Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
prepared by
College of Technology, CanTho University, Vietnam
(Version 22 July 2004)
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I. INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE
1.1 The Mekong Delta and its main environmental problem
Mekong River, the 11th largest river in the world, is the main water source for irrigation, fishery,
and domestic use… In short, the living of the whole population in the Mekong Delta (MD) is
depending and will be depended on this resource.
The MD of Vietnam is located at the most downstream part of the Mekong river basin. With a
population of 17 million inhabitants living in 4 million hectares of land, the MD has great
potentials for agricultural production. The MD is the most important agricultural production
region for the whole country. It supplies for more than 50% of staple food and 60% of fish
production and accounts for 27% of the total GDP of Vietnam. Rice and fishery products
contribute significantly to the nation’s export earning.
The MD is a typical river delta, with a dense water system of natural creeks, small rivers.
Besides, artificial canals for irrigation, drainage and navigation have been constructed
throughout the whole region. Farmers, accounted for 85% of the total population, are living in
communities, which are split into small parcels, along the waterways. Only 30% of them can
access to safe water, the rest using directly surface water at the rivers or canals. Unfortunately, as
the consequences of a fast-growing economy, which is strongly based on agriculture, the region
is facing more and more severe environmental problems like pollution of water resources by
pesticides, fertilizers and animals manure, etc., especially since the past ten years. While most of
local farmers have to depend totally on the surface water for drinking, irrigating their crops,
fishing, aquaculture, etc., protection of this water source is crucial to ensure sustainable
development of the MD. Recognizing this urgent issue, recently the Vietnamese government has
promulgated two important decrees in order to protect the water resource. These are:
The decree No. 200 of the Prime Minister dated April 4th, 1994
The decree No. 36 CT/TW dated June 25th, 1998.
However, the surface water quality in the MD is still changing in the complicated way due to
following:
1.2 Problems related with water
Located at the downstream end of the River, the MD will face all possible impacts from
upstream activities, which cause changes in quantity and/or quality of water (Ta Quang Ngoc
2000).
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Surface-water quality problems are classified according to natural conditions due to topography
and geology of the delta. The development of the delta at the moment and in the near future,
beside positive impact, will also lead to environmental pollution. Development of agricultural
sector and urbanization are main issues affect the water quality. Use of excess and improper of
fertilizer leads to enrich water body by nutrients together with poor drainage in impression areas
in the MD, will impair water quality. Trophic state of water body at present is in hypertrophic
level; in addition the use of pesticide, fungicide, insecticides is not controlled. Most of micro-
organic pollutants are DDT, DDE, Dieldrin…
Rapid urbanization in some rural areas, combined with backward behaviors as making on the
canal overhung latrines, directly discharge of domestic wastes to canal system without any
treatment and others cause oxygen deficiency in water body.
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typically in June/July. Large areas remain waterlogged and inundated for most of the rainy
season.
In view of the limitations on land use imposed by excess water due to flooding and rain, the dry
season is the main crop production season. The discharges of the Mekong river system are quite
adequate to meet the irrigation water requirements of the Delta during the early part of the dry
season. However, during the February ÷ May period Mekong discharges are low. Appreciable
net outflow from the Delta is required to prevent deep saline water intrusion. The river and canal
water in many parts of the coastal area is too saline to be used for irrigation purposes. The
affected zone is rather small at the beginning of the irrigation season, but irrigation intake points
become affected as the salinity intrudes further inland in parallel with decreases in net outflow
from the MD.
Acidification of canal water is a problem in areas with large concentrations of acid sulfate soils;
especially during May ÷ July when the acids from the soil enter the canals with drainage of the
early rains. Acidification of canal water can in general be managed by providing adequate
through-flow in the effected area, but as reclamation of acid sulfate soils progresses this may not
longer hold true.
The subsoil of the MD contains huge quantities of groundwater. Its exploitation, however, is
constrained by 3 factors: (1) the quantity of the water in the five aquifer, mainly salinity, (2) the
permeability of the aquifers, and (3) the fresh water recharge of the aquifers, which determine
the safe yield. However, when considering the expected urbanization in the MD, this quantity is
actually small. It should therefore be reserved for urban and rural water supply use only,
predominantly for rural areas and town that cannot avail of good quality surface water.
