A M ]UM ,kL^
]T B ,jo Rn Av] JBhTA ,Rn A nj /j{  U
~.BU BM kwn o< M /SwA k{ RAoHA jM Ajo AnC C nj {
/kB 1 U d }.BU An C ATM kB{  ,Tv nMn
BwnSiw AoM z ,A o< pA /SwA y] }.BU A AoM k eAn
jAoA A pA yQ A j /jnAj j] y] B pAkA M ,JBhTA nU M
y] r Z/ nBM o kjo o  jM A kT{Aj kjoU jn A nj
An U d }.BU  SwA C pA oUBQ r BB] o nj y] Aq :k
nB BC n v] JBhTA  BQA oj <j >  j{ nCjB k /k e
a oYA kTv Br Q jBp nBvM RBAT Br oYFU SdU ,k
\ ,BU ozQ = , M /j{ jqA M BC U U
K] pBU Bo A M kk] Br :k o>U ^Mo rQ
nB k. Br ,kj nAo. oYFUSdU An <j ^> nj U k{
jnAmM oYA r o>T B\ A pA o oM SwA y] /kn
/k d An U d .BU ji ,KUoU A M
kB ,v A M A gwBQ /jnAj }.BU A AoM oj gwBQ T /j /
x M jooM /<A> :SwBpnA nj Bv oTzM M A BgwBQ oj
/k{BM T{Aj TvM ATh U A M kB{ x ^ oTM /xoi
BM Ao ,SMBY T] nj SiA { M A A  o jnAk j
SwA xoi AoM x ^ oTM /k o>U ,Bv S{m
C |Bi S] nj JBhTA  Sv a ,Be A BM ,k{BL TMBY B qa
j]  r Aqi nj  UBU jkd pA oM nj  joM yQ nk.
1. The Paradox of Vanishing Variation

423

~. S{Q BS{Q

/jnAk j] U d .BU A AoMBM /jo nAo. ,jnAj


nj /k Ao BA  o>T nBvM Zd C M kpAkM B Be BA
/jnAj j] Unk.oQ JBhTA ,BC BM MB/ BAU A M A pA oQ B]
BA o nj /M pA oT  kj c]oU An Bxoi L^ JBhTA
BA z BA A  SwA A T /k{BM oM nj C .BAUA
wo nBM SwA poA /jn kC M /kTv Bi
pkA C pA kM Bw ,{oi B^ oj Bw ,k{BM T{Aj j] Bxoi
k AkQ BU xoi nBM to ji kB{ B /BA kB {oi
 1 nBpBwjBQ o BM j{ AkQ xA ow nBMj ,Bw j nj pA kM
nBpBwjBQ pA BBQM ioa T /k MB/ ,kAkwn C M Bxoi
qoU nA kAyioa nj Bp ^ nj  k woU nBpBwjBQ jBQ
/k kCpn M An xoi <oTM>
nBpBw BM nBM oMAoM nj SB/ AoM nBpBw nAo. pA ,A Be
BQ ^ <oTM> SwA  Be nj /jnAj k UBAU oM .A Zd BM
nBM oMAoM nj SB/ o< pA ,k{BM SMBY qa xoi AoM
nBM oU Bofi  B\C pA /jnAk j] ,k{BM TMBY qa  xoi <oTM>
BC /Sv TMBY qa poA xoi <oTM> AoMBM ,Sv TMBY qa poA
BonB{ ,X ?k Rn A M  kAJBhTA o BU BA
Sow BA /jnAkQ BA kB B wBwA An BC T ?knfa B^
BU BA A BTeA /Sv BA pA nBvM Sow kB B{BU
/SwB^ B BonB{ pA oTzM ,k{BM T{Aj r M r nBpBwjBQ

o< A BL An C To o< nj An A Aioa ByBa T


A pA A jBATwA BM B B\A nj /knAj j] Bu] Aoa A  k oU
SB/ ,A nBM M /nAj nB ow v] JBhTA nj U d .BU e AoM
nB M Bo JBhTA AoM BjB  SwA nB oU nBM oMAoM nj Bo UAl
BAU o pA jB  SwA qC]B SL~ Ba nBM /koM
X  AjB /k BwB{ o nj An nBM /BM j] BU jo 
oSA] AoM An Bo oUBw Z/ k Swnj }hzU BM {qQ
1. Counteradaptations

Aiji r 424

qoU Ak a /SwA TB Swj yB `M nj Bw r M ,k JBhTA


nB nj BjB AoM SA BM qa z ,j{ xoi <oTM>
Bo QM z /k pAkAoM An Bo T. ,S{Aj kAi j] B{JBhTA
BU Aop k{ kAh <Ji> JBhTA Bv pA kM /kTv kM QM Ji
<Ji> xoi qoU KUoU A M kAjo o>U BA S. C
/SwA k{
MB/ nj ,jnAj {oi to MB/ nj Mi SB/  r
TB/ Aka ,SwA k{ d jnA TB y]  ,to C pA oj
/SwA xjo nj BnBM BU pA }hzB Bioa ,Rn A M /jnAk
AoM ji Ak ]Sv] pA qo BjB AoMBM kC BU qo BA
/knAjoM Swj Bw Bo TB
Bz y A a ,SwBoTj nBTn X  ,BjB oThw A M Bo
nj kB{ ?k{ kqoM ,kj Bz Bw An oBi  Br C BC ?kj
k oTzM An BjB }hzU S.j JBhTA C pA kM BA ,k{BM a nB AkTMA
nj T /kj }hzU Bw oBi M Bo pA An Bw B .A Bo BC
Bo oA  k{ kAi .lBe BLL^ Ba BjB  SwA nBM A oM SB
AnC o oA /SwA Twnj S.Ak tBwA oM Bji C ,kkM Bz ji
M Bo /SwA TwnkU pA ABz B / ,k{BM k{ RAoHA oza AAjo
oA BC nj An Sw B}iB{ TeAn M BjB  kATB BU {
yB M An BBz a A pA Bw B .A Bo /kLM k{BM Bw
kAoj n^  SwA ,kTv Bw  BC /koM Rm ,knAmM
S. C ,k Sw A AnA AoM {U Te oA ?jo AU a
k{BM A B S{AjoM oA ,Be o M /k RBQ. n]kM B{nBMnj BjB
. /SwA jM BWdM A ,knAj An Bo jo Bnj k~. BjB 
 o Be /Sv qf n pA . A SwA }hzU M BU BjB
<o\T> <S.Ak> kB BnBTwA pA jBATwA jn nj jnAk q oj
/ Ainm
An Bo BjB nBA  SwA n^ Q. ,jo oM Bji = M
M B{Tw BU ,k{BM T{Aj BzBj j pA L^ [wBj kAjo nL\

425

~. S{Q BS{Q

pAnj j ,Ji ?k{BM SwA a [wBj A /j{ kAi C n pA b=


oza AnC A e.j qoU L. /k v\ An TzM koQ oza
BwA /SwA C pA oUBM .A  T qoU /Akj oz ZwU An
KUoB An C BwA ,k{BM kM BUj oA /SwBkoQ nj nBM [An Bz
BUj  SwA A An oTM ,knAj BwA  kk Bz kAhM oA /k
An oTM ,knAk BwA  kj Bz kAi oA ,tBwA oM /k{BM BU
za M oTzM i j jM qU ,Rn A nj /SwA kM i j T{Aj
qU  k{ ]T A BjB ,k{BM T{Ak Aka j A oA /kC
A bo{ T k~. /knAm BTMBve M SwA oUkM  An C B SwA
C pA jM Ji A BA ,jL TzM koQ j nBMnj |Bi =
/jkvQ A  Bc=U
nj Bo nBTn LzU }hzU nj oTj M BjB nBTn LzU pA B]
oj M ]U /Ajo jBATwA <[wBj> jAj Bz e BM BjB nB jo BwC
oj BjBzQ o M Ao ,{qQ { [wnBz ] pA B{qQ pA
ao , BM An BC i n^M /SiAkA BvA nj v] JBhTA jn nj
SC AhTwA BBvA nj Aoa  o< A A // BU kAKB] oTzM o< M
SwA Shw d ke M SBe nj Ajo SC /SwA Tn M pA wBU
,nAkBTvQ RBAe pA nBvM .A nj /pAo fB{ ,k B M 
/k  M  knAj Os penis B SC ,k{ SwAn AhTwA
nj X ,jnAj j] qa a q B M jq BTvh nj A oU
pA BTeA a nBvM A nj AhTwA A ao /qBP{ ,B M pA oUjq
nj A k{ a M yAo A oBi /SwA Tn M pA ov nj BU o<
M pA B B pA oj ka B B nj ,jnAj j] BTvh
T{Aj nj BjAk]A M kB{  An AhTwA C B ,AoMBM /SwA Tn
nk xn M B U , nj /nAk jo  Ji
/SvAj nB]B n pA SenqM eAn q] An C AU  SwA kBLU
kCnB B ,ye Bj nj Bo r S/ AoM  Swj , ,pnBM po^ M
j] M nBM j qa a Aoa uQ /SC nj B Te ?Sva nBa /SwA
kAU <Tr A> A BwB{Svp ,k{  nBM AoM ?kC

Aiji r 426

B /.j B jAk]A oiAA A BU </j{ AkQ kAU p U ,> kM


?Aoa !AjAj Swj pA An C Bov o>U BM .A nj B kT{Aj An AhTwA
 Sv TomQ BAwFT /j{ jB\A i nBz BM Z/ BvA nj
Sw y\w AoM C pA jB k{BM B{qQ [wnBz C jB Thw
o M oA / jBATwA [wnBz nBTwA pA B Te Sv p /k jBATwA o
k jn nj A nAkz e.j Bz , nj BAU k j
/jni Bjnj M o< A pA TAn BC ,k{BM ,An B v] ,TwnkU
nj /SwA Sw }hzU AoM oLT w ,jnAj p jB  qa BU
yBpC ,kj B\A Sw y\w AoM B{qQ  BoT
Bz k BA /knBM oM An BUBMp ,k KHA /jnAk j]
pA {B ,jnA oX A nj /SwA L~ BnBM QM ik. nBM A
uA M jBTA k ,ke pA yM nB ,yU ,JAof=A ,jovA ,An A
nj nB/ kMTwj nj  kj AU An Bo ,SL^ nj) /SwBA kB
SAw SC pA B QM /kTL z A M BC ,knAj nAo. BQ jn
n pA kATM jB  SwA L. MB. (/k jBATwA kkU AoM ji k{
BM MB/ nj A AU Sw nBMnj how o M ,o SC AU SA
,knAj An AhTwA !jkM An An A AhTwA j] BA /kMB Swj ByU
M An Bo BjB w pA nBz AoMBM /k{BM . B Bw B Te  Sv p
 SwA Rn A nj Z/ Aop ,SwA joM yQ SC jAj Swj pA Sw
M BjB BU k{BM T{Aj d kAU . Bw B .A Bo
/kwoM {n }hzU
BjB kwoQ AU /SwA Ao BTeA BWdM AoM p ,B\A nj
nBz B jM AhTwA M Mo Thw C  kAkM B\ pA kJBhTA
An n~U A SBe  jo o{ B\C pA An WdM B a ?nk
/jAj Ko An BjB ATM  Aj kM BA /jnAj j] AhTwA  k jB\A
AhTwA jAj Swj pA = ,BC jn nj ,kATo nAo. JBhTA jn BC
,TC a jB nj k xAo /SwA jM B{jn nj nAj M ,jL
AhTwA /SwA <e MB. MB/U A jnAj j] ,M TBe nj TLA
S= A kB{ /(j{ TvM kAU ao) j{ a ] kAU

427

~. S{Q BS{Q

RB>LU kCnj JC pA Swnj QU  SwA wBU SC Bj K\


/j{ nk BTwj
,JAi RBUA nj kjnApC v /<{qQ {> M wn Be
Bp ,k ] BT]A nBTo Rn M poA kB{ /SwA o io i
/SwA kM Ak o io i ,AnC K{ j nj /jM kp o v
BzB nj A  o koioi w M An Swj nj AonB{ kAU
pA Twj k n~U ?k oioi A BjC Aoa uQ /k K] SwA
oioi Bi C BM Ak o Bo kAkMAi wTvQ nBH nj B jAk]A
omQ) k x kBM nAkM A q] ,kCoM nB BjB pA ?k
q An {qQ { M Mo RB^A Bo BC /(k oioi oTzM Bo 
Ak ^ SA BC ?knAm BjB nBTiA nj k{RAoHA nB{C RnM
Z/ BjC  Sv A n< ?SwA uAU ov Sw pA  Be jC oioi
 SwjAn Z uBo X oioi ,uoM /k oioi ,knBM  T.
RnM  SwA ABz ,jnAj AjA SiA RnM ,Be o nj
C BjB  S//e A /j{ EU ee MS= BM e.j }iB{
c]oU jpto Boioi M An B kM BxoM {n kBSPoU
BLj xji AjB A n~U  BAoTA ,jnAk Boe B] kj
n]kM jAoA ~h{ Bo< ,Be A BM /Sv AoM k{BM o io i
jpJAi {qQ AoM //dU bo^ Q. A ji kB{ /SwA nBLTAM
o< C BdTA o M KwB ZAo{ nj SwA ,o a BM /jzM
/kTAM q oj
 kAkCnB Bo< Un nj /So k] jBp kBL An o< j A
/kBwoM B\Aow M jB w pA o JBhTA nBMnj An T o< kATM
T A o< M BLUnA  SwA A BC T oUKB] kB{
SC =o nj Ao ef oA /k nB{C An Bd tB <nBM> o<
.BAUA S A kAk{ AhTwA C jAj Swj pA BM Bo ,k BLj
BB S/ k B /.j nk BTwj RB>LU S/ S /Sv
koLiBM <S> A RBLU pA nAj T BkAi {M /SwA
BC pA /k{BM k{ kk{ Biw jB\A KLw SwA BC nj

