SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

A
MINOR PROJECT
REPORT
ON
A PROJECT ON SELF-COMPACTION CONCRETE
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL Engineering

Guided by:
Mr. Mukesh Bugaliya
HOD of Civil
Department

Submitted by:
Karan Kumar Meena
Roll No: 11EROCE019
B.Tech.(C.E.)VII SEM.
REC, Dausa

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJASTHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DAUSA
RAJASTHAN

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAJASTHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DAUSA, JAIPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Minor Project report is submitted by Karan Kumar
Meena (11EROCE019) in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Civil Engineering has been found satisfactory and is approved
for submission.

Guided By:
Mr. Mukesh Bugaliya
HOD
Deptt.of Civil Engineering
REC, Dausa

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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This is to acknowledge my gratitude towards my guide Mr. MUKESH

BUGALIYA HOD dept. of civil engineering for his guidance and suggestions
in preparing this Minor Project report. His suggestion and way of summarizing
the things make me to go for independent studying and trying my best to get
the maximum in my topics this made my circle of knowledge very vast. I am
highly thankful for this Minor Project.
I also express my profound sense of gratitude to all Faculty Members for
giving encouragement and opportunity to complete my Minor Project
smoothly.

K ARAN KUMAR MEENA

Roll No: 11EROCE019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC

PAGE NO.

1.INTRODUCTION

6-9

2. MECHANISM INVOLVED IN S.C.C

10-11

3. VARIOUS METHOD OF PREPARATION OF S.C.C

12-14

4. VARIOUS TESTS PERFORMED ON S.C.C.

15-23

5. FACTORS OF SELF-COMPACTABILITY IN TERMS OF TESTING RESULTS

24-27

6. MIX DESIGN OF S.C.C.

28-33

7. APPLICATION OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE AND ITS BENEFITS

34-37

8. FUTURE OF SELF COMPACTION CONCRETE

38-38

9. CONCLUSION

39-39

10. RECOMMENDATIONS

40-40

11. REFRENCES

41

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CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION
Self compacting concrete, Self placing concrete, or Self leveling concrete. These concretes are
highly flowable concretes that can spread into place under their own weight and achieve good
consolidation without internal or external vibration and without exhibiting defects due to
segregation and bleeding
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be defined as a fresh concrete which possesses
superior flow ability under maintained stability (i.e. no segregation), thus allowing selfcompaction that is, material consolidation

without addition of energy. The three

properties that characterise a concrete as self-compacting are.....

Flowing abilitythe ability to completely fill all areas and corners of the formwork in
which it is placed
Passing abilitythe ability to pass through congested reinforcement without
separation of the constituents or blocking
Resistance to segregationthe ability to retain the coarse components of the mix in
suspension in order to maintain a homogeneous material

1.1 HISTORY OF SELF COMPACTION CONCRETE

The history and development of SCC can be divided into two key stages: its initial
development in Japan in the late 1980s and its subsequent introduction into Europe
through Sweden in the mid- to late-1990s.

1.1.1. Japan
SCC was first developed in Japan in 1988 in order to achieve more durable concrete
structures by improving the quality achieved in the construction process and the placed
material.
The removal of the need for compaction of the concrete reduced the potential for
durability defects due to inadequate compaction (e.g. honeycombing). The use of SCC
was also found to offer economic, social and environmental benefits over traditional
vibrated concrete construction. These benefits included faster construction and the
elimination of noise due to vibration. One of the main drivers for the development of
the technology was the reduction in the number of skilled site operatives that the
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Japanese construction industry was experiencing in the 1980s. The use of SCC meant
that less skilled labour was required for the placing and finishing of the concrete
SCC was developed from the existing technology used for high workability and
underwater concretes, where additional cohesiveness is required. The first research
publications that looked into the principles required for SCC were from Japan around 1989
to 1991. These studies concentrated

upon high- performance and super-workable

concretes and their fresh properties such as filling capacity, flowability and resistance to
segregation