2. Salinity intrusion
Salinity intrusion is the most important effect that influences water quality in the MD. Currently,
1.7 millions ha of the delta (42%) is under salinity intrusion (SIWRMP 1995). Salinity intrusion
is the principal limit factor of agricultural production (most of the are is under mono-crop of
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rice), where located most of the poor provinces with a high ratio of poor farmers. Shortage of
drinking water is another diversity for local people. In order to prevent further salinity intrusion,
it is necessary to keep flows from dropping too low (WB-ADB 1996).
The reduced freshwater flows allow salt water to penetrate further upstream into the estuarine
channels, changing the chemical environment and causing substantial changes in the species
composition of the local ecological communities. A major effect has been to reduce the growth
of the littoral brackish forests which help to bind the soft silt soils, and this permits enhanced
erosion rates of the seaward coastline in many areas of the MD.
The delta experiences severe salt intrusion through channels and creeks, reaching a peak in
April/May, corresponding to the end of the dry season and the lowest flows in the Mekong river
system. In some areas, salinity has led to the contamination of the sweet water in near surface
aquifers, to the point at which it is unfit for consumption.
Domestic wastewater contains pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasitic organisms which
originate from human and animal waste. Conventional physical and biological sewage treatment
processes, when available reduce the number of these organisms, but the large number remaining
represent a severe public health hazard.
Especially at risk are people who use the water for cooking, washing and bathing in
contaminated waters. Also at serious risk are those who consume fish, shellfish and other aquatic
animals and plants that have accumulated pathogens from the water in which they live. Shellfish
grown in polluted waters are particularly liable to infect consumers, since they filter large
volume of water in feeding and may be consumed raw or after insufficient cooking.
During the dry season, there is in many areas in the delta a serious lack of drinking water. The
water quality of the surface-water of the delta has a tendency to get worse when going
downstream. Because of rapid urbanization in the Delta that leads to high population densities.
The low basic sanitary condition, in form of overhung latrines above public channels and
fishponds it is expected that the surface-water contain high concentrations of fecal coliform
bacteria. Most of wastewater is diverted directly into the rivers and the canals. In addition,
people living along the rivers and the canals or in boats dispose solids and liquid waste into the
water. Besides, feeding fish by night soil in the fishponds connected to the rivers or canals is a
popular economic source which makes the surface-water contaminated. As many people in the
area drinks straight from the surface water, enteric infections and diarrhea diseases are widely
spread in the area.
If appropriate measures are not taken to reduce the discharges of domestic waste products into
the ambient environment, then probably the capacity of the nature to decompose and turnover
these waste products will be exceeded in the near future. This assumption is based on the
dramatically increase in the growth of population in the past 20 years. The development of the
MD in the near future is expected in high rate in which urbanization will cause serious
degradation of water quality.
4. Organic pollution
Besides causing aesthetic water pollution problems, dumping or discharge of organic matter into
receiving water bodies also creates oxygen deficiency. After being discharged into the water the
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organic matter starts decomposing. This process is oxygen consuming and temperature
dependent and the high temperature in the Mekong River system all the year around will
accelerate this process. If the receiving water bodies do not have the oxygen renewal capacity
which is required to accommodate the amount of discharge organic matter, oxygen depletion can
result in killing of fish and other aquatic organisms which depend on oxygen from the water
itself. The variation of dissolved oxygen is quite various at different sites in the MD.
Oxygen saturation levels in the relatively high temperature water of the Mekong River system
are comparatively low, and an average BOD of 3 mg/L corresponds to actual concentrations of
dissolved oxygen of only around 5 mg/L. Many river fish become respiratory dependent at or
near this level. This means that the hemoglobin in their blood is unable to carry its full potential
loading oxygen, and this may alter their ability to survive or compete with others less affected.