Aiji r 428

pA ,SwA nBM A M kk] B  kM S{AjjB kAi pA L. Ai


/k nAjji RBQ.
B, oU (Bd) ///159 |
/jo, bov ///An <nBM A> B M PBh
A M Aka ao ,nAk nBM An o< A > :T{ A NBa nj
Be </Tv kLBQ ,k{ oLiBM C pA  A Bpn kB ,ji {
i AoM Bd o< Be a /jM jnC An <ao> C  Bd{i
ka A oiA /SwA TomQ ,T{ An Sv. A  Bp C pA oTzM
C ,nB ,A pA oUkM /kAjAj nAo. ]U jn An C oLT pAjoQo<
RjB A A ,k{ TA L. NBa nj  n^B /SwBC pA ,Ao
M An Bd  o< Ao /k Swnj z  jnAj An kjnApC
Aoj X /jnAj CnB  SwA k SwA jnCnj =Bn Bk Rn
Swj M C pA TiBM n n hv jo pBM Bd o< BM  Sv
ao /SwA jo ]oU =Bn BMp M An Bd o< ji A M ,k{BM jAj
k A oM RB] QM pA  k nB r B SAn n Ao Be
nAo. WdM jn A k A pA An ESS A SAn ,So kAi zQ A ESS
/SwA SwnjB nj ESS k A  Sv A n< TLA /jAj Ai
A nj  BC ] pA , ESS Bk .A nj /SwA Ji Lo/U {
/kALo/U { M ,kAkC JBT
M joM Q nj w jAoA C nj  BS= M /BM nBM A
An ji  SwA Bo pA B SLd BA ,j{ Mo ,knAj Aoj RBA
C pA ;SwA Kf jo {n o^Bi M A /knAm yB M BjB yQ
o^Bi Ao /jni jnj M B .A om W o= T{Aj  SwA jnA
pA kUnBL  k{BM T{Aj j] SwA nBM A M jon nBa k Bz
oj jnA nj kBM SwA jAj AjA kp M nBM C T{Aj BM  o) A nBM
o) o{n nBM ;(jo nAo. jB JBhTA jn AoMBM ,k{BM Ji xjo
oz nBM ;(kzM fn M An ji BQ BBAU BU kj B\A An nA{j nB
jn f. B\Aow ;(k{BM T{Aj nBM kAU SA BM nBvM o Z/ A )
nBMnj UB^A Bo) kB joLAn JBhTA nBM An C  ,Ao .
nj RB^A C pA kj poM BjB MB/ nj An C  knAj ji Bs

429

~. S{Q BS{Q

nBM f. /(k jBATwA C Aq B B=A nBM xomQ AoM o~U


/j{ dU ESS Rn M  jnAj An SMB. A Ao joLAn JBhTA
oM /SwA B=A nBM B qoQ Bo Bji  jnAk j] zQ o A
 B k{BM Ao ,oBi B k{BM B.jB {o ] o jB\A nj BC ,u
,nB AkTMA nj jApC A L. BM ,kj Bz Ao BA /kTv nBTh ,q
/k{BM nAkBQ kBM BU o< pA BTeA nBM B<
:kTv BA Ao A o nBa
,noH n pA L n~U SA /SwA RBAT Bo .A RBA /1
) Sv ji njAoM B k. kzAj M SLv jC tBveA X
A k o nAkA :jM To \T  jo SBnj kAi pA ABnBM
Bo SA ,Ao o< pA /(Tv /// oiC ,SwA oAU n pA B
SA] Ji Bo BM BjB oA  A A M knAj j] kM Bo Ji
qa M SA /SwA B{A M r o< pA ,k nj kM Bo pA k{
TiBw BAU ,^ TB BAU ,ow j ,Ajo BAU kB
A M Q. A Aop ,Sv XkU nj B S/ pA SLd /SwA Ji
M B\A nj C pA SLd / B kM JBhTA An BC BjB  jnAj TvM
B kBM oM k A pA SwA  SwA qa ;SwA C T{AkQ v
/kB
n pA A o k{ o SA ]T /Tv n^M kAU BjB /2
kA//e BBji A A nBMnj eo A nj /k RBQ. A RAoB<U
oM k C pA SwA pBM  SwA oj qa S.Ak / WdM B
oQ BB{ o SwA X /kj Bz kBM k An C ,kB B kBM
SwA A k A nB /k{BM Rnk. kjBz BLT{A M  k{BM T{Aj
L^ JBhTA B SwA nAkBQ BU o< pA Hnj Bz a BC kM 
/kqoM BBji pA An jBTA MB. B.jB ,AkTAo{ BnB
M B{ji Bo ,k\w <za> BM An Bo a  BjB BioM /3
jBATwA C jnCnj ] M AoM <joLAn> pA koLiBM ji <SA > pA A
pA n< eL^ /k{BM SA C tBwA oM B{Bji xn  k
Bo  SwA A oM o ,kAf C pA BBC  Sv A <koLiBM>

Aiji r 430

M MBTwj BA ) j{ B B{RBA S= M TvM  knAj Br


nj {M nj o Br Aop ,Sv /oH o ,RB^A A
gwBQ A RBA M SLv jB Br pA oTM i SwA n^H A
An j> kB. pA SwA o X /knAj ATh BkB. Bo (kj
pA oj o ;k oQ <k{BM KwBT Sw Aq BM xApAkA  kM Bz
BM  kj An BA A L^ JBhTA M A /k oQ C u AkB.
RBAT BkB. pA jBATwA AoM r n^M  Bo B pA JBhTA
Bji cfw Sv p /k <U An ^Mo kA. ,kAk{ qnBoM
u SwA o o .A nj ;k{BM .A RBA BM KwBT B /Tv
 k{ qnBoM n^ Bo  SwA A p qa BU /kqoM An kB.
pA dfw C tBwA oM k{BM T{Aj ji RBA M <Tvo> AoM kB.
BkB. A pA Ak A /k JBhTA An fB{ B j pAkA Bji
nj k C  SwA qa pBM ,jM kAi RBLYBM BU o< pA B\Aow BTeA
/SwA yTB Q
BkB. BC nj /knAj B{ji AoM BkB. ,A RApA M BjB /4
.A nj B ,BC k{BM BUjB) SwBo Bji AU tBwA oM o JBhTA
SwA jB ,BX AoM /(knAk An o RBA pA jM BC pBTA ,B{Br
A SwA oj jB </ L. An Bo  > :k oQ kB. A pA
kB. A ,oj pBM <oM kk  An Bo Bji> :joLM nB M An kB.
</oM o< nj ,kj Bz Bji An `C u> : An
pA ,Bji cfw M BzUBA ZMn AoM Bo  SwA A n~U ,AoMBM
JBhTA ZMn AoM  kA. nj jB ;k jBATwA UBAT BkB.
kA. A ,jn jo nj /SwA RBAT BC BM ,knAj BC Bji cfw BM SA]
ZMn AoM kAU o ,B WdM nj B\A BU /kTv Br oY B U SdU o>U nj Ak
o kAU jB ,k JBhTA An AkB. o Bji M yUBA jAj
A q^ pA Ak] /kqoM ji JBhTA M Bo Bji ZMn AoM An AkB.
BU o< pA  AkB. SA] TB Q nj B ,BjB Bo BTeA
kA.

o< A pA /SwA <po.o > <pBLw.nAjB> k L{  A /k{BM nAkBQ


jB AoM o AoM BU o< pA   AkQ AkB. SA] Ai 

431

~. S{Q BS{Q

M kBM kB. j A SwA wj nAkBQ ,nAkBQ pA n< k{BM nAkBQ


o< pA BkB. a ATM oA /k{BM nAkBQ ok nQe nj BU
a pA BjB Bo  AB] nj LM kBM BC , AkQ nAkBQ BU
B]
B BC LM ,B ~h /SwA a B=A k oQ kA.

?SwA jo MyQ Bd  SwA nBM


oA /k{ nAkBQ LB]j BkB. SA] A TB nB M Swj Ao ji
oUPB BpBwL{ BM BTeA ,To k M An nB A A B]M
qjn oUPB nj o T{n /jo Tvi An ji ,nBvM BwoS.B^
/kjo oQ qTh BkB. pA BBji BM BzUBA ZMn nj  jo
cfw BL oM o JBhTA AoM An ATh BAn  jB jAkU `
ow M oUPB nj BjB Bo T{Am BC /kTo yQ BC Bji
o a ,An B{kA. ,k oSA] jB SB=n Rn nj /koPM 
M TvM jAoA jM TLA /k /T B{AoTij AovQ M ,jB a k{BM
,Bv S{m BM /koM M pA B ,kj AjA kp M ,ji UAl <RBA >
C kBvM nj o>U Rn M An ji ,jB B o M Mo kB. o nj o>U
BC ,LM BU TiAkA oUPB nj M B BpAo ,jAj Bz S]
/ B SwA k{ zU nAkBQ h
/SwnMn Uz BM nj SwA Ji xn A o< RnM
\T M BC e jB ka pA jBATwA BM kAU BAj=Bn ,BThL{i
=Bn kTwA B\A nj /jo An nB A Ao /kwoM pBwL{ B
nB \T M B /Tv , nj /nC An A ~AU ^oQ Bo
/SB Swj nAkBQ BU o< pA kB. SA] M B .A A /pAjoQ
 kwn Bj B M Ao ESS BM AU BC ,SwA A k Aw Be
/SwA SLX gwBQ ?jM jo }hz S.Ak BnBM Bj A M Bd
Bs BM nAkBQ BU o< pA Bj SwA .A M  joM Q Ao
/k{BM T{Aj j] op BBd
An dfw ,Bji cfw AoM AkB. JBhTA nj jApC HnM Bo /1
BQ o^Bi M oA Te ,kj Bz An B{.A RBA Twnj M  kqoM
/ko nAo. y jn B{.A RBA cfw jM

Aiji r 432

,Bo Bji M y A S] joLAn JBhTA nj jApC Hn BjB /2


] n^M BjB , ESS nj /kqoM An < jBTA Bo M> joLAn B TB
/k <jBTA>
oYA TvAU d M oA ,oj RnBL M /SwA qoQ Bji /3
A M)k Bji  jM A oTM o AoM ,oM kk An SMAm] RBA
nAo. onB{ kj o nj oT jo ]o roA Bo nj KUoU
 SwA jM qoQ o^Bi M M ,SwA qoQ BU Bji /(So
kqoM BU S.j BM Bji xn o /jo ji M ATh BRn
jo k{BM Bv oj ZAo{  o A BM nB A Aop ,j{
/jnC BQ An kBji jo
pA |Bi cfw /SwA oUqoQ AU Bo AoM Bji /4
. o BU kj nAo. oTzM ofi o nj An q= o ,Bji
no= SA BM Bo pA yM SA Bo ,qoQ BBji pA /An
/k
A /kABBp B BU ,3 nB{ |~i M ,Bs A
,knAkBQ BU o< pA KwB ZAo{ nj kj Bz  Ao ZwU BC AnA
oY B U JBT A A NBa oM Bd Ak/T kTwA BA /SwA TomQ
CnB BU jn nj Bd o<  kjM kwn \T A M BC /SwA T{Am
nj  AkQ B^A o ,omPM B An Ao [BT kBL ,kwn o< M /jnAk
/jnAj j] B{A L. Bo<nBiA pA j{ SB B] a oA B]
A M gwBQ pA zhM A oBi ?kkwn UBAT \T M  jM a BC o
B pA B{=o BAe kT{Am  k{BM A SwA Cw
M An Bd  Bo< BC /k yq BjoLAn pA TwQ T{n
nBM o{n nBM ,TA nBM ,jnC owSzQ Ao  oLU w pA
o< nj ,joLAn JBhTA nBM ,nBa jn pA TAn _ BC /kkAjooM oz
nj Z/ B k jBQ An nBM A kTvAT A B  k{ A \T /kTo
M /S{Ak An BBp Bj SBe C  jM Ao]A MB. =Bn AqTA ZAo{
ESS nj  SwA A nBM A joLAn JBhTA ovAU no= ~hz ,
An ji> :k jBATwA joLAn pA BQ SA BM jAoA BM SA BM jAoA