Fig:1 The quantity of a Self Compaction Concrete used in japan

1.1.2. Europe
In the second half of the 1990s, interest and use of SCC spread from Japan to other
countries, including Europe. Some of the first research work to be published from Europe
was at an International RILEM (International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories
of Materials and Structures) Conference
In London in 1996. Papers were presented on the design of SCC.by University College
London, and a mix-design model by the Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute
(CBI)
A Technical Committee (TC 174-SCC) was set up by RILEM in 1997 with the objective of
gathering, analysing and presenting a review of the technology of SCC, as well as looking
for unified views on testing and evaluation. Seventeen full members and three
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corresponding members covering ten countries on four continents took part in the work
and a state-of-the-art report was published in 2000.
Sweden was the first country in Europe to begin development of SCC, and in 1993 the CBI
organised a seminar in Sweden for contractors and producers, leading to a project aimed
at studying SCC for housing.As part of this project, large numbers of half-scale house
walls were cast using SCCs which were made with different filler materials. The work from
this project contributed to the first European project on SCC which began in January 1997
and was completed in 2000. The main goal of this Brite-EuRam project (BRPR-CT960366) was to develop a new vibration-free production system to lower the overall cost of
in-situ-cast concrete construction. The first part concerned the development of SCC with
or without steel fibres and the second part dealt with full-scale experiments in civil
engineering and housing. This project included partners from several European countries,
including the UK. For further details, including project summaries see Reference 17.During
this time, CBI also developed a mix design model for the design and production of SCC.

Fig:2 NEED OF COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

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One solution for the achievement of durable concrete structures independent of the
quality of construction work is the employment of self-compacting concrete, which can
be compacted into every corner of a formwork, purely by means of its own weight and
without the need for vibrating compaction.The necessity of this type of concrete was
proposed by Okamura in 1986. Studies to develop self-compacting concrete, including a
fundamental study on the workability of concrete, were carried out by Ozawa and
Maekawa at the University of Tokyo.

Skill of workers
decreasing

Self-Compacting Concrete
in the future

Durable concrete structures

Fig:3 Necessity of Self-Compacting Concrete

1.2 WHAT ACYUALLY SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE (SCC)

SCCs are extremely workable concretes that can be placed without requiring vibration.
The high fluidity of these concretes is obtained by adding a superplasticiser. Calcareous
filler can be introduced into the concrete mix to reduce bleeding and segregation, and
improve the quality of concrete surface in terms of colour. The com- position of the
concrete tested is given in.All particles of sand, cement and filler with a diameter of less
than 63 Am are referred to as fine particles or fines. The angular shape of these grains
can play an important role in the friction stress occurring at the concrete/wall interface.

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CHAPTER-2
2.1 MECHANISM INVOLVED IN S.C.C
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) was first developed in Japan about 10 years ago in order to
reach durable concrete structures. Since then, several investigations have been carried out to
achieve a rational mix design for a standard concrete, which is comparable to normal
concrete. Self-compacting concrete is defined so that no additional inner or outer vibration is
necessary for the compaction. SCC is compacting itself alone due to its self-weight and is
deaerated almost completely while flowing in the formwork. In structural members with high
percentage of reinforcement it fills also completely all voids and gaps. SCC flows like honey
and has nearly a horizontal concrete level after placing.

With regard to its composition, self-compacting concrete consists of the same components as
conventionally vibrated normal concrete, which are cement, aggregates, water, additives and
admixtures. However, the high amount of superplasticizer for reduction of the liquid limit
and for better workability, the high powder content as lubricant for the coarse aggregates, as
well as the use of viscosity-agents to increase the viscosity of the concrete have to be taken
into account. In principle, the properties of the fresh and hardened SCC, which depend on the
mix design, should not be different from NC. One exception is only the consistency. Selfcompacting concrete should have a slump flows of approx. s > 65 cm after pulling the flow
cone. Fig. 1 shows the basic principles for the production of SCC.

Fig:4 Basic principles for the production of Self-Compacting Concrete

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Fig:5 Mechanism for achieving self-compactability

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CHAPTER-3
3. VARIOUS METHOD OF PREPARATION OF S.C.C

Fig:6 Methods for achieving self-compactability

Following method of achieve self compactability
3.1.Limited aggregate content
3.2.Low water-powder ratio
3.3.Use of superplasicizer
The frequency of collision and contact between aggregate particles can increase as the
relative distance between the particle decrease and then internal stress can increase when
concrete is deformed,particularly near obstacles.Research has found that the energy required
for flowing is consumed by the increased internal stress,resulting in blockage of aggregate
particles.limiting the coarse aggregate content,whose energy consumption is particularly
intense,to a level lower than normal is effective in avoiding this kind of blockage.