So apparently harmless low levels of organic pollution may still have substantial environmental
impacts at the species level. If adversely affected species are significant in human diets, then
there may be negative impacts on human nutrition and health.
5. Agro-chemical pollution
Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are essential for the growth of all plants. Discharge of
nutrients into the rivers might be beneficial to the growth of algae and seaweeds and thus to other
aquatic biota as well as for irrigation purposes. High concentrations of nutrient from domestic
sewage and industrial effluent or excess fertilizer runoff from cropped areas into rivers might
result in dense algal growth and eutrophication problems.
In eutrophic (nutrient enriched) conditions, the ability of the heavy blooms of phytoplankton to
detoxify organic and some inorganic contaminants may be very high.
Whilst this may appear reduce the environmental risks from toxic pollutants, the subsequent
incorporation into the food chain after the algae have been grazed by zooplankton and larger
herbivores, with its attendant probability of unpredictable biological accumulation at higher
trophic levels, raises other risks to the stability of the dynamics of the ecological communities.
These may include selective mortality of species and unquantifiable – but nevertheless, very real
– public health hazards.
Every year, floodwater inundates a great part of the delta area and carries biocide residues into
the river system for dispersal into the sea at the coast. However, the picture is complicated by the
common practice of adulterating these expensive chemicals with large quantities of cheaper and,
fortunately, usually much less toxic adulterants.
In all estuaries, the relatively short zone in which the fresh/saline water interface ebbs and
follows with each tide represents an efficient “nutrient trap”, in which many minor chemical
contaminants become concentrated. Because of the uncertainty of the actual active ingredient
concentration of these materials, and the poor records of their use, no reliable data on the
potential risks to the general inland environments can be calculated. There is an urgent need for
monitoring their presence in the estuarine nutrient trap zones, since their effects on communities
in this zone may be far more significant than in many other habitats.
Dumping of solid waste products in landfills will always create a potential risk of leaching of
environmentally hazardous substances and contamination of groundwater and surface waters.
Discharge of industrial wastewater which contains toxic substances and accidental spill of
chemicals during transportation may result in serious environmental pollution. Toxic substances
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that will accumulate in the environment, such as certain metals, pesticides and other organic
substances resistant to bio-degradation, require particularly cautious regulation since their effect
may be irreversible or present hazards to consumers of the water, i.e. for drinking or aquatic
organisms.
At present the MD is not detrimentally impacted due to discharges of industrial waste products.
However, in near future with rapid development in the region, this should be taken into
consideration, the responsible environmental authorities has to establish an industrial
management plan aiming at protection the environment against industrial discharges.
Annually, Department of Science Technology and Environment (DOSTE) of 11 provinces in the
MD organized two campaigns for monitoring surface-water quality. Those activities are useful
when they want to observe about surface-water quality in their basin. In addition, those results
could be used to orient the development of their provinces. However, the results of this campaign
could not be used in the effective way because of the following reasons:
• The sampling and analyzing techniques are varied from province to province.
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II. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Overall objective
Establishing the Mekong Delta Water Quality Monitoring Network in which CTU will be the
center of this network. The members of this network are CTU and DOSTEs in the MD, other
institutions in the countries along the Mekong River. These members will use the same analysis,
sampling methods and equipment. They will build a unified database for recording and sharing
data. The data will be used for prediction the change of surface-water quality in the MD.
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III. ACTIVITIES
3.1 Partner coordinator missions to Vietnam
Term of Reference:
• Identification of project feasibility
• Discussion on project management aspects
• Need assessment: expert missions, training subjects, resources, etc.
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3.7 Monitoring
Twice a year the DOSTEs will organize the monitoring campaigns. The analyzing result will be
recorded in the same format and send to information unit. The data will be processed by the
experts of information unit then shared to the members of the network.