433

~. S{Q BS{Q

BM SA BM jAoA  jM A oM n~U L. Bk nj </kM Bz Tv  n^C


B{BBji AoMBM ,knAj BQ SA BM Bo pA RBAT joLAn
M RBAU ESS nj  jnAm A oM An o ,uoM ,Ao /jnAj RBAU
 SwA A pA {B ,BQ SA BM BBji BM SA BM BBji
o^Bi M B{BBji nj RBAU ,kATo yQ nj An Bv joLAn
/j{ AnA B.jB jS kB. M BM  SwA B{RBA nj RBAU
ATvAj k{ Jvd nBM .A nj BAnC A  ATomQ nA
nj B ~h ,kMB BU k{ RAoHA Un M kTv owjnj A Hn
qBh C BM B  Bd o< pA yhM C /v] JBhTA \T
jo AoM  kqoM An BAnC C j A M JBhTA  jM A ,jM
L{ n AnB{C Ao C pA  SwB\A nj /k{ Jvd nBM kjS
/j{
jBp SA Be Sv o< M  k{BM Swnj Ao WdM oA
nj k{BM p Te kB{ /SwA T{Aj RBAe nj BBz A  wnoM  SwA
pA nBvM M SLv Bxo nj ,nBTn BU M SLv BBkj 
Bji /j{ jB\A wBwA o>U JBT A nj WdMjn B=
Swnj Ao Bd o< oA /SwBBji AA pA Z/ v]
kA M ,u] BL.n M fMAn jn nj An BwB{Svp o< ,k{BM
BU An Bnj A /jAj kAi o>U qTh B pA B{j M Akpo
Bo< AU oj  SwA A M Aop ,M kAo ke
/jo njM Ak pA So M U BM An pokeM BjoiM oM TL
n ,o{ MB/ pA nAo B] M X ,k Aohv B .A nB nB] LM oA
kB{ /k jB ]U K] AoM An nB A kB{ M ,kTvA ji ow
,oM Ao AhM oA  AMBa Ae Ba > :o{ ]U K] AoM
/(kLM An 171 dA) </AjAj nk An ST.
L^ JBhTA o< ,k{BM B/eA pAkA a o< pA qa Sv ,BA
onB{ Twj ] nj nB] Un nj /k{BM oj qa SwA
An A Rnk. ,kj nAo. ofi o nj An A C pA yM nB A  ,kp e
JBhTA TLA /jnC ] M An nB  SwA jM ofioQ /kzM BC fn M

Aiji r 434

L] RAoB<U A  B\C nj /kj c]oU An jkdB omQofi L^


B qoQ Bji B o< nj /jM kAh SL.Bxi ,k AkQ oi
JBhTA ji A /Tv AnB B .A nj ,k{BM B/eA SwA ofioQ
/jo ~U  SwA L^

j ~

{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An TzQ U


AonB, BU] kkQ A BT]A RAoze nj xG; kwn oU M ///173 |
[oTw
/SwA jAj fn
A /To o< nj An M Bn x B /jo o n^A
BoQ nj  kn B Lo/U kM a k] A n Bx
o< M /k kp pop nj QUA Bw ,B zi e^B nj nqM
RBBf /k{BM AnAkBTvQ Bj nj BT]A RAoze jB B .A kwn
BM  A ,BU O BzAj nj ,tLd BoQ jn nj unB] oA] BzQ
nj oj RBBf ;jo AkQ AjA B nj RoM RoMAn Ak BkBz
nBa A /SwA To Rn o{ Q nkBvA jnB`n ZwU BoC
/Tv ykj RBTz nBvM  kAjAj An oTz JBT . ozsQ
BAohw M jAj x k{ ozT B/ ka BL oM o< ,= nj
eo^ pA  AT{Aj An BA A ` /SwA RoM RoMAn o{ Q zsQ
A oQ pA ,jM k yeBM AnAkBTvQ yhM ok  Bp C ,BAoM
/ kj M AnB]
/k kp pop BoAn pA nqM L{ nj nBAe Bx A
kka M BC jAkU B BA ,SwA Ae 8 B 7 B{ oQ o
4 M \ nj SwA oQ pop BoAn L{ ^ /kwn
/jqoM oM Bi U 4 BU w Bw nj SwA oQ kwoM oT 5 BU

435

j ~. S{Q BS{Q

C k Akj BM An Bi nAj] onB /SwA oSB K/ k


a AnB] C pA H{ q ,kp RAj] pA AB/ vU An
nB C pA nB Uk pA kM /kqn oM kAn K/ M ,nUn
/jo nAo. nAj] onB C B] nj TzQ Bo
B .A /k k jAp jB Z/ ,Bwka nj ^ ,oQ C nj
An jB C joM nB M B{jn nj An <BT]A RAoze> RnBL B] M unB]
o C pA Ak_ /j{ SA] oA w B j BM Z/ C /SwA kB
,BT]A RAoze B pA nBvM X /k k jAp oj BjB
k{ nCjAp ZAo{ jnA ,kjM / L.  jB ka ,joM B\C pA oA
/k] BM BB] KeB~U ow oM uPw
jo pA BonB /SwB]M A  kATo B <onB > oTw Bx
 nLp v nLp ,an X )BBn X ,kTv u]
 ,BoUa /jnAj TvM xAX] M onB x o nB /(kAjB Z/ BonB
BjAp M ,kj oM k An Bi ,B{kB <onB z> unB]
ji nCjAp nB M jwC  knC Ao fAo{ BTeA kj AmH
BT]A RAoze jB M An B pBM  ,jnAj oUS{nj B TLv B`M A /jpAjoPM
,knAk kMAi jni q] nB koUS{nj /M pA  BoTw /jpAkA
M nLp kB BA :SwA MBM B{nBTn ZwT pAkA AnAj BoTw
v/U Aq\ RB/L^ M  kTv Ban pA nBvM X ,knBTwQ , Rn
/k{
1
nj ?k nB _ B .A BC /kB onB B An S{nj B/ unB]
BC  kAjo o<nBiA Ak RAkBz BzBpC BnB tBwA oM nBMA
.A BnB ^ oTzM /k Bj C pA k{BM ofi nj oQ T. kpBMow
An <AmH L> y/ <v Boi Ban> X  Sv BA A /k{
RnBL  kA2 tB AoQ Bx A /(kLM An 171 dA) k{BM T{Aj
BU A TLA ) kni An ok k A TA AoM SwA ABMj
C y/ kB{ /(kkz k M An SL^ A. o ;Sv B{ Ani
oil kM nj An Bzk ,AmH AAo S. , SwA A X]S{nj Bx
1. non workors

2. homocoprophagous

Aiji r 436

TwL BnBv nAof=A \ y/ ,MB B  n^ ,k


/k{BM T{Aj An
pA ao  SwA A M Bnx s oUnCRoe , o< pA
/L^ jB  qa BC nj A oBi ,kABT]A RAoze L{ RB] i
BA /knAj nCjAp jAoA TLA /jnAk j] ,k{BM Bn an nj nAkBM nCjAp
nj B{Br jo yhQ jo pAoQ BM An B{nB BA  Sv n^A
Bn x oQ L{  Aj /k o{ kk] Bpow
X BC A oBi /k AkQ xoTv pop L] BoAn k BM M
/k k AoQ nj BB nj An ji jAoA  kTv nAkBM BkXkU
B tke M SwA p  n^ ,jnAk nBpBw A nAj { BM A
M  BU  An BC nBzTA eo pn  SwA A tBveA /{ wT
B .A k{ k AoQ BQA M AU / AkQ ,kB nj o< pA j
BM kATM  qa M k{BM q\ oj qa M SwA !knCnj BM
Sh k{BM T{Aj ,SwA X /C op k kp p n C
An ji kM Bj oj AnAkBTvQ nj xn M nBAe Bn x /k{BL
]Twj An Bj kB{ /kTv <jow i> Bkqi L{ oTzM /k <U
TMBY Bj C pA kB{ B /Bn an M oj SBL{ k oT
k AoQ jAoA C Be o nj ?k jBATwA ,jnAj j] Ji pop o nj 
/k{BM <oi> ,pop AonB BioM ,A SwA =o k{
kM M A pA TiB{ L. pA  An oQ k] SwA BC
n Bx k{ /L^ B  j{ nC JBve M ABAk]
?kTv nBAe
po ,BU kp An g X /Sv /MBwM Bqa A ,oi BM
n^M Rk{ M ,Bi ZAo{ SdU Bg BA /jnAj kB o{
An An kj Swj pA An ji nBTTwA S= /k o>U  BTze
Se kM ,k{BM a oA /SwA nAkz SBe A kB{ /k{
TwjnAj kC oM AqA pA /k o>U B{nBTn Bp Aop ,Sv
M BU kC \A nj B{BTwAj  BM pA / Bofi L.A BM ,kj zU
BTwj nj /SwA kwoT ke A BU nB] _ pA BvA ,poA

437

j ~. S{Q BS{Q

oT Bk BU Apn B k nj BM An oT Bj BQ BM ov


ji owSzQ fd. wo kM An H U 2 pn /kn yQ
RBAU /wn nBAe Bx BM BA vB/ BTeA M Be /knAm .BM
pA /L^ j M RBAU  SwA jBp nk.C o nj A \U joA Q M
A AoM An A<k{ /L^ B  n^B Swnj , M ,Ban
M C 2 kB g 1 u] g ,1921 Bw BU , o n Bx
/k{ kM/L^ qTh j A
A BU poA BU nAkBTvQ AnB] nj }~hT jAoA A BTeA BAwB T ,BA
Bn x ,M kBM BQ. pA ,jnAk j] /k{BM jo BLT{A ke
n~U B `C pA oTzM kB{ k{ kj p n B TB o>U
jnCjAp> A tke = A pA yQ BA /k{ nj ji o/ pA j{
/SwA jnC l M q An oj BTeA ,g BM BC tB. , oU An <TBo>U
BA ,k kU ATBo>U  XkU RAj] Sh Bx A kB{
\ p /SwA kz AkQ oiA Bj nj  fAo{ |Bi fAo{ nj Z/
nj BA /\A Bp X Swnj ,SwA kkU ,BnBi B/oC nj ,g
A g B QM B\C nj /SwA oj n^ B=A ,B{ BoC
Swj KwB ZAo{ a A oBi BA ,k{BM T\ Rn M  knAj An SMB.
,SwA jAk fn B{ BoC nj h \ _ o. A nj ,SwA jAk
AkQ < Bp BB BM p ,Bo]o] ,RBAT B M kao)
j] BM /(g k BC M BoC nj jB jo A K\ ,k{
:jo K\U jBp kBL ,kBM yQ BoC nj .A Bg \ oA ,A
hnBU RB^A BxnAq B oA BA /SwA B oi ,kz xBi BzyUC
BU Aop k{ nCK\U BAoM i ,jM jo SLY Bj oj BB] pA An
x kB{ /SwA nApCM q nB] Ae A Aj B  B]
o. A nj j M  fAo{ |Bi ZAo{ SdU ,BoC g X ,M
nj SwA ?k kU ji nBzTA AoM An ABAk] /L^ kz AkQ
p n Lf. x kB  An oQ Bx \ B/oC Ro{ jp o.
/k{BM kB B] M B AoM C pA ABz A kM k{BM T{Am owSzQ ,kjM
1. Jekylls grasshopper

2. Locust Hydes

Aiji r 438

/SB C pA BQjn ATM M BL. pAnj nj BBvA B~. nj kB{


M BU jnAj oTzM jq ji U AoAi M jB BMlpB ///175 |
/ji B`M
3
,BMpB nBMnj T < SLv> =o kBjBM o<M S.j
4
= /SwA jAj nAo. B{ SdU An A oUwBwA oU o< Ro{
3
,k{ ]T An C S.j  BM SwA BwC 1 jj jU SLv
4
Ao k SB=n tBveA C nj pA jC  SwA z B pAkA M
,T JBT kAi BM v oA /k pBM Aoj AoM An C nfa  k{BM
jBp BTeA M ,j{ oLiBM = A pA AB nj SA = M
Sv Bpn A /kB kAh .BM y{ nj jj j U q] qa
,k{BM TiAjoQ kBzi JBhTA = M nB~TiA M nk/a wB{Svp JBT
3
pA /SwA jAj |B~TiA T SLv
M An AoAnBQ Rn o nj
4
M nqM AnAkBTvQ nBTn nj B] oLi BwB{nB pA Be  ,AnB
JBhTA o< jo o BBw  jo BAoTA yQ ,kC nB{
SwA A BWdM A ~eB !uM SwA 3 SLv B Z/ kBzi
4
jB\A kjoU 3 SLv =o SA M SLv B o< nj kk] BS.A oA 
4
nB{ M kBzi JBhTA o<  j An C Ak SwA ,k
 kvM A B kM Aw nqM pBvC  SwA A X /knC
nj {oSwj o  j{ oza nk.C ,koQ BM  C Zw S
S A oA S. C /kwBzM S C BM An Aw kqM Rw An C BMBi
B{kM Aw C  pA k o jo ,kj Swj pA jo AoM An yTMAm]
/kC
B Ak pA SvTBw\ nj A oiA  LB] B/ M oA ,X
 o< A pA kM ,k ]U k{ ozT M Bn x nBMnj
jnA ,kTv jj jU  j A M Z/ ,An Bn M Bx
knB SwA kM !SwA TwB B/ xpnA pA ,TvAj T =o jn AoM
jM jj jU Aop ,k{BM kj An T w B/ BU j C Te C
MB tBwA oM BTeA /SwA kC BC dA B\Q pA dA nBa nj Z/
1. haplodiploidy

