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Extraction
Dr. Mohammed H. Al-Saleh
Department of Chemical Engineering
Jordan University of Science and Technology
General Introduction
2
In distillation:
The vapor and liquid phases are chemically similar
The separation is based on the relative volatility, which is a
physical property
In Extraction:
The 2 phases are chemically quite different
The separation is based on the physical and chemical properties
Why Extraction?
3
Effectiveness of Extraction
5
Stable
Nontoxic
Noncorrosive
Inexpensive
Easily recoverable
The solute has strong affinity to it
Relatively immiscible with the carrier (better to be completely immiscible)
Have different density from the feed/carrier to facilitate phase
separation
L-L Equilibrium
6
Phase Rule
Assume a typical extraction unit where there is 2 phases and 3
components:
Variables we have
Temperature
Pressure
4 concentrations (2 in each phase)
Triangular Coordinates
C
xA=0.3 ; xB= 0.2
A
A
7
Equilibrium Data
Plate point
C
Tie line
P
Phase a:
xA = 0.61
xB = 0.08
xC = 0.31
Phase b:
xA = 0.05
xB = 0.79
xC = 0.16
M
b
A
8
Example
A 100 kg mixture contains 10 kg Acetic acid (A), 60 kg water
(B) and 30 kg isopropyl ether (C); what are the raffinate and
extract layers Composition?
yc= 0.94
yA= 0.04
Extract layer
yC vs yA
0.9
0.8
0.7
xc, yc
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
xA=0.12
xc=0.02
0.1
0.2
0.3
xA , yA
0.4
0.5
Raffinate layer
xC vs xA
Extraction Equipment
11
Extract
Solvent
1
Raf
ffina
Raffinate
Feed
Feed
Extracting
solvent
Extract
Raffinate
13
Differential Extractors
q
Continuous process
Feed and extracting solvent flow
past one another
One phase is dispersed in the
other
14
Structured Packing
Extracting
solvent
Raffinate
16
Scheibel Column
Karr Column
Lever-Arm Rule
V +L=M
V, yA,yC
(I)
Vy A + LxA = MxAM
(II)
(III)
L y A - x AM
=
V x AM - x A
L yC - xCM
=
V xCM - xC
xC - xCM xCM - yC
=
x A - x AM x AM - y A
M, xAM,xCM
L, xA,xC
L
xC xC
yC xCM M
yC V
yA xAM xA
xA,, yA
L VM
=
V LM
Similarly:
Operating Equation
18
L VM
=
M LV
Example
A single-stage extraction is performed in which 400 kg of a
solution containing 35 wt% acetic acid in water is contacted with
19
Solution
yc
0.8
xc, yc
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
M point
xc
0.0
0.0
0.1
yA
20
0.2
0.3
xA
0.4
0.5
xA , yA
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
V1
yA1
21
Ln-1
xAn-1
Overall balance
N
LN
xAN
Ln
xAn
VN +1 + Lo = V1 + LN = M
..(1)
x AM =
Component
balance for
component C
VN+1
yAN+1
1
Lo
xAo
Component
balance for
component A
Vn+1
yAn+1
y AN +1VN +1 + x Ao Lo y A1V1 + x AN LN
=
VN +1 + Lo
V1 + LN
M point
Example
Pure solvent of isopropyl ether at a rate of VN+1= 600 kg/h is being
used to extract an aqueous solution of Lo=200 kg/h containing 30 wt%
Acetic acid by countercurrent multistage extraction. The desired exit
22
Solution
VN+1=600 kg/h
yAN+1=0
V1 = ?
yA1 = ?
N
LN = ?
xAN = 0.04
Lo=200 kg/h
xAo=0.3
Mixture point
23
VN+1
1
xcM M=yc1V1+xCNLN
0.9
yA vs. yC
0.8
V1
yA1=0.08
yc1=0.88
0.75 (800)=0.88V1+0.02LN
M=V1+LN
0.7
M point
xc, yc
0.6
800=V1+LN
0.5
V1=680 kg/h
0.4
LN
xA vs. xC
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Lo
24
0.5
xA , yA
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
V1
yA1
1
Lo
xAo
Balance of stage n
Rearrange
Ln-1
xAn-1
Ln-1 + Vn+1 = Ln + Vn
VN+1
yAN+1
Vn+1
yAn+1
Vn
yAn
Ln
xAn
LN
xAN
. (1)
Ln-1 - Vn = Ln - Vn+1 = D
. (2)
What does this equation imply?
xD =
Example
26
Solution
V1 = ?
yA1 = ?
VN+1=? kg/h
yAN+1=0
1
N
LN = ?
xAN = 0.02
Lo=1000 kg/h
xAo=0.5
VN+1=1.3 VN+1min
27
Dmin
=0.295
OR
1.0 VN+1
xc, yc
0.8
V1min
0.6
0.4
Mmin
0.2
0
-0.2
28
0.0
LN
0.2
0.4
xA, yA
Lo
0.6
0.8
1.0
V1 = ?
yA1 = ?
VN+1=904 kg/h
yAN+1=0
1
N
LN = ?
xAN = 0.02
Lo=1000 kg/h
xAo=0.5
VN+1=1.3 VN+1min
M point
29
VN+1
1.0
V3
V2
xc, yc
0.8
V1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
30
0.0LN
L2
0.2
L1 0.4
xA, yA
Lo
0.6
0.8
1.0
Example
Pure isopropyl ether of 450 kg/h is being used to extract an
aqueous solution of 150 kg/h with 30wt% acetic acid by
countercurrent multistage extraction. The exit acid concentration
in the aqueous phase is 10 wt% calculate the number of stages:
31
Solution
VN+1=450 kg/h
yAN+1=0
V1 = ?
yA1 = ?
1
Lo=150 kg/h
xAo=0.3
N
LN = ?
xAN = 0.1
Mixture point
32
xc, yc
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
xA , yA
33
1.4
1.0
xc, yc
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.1
0.1
0.2
xA , yA
34
0.3
0.4
0.5
Example
36
Solution
0.2
yA1 (max)
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
37
xAN
xAo
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.000
0.020
0.040
0.060
0.080
38
0.100
0.120
0.140