Vietnamese partner:
• Project leader: Prof. Le Quang Minh, Vice Rector, Dean (Dr. in Agricultural and
Environmental Science, Wageningen University, Netherlands)
• Member: Mr. Nguyen Hieu Trung, Vice Director, Environmental Engineering and
Renewable Energy Center, Cantho University (MSc. in GIS, International Technology Center,
The Netherlands)
• Member: Mr. Le Anh Tuan, senior lecturer, College of Technology, CTU (MSc. in Water
Resources Engineering, AIT, Thailand)
• Member: Mr. Nguyen Vo Chau Ngan, lecturer, College of Technology, CTU (MSc. in
Sanitary Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium)
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VI. TIME SCHEDULE
The project will be implemented in 5 years from 2003 - 2008
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These costs could be calculated as the followings:
Training in Vietnam
- Sampling methods 8.000 01 8.000
- Analyzing methods 8.000 01 8.000
- Applied GIS to Water Management 8.000 01 8.000
Equipments
- pH meter 700 12 8.400
- DO meter 800 12 9.600
- Microorganism incubation chamber 1200 12 14400
- Sterilizing chamber 900 12 10800
- Vacuum filtration set (for Suspended solid 950 12 11400
analyzing)
- Autoclave 1200 12 14400
- Colony counter 500 12 6000
- Nitrogen distillation GEHART 3276 12 39312
- Electronic balance 1821 12 21852
- Spectrophotometer (Hatch DR 4000) 6.500 12 78.000
- BOD bottle (300 ml) 18 600 10800
- BOD incubator 2.000 12 24.000
- Hand-held GPS 500 12 6.000
- Computers + printers 1.800 15 27000
Total 407964
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REFERENCE
Axelsson, V. 1992. Sedimentation in the Nam Ngum Reservoir, Lao PDR. Uppsala
University.
Brinkman, W. R., Nguyen Bao Ve and Tran Kim Tinh. 1993. Sulfidic Materials in the
Western Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Catena 20(3):317-331.
Choowaaew Sansanee (ed.) 1992. Proceedings of the Workshop on Wetlands Management
in the Lower Mekong Basin, 7-12 December 1992. Ho Chi Minh city. Vietnam.
Hoang Tho Dien. 2000. Mekong Water Source for Development of Mekong Delta. In: Tran
Cao Thanh (ed.) Vietnam and Mekong Sub-region Development Cooperation. The Gioi
Publisher. Ha Noi.
Lam Minh Triet and Nguyen Thanh Hung. 2001. Problems of Drinking Water Supply and
Environment in Flood-Prone Areas in Mekong Delta. J. of Environmental Protection.
Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. Ha Noi. No. 4-2001 [In Vietnamese]
Le Huy Ba. 2000. Introduction to Environment Management. Ho Chi Minh city National
University Publishing House. Ho Chi Minh city [in Vietnamese]
Le Quy An. 2000. Bio-diversification and Problems in Biological Resources Protection.
No 8-2000: 6-10 [in Vietnamese]
Miller, F., Nguyen Viet Thinh and Do Thi Minh Duc. 1999. Resources Management in the
Vietnamese Mekong Basin. Asia Research Centre on Social, Political and Economic
Change. Murdoch University. Western Australia.
Minh L. Q. 1996. Integrated soil and water management in acid sulphate soils: Balancing
agricultural production and environmental requirements in the Mekong Delta. Ph. D.
thesis. Wageningen University. The Netherlands.
Minh L. Q. 1996. Integrated soil and water management in acid sulphate soils. Balancing
agricultural production and environmental requirements in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. D.
Sc. thesis. Wageningen University.
Minh L.Q., T. P. Tuong and V. T. Xuan. 1996. Leaching of acid sulphate soils and its
environmental hazard in the Mekong delta. In: G. L Denning and Vo Tong Xuan (eds.)
Vietnam – IRRI a Partnership in Rice Research. IRRI and MAFI. pp 99-109.
Minh L. Q., T. P. Tuong, H. W. G. Booltink, M. E. F. van Mensvoort and J. Bouma
(1997a). Bypass flow and its role in leaching of raised beds under different land use types
on an acid sulphate soil. J. of Agricultural Water Management 32: 131-145.
