Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Agnew, Benjamin S. An Old Dutch Windmill on the Estate of Cecil Rhodes, South Africa. Digital
image. Library of Congress. Library of Congress, 1898. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph showing a glimpse into the conditions and estate of Cecil Rhodes.
Agnew, Benjamin S. An Ostrich, in Zoological Gardens, on the Estate of Cecil Rhodes, Groote
Schurr--Capetown Region, South Africa. Digital image. Library of Congress. Library of
Congress, 1898. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of a part of Cecil Rhodes' estate, showing the conditions and
expanse of his land.
Williams, Basil. Cecil Rhodes. New York: H. Holt, 1921. Print.
This is a book about Cecil Rhodes, providing quotes and describing his life and views.
Cecil John Rhodes, 1853-1902, Bust Portrait, Facing Front. Digital image.Library of Congress.
Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of an illustration of Cecil Rhodes' head and shoulders facing
forward.
Cecil John Rhodes, 1853-1902. Digital image. Library of Congress. Library of Congress, n.d.
Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of a portrait illustration of Cecil Rhodes' head and shoulders facing
forward from the cover of a book.
"Cecil Rhodes: A Bad Man in Africa." IPOAA. Global African Presence, n.d. Web. 21 Sept.
2014.
This is an article explaining key events and policies of Cecil Rhodes.
"Cecil Rhodes Biography." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Advameg, Inc., 2013. Web. 04
Jan. 2015.
A portrait of Cecil Rhodes reproduced by Archive Photos, Inc. was used from this source.
Cecil Rhodes Memorial - Buluwayo. Digital image. Library of Congress. Bain News Service,
n.d. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of the memorial of Cecil Rhodes, containing a statue of Rhodes on a
mound of slabs of concrete.

"Cecil Rhodes." Photos/Illustrations. Library of Congress. World History: The Modern

Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 9 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of Cecil Rhodes head and upper body facing forward.
"Charles Rudd." Digplanet. Digparty, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
A photograph of the portrait of Charles D. Rudd was used from this source.
"Grave of Cecil Rhodes." Photos/Illustrations. Corel. World History: The Modern Era. ABCCLIO, 2014. Web. 9 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of the grave of Cecil Rhodes in the Matobo National Parkin
Zimbabwe.
Handwritten will of Cecil Rhodes. Digital image. The Rhodes Scholarships. The Rhodes Trust,
n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
This is a photograph of an excerpt from the handwritten will of Cecil Rhodes.
Johnson, John. Will and Codicils of the R.T. Hon. Cecil John Rhodes. Oxford: Rhodes Trust,
1929. PDF.
This is a scanned PDF file from the Oxford University Press which shows Cecil Rhodes
exact, last will.
Krishna, Nakul. "Oxford Revisited." New Statesman 137.4895 (2008): 57. MAS Ultra - School
Edition. Web. 8 Sept. 2014.
This is an article by Nakul Krishna containing an illustration of Cecil Rhodes drawn by
Mortimer Menpes.
Landre, Charles. French political cartoon of Cecil Rhodes from magazine Le Rire in 1900.
Digital image. HPrints.com. HPrints, 1900. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
Man Building Railway Planned by Cecil Rhodes near Broken Hill, Rhodesia. Digital
image. Library of Congress. Library of Congress, 1890-1923. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of hundreds of men working on a railroad track near Broken Hill for
Cecil Rhodes.
Michell, Lewis. The Life of the Rt. Hon. Cecil John Rhodes, 1853-1902. Vol. 1. London: E.
Arnold, 1910. Print.
This is a biography of Cecil Rhodes by a man who was a friend of Rhodes and knew him
quite well. It describes Rhodes' character and life from Michell's point of view.

