College of Engineering and Computer Science

Computer Science Department

Mechanical Engineering 370

Thermodynamics
Spring 2003 Ticket: 57010 Instructor: Larry Caretto

Finding Thermodynamic Properties

These notes outline a process for finding the thermodynamic state when you are given two
thermodynamic properties. The first two topics consider the cases where you are given any two
of the following three properties: temperature, pressure, and specific volume. Following that, we
consider the use of other thermodynamic properties to find the state. In finding the state, you will
first have to determine if you have a compressed liquid, a gas, or a mixture of liquid and vapor
A. If you are given temperature and pressure, you have the following possibilities.
1. It will not be in the mixed region since temperature and pressure are not independent in
this region.
2. The substance is in the liquid state if the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure
at the given temperature or if the temperature is less than the saturation temperature at
the given pressure. In this case, you may have compressed liquid tables for high
pressures or else you can estimate the properties as those of the saturated liquid at the
given temperature.
3. The substance is in the gas (superheated vapor) state if the pressure is less than the
saturation pressure at the given temperature or if the temperature is greater than the
saturation temperature at the given pressure. Here you will use the gas phase
(superheat) tables, which have pressure and temperature as independent lookup
variables to find the properties.
4. Example: Water with T = 100oC and P = 200 kPa. We see that Psat(100oC) = 101.35 kPa
which is less than the given P. Thus we are in a compressed liquid state. (Alternatively
we could have found Tsat(200 kPa) = 120.23oC. Since this is less than the given
temperature of 100oC, we conclude that we have a compressed liquid.) We use the
compressed liquid properties at 100oC to estimate the properties at 100oC and 200 kPa;
these are v = 0.001044 m3/kg, u = 418.94 kJ/kg, h = 419.04 kJ/kg and s = 1.3069
kJ/kgK.
5. Another example: Water with T = 200oC and 100 kPa. We find this state in the superheat
tables with the following properties: v = 2.172 m3/kg, u = 2658.1 kJ/kg, h = 2875.3 kJ/kg
and s = 7.8343 kJ/kgK. Here we went straight to the superheat tables. If we find the
state there we know that it is in the gas phase. Note that the saturation temperature at
100 kPa, which is 99.63oC, is shown next to the pressure on the superheat table. This
confirms that the saturation temperature is less than the given temperature so that we are
in the gas phase.
B. If you are given temperature and specific volume (or pressure and specific volume),
use the following process.
1. Use the given pressure or the given temperature to find the specific volumes of the
saturated liquid (vf) and saturated vapor (vg).

Engineering Building Room 1333

E-mail: lcaretto@csun.edu

Mail Code
8348

Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062

2. If the given specific volume is less than the specific volume of the saturated liquid, you
are in the compressed liquid state. In this case, you may have compressed liquid tables
for high pressures or else you can estimate the properties as those of the saturated liquid
at the given temperature. (If you are given the pressure, you have to find the saturation
temperature to make the approximation for the compressed liquid.)
3. If the given specific volume is greater than the specific volume of the saturated vapor, you
are in the superheated vapor (gas) state. Here you use the given temperature (or
pressure) and specific volume in the gas tables. This usually requires an interpolation to
find the given specific volume.
4. If the given specific volume is greater than the specific volume of the saturated liquid and
less than the specific volume of the saturated vapor, you are in the mixed region. Here
you find the quality as (v - vf)/(vg - vf). You can then use this quality to find other
properties, such as the internal energy, as u = uf + x(ug - uf).
5. Example. For water at 200 kPa with a specific volume of 0.5 m 3/kg we find that the
specific volumes of the saturated liquid and saturated vapor at the given pressure of 200
kPa are vf = 0.001061 m3/kg and vg = 0.8857 m3/kg. Thus we are in the mixed region
and we have to compute the quality as x = (v vf)/(vg vf) = (0.5 0.001061) / (0.8857
0.001061) = 0.564. Once we know the quality we can find all other properties. For
example the enthalpy is found as h = hf + x hfg = 504.70 + (0.564)(2201.9) = 1746.6 kJ/kg.
6. Another example. For water at 500oF with a specific volume of 6 ft3/lbm, we see that this
specific volume is greater than the specific volume of the saturated liquid at 500 oF, which
is 0.6761 m3/kg so we know that we are in the gas (superheat) region. Scanning the
tables for T = 500oF, we find a specific volume of 7.017 ft3/lbm at 80 psia and a specific
volume of 5.587 ft3/lbm at 100 psia. Thus our given specific volume of 6 ft3/lbm must be
between these pressures. We have to interpolate using the following equation for a
general property Y which may equal P, u, s, or h. First we find the interpolation factor, f,
which is a measure of the relative distance between the two data points. Note that f will
be negative in this case because v is decreasing as P is increasing.