439

j ~. S{Q BS{Q

/k{BL BC q] Aiji r nAkA  SwA T{ jSwj


nj  j{ Mo pBMow BT{ M oj {n
BL{ BT{ a /jAj bo{ B\C  Ba /jo o l 6 ~ BS{AjjB
jBp BC nj AonBXA T{mji pA nB<TA ,kj zU Bv .j
S.A A nBvM Sep M joM Q T A M 1964 nj T /SwA
M SLv Bi yAo _ pBwMBz RBAe  jAj c=U An oH
C pA yM qa ,kwn pBMow BT{ qz M SM T. /knAk AonBXA nBTn
 AA B/ nj ,Be A BM /k{BM nBpBw T o< BM SvAU
B{A nBA  kjM To o< nj n^ An pBMow BT{ ,k{ bof qz A
LB] q^ !kjL jj jU a ,kk{ Jvd T o< AoM
/SwA
o< AoM owjnj An BC KHA nC o< nj An BBn T.
1972 nj  jM v T ji /kMB AjA q^ kATvAj T
 jM jo bof BC k{ BT]A S jn nj An Bo< oUKB] pA
o< A /SvAj jj jU =o BM AAk{ tB. An C AU
,T A BB/ nBzTA pA kM Bw SA  An ,1 Aioa Apnj
, eL^ ,T ji /kj SLv qUnBM /t M KHA ,So {
nL\ jM kwn xji o M A <qUnBM o<>  jM jo xAo
v pA o<Bo !k nBM BU nAmM yza ] An xji B/ k{
nj Aoa ni tvA  SwA KB] nk. M o< A ,jM BzQ
/ AoL] An BU A Be /jo SLd C pA JBT A NBa
n< /jj jU =o BM SwA AAk{ tB. o< A TA
A jj jU AnB] pnBM s BT]A BU o<f/ pA  SwA A
M BU k{BM oUjq xnjAoM.oAi M r o< pA SwA jo o  SwA
yBnjAoM oAi pA kBM nkQ nj  jnAjA An A A /yB`M
j M T /k nqM An xji B`M joM A B] M k SL.Ao
kpo kA pA yM njAoM oAi SwA , BBn nj Aoa A AoM
T. /SwA Apnj v k /jM kzkA ,k{BM jq M r o< pA
1. The Cyclic inbreeding theory

Aiji r 440

pA ,k{ kU  B`M ,k oSA] ji njAoM.oAi BM RBAe


pA ,kAw Bx ,BzBpC v nj /knAj oTzM { ,r o<
^ AT{n Be  j A M /kABv B.j jB B Lo/U r o<
B Lo/U : BMp M B ,SwA 1 }Bi nBvM BC r /kBnjAoM oAi xqC pA
BM kABv ` ,kABv rj r BBB] SA] pA o nj
SL^ nj KHA /knAj nAo. BB] B nj n C jAoA oj nj  Br
BXTwA BA ,M An jq Bzi BM xqC pA nAjAjA T{n
!BBn jnAj j] oza
 A B{ ,kAjB BM Tfw Zp An Bn
,B{B`M pA S.C /joM BC pA T. BU ,kqC ok BM Z/
oA /k oSA] ji kA pA BM oQ An k{ R jB B o C B]
/jo njAoM oAi Zp An BzB] ,koM Tfw Zp Q jo
jAj Swj pA B{ ka BTeA BM oQ /oiC A n^
Bx X ,kApnj nBvM .A nj Bwka pA kM [BT /SwA
o nj ,SLv Ko= ZwT |i ZwT  kABzBpC
owSzQ Tfw BkXkU j{ oTzM Bw M Bw Bn
Svh B Z/ A BA /kj B{AnjAoM . oAi B Akpo M An ji B]
/kC kM C KB] yhM /SwA T kTwA
 kAkk] nAkBM RAj] BT]A RAoze oQ B ~d
T. /kpBw ApBU oQ k oSA] ,kCnj pAoQ M oQ pA
oSA] A  Sv BTeA A ,k{ SA] kk] B B{ A
eAo^ Bp n^ wAo A kwn o< M .A nj /k{BL 2 qCyi
,pn nj ,/f BBn qTh B  j{
3
nCjApoM BA  o^Bi A M kB{ ,k kU nAkBM BkXkU
A oQ A] B{ xqC r \T ,KUoU A M /k{BM Ao
BqCnj Be B{ji BC jo / <e An B oQ A]
pA ,BA /kABzBpC k{nCjApnj Bx jB jo /kAnBvM
o< pA ,kABzi BM nCjAp BAk] RBAT BBoM ~d  B\C
1. Homozygous hUn]

2. incestuous

3. outbreeding

441

j ~. S{Q BS{Q

nj M eT k{ nCjApnj Bx kB /knAj Ro BM r


Rk{ M B{B`M ,kqC BM BA T. /kABzBpC RBAT
BBB] pA nBvM nj kA}BiB /jM kAi kB 1 }BiB
/M X Swnj B`M pA o ,kkB /jnAj Ro BM B{rj ,r
nj BA ,kABv BzBnjAoM.oAi BM B Lo/U r o< pA BC /SwA }BiB
/kA}BiB nBvM Be
xATfw AnAmBM kk] oQ C /oQ ] M Bp nj Be
o /kB }BiB a Bn jBp jAkU pA SwA oQ oQ /kAk{ nqM
C /kTA RBAUA a ,joM Tfw Zp C Q jo B T. k
A /kTA An xoza BkBQ BM nBMj qCyi k. ioa
 Sv /SwA L. v pA oUUoQ nBvM Bjq BM xqC pA Be v
Q. A /An ovQ njB B ,oTij nkQ xqC ,oM o< nj An oAinjAoM xqC
o< nj An njAoM oAi xqC  SwA A oUSeAn BA ,SwA jn nj
BKoU pA nj B{B`M ,k{BM kB }BiB njAoMoAi oA /nC
jn nj A SwA k A Tr tBwA oM A /jM kAi qTh r
}BiB jAoA B{ oA /SwA a ,BBn Z/ ,BB RBAe
o< pA ,kj xqC B{kA v B}BiB pA BM B , BM An kB
k AkQ kAU Tr AkTMA wnj JBT o nj An yj /j{ A r
pA eo A nj  SwA A \T ,B  Bkj pA /j bo{
oUjq ji njAoM B oAi M r o< pA jo o ,Bn oQ wU
A ,kj jj jU BM pB nj  Ba /xABTeA B`M M BU SwA
/SwA oTw nBXA n pA  k{BM onB /L^ BU A o{ kAU
M BU ji njAoM oAi M jAoA jM jq oTzM AoM  B\C nj Te BA
A AoM jnAj j] j KHA pBM ,Sv Swj nj Bi j BzB`M
p o{ BU /k{BM BzB`M pAkA M B{njAoM oAi M jAoA SLv jq
o<f/ pA ke BU /SwA ovU pA UB]nj ,TBe a j] AoM
AonB BC nj  jnAk j] ,oj B  SwA K\ T A T
M oM Q oTzM ao  A B /k SL.Ao ji njAoM oAi pA oTw
1. hetero zygous

Aiji r 442

,kAoTw AonB kkQ pA k{ o SAn , BSBe A


BA] ,nAkBTvQ koQ B pA nBvM nj /knAj B < nB  >
BM ~j ,kj zU jABi ji AoM k{Ak] A pA L. ,BM
kA M ji a BnjAoM oAi jo nqM nj kB ji kA
B/TA BnjAoM BoAi C kM M nB A B\A r pA Bhv /k 
,r o< pA (UBU )kAU AnjAoM oAi noM jAoA C A o BM /kMB
nk.B Swnj ,j{ njAoM B oAi nAj Bo  AmH nAk/ o
TLA /k{BM k{ nAmBow `M AoM A X Swnj ,kAjooM An Bow
c=U AhM oA /k{BM Bv oj ZAo{  SwA Un nj A
M kBM ,jnAk QM nj jnAj j] nB  A B QM nj Aoa ,j
/ ]U ZAo{ jM BvoH
/jpBw Sinj Bi U nj  koM o< nj An AkoQ ,BX AoM
B{ oA /jnAj j] BC pA jkd jAkU Z/ a kAxpnABM BSinj a
KeB BC BTeA ,kARBe k. nj BUnjB nkQ p  kTv >BM A]
BC pA KeB oiAA A BU kBM B Te B) kABiU BSinj C pA
/(kT{Aj j] B{ Rn A oH nj Aop ,kjM
SwA oAj xnBM nB  k kp Tinj U nj B{ BTeA AoMBM
B{ M nk.C r o< pA ,kB{ U BoAinjAoM kAC nj  BjAp
A BTeA ,koM knAmM B{ oA /BUji kC B`M  kAjq
 B`M ,k{ e oA Te /SwA  ,k AkQ BUji AoM Tinj
/jM kAh BUji BnjAoM oAi pA oUjq B{ M r o< pA knCnBM
oUoM ,k nAmBow nkQ Sinj U nj An xU pA nAk/ oA
A nj AoMBM /kM BUji AoM B] Bo An nAk/ B  SwA A pA
/SwA oUo M jM < nB  > B njAoM oAi pA SL.Ao BTeA ZAo{
RB.A QM jAoA B jAoA QM  SwA Swnj ,BA j] BM
pA oA /k{BM ,ji nj C jB qa B ,Tinj U BLj kjoM kBM
An kAp nB kBM o( , jBATwA 7 ~ <jo nqM jnC `M> bfA
SL.Ao C pA v BU S{Aj kAh j] A`M Rn A oH nj ,kj B\A
<j{ o/ C Rn C oH nj>  Sv o<jn T A TLA !k

443

j ~. S{Q BS{Q

UApBTA nC`M r ,k{BM jBp C nj d SL.Ao r  T] o nj M


BC /knAj koM An kAp y/ Bo BT]A RAoze nj /S{Aj kAi
ji AoM <Tinj U> TB Q nj k oU An nkQ  kABv
,kABM kM AonB  Ban nj Te  SwA j A M ,k{ An
|B~TiA nB A M An ji o BU kXkU /L^ A /kTv nAjBM BC
/SwA oj qa B{nB ,kA< nB  >  AnAkBTvQ BkoQ /kj
Bo <onB > A M An (M ~ A ) ji o pA zhM Ako
M o /M nj ,k ji a BnjAoM oAi jo nqM M 
/k{BM kXkU ji  kAA o
BC ?kAa ,kk{ qU L. ~ nj  M Bn x
pA BC nBM nB nj ao ,kA<Unj Sinj> A B oAj nBM nB pnBM
<B U U pU M Q. BC jn nj /Sv oLi U nj Sinj
AmH /j{ Mo SinjM BnAqA pop nj AmH jA oil
BU joTv nBvM SwA  BiB{ ,SwA pop BiB{ BC A
MA] kAU a A pop iB{ BU /k{BM jo lA RBA
Bwka Te B Bka AmH kAU ,k{ AkQ T. j{ n x nAq
Tv] <B Rn M Aop SwBiB{ C TB z BA /k B U An oQ
nB AmH L TB n Bx AoM /kAk{ yhQ nAqA owAow nj Tho
M RoM RoMAn /SwA xpnABM nBvM BzAoM k AkQ An C T. SwA z
kBM pop iB{ BU TB AoM BU n x  kwn \T A
BM ] nqM oQ /j{ kBw k] pA yBAkj  k nB nk.C
pop BiB{ H k ,k{ k pop nj  xAoT Bn^M
B`k jBdUA Q  SwA A o M jB~T.A o< pA jo o AoM /SwA
/k{BM
nAjA onB jBp jAkU nB BM  pop nqM RzU ,AoMBM
A BM ,B =o <Unj Sinj> X Swnj ,SwA enoQ BnB ,j{
nj _Q ] oAn nj B{ A o BM !SwA oUenoQ C pA  RBAU
UoAi njAoM BUAoM p BUnjB  o A BM k kp _Q
zU /Tv jABi Tn T{Am AoM AqA oj ,k Swnj

Aiji r 444

nBMnB > WdM pBM ,k{BM UB BnjAoM oAi C pA QM oA Te /knAk jAj


/k nBkB nkQ Bi nj An BM BA] kAU <oAj
B ,1:3 M jM jq Ak,B2nhM , kkwn TLv M B LoGU ///177 |
/ ///jM jo, MyQoU A , o M jB SLv
o pnoU \T nB xn pA AB/ nj o{ Q nkBvAjnB`n
/kjo jB/TA
RAoze B nj ,SwA oTzM jB jAkU C nj  SLv A  kT{Aj L. BC
LB. TnTv{ i 3:1 SLv  jM A B{WdM BA ,SwA nAo.oM BT]A
,k BM An BjB SLv jM oTzM oj c=U BM kjAj c]oU BC /SwA
pA /jM k{ bof T ZwU AkTMA ,o pnoU c=U kB , d=U

