Structural Systems in Architecture

AR 361
Fall Semester

Professor zgr ZELK, Ph.D.

Content

Welcome to Introduction to Structural Systems in

Architecture
Course Syllabus
What material will we cover?
Administrative Issues
Course Web Page, Text Book, Exams, Office Hours,
Quizes, Grading, Cheating Policy, etc.
Introduction

AR 361 Structural Systems in Architecture

COURSE SYLLABUS

AR 361 Structural Systems in Architecture

Course Hours

AR 361 Structural Systems in

Architecture
Fall Semester 2014-2015
Class Room: ???
Two sections: Mondays 10:00 13:00
14:00 17:00
Office Hours
Mondays

17:00-18:00

Email: ozgur.ozcelik@deu.edu.tr
Web page: kisi.deu.edu.tr/ozgur.ozcelik
AR 361 Structural Systems in Architecture

Course Syllabus

General Course Description

Classification of structural systems
Loads, assumptions and Idealizations
Statically Determinate vs. Indeterminate Structures
Trusses Analysis of Member Forces
Shear and Moment Diagrams (Beams)
Shear and Moment Diagrams (Frames)
Deflection of Beams: Double Integration Method
Deflection of Beams: Moment-Area Method

AR 361 Structural Systems in Architecture

Course Syllabus

General Course Description

Statically Indeterminate Structures
Analysis of Indeterminate Beams and Frames:
Slope Deflection Method
Analysis of Indeterminate Beams and Frames:
Moment Distribution Method

AR 361 Structural Systems in Architecture

Course Syllabus

Textbook
TITLE:
Fundamentals of Structural Analysis
AUTHOR:
K.M. Leet, C.M. Uang, A.M. Gilbert
PUBLISHER:McGraw-Hill
Reference Book
TITLE:
Fundamentals of Structural Analysis
AUTHOR:
H.H. West, L.F. Geschwinder
PUBLISHER: John Wiley and Sons
Class notes and examples will be provided (check the website)

AR 361 Structural Systems in Architecture

Course Text Book

Chapter 1- Classification of structural system

Chapter 2 Design Load

Chapter 3- Reactions, Determinate vs

Interdeterminate Structures

Chapter 4 Truss Analysis

Chapter 5 Beams and Frame Analysis Shear and

Moment Diagrams

Chapter 9 - Deflections of Beams and Frames: Double

Integration Method

Chapter 9 - Deflections of Beams and Frames:

Moment-Area Method

Chapter 12 - Analysis of Indeterminate Beams: Slope

Deflection Method

Chapter 13 - Analysis of Indeterminate Beams:

Moment Distribution Method

AR 361 Structural Systems in Architecture

Course Syllabus

Grading Policy
Your grade will be determined as follows

Quizes

20% (3 quizes)

Midterm

30 % (1 midterm exam)

Final exam 50 %
Class participation will help your grade but
it is not mandatory!!!!

AR 361 Structural Systems in Architecture

INTRODUCTION:

Introduction

Structural Engineering:
analysis, design and construction of structural system
Structural Systems:
Bridges, buildings, dams, transportation facilities, liquid or
gas storage facilities, industrial factories and plants, power
generation and transmission units

Introduction

Structural Analysis:
We will determine how a structure responds to specified
loads or actions: forces and deformations
We will learn the classical methods that have been used by
engineers for many years which are the foundation of
modern structural analysis

To be a good architects you need to be able to communicate

well with structural engineers!!!!

Basics Structural Elements

Axially Loaded Members in Tension

The material is used at optimum of
efficiency because the axially loaded
members are uniformly stressed in
tension.
We can use small cross sections but
they will be flexible and they will
vibrate under moving load
Building code try to limit the slenderness ratio (l/r)!!!
l = length of the member
r = sqrt(I/A) radius of gyration

Columns Axially Loaded Members in

Compression
The capacity to resist under compression
is a function of the slenderness,
If l/r is large the member is slender
and it will fail for buckling,
If l/r is small the member is stocky
and their capacity for axial load is
high,
The capacity of a slender column depends
also on the support conditions at its
ends.

Beams Shear and Bending Moment

Beams are loaded perpendicular to

their longitudinal axis.

Except for short beams the shear stress

produced by V is much smaller than the
bending stress produced by M.

Planar Trusses All Members Axially Loaded

A truss is a structural element composed of slender

bars that are connected by frictionless pin joints

They are very stiff longitudinally

but flexible when loaded
perpendicular to their
longitudinal axis.

Planar Trusses All Members Axially Loaded

Arches Direct Compression

Arches are in compression under their

dead load. To work properly the resultant
of the internal forces should passes
through the centroid.
On

the

abutment

we

will

have

horizontal as well as a vertical force.

For

this

reason

we

need

abutment to absorb the reaction.

massive

Cables Flexible Members in Tension

Cables are slender, flexible members

composed of high-strength steel wires
twisted mechanically.

They can only carry direct tensile stress and they have the
strength to support the large load of long-span structures.

Under distributed vertical load they will

deform as a parabola.