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The mix Proportioning of self-compactig concrete is shown and compared which those of
normal concrete and RCD (Roller Compared Concrtet For Dams) concrete.The aggregate
content is smaller than convertional concrete that requires vibrating compaction.The Ratio of
the coarse aggregate to its solid volume (G/Glim) of each types of concrete.

Fig:7 Comparison of mix-proportioning of SCC with other types of conventional

concrete

Fig:8 Degree of aggregate compaction-coarse aggregate in concrete and fine aggregate

in motar
The degree of packing of coarse aggregate in SCC is approximately 50% to redusec the
interaction between coarse aggregate particles when the concrete deforms.IN addition,the

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ratio of fine aggergate volume to solid volume (S/Slim) in the mortar.The degree of packing
of fine aggergate in SCC mortar is approximately 60% so that shear deformability when the
concrete deforms may be limited.on the other hand,the viscosity of the paste in SCC is the
highest among the various types of concrete due to its lowest watre-powder ratio.

Fig:9 Degree of aggregates compaction-coarse

Fig:10 Relationship between paste volume and water-power ratio

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CHAPTER-4

4 VARIOUS TESTS PERFORMED ON S.C.C.

Following tests of achieve self compactability

4.1. PULL-OUT TESTS

4.2. SLUMP FLOW TEST
4.3 V-FUNNEL TEST
4.4 L-BOX TEST
4.5 U-FLOW TEST
4.1. Pull-Out Tests
The bond behaviour for monotonic loading was tested with pull-out specimens,which
were modified RILEM specimens. The modification was necessary to get a reusable
specimen, which has also reasonable costs for produc- tion and maintenance. Another
advantage of the chosen specimens was to have an uniform concrete cover around the
whole reinforcing bar. The bar diameter for the whole test series was 10 mm.
Therefore, the specimens had a diameter of 10 cm and a length of also 10 cm. To avoid
an unplanned force transfer between the reinforcing bar and the concrete in the unbonded
area, the rebar were encased with a plastic tube and sealed with a highly elastic silicone
material. The rebars were placed concentrically and the concrete was cast parallel to the
loading direc- tion. The tests were carried out in an electro mechanic testing machine
(fig. 4b) where the specimens were loaded path-controlled. The loading rate was
0,0008 mm/sec. The applied force of the machine was measured corresponding to the slip
displacement of the reinforcing bar on the non-loaded side. The increase of the slip path
was constantly monitored during the whole testing time.

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Fig:11 Pull-Out Specimen

Fig:12 Electro mechanic testing machine

4.2. SLUMP FLOW TEST

The slump flow test is the most often applied test method for SCC. Several parameters
are varied in order to study their effect on the test response. These parameters are
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presented in the following and their effect is compared with the standard method to
execute the slump flow test: dry plate, wet plate, plate in a slope, wooden base plate,
plastic cover on the base plate, fast lifting of the cone and turning the cone upside down.
The weighted effect is the averaged difference between the standard method and the
adjusted method (Table S1) of all test results. The average standard deviation (STD) in
the acceptance range is 14 mm (slump flow), 0.30 s (T50) and 0.57 s (T60). Four
categories are defined to quantify the effect of a variation, the applied criteria are the
following (for slump flow): negligible (0-1STD = 0-14 mm), small (>1 and 2STD, 1528 mm), medium (> 2 and 3STD, 29-42 mm) and significant (> 3STD,> 43 mm). The
same characterisation is applied for the measurements of T50 and T60. T50 (T60) is
defined as the flow-time in the period when the cone leaves the plate and the moment
when the apparent maximum diameter of the concrete reaches the prescribed circle of
500 (600) mm.A minimum slump flow of 680-700 mm is recommended to obtain
meaningful T60 flow- times. The more flowable a SCC is the relatively better is the
passing ability (higher blocking ratio) for a given mixture composition. Passing and
filling abilities can be assessed with the L-box and the Orimet; it is not possible to
quantify or qualify segregation with these instruments for SCC of different mixture
compositions.

