Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
developed
flows
and
boundary
layer
1/1/2004
Reference Books:
1. Principle of Heat Transfer
-Kreith
2 Heat
2.
H t Transfer
T
f
- M.N. Ozisik
3. Heat Transfer
-Halman
4. Heat Transfer
-Chapman
5. Fundamentals of Heat Transfer
-F.P. Incorpera & D.P. DeWitt
6. Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications
-Y. A. engel
-A. J. Ghajar
1/1/2004
1/1/2004
Conduction in Fluid:
Consider steady heat transfer through
a fluid contained between two parallel
plates maintained at different
temperatures, as shown
h
i Figure.
in
Fi
The temperatures of the fluid and the
plate will be the same at the points of
contact because of the continuity of
temperature.
Assuming no fluid motion, the energy of the hotter fluid
molecules near the hot plate will be transferred to the adjacent
cooler fluid molecules.
1/1/2004
We know that heat will be transferred from the hot block to the
surrounding cooler air,
air and the block will eventually cool.
cool
We also know that the block will cool faster if the fan is
switched to a higher speed.
Replacing air by water will enhance the convection heat
transfer even more.
1/1/2004
1/1/2004
No-slip condition:
When a fluid is forced to flow
over a solid surface that is
nonporous (i.e., impermeable to
the
h fluid),
fl id) it
i is
i observed
b
d that
h the
h
fluid in motion comes to a
complete stop at the surface and
assumes a zero velocity relative
to the surface.
That is, the fluid layer in direct contact with a solid surface
sticks to the surface and there is no slip. In fluid flow, this
phenomenon is known as the no-slip condition, and it is due to
the viscosity of the fluid.
1/1/2004
surface.
1/1/2004
1/1/2004
Nusselt Number, Nu
It is a Dimensionless Number.
Nusselt number is defined as
10
1/1/2004
11
1/1/2004
12
1/1/2004
13
1/1/2004
14
1/1/2004
15
1/1/2004
This thermosiphoning
p
g effect
is commonly used to replace
pumps in solar water heating
systems by placing the water
tank sufficiently above the
solar collectors
16
1/1/2004
17
1/1/2004
18
1/1/2004
19
1/1/2004
20
1/1/2004
The fluids that that obey the linear relationship above are
called Newtonian fluids.
Most common fluids such as water, air, gasoline, and oils
are Newtonian fluids.
Blood and liquid plastics are examples of non-Newtonian
fluids.
21
1/1/2004
22
1/1/2004
23
1/1/2004
24
1/1/2004
25
1/1/2004
Prandtl Number
The relative thickness of the velocity and the thermal
boundary layers is best described by the dimensionless
parameter Prandtl number
number, defined as
The Prandtl numbers of fluids range from less than 0.01 for
liquid metals to more than 100,000 for heavy oils (Table).
Note that the Prandtl number is
in the order of 10 for water.
The Prandtl numbers of gases
are about 1, which indicates that
both momentum and heat
dissipate through the fluid at about
the same rate.
Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid metals (Pr 1) and very
slowly in oils (Pr 1) relative to momentum. Consequently the
thermal boundary layer is much thicker for liquid metals and
much thinner for oils relative to the velocity boundary layer.
26
1/1/2004
27
1/1/2004
28
1/1/2004
The very thin layer next to the wall where the viscous effects
are dominant is the laminar sublayer. The velocity profile in this
layer is nearly linear, and the flow is streamlined.
Next to the laminar sublayer is the buffer layer,
layer in which the
turbulent effects are significant but not dominant of the
diffusion effects, and
Next to it is the turbulent layer, in which the turbulent effects
dominate.
29
1/1/2004
Reynolds Number
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on the
surface geometry, surface roughness, free-stream velocity, surface
temperature, and type of fluid, among other things.
The flow regime depends mainly on the ratio of the inertia
forces to viscous forces in the fluid. This ratio is called the
Reynolds number, which is a dimensionless quantity, and is
expressed as:
30
1/1/2004
31