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hard to say that this was that, and that was this. This is true
even in the moment, much less in the mind, or in the
memory a day, a week, a month or longer later.
But, damnit! We did have lunch together.
Sure, okay, if thats all you want to say: we had lunch.
There may be something we can call the truth if we keep
it so simple it doesnt matter.
Two Peoples, a World Apart
Two people, two feet apart. What if theyd been two
peoples a world apart? What if theyd been inhabitants of
New York and Beijing contemplating the U.S. bombing of
the Chinese embassy in Belgrade?
If all we can say of the truth is that bombs fell on a
building we might as well say nothing. Because it is not
about that. Thats ... past. It is about now and tomorrow. It
is about who will apologize (if anyone) to whom? It is about
what was really going on, and if this were a sign what it is a
sign of, and is it reasonable to have bombs? It is about what
life means if it can end this way. It is about stuff like that.
Its hot out here, one says.
It sure is, says the other.
Its this here global warming, says the first, too many
cars.
Bullshit, says the second.
It was easy to agree about it being hot, but attributing the heat to the cars implies a course of corrective
action. That raises the stakes. Suddenly it is a matter of
perception. Is it really hotter than it used to be? Or is
this a perspective effect? If it is hotter, is this usual or
unusual. If unusual, did people cause it? If we did, what
can we do about it?
making allowances for winds and tides, get where you were
going.
Mercators work was not appreciated right away. For one
thing, the map was too different at a time when sailors put
a great deal of faith in tradition. For another, the map was
too small to be of much practical use. It wasnt until the
ideas behind Mercators map became understood and
accepted, and until the map was redrawn as a series of
regional sea charts, that his work became popular.
In the 18th century when world travel became more
common, the use of Mercators map became more
common too. In that
increasingly scientific
Map Words
age the maps technical practicality gave it
Charts: A chart is a map
great authority. It was
designed for navigation.
in the 18th century
There are coastal charts,
that Mercators map
harbor charts, nautical charts
began to be seen as the
for use at sea and aeronautical
world map, essentially
charts for flying.
because it was the map
of the seaman, the
map of the navigator, the map of the professional world
traveler. As Western nations made themselves into colonial powers, Mercators map of the world came to be
seen as an important icon of Western superiority.
A Maps Quality Is Related To Its Purpose
The Mercator as an icon of Western superiority is
something else we will have a lot to say about further on.
Here our point is that this famous, popular, and
apparently general purpose map of the world turns out
The Mercator projection makes Europe look larger than South America. In fact,
Europe only has 3.8 million square miles and there are 6.9 million square miles
in South America. Of course, the projection was never designed to facilitate the
comparison of areas.
Lerwick
Halifax
Part of the North Atlantic Ocean on Mercators projection showing the line of constant compass bearing (straight) and the great circle route (curved) between
Lerwick and Halifax. Although it shows up as longer on this projection, the great
circle route is shorter on the globe. A composite line composed of little short lines
of constanrt compass bearing has been fitted to the great circle route. These are
what a pilot would follow.
guard at Duke made is true about all maps: all maps are
selections from everything that is known, bent to the
mapmakers purpose.
Because it was no part of Mercators purpose to give the
proper proportions of places on the globe, it is not fair to
imply that his map casts a false light on, or misleadingly
alters, them. The loss of proportionality was an unavoidable
consequence of Mercators purpose to make compass
bearings straight lines. This loss of proportionality, most
serious in the infrequently traveled polar regions, was of
no practical importance for navigation, just as the lack of
proportionality in distances on the guards map was of no
practical importance for us.
Furthermore, when the Mercator was applied in a series
of regional sea charts as intended, the distortion was greatly reduced. Mercators purpose was to help sailors plot their
courses across the ocean, and for that purpose his map worked.
It still does.
As people require more than one truth, so sailing
requires more than a single view of the world. As useful as
the Mercator is, it could not be used for navigation by itself.
No single map could ever suffice. For one thing, no map of
the world could ever be sufficiently detailed for the careful
sailing required to take
a ship along a coast, or
Map Words
into and out of a harbor. For that purpose
Great circle: this is any line
navigators had lockthat, like the equator, divides a
ers filled with local
sphere into two equal halves.
charts. For another
The shortest distance between
thing, no navigator
two points on a sphere is part of
could
use
the
a great circle.
Mercator to plot his
What a different world this seems to be. This is a projection of the world that gives
areas their true relative size. You can easily see how much larger South America
is than Europe. On the other hand, compass bearings are not straight on this map.
Maps really are like points of view.
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A head drawn one one projection (Robinsons) has been transferred to the Mercator (center left) and a sinusoidal (center right) and finally to a Mollweide (far right).
The natural profile could have been drawn on any of these and then plotted on the others. This is just a way of getting of sense of what different projections do.
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