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To store energy.
To absorb energy.
To control motion of two elements.
Stiffness:
Load per unit deflection. The amount of load required to resist the deflection.
Specific Weight:
Weight per unit volume of the fluid.
Specific Volume:
Volume per unit mass of the fluid.
Specific Gravity:
It is the ratio of specific weight of required substance to specific weight of pure water at 4 degree
centigrade temperature.
Specific heat:
The amount of heat required to increase 1 unit temperature of 1 unit mass.
Viscosity:
Dynamic Viscosity:
The amount of resistance of one layer of fluid over other layer of fluid.
Kinematic Viscosity:
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.
Buoyancy:
When a body is immersed in a liquid, it is lifted up by a force equal to weight of liquid displaced
by the body. The tendency of liquid to lift up an immersed body is buoyancy. The upward thrust
of liquid to lift up the body is called buoyancy force.
Bernoulli's Equation:
P/ +V/2g +Z = Constant
Where, P = pressure,V = velocity,Z = Datumn Head
Orifice meter:
It measures discharge of fluid.
Pitot tube :
It measures velocity of fluid.
Mach Number:
It is the ratio of the velocity of fluid to the velocity of sound.
M=1 ----------------- Sonic flow
M> (1-6) ----------- Super-Sonic flow
M>6 ---------------- Hyper-Sonic flow
Entropy:
It is a thermodynamic property.
ds = dq/T
where, ds = change of entropy, dq = change of heat, T = Temperature.
In adiabatic process, entropy can not change. Actually,lacking or mal-adroitness of tranfering
energy of a system is entropy.
Boiler/Steam
Generator:
It is a clossed vessel which is made of steel. Its function is to transfer heat to water to generate
steam.
Economiser:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to heat feed water which is supplied to boiler.
Superheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to increase temperature of steam into boiler.
Air-Preheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its funtion is to preheats the air to be supplied to furnace and it recover heat
from exhaust gas.
Boler Draught:
It is an important term for boiler. It is the difference of pressure above and below the fire grate.
This pressure difference have to maintain very carefully inside the bolier. It actually maintaind
the rate of steam generation. This depends on rate of fuel burning. Inside the boiler rate of fuel
burning is maintained with rate of entry fresh air. If proper amount of fresh air never entered into
the boiler, then proper amount of fuel inside the boiler never be burnt. So, proper fresh air enters
into the boiler only by maintaining boiler draught.
Nozzle:
Nozzle is a duct of varying cros-sectional area. Actually, it is a passage of varying crosssectional area. It converts steam's heat energy into mechanical energy. It is one type of pipe or
tube that carrying liquid or gas.
Scavenging:
It is the process of removing burnt gas from combustion chamber of engine cylinder.
Supercharging:
Actually, power output of engine depends on what amount of air enter into the engine through
intake manifold. Amount of entry aiy if increased, then must be engine speed will increased.
Amount of air will be increased by increasing inlet air density. The process of increasing inlet air
density is supercharging. The device which is used for supercharging is called
supercharger.Superchargeris driven by a belt from engine crakshaft. It is installed in intake
system.
Turbocharging:
Turbocharging is similar to the supercharging. But in that case tubocharger is installed in exhaust
system whereas supercharger is installed in intake system. Turbocharger is driven by force of
exhaust gas. Generally, turbocharger is used for 2-stroke engine by utilizing exhaust energy of
the engine, it recovers energy otherwise which would go waste.
Governeor:
Its function id to regulate mean speed of engine when there are variation in the load. If load
incrases on the engine, then engine's speed must decrease. In that case supply of working fluid
have to increase. In the otherway, if load decrease on the engine, then engine' speed must
increase. In that case supply of working fluid have to decrease.Governor automatcally, controls
the supply of working fluid to the engine with varying load condition.
Flywheel:
It is the one of the main parts of the I.C. engine. Its main function id to store energy in the time
of working stroke or expansion stroke. And, it releasesenergy to the crankshaft in the time of
suction stroke, compression stroke & exhaust stroke. Because, engine has only one power
producing stroke.
Rating of fuel:
S.I. Engine:
Octane number. Octane number indicates ability of fuel to resist knock.
C.I. Engine:
Cetane Number. Cetane number indicates ability of ignition of diesel fuel. That means, how
much fast ignites diesel fuel.
Stoichiometric ratio:
It is the chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume. By which theoratically sufficient oxygen
will be gotten to burn all combustible elements in fuel completely.
Heat Transfer:
It is a science which deals with energy transfer between material bodies as a result of
temperature difference.There are three way to heat transfer such asConductionConvectionRadiation
Thermal Conductivity:
It is the quantity of heat flows between two parts of solid material by conduction. In this case
following consideration will be important factTime------ 1 sec
Area of that solid material-------- 1 m
Thickness of that solid material------ 1m
Temperature difference between two parts of that material------ 1k
Heat Exchanger:
It is one type of device which can transfer heat from one fluid to another fluid. ExampleRadiator, intercooler, preheater, condenser, boiler etc.
Refrigeration:
It is the process of removing heat from a substance. Actually, extraction of heat from a body
whose temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
1 tonne of refrigeration:
It is amount of refrigeration effect or cooling effect which is produced by uniform melting of 1
tonne ice in 24 hours from or at 0 degree centigrade or freezing 1 tonne water in 24 hours from
or at 0 degree centigrade.
Humidification:
It is the addition of moisture to the air without change dry bulb temperatur.
Dehumidification:
It is the removal of moisture from the air without change dry bulb temperature.
Gear Train:
Meshing of two or more gear. It can transmit power from one shaft to another shaft.
Heat Treatment:
Operation involving heating and cooling of a metal in solid state for obtaining desirable
condition without being changed chemical composition.Its object-increase hardness of
metal.increase quality of metal ( heat, corrosion,wear resistance quality )improve machinability.
Ferrous Metal:
1. Cast Iron - (2-6.67)%C, Si, Mn, P, S
2. Steel - (0-2)%C
3. Wrought Iron - 99.5% Fe
Non-Ferrous Metal:
1. Brass - (Cu+Zn)
2. Bronze (Sn+Cu) ------ Tin Bronze
(Si+Cu) ------- Silicon Bronze
(Al+Cu) ------- Aluminium Bronze
Allowance:
It is the difference between basic dimension of mating parts. That means, minimum clearance
between mating parts that can be allowed.
Tolerance:
It is the difference between upper limit of dimension. It is also the permissible variation above
and below the basic size. That means maximum permissible variation in dimensions.
Clearance:
It is the difference in size between mating parts. That means, in that case the outside dimension
of the shaft is less than internal dimension of the hole.
Stiffness:
It is the ability to resist deformation.
Toughness:
It is the property to resist fracture.
Fatigue:
When a material is subjected to repeated stress below yield point stress, such type of failure is
fatigue failure.
Nuclear Fission:
It is a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous divided into two or more nucleous.
Nuclear Fussion:
It is also a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous will produced by adding two small
nucleous.
Welding:
It is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metal by fusion.
Machine Tool:
It is the power driven tool. It cut & form all kinds of metal parts.
Example - 1. Lathe2. Drill Press3. Shaper4. Planer5. Grinding6. Miling7. Broaching8. Boring
Cutting Tool:
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