Advances of remote sensing, simulation and

geo-informatics in assessing tsunami damage

Shunichi Koshimura
International Research Institute of
Disaster Science (IRIDeS)
Tohoku University

Critical questions since the aftermath

~minutes

~hours

~days

~weeks

!How extensive the tsunami penetrates ?

!How many people are exposed, killed,
and injured ?
!How many structures/infrastructures are
damaged ?
!How extensive disaster relief activities
should be deployed ?
!How much amount of tsunami debris
need to be removed ?
!How much losses are ?

Answering critical questions

as academia
Three key technologies and
Numerical Modeling
Remote Sensing
Spatial Information Science

Remote Sensing
Platforms and Sensors

Satellite [Optical, Thermal, SAR]

Space Shuttle
~1000 km

Aircraft
[Optical, SAR, LiDAR]

~10 km

Helicopter
[Optical, Thermal, Video]

UAV

~0.3 km

[Optical, Video]

~100 m

[Radar]

~300 km

August 13, 2009

14:8

WSPC/101-CEJ

="%;"#2(*;%3/1=%;(.+**".+%(*."=+./>%9(.(%(29%
3%.4+%(*."=+./>%=";;"12%%
Table 1. Dimensions

V8"UN!F>!3!

00200

Developing Fragility Functions for Tsunami Damage Estimation

249

of the faults and tsunami source parameters for the 2004 SumatraAndaman earthquake tsunami. n indicates the number of fault segment, which increases
from south to north along the strike direction and corresponds to the fault number shown in
Fig. 2. H is the depth of the upper edge of each fault segment. L is the strike length, W is
the downdip width, and D is the fault displacement.

Segment n

M/Q'/%%('/Q>!C0,0*1!B/'H%(+'$K>!X#-#/!
1
2
K!Y%+%#(),!<%-#($6%/$>!I%$%0(0&0Q')#&!Y%+%#(),!3
4
5
#-#/G!!!!%76#'&[!K,#K#+,'\6('7]6#GQ0G]-!

H (km)

L (km)

W (km)

Strike ( )

Dip ( )

Slip ( )

D (m)

10
10
10
10
10
10

200
125
180
145
125
380

150
150
150
150
150
150

323
335
340
340
345
7

15
15
15
15
15
15

90
90
90
90
90
90

14.0
12.6
15.1
7.0
7.0
7.0

Tsunami Propagation over Indian Ocean

6

%E! 0H%(! $,%!

1+%.! =K! $,%!
3445! :T'QGFDG!
E%%/! $,%! +%#!
6#&! )0/.'$'0/+!
,%! +%#! &%H%&+!
2(06! H#('01+!
((0(+! .1%! $0!
1/#6'!+'Q/#&+!
('#='&'$K>!E%(%!
%+'.1#&!%((0(+!
#='&'$K! 02! $,%!
/%#(!
,%! $+1/#6'! !"#$% &$ "#$%&&'$%! $(#)*+! $,#$! -#++%.!
Fig. 3.
(a) The track of Jason-1 on 26 December 2004. The modeled tsunami at 2 hours after the
The
track
of
Jason-1
satellite
on is26
2004
and
thespent
observed
earthquake
alsoDecember
shown in the figure.
Note that
Jason-1
approximately 8.3 minutes to fly
$,%! +01()%! #(%#! 02! $,%! 3445! "16#$(#7
over the track from 5 S to 20 N. (b) The measured sea surface height along the track. The sea
60(%! .%$#'&+>!
tsunami at 2 hours after the
earthquake.
surface
value in the plot is after the extraction by Hayashi [2007].

8/.#6#/! %#($,91#*%! :3;! <%)%6=%(>!

44,?@6?A+BCD! E'$,'/! F3! ,01(+G!
2 hours after the earthquake is shown for the explanation of how Jason-1 captured
8))1(#$%!0=+%(H#$'0/!$'6%+!02!%#),!$(#)*!
the sea surface profile of traveling tsunami. We can see, from the figure, Jason-1
)'()&%+!
detected the sea surface of tsunami front propagating southward from 3 S to
#2(*;%3/1=% #(%! -(%+%/$%.! '/! C#=&%! FG! "0&'.!clearly
-&0$! $,%! %-')%/$%(+! :IJ5G4D! =K!5 SLMNO!
in latitude, which is critical to determine the southern part of tsunami source
E'$,'/!F3!,01(+!02!$,%!6#'/!+,0)*G!
model.

High-resolution optical sensors

IKONOS (1999), QuickBird (2001)

Fusion of Survey/Simulation/Remote Sensing Data

Koshimura et al. (2009)

The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

NHK Video

Inundation of 561 km2 , highest run-up of 40 m

18,549 fatalities (3 % in the inundation zone)
120,000 buildings destroyed
23 mil. tons of debris, 1/2 of annual waste amount
25 trillion JPY, of annual budget (250 billion $)

The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

How extensive the tsunami penetrates ?

Optical satellite remote sensing (JAXA ALOS/AVNIR-2)

AVNIR-2 JAXA

Koshimura et al. (2012)

How extensive the tsunami penetrated ?

Optical satellite remote sensing (JAXA ALOS/AVNIR-2)
Sendai Airport
AVNIR-2 JAXA

Koshimura et al. (2012)

Structural damage interpretation using aerial photos

GSI (Geospatial Information Authority of Japan)

Gokon et al. (2012)

Mapping of structural damage

Structural vulnerability
Tsunami fragility curve

Koshimura et al. (2013)

Application of Radar Remote Sensing

Collaboration with German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Application of Radar Remote Sensing

Collaboration with German Aerospace Center (DLR)
TerraSAR-X data
!"##$%&'()*+,-..-3.,/*0!12

!"##$%&'()*+,-.-.-,-/*0!12

%456$*7$859:+;<2
&'!

#!

"
$%

%456$*7$859:+;<2
&'!

#!

Change of Backscattering and

Structural Damage

Gokon et al. (2014)

"
$%

Towards Quantitative Estimation of

Structural Damage using SAR data
Pre and post event satellite data (TSX, CSK, RS-2, PALSAR-2, )
Digital elevation models (ASTER GDEM, SRTM)
Building footprints
!"#

!$#

Reported damage
3,471 (destroyed)

Estimation
3,401 (destroyed)

%&'&()*+,-+-,./-0*
&''''''()*'+,-./-012
!3!

"
$%

"
$%

%&'&()*+,-+-,./-0*
#3!

!3!

#3!

Gokon et al. (2014)

ALOS-2 Launch (23 March,2014)

PALSAR-2

Tsunami Damage Detection using PALSAR

Tsunami Debris Mapping using

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

www.bluesky-world.com

Fukuoka et al. (2013)

286,000t
(2,381 houses)

Society Needs

Mapping products

How much losses

are ?
How much amount of
tsunami debris need to
be removed ?

Real time
simulation

How extensive disaster

relief activities should
be deployed ?
How many structures/
infrastructures are
damaged ?

Real time
Seismic &
GNSS Network

How many people are

exposed, killed, and
injured ?

Air-borne remote
sensing
Space-borne
remote sensing

Social sensing

Offshore
tsunami
monitoring

How extensive the

tsunami penetrates ?

How we prepare to
minimize losses ?
~minutes
Geospatial Information
Platform

~hours

~days

~weeks