Beruflich Dokumente
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Proof-grading
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Low speed process - timber may take 15 to 20 seconds to pass through the
machine
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Fb=FbCDCMCtCLCFCVCfuCrCcCf
Applicable adjustment factors
Load Duration factor (CD)
If a member is fully stressed to the maximum allowable stress, continuous or
cumulative, for more than 10 years, CD = 0.90
Period
CD
1.25
for earthquake
1.33
1.33
1.6
for impact
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
300
CF =
d
Where:
CF = size factor
D = depth of beam, mm
If the beam is circular in cross-section, with D> 340 mm, convert the section to
an equivalent conventionally loaded square beam with the same cross sectional
area.
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
le d
CS =
2
b
Where:
Cs = slenderness factor
le = effective length of the beam, mm
d = depth of the beam, mm
b = breadth of the beam, mm
If Cs 10, full value of Fb may be used.
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
1 C 4
F 'b = Fb 1 s
3 Ck
Where:
Ck = 0.811
E
Fb
E = modulus of elasticity
Fb = allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in
bending ( basic value)
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
if Ck < CS 50
0.438 E
F 'b =
Cs 2
If Cs > 50, not allowed by Code.
Form Factor Adjustment (Cf)
For circular beams: Cf = 1.18
Square (with diagonal vertical): Cf = 1.414
Lumber I beams and box beams
d 2 + 143
C f = 0.81 1 + 2
1 C g
d + 88
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Where:
Cf = form factor
Cg = support factor = p2 (6-8p+3p2)(1-q) + q
P = ratio of depth of compression flange to full
depth of beam
q = ratio of thickness of web(s) to the full width
of beam.
** Cumulative with the form factor adjustment except for lumber I beams and box
beams.
Wet Service Factor, CM
When the moisture content of structural members under service conditions will
exceed 19% for an extended period of time, design values should be multiplied by
the appropriate wet-service factor.
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Design Value
Fb
Ft
Fv
FC
Fc
E
CM
0.85
1.0
0.97
0.67
0.80
0.90
Temperature Factor, Ct
Reduction of the design values for wood may be necessary for members
subjected to elevated temperatures for repeated or prolonged periods.
Design Values
Ft and E
Fb , FV , Fc and Fc
Dry
Wet
T 380 C
1.0
0.90
0.90
1.0
1.0
0.80
0.70
0.7
0.5
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Width, mm
50 and 75
100
125
150
200
250 and wider
Thickness
50 and 75 mm 100 mm
1
1.1
1
1.1
1.05
1.15
1.05
1.15
1.05
1.2
1.1
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
CL =
1 + ( FbE Fb* )
1.9
1 + ( FbE Fb* ) F F *
bE b
1.9
0.95
Where:
Fb* = design value for bending multiplied by all applicable adjustment
factors, except Cfu ,Cv and CL
FbE =
K bE E '
RB2
KbE = 0.438 ( for visually graded lumber and machine rated lumber)
= 0.609 ( for products with a coefficient of variation of 0.11 or
less)
E = design modulus of elasticity multiplied by applicable adjustment
factors.
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Cb =
Lb + 9.525
Lb
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
meters. Bridging are provided at every 0.6 m. The tabulated properties of the joist
are: E = 7310 MPa and Fb = 16.5 MPa.
Solution:
Fb = CrCDFb
Cr = 1.15 ; CD = 0.90
Fb = (1.15)(0.90)(16.5) = 17.08 MPa > 16.5 MPa, use Fb =Fb.
Example 2:
Calculate the allowable bending stress for a visually graded wooden girder with a
dimension of 200 mm x 400 mm, supporting a series of floor joists. The beam has a
simple span of 6 meters. The properties of the member are: E = 5940 MPa and Fb
= 18 MPa.
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Solution:
Adjust due to size, d > 300 mm
19
300
CF =
400
= 0.97
CD = 0.90
CS =
le d
(1.92)(6000)(400)
=
= 10.73 > 10
2
2
b
(200)
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Ck = 0.811
E
5940
= 0.811
= 13.49 > CS
Fb
(21.47)
4
1 C 2
1 10.73
s
F 'b = 1 Fb = 1
18 = 15.60 MPa
3 Ck
3 13.49
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Fv=FvCDCMCtCH
Actual horizontal shear:
Solid sections,
3V
fv =
2bd
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Notched sections,
fv =
V=
3V d
2bd ' d '
d d '
FV b d
e (at support, compression side)
3
d'
d = total depth
d = depth of beam at notch.
e = distance notch extends inside the
inner edge of support.
** The shear for the notch on the compression side shall be further limited to the
value determined for a beam of depth d if e exceeds d.
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
FC ' = 0.73FC
( for bearings of any length at the end of the beam and to all bearings 150mm)
lb + 0.375
FC ' =
FC
lb
( for bearings of less than 150 mm AND not nearer than 75 mm to the end of a
member),
lb = length of bearing, mm
COLUMN DESIGN
L/d 50
*
1
F
F
+
(
)
CE
C
F 'C = FC *
2c '
2
1 + ( FCE FC * ) ( FCE FC * )
2c '
c'
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Where:
c = 0.8, for sawn lumber
= 0.85 for round timber piles
FCE =
K CE E '
( le d )
Example 3:
Calculate the axial load capacity of a 200 mm x 300 mm wooden post. The post has
an unsupported length of 4 meters and is assumed to be pin-connected at the
ends. the properties of wood (80% stress grade, machine-stress rated) are E =
12000 MPa and FC = 16 MPa (tabulated values), Fb=19 MPa(allowable). The post is
exposed to variable temperature and relative humidity.
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Solution:
FC* = CD*FC = 0.90(16) = 14.40 MPa
CV = 0.11
E = (1 0.11)E = 0.89 (12000) = 10680 MPa
KCE = 0.418 ( machine stress-rated sawn lumber)
le 1x 4000
=
= 16
d
250
K E ' ( 0.418) (10680 ) )
FCE = CE 2 =
= 17.44MPa
2
(l d )
(16)
e
FCE 17.44
=
= 1.21
*
FC 14.40
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
1
+
1.21
1
+
1.21
1.21
= 10.84 MPa
FC ' = (14.40 )
2(0.8)
2(0.8)
0.8
ft
fb
+ * 1
and
Ft Fb
fb ft
1
**
Fb
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
fc
fb
+
1
F 'c F 'b Jf c
Where:
J=
le d 11
K 11 , and
K = 0.671
E
FC
0 J 1
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
Example 4:
Calculate the axial load capacity of the previous problem if a moment of 12 kN-m
acts about the major axis of the beam.
Solution:
From the previous problem FC* =14.4 MPa
fc =
P (1000)
= 0.017 P , P in kN
(200)(300)
fb =
6M 6(12000000)
=
= 3.84MPa
2
2
bd
(300)(250)
TIMBER DESIGN
TIP-QC 13 September 2014
le 4000
=
= 16
d
250
12000
k = 0.671
= 18.38
16
16 11
J=
= 0.68
18.38 11
0.017 P
3.84
+
=1
10.84 19 (0.68)(0.017 P )
P = 458.86kN