Fig:13 Determine of water/power ratio bp for zero slump flow

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Fig:14 floe cone and table to determine the relative slump-flow Tp

Fig:15 slump flow test

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3. V-Funnel test
Introduction
The test was developed in Japan and used by Ozawa et al (5). The equipment consists of a Vshaped funnel, shown in Fig.D.4.1. An alternative type of V-funnel, the O funnel, with a
circular section is also used in Japan. The described V-funnel test is used to determine the
filling ability (flowability) of the concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 20mm. The
funnel is filled with about 12 litre of concrete and the time taken for it to flow through the
apparatus measured. After this the funnel can be refilled concrete and left for 5 minutes to
settle. If the concrete shows segregation then the flow time will increase significantly.
Assessment of test
Though the test is designed to measure flowability, the result is affected by concrete
properties other than flow. The inverted cone shape will cause any liability of the concrete to
block to be reflected in the result if, for example there is too much coarse aggregate. High
flow time can also be associated with low deformability due to a high paste viscosity, and
with high inter-particle friction.While the apparatus is simple, the effect of the angle of the
funnel and the wall effect on the flow of concrete is not clear.
Equipment
V-funnel
bucket ( 12 litre )
trowel
scoop
Stopwatch

Fig:16 V-funnel test

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4..4 L-box test
4.4.1 Introduction
This test, based on a Japanese design for underwater concrete, has been described by
Petersson. The test assesses the flow of the concrete, and also the extent to which it is subject
to blocking by reinforcement. The apparatus is shown in figure D.6.1. The apparatus
consists of a rectangular-section box in the shape of an L, with a vertical and horizontal
section, separated by a moveable gate, in front of which vertical lengths of reinforcement bar
are fitted. The vertical section is filled with concrete, then the gate lifted to let the concrete
flow into the horizontal section. When the flow has stopped, the height of the concrete at the
end of the horizontal section is expressed as a proportion of that remaining in the vertical
section (H2/H1in the diagram). It indicates the slope of the concrete when at rest. This is an
indication passing ability, or the degree to which the passage of concrete through the bars is
restricted. The horizontal section of the box can be marked at 200mm and 400mm from the
gate and the times taken to reach these points measured. These are known as the T
20 and Ttimes and are an indication for the filling ability. The sections of bar can be of
different diameters and spaced at different intervals: in accordance with 40 normal
reinforcement considerations, 3x the maximum aggregate size might be appropriate.The bars
can principally be set at any spacing to impose a more or less severe test of the passing ability
of the concrete.

4.2 Equipment
L box of a stiff non absorbing material see figure D.6.1.
trowel
scoop
stopwatch

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Fig:17 Concrete fiowing through L-box test

Fig:18 L-box test

4.5. U-flow test

Introduction
The test was developed by the Technology Research Centre of the Taisei Corporation in
Japan Sometimes the apparatus is called a box-shaped test. The test is used to measure the
filling ability of self-compacting concrete. The apparatus consists of a vessel that is divided
by a middle wall into two compartments, shown by R1 and R2 in Fig.D.7.1 An opening with
a sliding gate is fitted between the two sections. Reinforcing bars with nominal diameters of
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13 mm are installed at the gate with centre-to-centre spacings of 50 mm. This creates a clear
spacing of 35 mm between the bars. The left hand section is filled with about 20 litre of
concrete then the gate lifted and concrete flows upwards into the other section. The height of
the concrete in both sections is measured.
Equipment
U box of a stiff non absorbing material see figure D.7.1.
trowel
scoop
stopwatch

Fig:19 U BOX TEST

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Experimental Procedure

The procedure adopted in the study is as follows

1) Using Japanese method of mix design, initial mix design was carried out at coarse
aggregate content of 50 percent by volume of concrete and fine aggregate content of
40
2) percent by volume of mortar in concrete, the water/powder ratio was kept at 0.90.
These Trial mixes were designed with superplasticizer content of 0%, 0.76% and
3.80% for mixes TR1, TR2, TR3 respectively.
3) 2) To proceed towards achieving SCC, the coarse aggregate content was reduced to
45% by volume of concrete and thereby kept constant. Fine aggregate content was
kept constant at 40% by volume of mortar in concrete and superplasticizer content at
1.14 percent of powder content i.e. cement and fly ash. The water-powder ratio was
varied from 1.06 to 1.19 for trial mixes TR4 to TR6.
4) 3) Coarse aggregate content was further reduced and fine aggregate content was
increased, until a slump flow of 500-700 mm is achieved by slump flow test. For each
trial, tests are carried out in order that the mix satisfies slump flow test, V-funnel test
and L-box passing ability test.