3
6 ft

7.017 ft

lbm
lbm
3
3
5.587 ft
7.017 ft
lbm
lbm

We then use this factor to compute any property that is tabulated at the two pressures. In the
equation below, Y represents u, h, s, or P.
3
Y (500 0 F ,80 psia ) f Y (500 0 F ,100 psia ) Y (500 0 F ,80 psia )
Y 500 0 F ,6 ft

lb
m

C. If you are given temperature (or pressure) and another specific property (specific
internal energy, specific enthalpy, or specific entropy), follow the same process used
as in part B. This is written below using entropy as a specific example, but you could
use energy or enthalpy.
1. Use the given pressure or the given temperature to find the specific entropy of the
saturated liquid (sf) and saturated vapor (sg).

Engineering Building Room 1333

E-mail: lcaretto@csun.edu

Mail Code
8348

Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062

2. If the given specific entropy is less than the specific entropy of the saturated liquid, you
are in the compressed liquid state. In this case, you may have compressed liquid tables
for high pressures or else you can estimate the properties as those of the saturated liquid
at the given temperature. (If you are given the pressure, you have to find the saturation
temperature to make the approximation for the compressed liquid.)
3. If the given specific entropy is greater than the specific entropy of the saturated vapor,
you are in the superheated vapor (gas) state. Here you use the given temperature (or
pressure) and specific entropy in the gas tables. This usually requires an interpolation to
find the given specific entropy.
4. If the given specific entropy is greater than the specific entropy of the saturated liquid and
less than the specific entropy of the saturated vapor, you are in the mixed region. Here
you find the quality as (s - sf)/(sg - sf). You can then use this quality to find other
properties, such as the internal energy, as u = uf + x(ug - uf).
5. The examples in this case proceed in exactly the same way as the examples for case B.
Only the other specified property replaces the specific volume in the examples.

Engineering Building Room 1333

E-mail: lcaretto@csun.edu

Mail Code
8348

Phone: 818.677.6448
Fax: 818.677.7062

Finding thermodynamic properties

ME 370, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2003

6.

The entire process can be described on a T-v

diagram shown on the left.

T-v Diagram

1 = Subcooled Liquid

2 = Saturated Liquid

3 = Saturated Mixture

4 = Saturated Vapor

5 = Superheated Vapor

Page 4

Finding thermodynamic properties

ME 370, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2003

Page 5

THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
For most substances, thermodynamic
properties are presented in the form of tables
because they are too complex to be
expressed by simple equations.
In thermo-systems, many working fluids can
be used. Water is one of the most common
working fluids involved. It is the only liquid
presented in this section.
The thermodynamic properties that are
commonly used are:

Temperature (T), oC or oF

Pressure (P), Pa or psia

Specific volume (v) (the volume per

unit mass), m3/kg or ft3/lb

Specific internal energy (u), kJ/kg or

Btu/lb

Specific enthalpy (h), kJ/kg or Btu/lb

Specific entropy (s) (Which will be

introduced in the following section),
kJ/(kg-K) or Btu/(lb-R)