Minh L. Q., T.P. Tuong, M. E. F. Mensvoort, and J. Bouma (1997b). Tillage and water
management for increasing riceland productivity in the flood prone acid sulphate soil area
of the Mekong river delta of Vietnam. Soil and Tillage Research 42: 1-14.
Minh L. Q., T.P. Tuong, M.E.F. Mensvoort, and J. Bouma (1997c). Contamination of
surface water as affected by land use in acid sulphate soils in the Mekong river delta,
Vietnam. J. Water Management and Ecosystems 61: 19-27.
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NEDECO 1993. Mekong Delta Master Plan Study. A perspective for suitable development
of land and water resources. World Bank. Volume I.
Neue, H.U. and V.P. Singh. 1984. Management of wetland rice and fishponds on problem
soils in the tropics. In: Seminar on Ecology and Management of Problem Soils in Asia.
ASPAC. Taipei. pp. 352-366.
Nguyen Hoang Tri. 1995. Environmental Issues and Priority Programs for Sustainable
Development in Plain of Reeds. Oxfam America/NOVIB/CRES. Ha Noi University and
Cantho University.
Ni, D. V. 1997. A simple farming system on acid sulphate soils for the poor farmers. Paper
presented in the workshop on Problem Soils. Cantho University. March 1997.
Ongley, E. D. 1996. Control of water pollution from agriculture. FAO Irrigation and
Drainage Paper 55. Rome.
Phan Nguyen Hong and Hoang Thi San. 1993. Mangroves of Vietnam. Gland: IUCN
Wetland Programme.
Phan Xuan Su. 1996. Country Paper of Vietnam. In (W. L. Arriens, J. Bird, J. Berkoff, et
al., eds.) Towards Effective Water Policy in Asian and Pacific Region: Volume 2 - Country
Papers. Proceedings of the Regional Consultation Workshop – Towards a Policy for Water
Resources Development in the Asian and Pacific Region. Manila, Philippines, 10-14 May
1996. ADB Manila.
SIWRMP (Sub-Institute of Water Resources Management and Planning). 1995. Major
Issues in Water Resources Development in the Mekong Delta. Ho Chi Minh city.
Ta Quang Ngoc 2000. Vietnam’s Objective to Sustainably Utilize the Economic and
Nutritional Potential of the Aquatic Resources in the Mekong Delta. In: Tran Cao Thanh
(ed.) Vietnam and Mekong Sub-region Development Cooperation. The Gioi Publisher. Ha
Noi.
Tran Duc Kham 1988. Water quality reclamation in the Plain of Reeds in the 80’s.
Proceeding of Workshop on Water Quality in Lower Mekong River. Ho Chi Minh city.
September 1988. International Mekong Committee.
World Bank/ADB/FAO/UNDP/NGO/GOV. 1996. Vietnam: Water Resources Sector
Review. Washington.
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ANNEX 1
Figure 1. Network of monitoring waterways for surface-water quality in MD
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Figure 2. Network of sampling points for surface-water quality in MD
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ANNEX 2
INTRODUCTION TO CANTHO UNIVERITY
Cantho University (CTU) was founded in 1966 with the name "Institute of Cantho
University" consisting of three campuses with the land area of 71 ha. When the country
was liberated, CTU has been under the direct management of Ministry of University and
Professional & Vocational Training, now Ministry of Education and Training. Since 1975,
CTU has made many improvements in organization, curricula, content and training
objectives to meet the demand of the amount and types of profession in the MD.
The total building area of CTU is 88,331 m2 consisting of solid and semi-solid buildings
such as halls, studying rooms, libraries, labs, and teaching facilities. Most of these
buildings are in a deteriorated state and have not been renovated and re-equipped for a long
time. Available teaching and practicing facilities have not met the needs of the university's
training programs.
1. Training
CTU offers 43 undergraduate training programs with an undergraduate student population
of 15,300. Most of them are from the MD (95%) and they are mostly from rural areas1.