By reducing contents of coarse aggregate from 45% to 37% and increasing fine
aggregate contents from 40% to 47.5%, required results in all the tests i.e., slump flow,
Vfunnel and L-Box were obtained

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CLASS-5

FACTORS OF SELF-COMPACTABILITY IN TERMS OF TESTING

RESULTS
The factors making up self-compactability were described in terms of the result for fresh
concrete and mortar.
5.1. INFIUENCE OF COARSE AGGREGATE DEPENDING ON SPACING SIZE
It is not always possible to predict the degree of compaction into a structure by using the test
result on the degree of compaction of the concrete into another structure, since the maximum
size of coarse aggregate is close to the minimum spacing between the relationship between
coarse aggregate content in concrete and the filling height of the Box-type test, which the
standard index for self-compatibility on fresh concrete. The relationship between filing height
through obstacle R1 and that through R2 varied depending on the coarse aggregate content.

Fig:20 Influence of coarse aggregate content on self-compactability

5.2 ROLE OF MORTAR AS FLUID FLOWABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE

Sufficient deformability of the mortar phase in concrete is required so that concrete can be
compacted into structures by its self-weight need for vibrating compaction. In addition,
moderate viscosity as well as deformability to the mortar phase is required so that the relative
displacement between coarse aggregate particles in front of obstacles can be reduced and
then segregation between coarse aggregate and mortar can be inhibition the necessity for
viscosity was confirmed by Hashimotos visualization test.
The indices for mortar deformability and viscosity proposed by using mortar flow and
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funnel test result. The relationship between mortar flow and funnel test result. The
relationship between mortar deformability and viscosity and the self-compctability of fresh
concrete. The existence of an optimum combination of deformability and viscosity of mortar
for achieving self-compactability of fresh concrete was demonstrated.

Fig:21 Relationship between mortars flow ability and self-compctability of fresh

concrete
5.3. Role of mortar as solid particles
In addition to its role as a liquid mentioned above, mortar also plays a role as particles. The
property is so-called pressure transferability, which can be apparent when the coarse
aggregate particles approach is subjected to normal stress.

Fig:22 Normal stress generated in mortar due to approaching coarse aggregate

particles
The degree of the decrease in the shear deformability of the mortar largely depends on the
physical characteristics of the solid particles in the mortar.

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Fig:23 Degree of increase in shear deform resistance due to depending on physical

characteristics of solid particles
The different in the relationships between the funnel speeds of mortar and concrete due to
different in the fine aggregate content in mortar. It was found that the relationships between
the flow ability of mortar and concrete cannot always be unique due to difference in the
characteristics of the solid particles in the mortar, even if the characteristics of the coarse
aggregate and its content in concrete are content.

Fig:24 Relationship between mortars and concretes flow ability

A simple evaluation method for the stress transferability of mortar was proposed by using
the ratio of the funnel speed of concrete with glass beads as the standard coarse aggregate
(Rcs) to the speed mortar (Rm) . The higher stress transferability corresponds to the smaller
value of Rcs/Rm. The relationships between fine aggregate content in mortar and Rcs/Rm.

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Fig:25 A simple Evaluation method for stress transferability of fresh mortar

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CLASS-6

6.1. MIX DESIGN OF S.C.C.

The principal consideration of the Chinese Method is that the voids of the aggregate are filled
with paste (cement, powder, water). The voids need to be filled with paste so that a workable
fresh concrete is attained. Upon the design of SCC it is usually more difficult to achieve
satisfactory workability than required strength. The Chinese Method starts with the content of
aggregate, which greatly influences the workability: the more aggregate, the less paste and
hence, less fluidity. Subsequently, the amount of cement is assessed. This quantity is
determined by the required compressive strength and durability of the hardened concrete.
This approach corresponds to the Dutch Method of the design of normal medium strength
concrete. The amount of cement is also determined by the water/cement ratio and durability
requirements.As said, the main consideration of the Chinese Method is that voids present in
loose aggregate are filled with paste, and that the packing of the aggregates is minimized.
This is achieved by using more sand and less gravel (each about 50%). Here, it will be
investigated how this maximum packing can be achieved, and a relation is made with the
grading curve of the modified A&A model. The Chinese Method makes a distinction between
loose packing, and packing after compaction. As SCC is not vibrated, the densest packing
cannot be assumed right away.