Michell, Lewis. The Life of the Rt. Hon. Cecil John Rhodes, 1853-1902. Vol. 2. London: E.
Arnold, 1910. Print.
This is the second volume of the biography of Cecil Rhodes by Michell. It describes more
into Rhodes' character and life.
Mrs. Cecil Rhodes, Residence at 100 E. 65th St., New York City. Bathroom. Digital
image. Library of Congress. Gottscho-Schleisner, Inc., 20 July 1944. Web. 10 Sept.
2014.
This is a photograph inside the house of Mrs. Cecil Rhodes containing items such as
flowered wallpaper, a mirror, a chair, a closet with dresses, and a carpeted rug.
Mrs. Cecil Rhodes, Residence at 100 E. 65th St., New York City. Closet. Digital image. Library
of Congress. Gottscho-Schleisner, Inc., 20 July 1944. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph inside the house of Mrs. Cecil Rhodes containing items such as suits
and framed pictures.
Mulcahy, Gilbert P. Late Cecil Rhodes Estate. 1919. Museum Victoria, Cape Town. Museum
Victoria. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
This is a photograph of three servicemen in Cecil Rhodes estate, 17 years after his death.
Mulcahy, Gilbert P. Late Cecil Rhodes Home. 1919. Museum Victoria, Cape Town. Museum
Victoria. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
This is a photograph of Cecil Rhodes home, 17 years after his death.
Munn & Co. "Origin of Rhodes Scholarship, Defending Marconi, Rich Inventors (Apr, 1902)."
Scientific American 76.16 (1902): 270. Modern Mechanix. Modern Mechanix, 19 Nov.
2008. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.
This is a journal article from 1902 describing Cecil Rhodes and his will and scholarship
fund.
Perry, Marvin, Joseph R. Peden, Von Laue Theodore H., and (Theodore Hermann). Sources of
the Western Tradition. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. Print.
This is a textbook containing Cecil Rhodes' "Confession of Faith."
Powell, John. "Europe at the End of the Nineteenth Century." Great Lives from History: The
Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell John. 4 vols. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10
Sep. 2014.
This is a map showing the regions of Europe at the end of the Nineteenth Century, places
where Cecil Rhodes took over and/or affected.

Rhodes, Cecil, and W. T. Stead. The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes: With
Elucidatory Notes to Which Are Added Some Chapters Describing the Political and
Religious Ideas of the Testator. London: "Review of Reviews" Office, 1902. Print.
This is the will and testament of Cecil Rhodes that provides the direct views and quotes
from Cecil Rhodes.

Rhodes, Cecil J. Letter to Sir Somers Vine. 10 Feb. 1891. SOUTH AFRICA - CECIL RHODES.
Westminster: n.p., 1891. 1. Bonhams. Bonhams, 30 Nov. 2010. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.
This is a letter by Cecil Rhodes addressed to Sir Somers Vine stating how he is unable to
attend the Savage Club during his stay in England.
Roda. "The Age of Imperialism: Imperialism (Case Study: Nigeria)." Historoda. Historoda, 4
Apr. 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.
A political cartoon of England's imperialistic policies from 1888 was used from this
source.
Sanderson, Edgar. Right Hon. C.J. Rhodes. Digital image. Library of Congress. Russell & Sons,
1898. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of Cecil Rhodes' head and torso.
Thornycroft's "Cecil Rhodes" Digital image. Library of Congress. Bain News Service, n.d. Web.
10 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of a statue of Cecil Rhodes riding a horse.
"Tobacco farm in Rhodesia." Photos/Illustrations. Library of Congress. World History: The
Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 9 Sept. 2014.
This is a photograph of people working among tobacco plants in Rhodesia, which was
named after Cecil Rhodes.
Vindex. Cecil Rhodes; His Political Life and Speeches, 1881-1900. London: Chapman and Hall,
1900. Print.
This is a book from when Cecil Rhodes was alive, giving quotes and speeches from his
life.
Secondary Sources
Anderson, Tim. "Boer War (1899): The Boer Rebellion." Boer War (1899) (2009): 2. History
Reference Center. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.

This is an article describing the Boer War and revolution between the British and
Afrikaner people.
Barratt, David. "Great Britain Grants Self-Government to Southern Rhodesia." Great Events
from History: The Twentieth Century, 1901-1940. Ed. F. Gorman Robert. 6 vols. Salem
Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining how Cecil Rhodes founded the British South Africa
Company in Southern Rhodesia and exploited the area's resources.