CTU has trained over 23,000 students achieving bachelor degrees in pedagogy, agriculture,
technology, sociology and medicine. The university also offers higher education (MA and
Ph.D.) in 6 majors: Agronomy, Animal Husbandry, Biology, Environment, Biotechnology,
and Microbiology, with a total of 300 students. The university also offers specialized
courses in Economics, Hydrology, Agronomy, and other subjects to ethnic minority
groups.
In response to the demand of training for training in the MD, CTU also helps some
provinces in the region to open in-service centers. The number of students in these centers
in 2001 was 14,600. The university assists these centers by training staff, sending lecturers,
and providing teaching curricula.
Since the school year 1995-1996, the university has applied the credit administration and
training system. Now, this work has been completed and is in use. This new training
process helps students be active in deciding their study.
CTU's training programs are very practical for the region due to the following:
• Using and applying data and information specific to the region in research and
training.
• Students of agronomy, pedagogy, medicine and other majors practice, research and
do graduation papers in rural communities in the MD.
• From 1990 to 1996 CTU built new buildings, with a total area of 24,758 m2, for
studying and doing experiments, student accommodation, and other uses. Of the area,
studying buildings occupy 3,405 m2, labs: 8,269 m2; dorms 677 m2; houses: 1,220 m2;
gym: 1,500 m2.
1
Tran Phuoc Duong & D. Sloper. 1995. Serving National goals and the local comminity: The case of Cantho
University. In: Sloper, D. & Le Thac Can (eds.) Higher education in Vietnam. Change and Response. pp
211-228. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Singapore.
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• In recent years, facilities for training, experimenting, researching have been much
upgraded, typically in College of Agriculture, College of Basic Sciences, College of
Information Technology, School of Medicine-Dentistry-Pharmacy, and College of
Technology. There are 472 computers along with file servers connected into 13 LANs. In
most of the colleges and schools, more and more students can use computers to do
exercises, graduation papers, research, and practice.
• To serve the training activities, CTU has a good library system appreciated by
many foreign delegations. The library system is branched into 3 levels: Central library for
the whole university, college libraries and reference book corners. The central library has
one reading room with 400 seats and over 30,000 items, 1,000 magazines and 35 CD-
ROMs. Also, some colleges have their own libraries for specialized research, such as
School of Medicine-Dentistry-Pharmacy, College of Agriculture, College of Information
Technology, and College of Technology.
2. Scientific Research
CTU is prominent in agriculture and biotechnology research. This research has been
diversified over the past two years 1996-1998. Research has covered a variety of fields,
including education, basic science, information technology, ecological environment
protection, engineering, medicine, and economics.
CTU’s one important task is also to speed up international co-operation for capital,
personnel training, learning facilities and to study the social and cultural development in
the MD.
CTU is especially concerned with applying scientific achievements to practical production
in order to industrialize and modernize the MD because this region is rich in productive
land and agricultural resources.
Many young teachers, who have been following post-graduate courses both inside and
outside Vietnam in recent years, have been participating in the university's research
projects and achieved many accomplishments.
3. Statistics
The university has been conducting 5 national-level point-of-research projects financed by
the Ministry of Education and Training and another 13 ministry-level projects in 1997.
These projects have been going well as planned in the outline. The university accepted the
general educational research project in the MD. The Ministry approved and awarded 3
excellent projects when the 30th anniversary of the university was celebrated.
4. Context
Cantho University participates in research projects at all levels:
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- Projects on development of varieties, in which the most important is to
research, to breed, and to select varieties of paddy. From this project, many varieties
accepted by Vietnamese Agricultural Ministry have been propagated in the MD. In
addition, CTU is researching and preserving various collections on varieties of paddy,
soya-bean and fruit trees.
- Projects researching soils having problems, the most important being research
on acid sulfate soils. Due to this project, CTU has trained teaching and research staff to a
high professional knowledge in soil chemistry, soil mechanics, and GIS, and has also
acquired modern synchronous equipment that is helpful in soil research.
- Research on aquaculture, including the shrimp artemia project.
- Group of research projects on development of crop systems.
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• Cooperation projects with foreign Universities and Institutes: CTU is cooperating with
many foreign Universities and Institutes in research projects, including soil improvement,
nitrogen fixing, animal food, shrimp and fish raising, and artemia.