Fig.:26 Determination of the mix components for SCC

The void part of loose aggregates generally amounts to about 4248%. Upon application in
SCC, mixing and resulting compaction, the void part is reduced to 3241%. In the Chinese
Method this void reduction is expressed with the help of a Packing Factor (PF). The PF
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represents the apparent density of aggregate in state of packing in SCC compared with the
apparent density of loosely packed aggregate:
PFSCC =apparent density aggregate in SCC/apparent density loss aggregate

MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE

If the density of the loosely packed aggregate amounts to 1500 kg/m 3 and the density of the
aggregate in SCC to 1750 kg/m3, then the PF has a value of 1.17. The PF that can be attained
in SCC (PF SCC) will be smaller than the value that can be achieved by vibrating the
aggregate. In the Chinese Method the PF is assessed, and multiplied with the loose densities of coarse
(gravel) and fine (sand) aggregates.

Fig:27 mix design procedure

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Fig:28 Void fraction of sand (3 types)/gravel mixes, before and after compaction at
various

sand contents (m/m) in sand/gravel mixes.

6.2. Materials Used

6.2.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (Grade 43) was used. Its physical properties are as given in
Table 1.

Table 1. Physical Properties of Cement

6.2.2 Fly ash

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Class F Fly ash obtained from Panipat Thermal Power Station, Haryana, India. The physical
and chemical properties of fly ash are given in the Table 2 and Table 3, respectively.

Table 2. Physical Properties of Fly Ash

Table 3. Chemical Properties of Fly Ash

6.2.3 Admixtures
A polycarboxylic ether based superplasticizer complying with ASTM C-494 type F,
was used.
6.2.4 Aggregates
Locally available natural sand with 4.75 mm maximum size was used as fine
aggregate, having specific gravity, fineness modulus and unit weight as given in Table 4 and
crushed stone with 16mm maximum size having specific gravity, fineness modulus and unit
weight as given in Table 4 was used as coarse aggregate. Both fine aggregate and coarse
aggregate conformed to Indian Standard Specifications IS: 383-1970 [6]. Table 4 gives the
physical properties of the coarse and fine aggregates.
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Table 4. Physical Properties of Coarse and Fine Aggregates

6.3 Compressive Strengths and Correlations
The compressive strength results that mix-tures containing limestone powder developed
higher compressive strengths at both 7-day and 28-day compared to those mixtures with slag
+ silica fume or fly ash + silicafume. Similar observations have been made by Zhu et al[17].
The SCC1 had the highest 28-day compressive strength among all the mixtures with a value
of 61.8 MPa followedby SCC2 and SCC3 with values of 61.73 and 58 MPa, respectively.
Mixtures with higher quantities of CA 25 mmdeveloped higher compressive strength
compared to mixtures with lower CA 25 mm content for SCC with LP. Similar trends had
been observed for the mixtures containingSL+SF and FA+SF. High early strength values
were alsoobserved for the mixtures with LP which were in the rangeof 47~53 MPa. Whereas
the early strength of FA+SF ranged between 32 and 39 MPa and for SL+SF mixture the
rangewas between 28 to 32 MPa. It indicates that for given w/cmratio, the early development
of compressive strength wahighest for mixtures with LP followed by mixtures with FA+SF
and SL+SF.

Fig.29 W/p ratio vs. 7-day compressive strength.