Barratt, David. "Kaunda Becomes Zambias First President." Great Events from History: The
Twentieth Century, 1941-1970. Ed. F. Gorman Robert. 6 vols. Salem Press, 2008. Salem
History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining how the British South African Company founded by Cecil
Rhodes was responsible for the early exploitation of mineral resources and settlement in
Northern Rhodesia.
Boyd, Newell D. "Joseph Chamberlain." Great Lives from History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed.
Powell John. 4 vols. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article showing how Joseph Chamberlain's policies in South Africa were
influenced by Cecil Rhodes' interests that all Southern Africa should be under British
control through military force.
Campbell, Gary A. "Rhodes Amalgamates Kimberley Diamondfields." Great Events from
History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell John. Salem Press, 2007. Salem
History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article showing how the discovery of one of the world's richest diamond fields
in 1867 started the transformation of South Africa to an industrial power, and how Cecil
Rhodes successfully united the diamond fields to maximize profits and increase wealth to
expand British influence in Southern Africa.
"Cecil John Rhodes." (2005): Biography Reference Bank (H.W. Wilson). Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a record containing biographies of Cecil Rhodes and a portrait of Cecil Rhodes.
"Cecil John Rhodes." South African History Online. South African History Online, n.d. Web. 19
Sept. 2014.
This is an article explaining an overview of Rhodes life and key events.

Cecil Rhodes' Dream of Conquest - Empire - Episode 5 - BBC One.YouTube. BBC, 21 Mar.
2012. Web. 26 Nov. 2014.
This is an excerpt from a video about Cecil Rhodes dream to unite Africa under British
rule, and to establish a railroad from Cape Colony to Cairo.
Dolan, Martin L. "South African War." Great Events from History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed.
Powell John. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining the Jameson Raid designed by Cecil Rhodes to provoke the
Uitlanders to rebel against the government of the Transvaal.

"Famed scholarship divides opinion." Sydney Morning Herald, The 24 Oct. 2011: 13. Newspaper
Source Plus. Web. 8 Sept. 2014.
This is an article explaining the different opinions and views on the Rhodes Trust and
scholarship fund, an elite institution founded by Cecil Rhodes.
"First Matabele War." South African History Online. South African History Online, n.d. Web. 21
Sept. 2014.
This is an article explaining Cecil Rhodes imperialist policies and actions.
Gasman, Marybeth. "Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, The Rhodes Trust And Rhodes Scholarships By
Philip Ziegler." History Of Education Quarterly 50.2 (2010): 261-262. History Reference
Center. Web. 8 Sept. 2014.
This is a book review of Philip Ziegler's "Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and
Rhodes Scholarships" arguing against Ziegler's perspective that Rhodes' good deeds
outweighed his bad deeds.
Glen Owen Education, Correspondent. "Mandela praises imperialist Rhodes." Times, The
(United Kingdom) n.d.: Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 8 Sept. 2014.
This is an article explaining the legacy of Cecil Rhodes, who was blamed by many
historians for discrimination in South Africa but praised by Nelson Mandela as a "great
entrepreneurwho made most of his money in Africa."
Halfond, Irwin. "Lobengula." Great Lives from History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell
John. 4 vols. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining how Lobengula, the second and last independent ruler of the
Ndebele kingdom, was tricked into signing a treaty he did not fully understand and lost
his kingdom to Cecil Rhodes' British company.

Lewis, Leon. "Rudyard Kipling." Great Lives from History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell
John. 4 vols. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article showing hos Rudyard Kipling met with Cecil Rhodes and became a firm
supporter of Rhodes' imperialist ideas.
Fiasco, Lupe. Conflict Diamonds. Roc-A-Fella. Kanye West, 2004. MP3.
This is an excerpt from a song describing how Cecil Rhodes and the diamond industry
takes advantage of their laborers.