2
Reports of Conference on "Training for Industrialization and Modernization in Mekong Delta”. July 3,
1999.
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CTU and its faculties have a good relationship with Directors of Agricultural Department;
of Science, Technology and Environment Department, and the Medical Department in the
MD. These relationships help CTU to know quickly real demands of society in order to
create appropriate syllabus for training and determine the orientation for scientific
research.
CTU has a tight relationship with alumni who are working in most provinces, districts, and
villages in the MD. A general assembly is organized periodically in order to make known
scientific information and modern technologies, to present results and changes of CTU,
and most importantly to allow students to contribute ideas in order to contribute for
improving all activities of the university.
In addition, CTU has a network of collaborators who are advanced farmers in almost all
provinces. These collaborators take an important role to help the activities for encouraging
agricultural and technology transfer from the university to the field.
The students of CTU usually visit provinces having an exchange program for young people
and provincial students. These activities help students get good conditions to contact with
reality.
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Divided into functions:
- Auditorium and classroom 22,964 m2
- Lab & Place for researching 20,730.69 m2
- Library 6,490 m2
- Offices 7,872 m2
- Others 31,139 m2
The area of teaching place per student: 6,09m2/student
The area of dormitory per student: 0,81m2/student
In general, the quality of machines and equipment for teaching work, practical work, and
scientific research are not distributed well between the different faculties. Some faculties
manage and use modern equipment, while many faculties still must use obsolete equipment
that does not meet the standards for today's advanced scientific and technological research
and practice.
From the problems above, we can infer that equipment in the labs between the faculties in
the university is not yet synchronous; therefore new equipment should be invested
synchronously in order to bring all faculties up to date. The equipment will be used
immediately, especially for faculties such as: College of Education, College of Technology
and the Medical Faculty. The following table demonstrates the current situation of
imbalance in the equipment available for teaching and research work between the faculties
of CTU.
Table 2. Value of equipment in the different faculties
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7. Staff members
The status of manpower of CTU is described in Table 3.
Table 3. Quantity and knowledge of staff members of CTU
Kinds of staff Doctor Ass. Doctor Master Bachelor Technician Others Total
Assistant 5 86 57 42 190
teaching staff
Researcher 3 8 8 5 1 25
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8.3 Support Units
- Center of Foreign Languages
- Central Library
- Science and Technology Information Center
- Center of Services
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- Aid project
- Basic construction
The financial source implementation in the university's budgets were from the different
sources as follows:
- Ministry of Education and Training
- Tuition fees and others
- Training contract, scientific research and services
- Aid and donation
Generally, the governmental funds for usual expenditure, tuition fees and income from in-
service training contracts have increased sustainable yearly. This is spent on improving the
income of staff (especially lecturers), building new classrooms, and ensuring minimum
conditions for off-campus education. On the other hand, foreign funds provide critical
support for transportation means, laboratory equipments and conducting research, all of
which contribute to the development of the region.
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10.3 Development model
CTU has the advantage of a stable multidisciplinary model in which the interaction
between colleges, institutions and centers is well organized for obtaining the University’s
target. This model has a major advantage of appropriate use of available manpower.
Students of one school or college usually take courses from others. The school of
education and college of sciences are responsible for giving lectures in basic courses for
students in all other schools and colleges. In the future, the University will retain and
improve this model.
CTU is organized into university, college, and department levels with well-defined
management procedures. The colleges are given major responsibilities for financial
expenses, number of students to be recruited, training and research programs, as well as
international relations. The college can even assign some of the above-mentioned
responsibilities to the department level.
Some large departments may divide into professional groups, however, these groups are
not officially considered as a structure of university system. Additionally, CTU has several
multidisciplinary professional groups formed from different colleges to perform research
and technology transfer to the community. For instance, women's groups for rural
development or rural development and planning groups (e.g. College of Agriculture,
College of Technology, School of Economics and Business Administration, and School of
Medicine Pharmacy and Dentistry).
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