Saturated Liquid and Saturated

Vapor

Finding thermodynamic properties

ME 370, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2003

Page 6

At a given pressure, the temperature at which

a pure substance changes phase is called the
saturation temperature. At 1 atm, the
saturation temperature of water is 100 oC. At a
given temperature, the pressure at which a
pure substance changes phase is called the
saturation pressure. At 100 oC, the saturation
pressure of water is 1 atm. The saturation
temperature and saturation pressure depends
on each other.
Water Table
Click to View Movie (120 kB)

Saturated There are two types of tables for saturated

Saturated Water Temperature Table

Saturated Water Pressure Table

water. Both tables give the same information.

The only difference is that the properties are
listed either as a function of temperature or
pressure.
The properties listed in the tables include

Saturation pressure (Psat) for a given

temperature or saturation temperature
(Tsat) for a given pressure

Specific volume of saturated liquid (vf)

and saturated vapor (vg)

Specific internal energy of saturated

liquid (uf), saturated vapor (ug), and
vaporization (ufg = ug - uf)

Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid

(hf), saturated vapor (hg), and
vaporization (hfg = hg - hf) or latent
heat of vaporization.

Specific entropy of saturated liquid

(sf), saturated vapor (sg), and
vaporization (sfg = sg - sf)

Saturated Mixture
During the vaporization process of water, the
substance is a mixture of saturated liquid and
saturated vapor. Quality (x) is defined to
describe the fraction of saturated vapor in the
mixture.
x = mvapor/mtotal
where
mvapor = mass of vapor in the mixture
mtotal = total mass of the mixture
mtotal = mliquid + mvapor = mf + mg
Quality has a value between 0 and 1. x equals

Finding thermodynamic properties

ME 370, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2003

Page 7

1 for saturated vapor and x equals 0 for

saturated liquid according to its definition.
Saturated mixture is a two-phase system. For
convenience, it can be treated as a
homogenous mixture and the properties of this
mixture is simply the average properties of the
saturated liquid and saturated vapor. For
example, the specific volume of the mixture
can be determined by
Vav = Vf + Vg
mtotal vav = mf vf + mg vg
vav = mf vf/mtotal + mg vg/mtotal
= vf (1 - mg/mtotal) + vg mg/mtotal
= vf (1 - x) + vg x
= vf + vfg x
Rearranging the above equation to give an
expression for the quality x as
x = (vav - vf)/vfg
Quality is related to the horizontal distance on T-v
diagram

Based on this equation, quality can be

determined from the horizontal distance on the
T-v or P-v diagram as shown in the figure.
The above process can be repeated for u and
h.
uav = uf + ufg x
hav = hf + hfg x

Superheated Vapor
Since the superheated vapor is a single phase
substance, the temperature and pressure are
independent. In the superheated vapor tables,
the properties are listed as a function of both
the temperature and pressure. The tabulated
properties include v, u, h and s. The saturation
temperature corresponding to the pressure is
given in the parentheses following the
pressure value.
Superheated vapor can be characterized by
Superheated Water Table
Click to view Movie (112 kB)

Superheated Steam Table

P < Psat at a given T

T > Tsat at a given P

v > vg at a given P or T

u > ug at a given P or T

Finding thermodynamic properties

ME 370, L. S. Caretto, Spring 2003

Page 8

h > hg at a given P or T

Subcooled Liquid
The format of the subcooled liquid water
tables is similar to the format of the
superheated vapor tables. In the absence of
compressed liquid data, a common practice is
to use the saturated liquid data based on the
given temperature to estimate the properties
of compressed liquid. For h, the error can be
reduced using the following approximation

Subcooled Water Table

7.

Subcooled liquid can be characterized by

P > Psat at a given T

T < Tsat at a given P

v < vf at a given P or T

u < uf at a given P or T

h < hf at a given P or T