M nj tBveA BA ,SwA TomQ B o{ nkBvA ef , o<


/k{BM SwnjB B kAU o pnoU oYA A{ M nB k
v] SLv jn nj oj kAo v M An A]U Ao C
nj An T C /jo K] JBT A Svh yAo nj ,BM pB
/kC C pA Ai op nj /AjAj bo{ (756 |)
B`M jAj xnoQ B BnjAoM oAi jo nqM M p /BM onB C
k o AoMBM /jnAm .o ,v] SLv o BM S] o nj ,xji
pnoU  k{BM 3:1 SLv B Te ,k{BM oTzM BjB SLv S] C nj
pA oUjq jnAj yAoAi BM onB C  TLv  B\C ,pA /kAjo MyQ o
kB{ ,jnAj ,k{BM  u] o pA ,xji B`M B AnjAoM BM  SwA TLv
 SwA n^ v] SLv T. ,kj <c]oU> `M M An njAoM.oAi xnoQ
M eo^ A pA ,kj c]oU An BnjAoM oAi T. BC /koTzM BjB C nj
A nj BA ?kwn (xpnA njAoM BUka B=A M) xpnABM BoAi
To kk ,B{MB M ]U BM S] nj Bo nCjAp BM xpnA ,kTwA
T{Ak jq SLv yBnjAoM pA _ BM SwA onB C /SwA k{
pA o  Sv BTeA A ,k{BM  Bo jAkU S] nj  nj oA BA ,k{BM
/k{BM kC Bv B BnjAoM C
S] nj An C , j{ nBaj TF M S] , Un nj ///168 |
/SwA kM nBvM , j{ jMB ,kAoM jMB
i n

TBxoTv

<K/T> S]  S.A A pA k/ /A/] ,Tv]oM Bv


jo S{AjoM LB] \T ,k{BM nAkBQ Bp kAU B<]U>
Sw M An C  kwoM A ESS M S]  <SwA kM nBvM> TA /SwA
AA pA oTzM ESS AA ,pA QM  k B=A An T A ,joLM Ao/A
K/T ,|Bi BX A nj /kAoM jMB Sw M An S] SwA oj
jBU SBe nj SwA S] /knAkBQ BU o< pA ,jo ,]U
nj  BS]  SwA A o< /jo nAo. ]U jBU B L/T
/SwA oTzM k{ o/ C pA uQ A BTeA ,kMB RBLY L/U jBU
j] B Ess nj LB]j onBXA A M oUBM cfw JBhTA kBM AoMBM
ZvM o JBhTA pA nAkLB] nj XdM { M AU An A /k{BM T{Aj
nj> B/ nj An C /k{BM kCnB o JBhTA Bo< oTzM BioM  ,jAj
/Ajo bof <Aiji r pA Bj

jpB ~
kk] pBwBT :
jBM A n S2C ,kLM o{ jM nL\ o A ///192 |
pBwBTBSBGM AqRBPU , jM B2 AC /jo, nAm Bow
/jnC kkQ An RBe,
nAj BnAqMA eo^ pA ,k{BM  B] B]o ,RBe A nBMnj o{
BMBpBwSBw oiC ~ nj 1 <B] vnAj> AB/ nj ,SwA k{ AkQ
SwA  Bqa  AjAj Bz /Ajo ]U jAj bo{ ~A
k`Q kAU A nj ,k{BM k{ o vnAj qB]
SwA  o< A /kj c=U vnAj Mi M An RBe TBBBw
B B{C RBe nj  k{BM ~iM BS.A tBwA oM  Sv n^A
An ji  BfAM AkzAj Bo^ pA  SwA j M /jnAj j]
jB/TA jn ,kAjo (jow jC Ba B) Aj yBpC B M jkd
o ,SwA <Av WdM> A  So jAoA a k/T /j{ .A
1. Universal Darvinis

Aiji r 446

A S.A ,k{BL B k{BM Av /SwA ABB] SU jM Av jo


A /SwA TB BTA nj B{A oj u_ A  SwA
pA oUAUoQ kAU ,knAk fMn .A Bj M ao , BkTwA
kTwA oA /kABi jnA nj .A BwnoM BQ oM  k{BM BWdM
M ,k{BM  Bj B] o nj ,kp nBMnj An T ,k{BM Swnj
nBMnj Z/ BzBpC Ak BysQ  Benj /kj Swj
/kj Swj M UB^A ,k{ wnoM
/ ///192 |
M jBp B TLv Be /j{ kLU Ji M jnAj rA nAo. pA
ByAo nj  So nAo. BrA qjn nj 1988 Bw nj jn nB
 k .BTz oTzM A /j{ jnCkBM jnAv C vA Bo kC
oA M jq B Lo/U qaB nBvM ozM o nBMnj Bbo^  nAoU
oj S] nj  nAj L. An B{nqM  A.A BpnC /SwA jM
 Bj B] o nj ,e.jB  pBwBT
RAj]
AoM Ai /kTv

JBhTA AoM kTv ABQ  j A M / BjA An BBQM o ,k{ SB


BBBw ,RAo>U T{BLA BM ,k AkQ AjA AT Bv nj oA ,nAj
,KwB ZAo{ nj  nBM A oM /k jB\A nCRoe Bk`Q BM
An BC  kpBw An BBw k{ ed M ji M ji BpBwBT
r A ~ j /k BC pBwBT nB AjA S] nj jo B]MB]
jn nj  oiC ~ nj /jM ,r ,pBwBT M o~d Aiji
BU r  j Bz  SLd BpBwBT pA oU jo w ,k{ WdM
B .A ozM BT]A o Zd nj BC Tv f /Sv /L^ A Q
o nj /k{BM nAo.oM vnAj pA { C nj  k{BM T{Aj j] qa
pA kM kAi oA /jnAj nAo. B>zj {Be nj Cw A Rn
DNA B  k{BM T{Aj An tBveA A jkLM An JBT 11 ~ kAi
AU BC ,ko nAo. nAj BU BQ kAU  kTv Bqa BU
 `. An r  jM A Bk /SwA kwn j~/ M ~ C  SA
o< ozM o nBMnj A ,BzM xji B] ow An C
/ AnA BaC

447

jpB ~. S{Q

BS{Q

nj j] X kBM ;Bd M M nBTwAoU pA xG; An ///192 |


/S;o oU
nBTiBw DNA f. o /SwA pBwBT nAqAShw f. DNA
MB. r BM q> B oA /jnAj RBAU C K.n RBf. BM  jnAj As
.A BA ,k{BM oXU ji l BnBTiBw kBM uQ ,kAvB/
,oj pA kM ,Bq> nj An ji Ak  k{BM AL~ B_Qw pA
nj B RB^A Aop ,jM z AoM = A BM z /kpBw nBMj
pA L n~U AoMBM SwA r jn nj BRB^A pA oT nBvM q> jn
pA tj C] pA A oiA  LB] nBvM T{ j M /nAj C nBTiBw
 Bi oM /jM yhMyAnC AoM ,jo SBnj BC qBTv BzAj
kzAj A Aop ,k Ainm Sv p tj ,Tv q> }~hT
An SB\{ A A kj T.  jM A /SwA q> M Mo nj ATv]oM
,kj Bz An C { L~ nAqAShw pA /.j oB~U AnA BM  jnAj
,A BM tB. wnoM ,A KB] BnB pA oj /k{ o^BijwC nBvM
xoj ow ikM A xow  SwA nBTwQ BM M oUe.j B
/SwA jo e/dU pA oTzM nBvM nB A nj ,SwA ,ixi <BTvp>
 BMq nBTn oM A r <TBxoTv in> oYA o^BiM jon A M
~ JBT A 13 ~) nAj Bi RjAnA ,SwA . jn =
pA B nB{C Ak] n tj ,= nj /(kLM An
12
 An nBpBv B\ SA A no /k k B U B{(PU)oYA
/j{ nCjB ,k{ kqoM B{MB/T nBpBw o^Bi M B C nj
1
/<wkC> ///194 |
A M /jM o{n Ji AoM a ,jo JBhTA An jow A
kM]oU /kAkAi qd~U ,BLT{A An C ,Bj nj B Lo/U  j
T{  Be nj "For the sake of auld lang syne"2 SwA A nBaB M poA ,C
 kTA o A M A n nAj l /jM "For auld lang syne"3 qoM .A
TBxoTv i n

1. Auld Lang Syne j{ kAi Bw K{ nj T{ qoM  jow B


/T{m xi BA AoM /3

/T{m xi BA oOBi M /2

Aiji r 448

A n< TLA ?Sva nj , "The sake of"1 ,k{B=A RnBL C B/M xpnA
kp oTM a ,kAi An TB o>U C A  BjC LM  Sv
Aqi nj Mi B/M TvAU o>U A ji a AkM Ai ,kB
kAi n pA ,ko jB j nj An jow A /k{BM T{Aj
Swnj An C Bp kB{ / Bw K{ nj C k{ BM M ,qoM BT{
Be /k{BM k{ AkQ njB y] oYA oM kBM "For the sake of" /kkAi
jBp nk. M AkowM ,jM njB AkTMA nj  z] Aoa  SwA A B Cw
?kC JBve M jB Aqi nj Be  k{
nBvM "S"kB Rw Ak /k{BM toTwj pA nj Aka gwBQ  o
AnC BATe An "S" Ak  k oU Bv BAi o /SwA qU
Ak B /kAjooM An Ak Bv  Rn A oH nj a ,k AU
B"S" Ak Rn M nj pA nqM Bv JAod nj vz qp
"K" Ak , Sake rA nj ,oj SB Ak /kwn x M Tho Tv]
"For C Swnj Rn knAj oA 19 k v\ /jnAj An qU B B Lo/U  SwA
"For the BLT{A Rn M An C ,B\C nj ,oA kAi An auld lang syn"
An C A A nBM AoM  A`M /k qp sake of auld lang syn"
ao /kj }hzU Swnj An BrA kAhM BC BM jnAj Swj ,j{
"K" jAkvA Ak "S"kBoA Ak , Auld Lang Syhe k
S/Lw oj / w pA TB y] /kMB An `M C x M
]T e.j n^M  BoUnqM B ,k{BM B\C oj B`M oA /jo
oTzM ,kM kM]oU kAi Bp ,j{ TA BrA a k{
An TB y] Rn  Sv A M TLA ,ko An TB o>U Rn
jB An C kAi kAj An jow C RB B .A BC /kj <c]oU>
"For Auld U pA ,kAj An Swnj { ( X)  BC ao /koM
,jnAk oza SB _ RnBL A ,k nAoU An Lang Syne"
x M oTM ,j{ kAi kjoU BM TvC oA Te ,C TBo>U Rn
/kwn
o jow A j ofw cd Rn /SwA "Rule Britannia" MBz jn
/oOBi M /1

449

jpB ~. S{Q

BS{Q

M ,Bj B] nj ,KHA U A /SwA "Britannia, rule the wave"


B=A B B\A nj /j{ kAi "Britannia rules the waves" Rn
q] ,C oB{ o<jn B kB{ /k S/U An A "S"oA Ak
kB{ B (!AoM e ZAA oM C oM ,BBToM) SwA jM oA  ,vBU
 SwA A oUSeAn A oBi ,BA /(kAoM e ZAA oM BBToM knAmM)jM AqTA
A nj /(kAn e ZAA oM BBToM) oM o< nj nBLiA BLT{A M An ]
C AC :A Rn C M SLv /M BAk] B/M xpnA j TB y]
/SwA oUSeAn yk kwn x M oTM
j] BA A kBM /k{BM Mo\U Rn M kBM =o pC oiC
enqU Aqi nj BQ kBvM BM An oA C A k  k{BM T{Aj
B pA oAka oA /jM xnBzTA kB{ ,jnAj  B/M xpnA o^Bi M uPw jo
/j{ a 1 gracious "God saves our Gueen" kAi M  o{
a BU , SwA A M TvM C (nBzTA) ,k{BM oU C o A ///194 |
BGM Aq pA LoGU y\w ;k{BM xomQ MB2 AkzAj U U AoM ke
M B\AT BnB{nj , UB;jjAkU xnB{ BM ATM kB{ An C
/jnC Swj M k{ ]Ao C
nB BU <jM KB]>  jz S{AjoM n^A RnBL A pA nAkA
QM Swnj Bo< QM .A nj /SwA o< xomQ
jn S.j M AU An BC ef ,jpC AU An BC Twnj /kASwnjB
BM /kTv BQ Bk B BC ,NBQ BC X /jAj nAo. wnoM
QM /jnAj j] wB{B] ef oM nj ,A j]
Bo< QM ,k AkQ ZAn Uk BU Swj ,SwA kM Bo<
oiB M BU k{BM T{Aj j] BoH Rn M BBw SwA Ji
/k B>{A An Bl ko nAo. ]U jn Bp
B{ Anj jnA kM kjM TA Uk  An BC pA pnBM
kBzi JBhTA o< nj ,M JBT A Bo< pA nj kAk{
jAkU n pA nBzTA opAkA AoM o< A  jM A n~U T
M jo nB{A (9 |)A yAo nj /SwA LwB jn B\ nj C M B]nA
/SwA "God save our gracious Queen" C cd Rn /1