Cables Flexible Members in Tension

Cables Flexible Members in Tension

Cables undergoes large changes

in shape when concentrate load
are applied because of their
lack on bending stiffness
We want to minimize deformation
and vibrations produced by live loads.
To

stiffen

cable

pretensioning,

we
use

can

use

tie-down

cables or adding extra loads

Rigid Frames

Rigid

frames

consists

of

beams

and

columns and they carry axial load and

moment.

To have a rigid frame the joints

need to be rigid, meaning that
the right angle must not change
when the members are loaded.
It is necessary to make the joint
stiffer.

Plates or Slabs

Plates are planar elements,

their depth is smaller compared
to the length and width.

Their behaviour depends on

the

position

of

supports

along the boundaries.

Thin Shells

One Story Building

One Story Building

Lets

consider

simple

one-story

structure, consisting of structural steel

frame

covered

panels.

The metal roof is supported by

the

beam

CD

that

spans

between two pipe columns.

with

light-gage

metal

One story Building

The

ends

connected
column

of
to

by

the
the

beam
top

bolts

are

of

that

the
pass

through the bottom flange of

the beam and a cap plate that is
welded to the column.

This type of connection is not rigid enough. For this

reason we need additional diagonal bracing members to
strengthen the structure against lateral loads.

Vertical and Lateral Loads

For gravity load we
will

neglect

the

diagonal

bracing,

these

will

loads

be

carried by the roof

deck.
The lateral loads (for example the
wind load), that are applied to the top
of the roof, they will be carried by the
diagonal bracing.

Loads and Load Analysis

Structures must be proportioned so that they will not

FAIL or DEFORM EXCESSIVELY under loads,
The designer must decide which loads to apply based
on the type of structures (Shape and Function).
Dead Loads:
These are the loads associated with the WEIGHT of the
structure and its PERMANENT COMPONENTS (floors,
ceilings, ducts etc.)
We assign to the members a dimension to evaluate the
dead loads, this value needs to be checked AFTER the
final dimensioning.

Loads and Load Analysis

Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

Many floor systems consist of reinforced

concrete slab supported on a grid of beams,
We need to understand how to transfer the
load from the slab to the beams,

In Case 1:
It is a square floor system,
The edge beams support the same
triangular load
The area of the slab portion that is
supported by a particular beam is called
the TRIBUTARY AREA.

Side Note:

Total force of the slab is w*L2 where w is the load per

unit area (kN/m2),

of that total load is w*L2/4,

This total force has to be in triangular shape, therefore

the height of the load can be calculated as follows
w*L2/4 = * height * L, height = wL/2
And from here reaction forces can be calculated

Case 1:

Loads and Load Analysis

Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

In Case 2:
It is a rectangular floor system,
The rectangular slab is supported by two
parallel beams,
The tributary area is (Ls/2) * Lb (shaded
grey area)
Along the beam B1, the magnitude of the
distributed load will be
dist. load = w*Ls/2 [kN/m]
where w is the load per unit area
(kN/m2).
What would be the reaction forces for the
beam B1?

Side Note:

What would be the distributed load on a 1 m width of

slab beam Figure (c)?

The total force on a 1 m width slab beam is

w*(1)*Ls = w*Ls [kN]
Therefore distributed force would be
w*Ls / Ls = w [kN/m] (Figure c)

What would be the reaction forces?

Case 2:

Loads and Load Analysis

Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

In Case 3:
A slab carrying a uniformly distributed
load of w, and is supported on a
rectangular grid of beams (Figure d)
Figure e shows the assumed and
simplified distributed forces acting on
the beam B2, respectively.

Case 3:

Figures (f) and (g) show the

forces acting on the beam B,
Notice that there are
distributed as well as
concentrated forces.

Loads and Load Analysis

Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

Example:

The floor shown below is 12 cm thick reinforced concrete slab of unit weight 25 kN/m3
supported by STEEL BEAMS (see Figure b)
The beams are connected by CLIP ANGLES (pin support)
An acoustical board ceiling of unit weight 0.07 kN/m2 is suspended from the concrete slab,
An additional dead load of 0.95 kN/m2 is considered to take into account duct, piping, conduit,
The self-weight of beam B1 is 0.04 kN/m and for the beam B2 is 0.067 kN/m
Find the magnitude of the dead load distribution on beam B1 and B2.