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The material of size 125 or smaller were considered to be powder. As LP was a very fine
filler material and was included in the powder calculation, the w/p ratio for SCC with LP was
lowest and the value was 0.30, whereas w/p ratio for rest of the mixtures was around 0.39.
There is a definite trend between w/p ratio and compressive strength as evident from the
figures with a regression co-efficient of 0.89 and 0.82 respectively. However due to strong
influence of admixture on SCC, for a given w/p, different level of compressive strengths were
possible. Though the w/cm ratios of all the mixtures were kept approximately same, the range
of compressive strength varied greatly among the mixtures. This is due to the fact that the
paste volume and powder content have significant effect on the compressive strength for the
SCC.

Fig.30 W/p ratio vs. 28-day compressive strength.

Fig.31 7-day and 28-day compressive strength for 10 SCC mixtures.

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7. APPLICATION OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE AND ITS

BENEFITS
7.1. CURRENT CONDITION ON APPLICATION OF SELF-COMPACTING
CONCRETE
After the development of the prototype of self-compacting concrete at the University of
Tokyo, intensive research was begun in many places, especially in the research institutes of
large construction companies. As a result, self-compacting concrete has been used in many
practical structures. The first application of self-compacting concrete was in building in June
1990. Self-compacting concrete was then used in the towers of a prestressed concrete cablestayed bridge in 1990.Lightweight self-compacting concrete was used in the main girder of a
cable- stayed bridge in 1992.Since then, the use of self-compacting concrete in actual
structure has gradually increased. Currently, the main reasons for the employment of selfcompacting concrete can be summarized as follows.
To shorten construction period
To assure compaction in the structure: especially in confined zones where vibrating is
difficult
To eliminate noise due to vibration: effective especially at concrete products plants

Fig:33 Shin-kiba ohashi bridge

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The volume of self-compacting concrete in Japan. The production of self-compacting
concrete as a percentage of Japanese read-mixed concrete, Which account for 70% of total
concrete production in Japan, is only 0.1%. The current status of self-compacting concrete is
Special concrete rather than standard concrete
Other applications of self-compacting concrete are summarized below.
Bridge (anchorage, arch, beam, girder, tower, pier,joint between beam & girder)
Box culvert
Building
Concrete filled steel column
Tunnel (lining, immersed tunnel,)
Dam (concrete around structure)
Concrete products (blocks, culvert, wall, slab)

Fig:34 volume of s.c.c. cast

7.2 Large scale construction
Self-compacting concrete is currently being employed in various practical structures in order
to shorten the construction period of large-scale constructions. The anchorages of Akashikaikyo (Akashi straits) bridge opened in April 1998, a Suspension bridge with the longest
span in world (1,991 meters). Self-compacting concrete was used in the construction of the
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two anchorages of the bridge. A new construction system that makes full use of the
performance of self-compacting concrete was introduced for this purpose. The concrete was
mixed at the batcher plant. It was transported 200 meters through pipes to the casting site,
where the pipes were arranged in row 3 to 5 meter apart.Self-compacting concrete was used
for the wall of a large LNG tanks belonging to the Osaka gas company.
The adoption of self-compacting concrete in this particular project had the following
merits
The number of lots decreased from 14 to 10 as the height of one lot of concrete was
increased.
The number of concrete workers was reduced from 150 to 50.
The construction period of the structure decreased from 22 months to 18 months
7.3 Concrete products
Self-compacting concrete is often employed in concrete products to eliminate vibration noise.
This improves the working environment at plants and makes the location of concrete products
plants in urban areas possible. In addition, the use of Self-compacting concrete extends the
lifetime of mould for concrete products (Uno 1990). The production of concrete products
using Self-compacting concrete has been gradually increasing.

Fig:35 volume of SCC for concrete

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7.4 Necessity for new structural design and construction system
Using Self-compacting concrete saves the cost of vibration compaction and ensures the
compaction of the concrete. In this structure. However, total construction cost cannot always
be reduced, except in large-scale construction. Self-compacting concrete can greatly improve
construction system previously based on conventional concrete that required vibrating
compaction.