Aiji r 450

wB{nBTn nBMnj BT{ oUxpnABM qjn nj A 1964 B/ j> A


oM jn ke A BU BB/ A Aoa Aj ;SwA BT]A
 wB{nBTn A wnj JBT j B nj Te) kATo nAo. BwB{nBTn
pA BBz A oiA BThL{i /(Sv oLi A wA pA k{ NBa 197 nj jo
jn kBM /jM T{ 197 nj An A </j{ <e A Bo< M ]U
/oM Q kM BBw nj An A M ]U
jC C nj  SwA oH B TLv oz ,1 BjBTwA B
nj  An kM BT{ Swo jjoM k{ ozT B/ o BLj kAU
o jn nj  SwA A oz A Bk /kLM ,kAjo jBTwA C M Bw 
pA KHA BzAj qnB Bo /kj Swj M L. BnB pA Tv =
Twjow Lo/U pAkA pA yM) Twjow Lo/U w A M C
jo{ BM /k jBATwA nB B=B/T BjnBTwj vB/ AoM (SwA
ozQ AU k{ T BB/ M 1964 pA kM  BjBTwA jAkU
/(1 {)  ojn Lo/U Rn M BwB{Svp BC nj An A o<
BBw nj  SwA n^kM /SwA B C A jM BoH
AhM oA /j{ kj kBzi JBhTA M ]U nj oza xqi jBTA
1973 BBw M B] kBM ,oM o< nj BM M n Soe A A kL An Af/
Aq C pA kM kwn ZA M 1981 nj BM M n Soe A /k{BM 1974
/j{ jBp  cfw nj <B n^M Bw jBTwA
JBhTA = M . BB yAqA  jM k{ B{ BvA
BM ,nAj A /kAjo jB\A 1976 1975 nj k{ ozT BJBT An kBzi
/SwA o< A u  k n An T.A ,jnAj 1974 nj  {qi f/
,SwA RBAT nBvM =o kB U AoM AU kA{ A pA uoM
yBp T.>  nAj nBow Bo< C pA BM B A X ,jo jBATwA
pA  Be jBTA j ZwAA BJBT C ,tBwA A oM /jM <A nj BQ jM kwn
/k{BM C k{ AkQ A KLv A ,kTv o< C nBMnj B\]nB]
T{Aj k SozQ AkTMA nj  oURkpAnj B BM .A nj B kB{
o{ L. i pA  Ao]B ,nAj nBow jo AkQ kB~U yAqA uPw
1. Science Citation Index

451

jpB ~. S{Q

BS{Q

A  SwA A kB~U jBw =o A BdTA AoM An /SwA k{


k{n kAo o /j nAo. TnB kM]nj nj T{BLA Rn M An BjBTwA
kB~U k{n ,jM C pA L.  Aq BM k{BM KwBT k{n Sow C nj 
An to uo :SwA o kAo kB~U kAo /j{ kB
/T jAoA pA jAkU B M An C pBM BC Ako k /T oj oAka M
}hzU Bz /j{ jBp Sow M TL jAoA jAkU KUoU A M ,k
Rn M jo nAo. TnB tB/ nj T.  SwA A kB~U d
SwA A oUSeAn Sv no= ao /kCnj SwAn Zi
qa X B .A T nBzTA oA /jo woU T{BLA An BnAj A 
n kBM T{BLA TnB nAj n B/ ,k{BM o ov
?SwA a BC /ko nAo. SwAn Zi
B
j
B
Tw
A
j
Ak

BjB TwA B nj (1 9 6 4 ) T M Bw jB TwA 1 {

,nBC o< pA , SwA /Tv Zi ,k{ kz 2 { nj  fi C


/jo oMnj An B/
jAkA SAM oYA kBM BTeA An 1967 1966 BBw M kU xqi
kM M C pA /kj Bz oTzM An ji TnB woU nj  SvAj a
C nj To nAo. n BA ao ,SwA /Tv B Lo/U Zi nAj oj
]U BU BM B ,k{BM L. jn kB~U ovAU oA /SwA }hzU MB.

Aiji r 452

jM Bo] nj jBTz j oiAA BU 1967 pA  nMn pwk nB\AA


o< nj RkpAnj kn A KLw Bz AU An B/ B JBT o /SwA
/So
SA kBL ,SwA omQBJBT]A  o< A pA ,An yAqA A A B =
SMBY Bw nj BjBTwA Aq oA Te ,SwA j T{BLA A o TLA /AkM
M :j{ oT nA C Tn BM Sow TnB kM]nj nj BA /k{BM
kj Bz An =o nAj ,3 { BM nj noQ Zi /k SA [nkU
B BM SwA oMAoM  ) k{ AkQ ,jM SMBY BjBTwA Bw Aq oA 
[nkU M d
A /(Bw nj BU 37 jke ,T M BjBTwA .A Aq

C ,jo vB/ j{ kj 2 { nj  TwAn xi BM AU An k{d


n yAqA pA SwA jn .A nj /kj Bz An yAqA kB~U Aq Zi
/BjBTwA pA TiA Aq ,yAqA
,omQBJBT]A B Te ,qa  TAM o A M SwA B BY
 BC /k{BM T{Aj j] kB~U yAqA nj MyQ MB. ke BU Swj
xji ,oj BB/ M jBTwA So C LU M , BB/ nBzTA Aq
S= jAj Bz AoM An oUSeAn ?Sv yAqA M n kB~U Rn M
nj / wn oj BB/ AoM An nAj B  SwA A T |Bi
n BQ. pA  ) An oj T{ 3 TnB T{BLA BjBTwA kBvM 3 {

T
n
B

T{
BL
A
j
B
Tw
A

(1 9 6 4 ) T T nB T{BLA jB TwA 2 {

JBT pA kUnBL w C ,M (kjM nAmoYA JBT A Svh yAo

453

jpB ~. S{Q

BS{Q

onBXA nBMnj pnoU 1971 B/ ,LhJBhTA nBpBw,qB 1966


/kjo bof An ESS A  uAoQ SwA jnB 1973 B/ LB]j
A nj BA /kTv kB~U Bp ^  nj  kj Bz d w o A
ji q^ pA zhM nj SwA Sv SMBY Bw jBTwA Aq BnB
pA qB d ,BX AoM /k{BM kB~U

T
n
B

T{
BL
A
j
B
Tw
A

jM SiA T Sow o A o d

uAoQ SwA jnB

(1971) pnoU

(1966) qB

o d BM vB nj oj T{ w TnB T{BLA nAj 3 {


/ (SwA kC T nj RB q] cU) T

A pA  Be ,SwA SwAn Zi B Lo/U TnB kM]nj B kM M 197


/SwA T{Aj An kk{ nAmoY B U eo C  SwA
A j] BM /ATo kk An T nBzTA nj BJBT QM oY B U

Aiji r 454

/ B=A T{BQ dU A M Ai
///////
 nAj BLT{A y] , "Rule Britannia" "Auld lang syne" jn X
r BU> T 1964 BB/ SA] A A /k {n An Q.
 UAnBzTA w nj ,jBTA j oiAA BU ZwAA pA /SwA 1 <BT]A nBTn
oU> A BM BLT{A M jM BC B Aiji r BT]AwB{Svp
kjo w nB Q ow a /So nAo. jBTwA jn 2 <BT]A nBTn r
KvaoM X  n~U A BM /SB y] A nBMA B\ nj ,k AkQ
JBT BU An C jn /xA oY B U ojn AoM j{ Mi Bz oAv
kA{ jAkU M Te kjo BLj BT]A wB{Svpv /A /C lAoQ
/kTB Swj Bo\{ A AoM =
C ji oTzM jo kAi j  vdU An v nBB{
SdU MBT A pA z kAhM An C nBMnj BT{ oT JBT
JBT  B\C pA ,BA /{ SeAnB To nAo. JBT A SwnjB o< oY B U
.Ake kwn o< M ,S{Aj An <oAv KvaoM> C TB y] jBTwA C
,T. Aop jo K\U jBp kBL !SwA jo SAow M v pA
,kBwn BBQ M An Aiji r  kwn BBToM M BT]AwB{Svp
~A wB{JBT /jo nB C wB{JBT n  jM Bp Swnj
,KUoU A M /SwB BhMBT nj nB pA BSBw  jM TL AoM v
An wB{JBT B BjB~U KveoM T. k{ kM Bd{i M qwB U
jAj B\zAj M jo oXU 1977 jnAv C nj Aohw =  kj
nB nj nBzTA pA L. BU Bw 5 ,BT]A nBTn r oE> jM xji /jM
:Sv A nj { /jM kk Ao 197 wB{JBT v BTeA /v
!jM jo bof An Bv TBy] jo , pA Ak] v
nBM "Auld lang syne" jn X ?kj fn .BAUA a jM nfa
oz /C/n JBT oUBo B /jo AkQ C AoM L. MB. c=U AU oj
1. The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior
2. The Gentical Theory of Social Behavior

455

jpB ~. S{Q

BS{Q

BU BwB{Svp Bj nj nk.C wA A /SwA 1 LhJBhTA r oU


M An w ji M ji zM An C A  j SwA kM  SwA joMnBoQ
xi BBQ A /Ajo a jo v nAk { / B=A C
pA A M BAoTA pA u_ Aop ,kAQ. A onj  BC AoM SwA
!jnAk BMA TomQ oY B U oz
/SwA ozM q_ ,k,kp C nj B , oUPB, ///197 |
BMq oTA BoUPB B\Aow  jM MyQ MB. B
Ak`Q L{ nj BoUPB /k{ kAi oXU ji ^A B BA
BBQ BTvMkM nj BC pA nBvM /kfLUo M oTz RB^A pA
B{BLeB T. oj QM /k{ ok M B .A oTA
S Ao{ M BM An B{RB^A k kM jn An B{Bvj Q
B{ AoM SwA B BU BT]A o ZAo{ = A /knAm
pA T{ An JBT A A NBa T. /oXU ji BBoM nBzTA k{
BoM pA nAjoMhv nj nBTiAM BLT{A jo o ThQB n
a jo o j{ TwAiB oUPB k{ AkQ WBM Swnj
BC Be /jM oUjjBw B ,Bp C BAwB T /k{BM TdB jAkn
QM  <Bo > <Bto> SAow Bowjnj BM knAj nBow oUPB BM 
ji vjjnB T{m Bw /kTv B{C kpAkA An jkM BuBoM
oUPB AoMnB AoM  k{ qTh to j M UB^A k{ jC WBM
SvQ jAoA AoM SwA Aop oM B An Bto /SwA \An B TLv RBAUA
M SvQ o/e o^BiSB=n ,kAT{Aj Swj BC TiAkA An M nj  o/e
RBAU jAoA a nBTn .iA o< pA Aop <SvQ> /k{BM T{Aj Ao
k{ JC A k rM o BzBpC nj  vU C nBTn BM jnAk
/jki BTL yn M k jC ov nBM M An
M oUPB to eAo^ /kA<a > l o< pA jAoA A Aop <o/e>
nj kj B\A An C kAU fwT uBoM o /jnAk pB Bi x
Te /Tv BC pA ji ,ZwT BvBoM kAAo a poA Bj
/kAj An C ,j c=U An oUPB to nB a Sv p
1. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

Aiji r 456

BvBoM BAwB T /SwA C BM pnBL ,to BoM T{ pA oUBwC


tok= JBto BBoM T{ Bo An ji BLAo S. oB
to B ,Sv B jp v A M SBL{M) k BA kB
UBdvU ] SwA  SwA A nj ofi /(j{ enqU k{ <q=>
BBoM nj nyQ ,Bto MB/ nj ozQ o BM ,j{ o{
Swj jAoA An tok= BBoM oTzM , BU /j{ AkQ wok=
A  SwA A MyQ BA /kAT{Am Aoj nBTiA nj BAn M T{
M oj Boe X Swnj j{ jnCnj Q An Bi AoM nB
pA oQ Bw q BM <nAqAo oTj> X j{ v/U ApSA B}~hU
nB M An <oTj> A ao /k{BM B AU o<T ,oBnj BQ vj
yQ L^ n^M  k e An Uz .A B{qQ joM
BoTj /k{BM k{ jB\A T^kM n pA k M  Uz ,kC
M BBvA ji  k e An Uz ,kTv B X nAqAo
j{  B\C BU /k{BM T{Aj j] kBL A  Uz ,kAjnC j]
SwAinj /kAK^J{C yM  BC ,jp tke An ApBwto qA
, oA ?k pBM An pBwQ nB AoM kAi B .A BC ,SwA A BC pA
oTM An nj An BUqnBoM jAkTwA ,knAjoM B/eA B BM pBM pA Swj
/k Zoi
/k,]U An qa An,n, jBTA ///198 |
M BC nj ,jL nB<TA pA nj kwn Twj M jBTA BBMo. pA  jBp BB
,q> ji A M kAU Ba kMBQ /jM k{ AoTA C pA jB/TA
/Sv SeAn C oYA joM M pA  kj { Sv{ An B`M q> B ~i
An qa jo j{ KLw  l nj SwA TBe ?Sva kMBQ A
oA /k{BM T{Aj nBM C AoM A k Hn k{BM a qa C Sv
M B Aop ,SwA oBi jBTA C oj ,k{BM T{Aj j] kB U oM Aj kA{
 nA^^ RnBL A j M /Ak{ kLBQ kA{ C j] o^Bi
nBM An BU  Bv /kB BM nBvM <SwA jBTA BU ji>
 o^Bi A M k kB U An C  SwA jBp kA{ j] o^Bi M knAj
/k{BM T{Aj nBM a kATwAi k M