Lutz, R. C. "Jan Christian Smuts." Great Lives from History: The Twentieth Century. Ed. F.
Gorman Robert. 10 vols. Salem Press, 2008. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining how Jan Christian Smuts was used and felt betrayed by Cecil
Rhodes to subdue the Boers of Transvaal in a surprise attack.
Marks, Shula, and Stanley Trapido. "Rhodes, Cecil John 1853 1902." Oxford Dictionary Of
National Biography (2010): 1. Biography Reference Center. Web. 10 Sept. 2014.
This is a biography of the life of Cecil Rhodes, explaining how Rhodes grew up and the
decisions he made.
Martin, Rubin. "How Cecil Rhodes left his mark." Washington Times, The (DC) n.d.: Newspaper
Source Plus. Web. 8 Sept. 2014.
This is an article explaining the legacy left by Cecil Rhodes through his scholarships and
mining and political career.
Martin, Rubin. "The writer who coined 'catch-22' and his dubious literary legacy." Washington
Times, The (DC) n.d.: Newspaper Source Plus. Web. 8 Sept. 2014.
This is an article explaining how Cecil Rhodes was wrong in believing he had achieved
true immortality, as the central African nation Rhodesia was named after him.
McCullough, Branden C. "Jameson Raid." Great Events from History: The Nineteenth Century.
Ed. Powell John. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining an attempt to overthrow the Afrikaner government of the
Transvaal by Cecil Rhodes, which increased tensions between the British government
and the two Afrikaner republics and contributed largely to the South African War.
Moore, Ronald O. "Cecil Rhodes." Great Lives from History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed.
Powell John. 4 vols. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.'

This is an article of the life British imperialist Cecil Rhodes, explaining his history and
life events.
Rasmussen, R. Kent. "British Subdue African Resistance in Rhodesia." Great Events from
History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell John. Salem Press, 2007. Salem
History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining how Cecil Rhodes negotiated an exclusive mining agreement
with Lobengula through the Rudd Concession.

Ross, Robert. "Olive Schreiner." Great Lives from History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell
John. 4 vols. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article showing how Olive Schreiner published a strongly political novel,
"Peter Halket of Mashonaland," that was an attack on the racial policies promoted by
Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company, accusing Rhodes of advocating the killing
of his company's African subjects.
Rubinstein, William D. "Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, The Rhodes Trust And Rhodes
Scholarships." History Today 58.8 (2008): 64. History Reference Center. Web. 8 Sept.
2014.
This is an article addressing the legacy of Cecil Rhodes through the famous academic
student awards, the Rhodes Scholarships.
Sax, Richard. "Rhodes Scholarships Are Instituted." Great Events from History: The Twentieth
Century, 1901-1940. Ed. F. Gorman Robert. 6 vols. Salem Press, 2007. Salem
History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining Cecil Rhodes life and his legacy left through the Rhodes
Scholarships.
Schafer, Elizabeth D. "Gold Is Discovered in the Transvaal." Great Events from History: The
Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell John. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep.
2014.
This is an article containing an explanation of gold's political benefits interesting Cecil
Rhodes.
Singer, Sanford S. "Paul Kruger." Great Lives from History: The Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell
John. 4 vols. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep. 2014.
This is an article explaining how Cecil Rhodes close associate Leander Starr Jameson
believed that a strong show of arms would bring down Paul Kruger's government of the

Transvaal, but they ended up surrendering to the South African Republic police as they
entered the Transvaal. This strengthened Kruger's resolve and helped to bring down
Rhode's government - Rhodes was the prime minister of the Cape Colony.
"Tuition Costs of Colleges and Universities." Institute of Education Sciences. U.S. Department
of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2013. Web. 24 Sept. 2014.
This is an informational article/chart of the rising prices of college tutition.

Weisser, Henry G. "Britain Acquires the Cape Colony." Great Events from History: The
Nineteenth Century. Ed. Powell John. Salem Press, 2007. Salem History Web. 10 Sep.
2014.
This is an article containing information about how Cecil Rhodes dominated South
African policies during the late nineteenth century and helped to expand British Control
into Central Africa.
Woodhouse, Christopher Montague. "Political Involvement in Africa."Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 July 2014. Web. 21 Sept. 2014.
This is an article detailing the life and impacts of Cecil Rhodes, and provides key
information about Rhodes.