Fig:36 New construction system achieved by making full use of SCC

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CLASS-8
FUTURE OF SELF COMPACTION CONCRETE
Since the development of the prototype of SCC in 1988, its use in actual structures has
gradually increased worldwide. SCC addresses many environmental issues; the main ones are
reduction in noise level in the factory as well as on site, reduction in personal injuries from
noise and manual handling, reduction in electricity usage and reduction in the overall
maintenance costs of vibration equipment. A typical application example of SCC is the two
anchorages of Akashi-Kaikyo (Straits) Bridge opened in April 1998, a suspension bridge
with the longest span (1991 m) in the world 6. The SCC provides tangible opportunities to
both designer and contractor. It also has a future in the precast industry providing durable
concrete at a lower cost due to lower initial investments of vibrating facilities and lower
recurring costs due to faster reusage of moulds. It improves the working environment at
plants and sites by eliminating noise of vibration; it is possible for concrete product plants to
be located in the urban area.

Table:5 Potential opportunities from use of SCC

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CLASS-9
CONCLUSION
SCC that flows into formwork and through reinforcement under the influence of its own
weight can be made such that no external vibration is required. Although careful
proportioning and batching are needed, SCC can be produced with locally available
materials.
Concretes with a high slump flow are prone to segregation and bleeding. Tests should
be
conducted with the material used for a specific project to establish that the SCC flows
sufficiently but will not segregate, bleed, or require additional consolidation. To
minimize segregation, a large amount of fine material, a small NMA size, uniform
grading, and low water-cementitious material ratios are needed or conventional mixtures
with VMAs may be used.
SCC can have high compressive strength and low permeability for use in bridge
structures.
To mitigate high drying shrinkage, a large NMA size, a large amount of coarse
aggregate And a low water content are needed.
To avoid an improper air-void system that would reduce freeze-thaw resistance, either a
large air content or a conventional air content with the proper selection of admixtures
that will lead to a reduced void size and spacing is needed.
The use of SCC has the potential to provide initial savings because of the reduction in
labor

required to place the concrete.

Further savings can be obtained because

structures constructed with SCC should last longer.

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CLASS-10
RECOMMENDATIONS

Specific test procedures should be followed to determine if concretes are selfconsolidating or segregating.

Specimens should be tested for strength and

permeability made with and without consolidation to determine if they are selfconsolidating. The slump flow test should be used to detect segregation based on
aggregate distribution and a mortar halo around the spread. The U-tube or a similar
test should be used to show that SCC can flow through the reinforcement and provide
high workability without segregation.
Rheometers should be used to provide data on yield stress and viscosity and to
describe the flow characteristics while the mixtures are being developed.
viscosity values indicate adequate flow characteristics.

Low

However, there is no

correlation between the viscosity number and segregation or equilibrium height or

spread in this limited study. Further work in this area is recommended.
SCC is recommended for use in transportation structures that can benefit from
concretes with high workability, particularly in thin sections and areas with dense
reinforcement.

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CLASS-11
REFRENCES

1. Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Recommendations for Design and Construction of

Antiwashout Underwater Concrete, Concrete library of JSCE, 19 (1992) 89 p.
2. Petersson, ., Billberg, P., Van, B.K., A model for self-compacting Concrete,
Proceedings of International RILEM Conference on Production Methods and Workability of
Concrete, edited by P.J.M. Bartos, et al. (Chapman & Hall/E & FN Spon) (Paisley, 1996)
483-490.
3. Bartos, P.J.M., An appraisal of the Orimet Test as a Method for On-site Assessment of
Fresh SCC Concrete, Proceedings of International Workshop on Self-Compacting Concrete,
(Japan, August 1998) 121-135.
4. Haykawa, M., Development and Application of Super Workable Concrete, Proceedings
of International

RILEM Workshop on Special Concretes - Workability and Mixing, edited

by Prof. P.J.M. Bartos, (Paisley, 1993) 183-190.

5. Ozawa, K., Sakata, N., Okamura, H., Evaluation of Self-Compactibility of Fresh
Concrete Using the Funnel Test, Concrete Library of JSCE, (25) (June 1995) 59-75.
6. Rooney, M., Bartos, P.M.J., Development of the settlement column segregation test for
fresh self-compacting concrete (SCC), to appear in the second international symposium on
SCC, Tokyo, Japan (2001).
7. Brite-EuRam programme: BE96-3801/BRPR-CT96-0366, Rational production and
improved working environment through using self-compacting concrete.

8. Henderson N A, Baldwin N J R, McKibbins L D, Winsor D S, & Shanghavi H B,

'Concrete technology for foundation applications', CIRIA Report C569: 2002

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