12 cm

5m

1m

1m

3@2 m = 6 m

Loads and Load Analysis

Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

Example:

For B1:
Weight of the slab: (1 m + 1 m) * (0.12 m) * (25 kN/m3) = 6 kN/m
Weight of the ceiling: (1 m + 1 m) * 0.07 kN/m2 = 0.14 kN/m
Weight of the additional nonstructural elements: (1 m + 1 m) * 0.95 kN/m2 = 1.9 kN/m
Weight of the beam itself: 0.04 kN/m
Total weight per unit length: 6 + 0.14 + 1.9 + 0.04 = ~8.1 kN/m (rounded up)

wD = 8.1 kN/m

5m

5m
20.25 kN

1m

1m

3@2 m = 6 m

20.25 kN

Loads and Load Analysis

Distribution of Dead Loads to Framed Floor Systems

Example:

For B2:
Notice that the slab load is carried by the B1 beam ONLY (due to the rectangular shape
of the slab),
Therefore B2 only carries its own weight: 0.067 kN/m
As well as the concentrated reaction forces due to B1 applied at the third points of girder
B2 (see figure f)

20.25 kN
2m

20.25 kN

2m

2m

0.067 kN/m
5m

6m
20.45 kN

1m

1m

3@2 m = 6 m

20.45 kN

Loads and Load Analysis

Tributary Areas of Columns

To determine the dead load

transmitted into a column from a
floor slab, the designer can
either:

Determine the reactions of the

beams framing into the column, or
Multiply the tributary area of the
floor surrounding the column by the
magnitude of the dead load per unit
area acting on the floor,
The tributary area of a column is
defined as the area surrounding the
column that is bounded by the panel
centerlines.
Notice that in the above case, an internal columns
support approximately 4 times more floor dead
load than corner columns.

Loads and Load Analysis

Tributary Areas of Columns

Example:
Using the tributary area method,
compute the floor dead loads
supported by columns A1 and B2

Floor system is made of concrete and

weighing 75 lb/ft2

Floor beams, utilities, suspended ceiling

weigh 15 lb/ft2

Precast exterior wall supported by the

perimeter beams weighs 600 lb/ft

CIV 301: Structural Analysis I

29/35

Loads and Load Analysis

Tributary Areas of Columns

Example:

Total floor dead load:

D = 75 + 15 = 90 lb/ft2 = 0.09 kip/ft2

Dead Load for A1

Tributary area = 9 ft * 10 ft = 90 ft2

Floor dead load = 90 ft2 * 0.09 kip/ft2

= 8.1 kips

Weight of exterior wall = 0.6 lb/ft *(10+9) ft = 11.4 kips

Total dead load = 8.1 + 11.4 = 19.5 kips

Dead Load for B2

Tributary area = 18 ft *21 ft = 378 ft2

Total dead load = 378 ft2 * 0.09 kip/ft2 = 34.02 kips

Loads and Load Analysis

Live Loads

Live loads are the loads that can be moved on or off of a structure (weight of people, furniture,
machinery etc.)

The live loads can change in function of the type of building and they change in time (can be
considered as dynamic loads)

In building codes, specific tables are provided to evaluate live loads as a function of building type
(TS 498, Eurocode 1- Part 1, ASCE 7)

A portion of ASCE minimum

live loads are provided here.

Loads and Load Analysis

Live Loads

Eurocode 1991-1-1
Actions on Structures

Loads and Load Analysis

Other Loads

Snow Loads:
Considered for cold regions
Values are regionalized and provided in building codes (EN 19911-3 or TS-498)
Wind Loads:
The magnitude of wind pressure on a structure depends on the
wind velocity, shape and stiffness of the structure, roughness and
profile of the surrounding ground, influence of adjacent
structures,

Loads and Load Analysis

Other Loads

Wind Loads (continued):

Typical wind load distribution

on a multistory building.

Loads and Load Analysis

Other Loads

Earthquake Loads:
Earthquakes occur in many regions of the world. In certain
locations where the intensity of the ground shaking is small, the
designer does not have to consider seismic effects.
In other locations particularly in regions near and active
geological fault, such as North Anatolian Fault Zone or San
Andreas Fault zone in western coast of CA, large ground motions
frequently occur that can damage or destroy buildings.

Loads and Load Analysis

Other Loads
Earthquake Loads (continued):
The ground motion created by major earthquake forces cause
buildings to sway back and forth. Assuming the building is fixed at
its base, the displacement of floors will vary from zero at the base
to a maximum at the roof,

Loads and Load Analysis

Other Loads
Earthquake Loads (continued):
Earthquake forces to be used in design of structures are defined
in building codes
Turkish Earthquake Code (2007)
EN-1998-1 (Eurocode 8) (2004)
ASCE 7 (2005)

Loads and Load Analysis

Load Combinations
The forces produced by various ways discussed above need to be combined
in a proper manner,
And need to be increased by a factor of safety (load factor) to produce the
desired level of safety,
The combined load effect, sometimes called the required factored strength,
represents the minimum strength for which members need to be designed,
Some examples of load combinations are given below (these combinations
are defined in building codes):
1.4D
1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2 S
where D: dead load, E: earthquake load, L: live load, S: snow load

Preparation for Computation

Preparation for Computations

Before starting an analysis it is important to prepare a set of

clear and complete computation to reduce the possibility of
errors and to be able to check your analysis in the future.

Each analysis needs to be clear and correct, without any

kind of numerical errors or missing units!!!!

Preparation for Computations

Suggestions:
State the objective of the analysis
Prepare a clear drawing of the structure, with loads and
dimensions
Include all steps of your computations
Check the results!!!!
Verify that the direction of deflections is consistent with
the applied forces

Structural Systems in Architecture

AR 361
Fall Semester

Professor zgr ZELK, Ph.D.