457

jpB ~. S{Q

BS{Q

M SwA jo <k{BM a nBM C qa C Sv > TA


tAj KB] JBT nj oTA KAn M X ZMnM AhLj B Bqa
A /k{BM T{Aj jBTA 1 T] j LB] BCnB vw B M uAjC
M  pn /SwA e xnB nj A kATiBw jB/TA nA AoM k M An
 SwA nBM A oM kA{ Hn B B^A BM A ,n ykj
jn  Bqa  Sv A n< /SwA Bw jB{ B]
A v /k{BL B k{BM n^A SwA /kAZMnM B Te kAjo jBTA
a ,Sv toTwj nj oj oM oUoM y\w AoM Aq  SwA
An jnAk p j .A nBM A ,.Anj /j{ JBT]A kA{ pA AnB{C
kkvQ jo BU , B{ tBU BTwAj M nB{A pA n< :kATvAj BwnBQ
/jM oQ jpAj C nj
u Bj pA Bv M ao) jnCnj Soe M An B kAU BA
Sw M Ba An jo kAU (kAjo nBM BC kATA An A
/SvAj l nBM An C AU  kj Rw Bofi BjoiM
koM ,ko=Be ^AoA jnA nj  k kLBQ ji M An jAoA Ba nBM
 Bv > AoM v S /k ue B{nB ]U M pB A kM ,kzM
RnBL pA <///k{ SAM BzAoM ji B/M  kAk{ o] Ba
/k jBATwA 2 <Bjp>
/M RoM SwBAM X BB] nj An jAoA A pA i ,K{ nBLiA nj
yzhM ,SLd M ozM BpB AoM B  jnAj An AU A nBM
M An jo ,Bk An nj jo  k{BM A nBM B .A oA Te /k{BM ] RBwBveA
SwA p !SwA ew a A /kwAo C pA ,kBwn BnC B
BM nBM nBn M ,kMB |B~TiA ] BnAqMA j BnBM M ~
/rnk KM BU ,] KwA ,e\
ApBwBTAB,jiMBGnj AU, BBU,pBU nj ///21 |
/TvBM Aiji
An n~U A Ak/T QM AoM JBT BTA nj BL{i d A
QM nj ,jB/TA A /jnAk B C /M BM JBT \T  jo jB\A
1. Dirk Gentlys Holistic Detective Agency

2. memeoids

Aiji r

458

]_ M  SwA BT]A BwB{Svp pA o C w pA ,jnA


Bo^ pA ,oj jnA nj /kBM BU r oYA SA pA kAi
B ,pn !kAJLd
jB Be Rk{ M  SwA
B M knAj ji AoM nCtoU qa BBr nj JBT nj T
,k{BM <AoSTe> kBM Ji BAo/U nAo. pA ;<Ao/U>
</r AoSTe> B d]oU
Oa BB

BTwoQBP{

ALUnB

C RB=  SwA SMBY TiB{Svp qa qf ,BAo 7U Ao M


M An BnBTAn C pA B S{AjoM B oA BSBe kBz MBB BnBTAn
k{ bo BT]A wB{Svp A BM Bkj a /jnC j]
BC xo A BA /k{BM kBM B ,SwA nBpBw B q Aj v w pA
oTzM jM UAl jn nj AkTMA  kj nAo B Anj A ow oM An
kB{iB BzAo M A ,kAykAjApC a ,k WdM ozM BnBTAn
onj An ji uPw (BA kB {qf ,pn ) SwA
BA o A ,k Bo\ BA Sv jn nj BiA RBD
q Aj v ,z A pAo TeA Ao M /k{BM UAl oj BA X
oMAo M nj MB7 AU B M  kz B M An jApC jAnA pA SLd
M SwA TzpBM BAnj A ///AhM o A kj BBr RAnTwj
1
/{B Aki SY ,UnBj =vA

Ajni xC  k T A M An B yAnB pn  o
An <jApC jAnA> B {BM <r AoSTe> kBM B B /SwA Tiv BBj
Bo^ pA B\A nj BA /Boi S{Aj An oi j{ ,{BM T{Aj nBM
B yAnB pn o< pA Z/ , v nvoQ ji
a A oBi)kB nj BC o< pA  qa /C JBve M <r AoSTe>
pA ,Br  nAj L. B B ao  SwA A (Sv BwC yL. ao ,SwA
AU  nBM A oM Be nj knAj oY B U ozM nBTn n ,nBC o<
o n kBM r /j uoM B Bo^oM ,kU oj BnAmoYA BM An oY B U A
T{Aj nBC oY B U j{ AkQ L^ JBhTA eo^ pA  nBTn A
1. deus ex machina

459

jpB ~. S{Q

BS{Q

JBhTA An ozM v]  knAj L. yAnB pn A o BM /k{BM


JBhTA An oj Bqa  A B M ,SwA jo jB\A L^
n Br QM  k{BM T{Aj L. kBM uQ /SwA jo jB\A L^
oYA oj Bqa n z Br  A B M knAm oYA v]
v] SwA p BT]A o< pA B A nj BC BTeA BA /knAm
/Sv  SwA ?Sv Q. A nj Bj BC /knAk z ,j{ nB
ABj _ <TvBM r Bji> MB/ nj AhM A nj
BC BM kATM  SwA BBr pA /Tv Ak] nk.C ,B q> ,B /M
nj ,{ nAjnBM B /o^ M B  nBMo ,TA L.  Ba /k MB/
An nB A oUw wB/ nj AT  jnAk j /AjBTvA BBr MB/
/j B\A

Aiji r 460

Bk pA Akq
jB%TwA AoM
\ nj nAAkoTQ
1977 Ar 15 ,
,kA tB{B] Bzq2 M n jAkU  o ,A2oeo> BwB{Svp
]A RBAe nj BAijio> M B AonBXA oBoM nBT2n BM TU
/knAmM < C S%> JBve M An nBT2n C BU knAj BU ,k{
B pA oUB C AoBo L6U Bx  SwA 2o Bv2A ,BX AoM
,Bnj iAj M oh n pA koQ BM BUnAq BTwj nj pB a M
ji pA tB{Svp oUBiM Te {M /k /U An ji S]
nj ,T2o B] A BnBT2n \ nj nB a a SwA kwoQ
xAknAj BM Ao kBM j{ a M o\  r C nBTiBw  Be
A jn /k{BM k{ nBPvn k nBj M TiB{S] nqM
yB A nj

Tr BAiji BnB BA ,Sv nBA MBU Bv2A AM BTwAj


/joM ji M An B2o*M B AonBXA BA { B SwA
BUB%UM MB nj ,BnqMnjB Bow  r A C SwA
KUoU A M Aop ,k{BM o Ao2 BU nj k{ KLw An ,kw
 An ji Br pA yhM C nBzTA BM uB{ BAiji BMo nqMnjB
/k oTzM ,Sv yB nj
TwnjB ,kk] v BwB{Svp oUBzinj pA q Aj jnB`n
BM An onBXA nBMnj BT]A wB{Svp jBT2AB] Bn~U pA <M
nUBTPwA

Aiji r 462

:Sv o Bz2A AoM MBT ]_ M yMBT BA ,k n RnB S


oM BT]A wB{Svp Bv pA kk] AoB kMnBA ,uoM
{nB BM ,oLT SwA T ,M /SwA L* JBhTA r
o/ tBwA
jo K>An AnB] SiB{ M An q Aj jnB`n `C /A{ yhMjB{
nj An C B]  zAo ,SwA jM RBAe <jM T{AjSwj>
/M ,kAkC JBT A nj  Mi BwB{Svp
q Aj BoM pA zhM ,Sv k] ,Lw o/ pA Aiji r
jAjnAo! ,qn Szi JBM nj a BJBT jBMM BBjA jo oM
 SwA A BJBT A B{A> :jM k%vLA LA = o njnC BT]A
kz ]T An BU nBpBw
A Aop ///kAjBT2A BLT{A An M
 BzB%
(o B) S%
,BU nj qa oU  kAT2o Q An ;> o2 A

</(r B) jo2 Sd~ SwA


o BM hU>  kj B~d`M M  BpnkA kQ pA nBvM nj
An C q Aj jnB`n /jnAj j] Se ke BU UAnj <jpBw oj hU
:k BM a

3 Tv B{B ,oj RBAe ,B 3 SwA A B WdM


SH C jo3 Ai kTwA / ///Ak{ TiBw BBr WwU
A /SwA BenM kw ,k{BM r nj nAj nBGTA 3 LB
/j{ jo6 nBT6n nj AijinM o\ jB n\M r Aiji
j] Bi BSb WAo{ ,jo3 Ai Ge 3 n\B ,BA
nj onBXA pA jkd oT3 MBb { BA BM r BC nj 3 jnAj
<Bi> BrA /kMB Swj xABAiji xAkA M jAo6A cjw
/knAj As B nBM ,kAkC Lb ] nj 3 <jkd>
B] Twj ,{BM T{Aj nBM nAj Swj B `C xioM
/knAk B] BU nj 3 kABH 3 nj B RjBw

UA pA nB A ,jo d An mBe A ATM kB{ ,k q Aj

463

Bk pA Akq

T{Aj Br Aiji kAo2 pA oTzM qnj ao /k  BC jM


nB BMo RBvd AU oUTvB{ d M ,{BM
An nB A s SA q Aj j xpC ,SwA C nj ] oi  An `C
/k BM ~%U {n M ozM d <ro>> B o2 BU nj
wBwA A kMnBA M yMBT ~2 oU oiC nj q Aj
kB{ Te jnAj joMnB BU BB/ jn nj {M  jpAjoQ
,SwA Mo zB] w BUA BC nj  UAj] jn nj
/SwA o2 jnoQ yBU pA jBp yhM  BvA a UAj]
nj oUoM mo* pA pBwBT BS nj BU jB\A A ,A A
Bjo%U , ;Ao{ nj jB RAj] nj ,BS A /SwA XkU
qa o2 BTA keA q Aj AoM /<r> B M kA DNA B nj
An B nAj o/ ~eB oiC ~2 nj kB <> An C A  SwA
/kj bo{ ~%U M
 An o2 A : 2BTA T{BQ q Aj Ji jBA=2 JBT M
Svrq2 nBM A SwA /2Be T{Aj kp Bqa s
"mimeme" A BM keA A pA A /jo bo6 197 nj ,o kAA :zoUA
nBMnj w jnB`n cTU /jnAj ~hz J zn  ArA ,joM B
qa An C AU SwA nAjo> B BU BL* (1921) dT A
v2  An o Bo/ pA /jnC JBve M nj nB q]
An yjM nAjki BU kz yQ ,kB /t/Z nv2oQ ,KUn AoSL*
An Ai B BUj  k{BM T{Aj j] LoU kBM :jM a kj Bz
/nAj Aow , DNA ,kwA  Ln v Aj nj Be B  k{BM T{Aj
1977 ,
nUBTPwA \

L3 yB
(i) 1977 13 , uBw \ nj T /j /

Aiji r 464

BU o/ pA kk] B /kAhM kBM kAU An JBT A


KB6 AoiA  An jBw Lw B BM /SwA k{ 5U C nj AjBTwA
jnBTwj o/ pA /j{ To jo M wB{Svp SwnjB B kk]
k`Q RBT  o> oBoM nB A nj ,SwA {pnAoQ
,kj bo{ 2 o> BMp M An BU nj kk] nB2A M Mo TBn
B{C KB6 A BM  BwB{Svp C AoM Te /SwA jM m2 nBvM
T%{ pBU pA Bi ,ko C M  kj BM BTA nj TU ,knAj
nAoU Be A BM /SwA jM a n6w A knB AoM UA /Sv
jB%TwA MBU ,p A nj LU RB*A T{Aj kM Te , AoM ,
/SwA
An uo ,ji zsQ m M jq Ap nj LB] JBT kAi
B T A :jnB{oM An BBLT{A  jnAjA Bji _ k~U kM
nB  SwBRk SwA SwnjB o/ A ,SwA L dT C ,Sv
Sv A n/ /SwA T2nTv{ T o/ pA JBT A /k{ T{Am
C nj  MBT nj qa a jnAk j] BTeA BLT{A _ C nj 
ov Swnj An  nj BA SwA o> BLoU k{ bo6 Btke
WdM AoM An An qz jnA nj T2o yQ An kp RAj] SiB{
/SwA T{AmpBM
k bwi An kT ,ji Bo/ pA kv BUo2 MBpnA
k{ AnA k pA o A  kM nMn jBzQ A BM An ji BpAo kAi
M jBzQ a AnA /kzkM oTM k M xji ,Sv TAn
KB6 pBU pA oLi AnB{C ,k{ ]A BLTwA BM  MBT nj ,k] Rn
jp d  BU  AjBw Bo/ BvM a ,C K\ /kj C
/kBzM An BU kU BB pA <M o jp i kATM ,kAkz
ov%U kB ke BU ?SwA Ak BU pA kk] B A ,Ji

465

Bk pA Akq

,BA ,kAT{m C pA ]UM jM T nj  qa :SwA oPv{ pA kk]


nBMnj BT{ nj C pA yM o/jn kk] B A  , 2BTA kBM
B ]U Ak2 jM a SL* ji nj ,k{BM kB BQ nAj BU
pA q Aj ,BX AoM /SwA T{m ,Bwk ,Bw SvM M Mo oTzM
 Be nj ;k do{ kB{C B AoM  nAkBQB `QnB B
qa v] kAo2 nj B{K\ }Un po pA Te nAj
/ko2BM Roe  Sv nkUC Bw SvM Te BA /SvAj
%v2 SA k }hz An JBT WdMjn kkQ
 A ~2
o> B <M /kj Bz ozM kp nj An C
pBwBT Tvh nBMnj j ~2 /k K] An B ]U AnB] nCtoU
/j{ k`Q B{bo* jBp B{nB{ M /SwA pB>C Nw nj
{T An ok Te ,k] ;k{n ;d ow oM SMBUn M k do{
nj An B{bw kAjnC a M  An `C ji ;kM k
nj BBQ A M ;2 BnB~e A pA ;k BQ 2AkU BnB~e
BThw pA RB\ AoM  ,k jB%TwA AonB{ BLUn e MB
[vM  SwA a /kAT2B An C oM L> AU  Tvp;d q2
w kB ,ko ji M K\ BRn ,kMB nAoTwA ,k{
/Aj BoM Bo j nj ;p Q nj ,BeBw n ,k{ An
C ,k{BM T{Aj AkU kAU kp oj B{wC  ,Bjkd A nj
nBM B An oUK\ ao BKBU ,BnBM BnBM ,j{ opAow Nw
BM j ~2 /kCnj jC MBM ,2 ,an { M B\Aow k oQ
: kwn \T A M kU BpBwBT A B jAp ka TA
yQ r B M Be BpBwBT A ///SwBj] B S BC nBTzQ>
</Tv BC BM {B B kn
qa o BC ,k{BM knApC npoQ kAi o/ pA SwA ao
BBQ B kM BM BU ow TLA , kB{ B\A BU ,Ji ?SwA kk]

Aiji r 466

Rn M BM 2 { Bj nj ,oU C pA /SwA T2o


C kATM BwB{Svp C pA oUBop i ,k{ Bop Ao/To>

 /knC o/ nj b AoM nBpBw  kU JanBa nj An


/kj zU An JBT M A dT  SwBk`Q
AnB C /U kwn o/ M /knBM o/ nj An koQ pAC ,jBw BX
pA  SwA An C T2B Q nj  kTL Ao jB ,k{BM T{Ak Bi
An Rz oj Am> jL ,Shw BBTvp B=U pA A C mo*
TdB nkUC An ji Bo ]oQ pAC SwA ,jnAm owSzQ
SwA oTzM BU BM) /bn nB<eA v] nj An AMm] d{n  kAkM
pA nj K\ nkUB
A  jnAj Bo C  kwoM SUA A M
pAC jn X :SwA JBT A BdT pA oj UAnj A kAl
nj BA (/SwA k{ ]U jB jBw nBvM T{m nj Sv] y ,koQ
A  6i Thn BQ o An ji
BpBwBT pA U  ,o
pAC ,k SLd SzQr oUK\ pAC pA q Aj B] /kAjo Ao]A
B=U pA oT xAnBMnj B ;kwoM tBUA w C BU SwA 
nB{ kB{ ,kA{ nAoU pA B\A BU /kwoM kBM v a M Sva  Aj
M xi ,k{BM a o A  k{BM ozM d MB nj B TvL A
Rov  kBpBwBT BU pA oj U  A TLA B Be
,kjnnj An tBUA B {M BpAC A /k kU An B%w
oUk`Q Bz tBwA oM BC ji  ABwC Ao]A pA k{ u BM
C BM BSwjoU  nB ,k{BM Swnj q Aj o/ o A /kAk{ kjo TiBw
B\A k{ > Nw A jB BM ;2 SL* `C MB nj ,k
A nj wB{Svp kk] B  jni jnj A M /Sv qa ,kj
An (v /A BT]A wB{Svp
X) oj kk] BJBT <M JBT
BQ oUnj A jp M kB{  kA A UoQ kBwn nj k }hz
jn nj oA A o A ,jAj BBwow oU2 MBU { M ATM An RBe

467

Bk pA Akq

 k{BM kAU  bo* jn nj UA ,k{BL nk RBq]


jo oMnj An Bw BU pAC ,wka oUjBw ,w nAj oUjBw
uoM An RnBL A ,kAU kAkM b o A SvvnB Lm jAo2A )
/(k
wB{Svp JBT A  SwA A qoPM C pA kBM  n~U
nj jBp jBM Bo/ ,A /SwA kTL B kAi AoM _BT]A
oM k BU BM v n6U JBT nj  jBU k ,Bj SwA k{ bo6 C
An TiAjoP C M v jnAj j] BT]A nBT2n o/ pBM L]
,Sv LwB RnBL <o/ pBM> /k jBT An C o*oM
xn Br ji Aop ,BT]A BU oUBQ b6w S2BM nj B~h
M b6w BU nj  SwA k{ ,A j] BM ,k ]U An B{nB
/jnAj j] LwB MBzU o2 BU BpBM o/ % nBTiBw
S2ozQ Be nj kk] p ,k{ bo6 T n*M B\A nj  ,1 zoj
jBU>) oj B BM BpBM o/  TvAj oiAA A
X :SwA
nB M jM <nAkBQ BU o/ pA> jB yM   % AoM (2 <xB
A nj An BU o/ pA jM nAkBQ o/ ,Twnj M ,q Aj /SwA T2n
/k n/ qa oU A M dBT]A wB{Svp pA kk] opBM
BT]A nBpBw BT]A nBT2n nj pBM oB ,BT]A ST o nj
A BM  SwA jAo2A oj joLAn M jo2 joLAn S2 TvMA pA {B
SU pA An oM oTzM  nBpBw oQ /knAj MBT 6MAn
[BT M kAU ,jnC Swj M , oi T2o o/ nj kM ,|Bi
oM ,BB nj  S{Aj n~U a v a
X /j{ o\ nCRoe
o A k SLUAo jAp hU pA  SwA o A ,oj AnB] oX A i
,%oo RBq] BC ,ko k M An nB A u] j pA o k{BM nAoU
q Aj BA /SwA kU ,k Bn JC nj An ji Ap oUjp Ak A X
1. Cross - Fertilization

nCnBMoj

2. Nash equilibrium

Aiji r 468

RBq] A jn nj pnoU //n o/ M TiAjoQ BM xnB


,k{BM kU AkkQ  jn nj kAU ,BY ke nj Te ,kMBp
BkoQ nj T{Ak nB/TA BC ,` /kAjo 6 An dT
jB M SLv jnAmM hU oTzM jAkU ,o  BM jB ,ovU
~2 nj q Aj /kCnj JC pA Swnj C u nj ?ovka B
MB nj SB % oj nBM <Bu] joL> kjnAkz BLoU
BLUnA A B B jo nB M An (Bo nAjoMoM nBMA ) nAjoMoM
kz RBLYA ,yBo/ oj kB A o/ A /kj ] L* An K\
BA ;k{BM T{Aj j] oUp j SwA ` ,kB UBM
M pB ,kwn o/ M jBw xkk] Bkj pA kj Swj M A  An BC
/knAj ]U
,kM An ApBM B{ ,BpBM o/ M Mo {pC JBT nj
nB M wk kk] BJBT nj  BB ,WX SwA oAj Sv ao
dT AkTMA pA BpBM o/ :SwA oL] xA B nj /kn
A nj o2 pA jB%TwA kM  Un C M ,C AnA AoMBM /SwA 2
RB% oM tBveA o/ pA A ,SwA  nBB{ kC JBT
nj oz2 /C/n /C nj RBq] pA nmM Be ,SwA o/ pBM ;Ao{
AoM {U > :SwA T{ BU nBMnj xk{pnA JBT k
nBLn op jp i kAi JBT C nj </kB \TM JBT jo 2 jBw
kAi pA kM Be /j{ oi joi joz2 ATdoQ B] Bo2
SUC ao ,kvM C pA oTM SvAU oz2  o2 Aiji r
{pC Bo/ AU kwn o/ M  A /k{ oj JBT UAnj
Lw M jM z  n*C pA oUKB] i ,An w S] Tr
SwA jo oz2 pA oTM ke BU nB A nj k UA nj) /jnCnj jB
nj  SwA A j{ o l kBM BUA  qa /(SwA pA oUATd xnB BA
C pA AU ke a BU ,RBe BSUA M oUBT]A kk] jon

469

Bk pA Akq

SAn xARvzQ  S] Tr tnj nj nCSBv B UA RBTBn


oUnqM> An oz2 kB q Aj A kj pA /jo  ,koz2
JBT  nka A pA BA ,jo K\U k jAkU <TvM oU tB{Svp
/k{ K\T q SwA jo nAoU An oz2
A /kwn o2 BU KB] dT M q Aj ,oiC ~2 nj B\Aow
<r> o2 jB A M An (mimeme k{BU Rn) b6A
Bv SwA z rA A % po ke U ao /jpAkA An
jM z 2B pAkA M ji C  ,r jke U pA SwA oUShw
j{ [An BwB{Svp B nj jp M  tBveA
nBT% nj r  n*C ;oj jAo2A BwB{BMp ,B2v2 jq n*
/SwA jBT2A B] opn
/(1977) 757 59:196

uBw

\ , T /j/ pA pB]A BM tBLTGA

48 , (The London Review of Books) k JBT k$ nj SwA jnB B]


(T&B xoTv in k7 pA tBLTGA) /1982 nP
KwB {nB pA nAjnioM j] BM  SwA Tv]oM o/ A pA Aiji r
KB6 A ji , M /jnAj T% AoM ,LB6 wB{Svp nj ,B
 1 fow w kp ,q kj w JBT ioM /kA|Bi M
j{ xnAq kk] K6 Aiji r nj SwA B AoM AT{
C nj TBn k _
A UAnj Sv kk] TBn k B{
/SwA B] M SLv kk] Bkj kj Swj M  qa BU Sv
An jBp B{j BA ,kAjoM Rm kAi nBvM An JBT A ao
oTM B ,B%Uw pA {B B{j oTzM , o/ pA /SwA ThAoM q
1. The life of the Robin

Aiji r 470

A /SwA JBT dT qnj k BC oUk /SwBB%Uw M


B SwBw ,=iA nBMnj MBT SwA BU kAo2 nBMnj JBT
B<M Aoa kAj Sv KB] BTAoM BU dT o A BvA
a /kAh An C ,k BvA ;MAn pA o> qa onj An ji nkUA
/k{ SeAnB jM
]T JBT A kAi BM ,kkU BU M  o2 A BM BA
BU 196 BBw nj BU BwB{Svp M Bonj nj k{
JBhTA> M TvMA dT j M BC WdM /jM nB B\ q Aj ,197
A jo bo6 BM] pjnAjA /k{ Mo <kBzi JBhTA> <o
BM mo* pA o JBhTA mo* pA [nBT2n BnBpBw BU
An <o JBhTA> WdM ,jo Rn ///oj <M jMB Bo <M
/SiAkA An M
JBhTA jo jn nj An oj ywoQ T Bp B nj BLoU
AoM An ji kp xAknAj j{ KLw r o A S% A /jo bo6 L*
pA oj Bhv C pA kM SwA ,k Ak2 yBTvM pA Uka RB\
T2o Rn AnB Ak2 a  TU ,MB nj ,k{BM T{Aj j] r C
TvB{> % ,kAo2 A pA 
k TiBw AoM T ///k{BM
An AjApB2 o M jo2 ji Akpo2 ;2  ///jo bo6 An 1 <o Ao2
kM]nj BM SwA KwBT k{BM k{ nqM jo2 ,C  BM  j{ B{
///kBzi SLv Aq
nCjB ,jnAj B jo M  e o*BiM T pA AjnkU T ,q Aj
M TvB{ % kBz wo M AoM y{U oiC nj A  j{
BU M r T2o i za pA  jM A oU /SwA T2n BLT{A
 An qa <pBwBT> M k RB%U jo BnAjA q Aj /Svo
 An qa ,<d> j{ nAoU XkU kAo2 nj BUj xnBTiBw
1. inclusive Fitness

471

Bk pA Akq

,SwBpBwBT oYBU SdU yBs k pBwBT SwAo


 kwA B B B{C ApBwBT oU /j }hzU
/k{ TiBw BC pA Bpo Br  kA DNA B
 M An za B uPw /kA Bd ,jC , u ,w kM
BAoM  Cw A SwA SwA T2B nBpBw kj AoM AoBo
A  gwBQ BU ,q Aj o/ pA /SwA k{ AkQ v a % M  kC yQ
T2B BU ,kTv yzAkQ KLv  ApBwBT % M za  SwA

B o JBhTA M An jo2 JBhTA cTU AoM , kB ,q A ao /SwA


/kzkA pBwBT oUoM M nA ,kj c]oU
1 9 8 2 , S wA jnB B]

Aiji r 472

BwB{Svp B nj B\ pA ] ,1976 nj Aiji r Svh NBa


,Bwn {n oX nj ,RBe M r Bkj pA y2B%{ B /ShAoM
JanBa nj Ba An L* JBhTA Tva nBMnj o2 6i
kLU BU 5Th BL] qnj AoM {pnABM L M  jAj nAoU %
KB6 RU o*BiM An Aiji r /kj AU C oM An Bp kBU o /k{
C KB6 ,kATvAj xnB nBB{ K>A ,xA2o> BMp
/SwA oLT pBU ,xnBzTA Bp ` , poA
BU o/ pA kk] B /kAhM kBM kAU An JBT A>
</SwA k{ 5U C nj AjBTwA
uBw \ ,T /j/

<///Ji jBA=2 ///A{ yhMjB{ {nB BM ,oLT SwA T>


nUBTPwA \ ,nAAk oTQ ow

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