CHAPTER 8 HOMEWORK

Read Chapter 8 and pp. 415 428 from Chapter 9.

1. Without using Fig. 8.3, predict the order of increasing electronegativity in each of the following groups
of elements:
a. Na, K, Rb
b. B, O, Ga
c. F, Cl, Br
d. S, O, F
2. Without using Fig. 8.3, predict which bond in each of the following groups will be the most polar:
a. C H, Si H, Sn H
b. Al Br, Ga Br, In Br, Tl Br
c. C O or Si O
d. O F or O Cl
3. Write the complete electron configuration for the most stable ion formed by:
a. S

b. Br

c. Ra

d. Cs

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4. Which of the following ions have noble gas electron configurations?

a. V3+, V5+, Ni2+
b. Ta2+, Ta5+, Cd2+
c. Rb2+, Sr2+, Sn2+
d. P3-, S3-, Br35. For each of the following groups, place the atoms and/or ions in order of decreasing size:
a. V, V2+, V3+, V5+
b. Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+
c. Te2-, I-, Cs+, Ba2+
d. P, P-, P2-, P3e. O2-, S2-, Se2-, Te26. Use the following data to estimate the Hf0 for sodium chloride
Na(s) + Cl2 (g) NaCl (s)
Lattice energy
Ionization energy for Na
Electron affinity of Cl
Bond energy of Cl2
Enthalpy of sublimation for Na

-786 kJ/mol
495 kJ/mol
-349 kJ/mol
239 kJ/mol
109 kJ/mol

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7. Use bond energy values to estimate H for each of the following reactions:

a. HCN (g) + 2 H2 (g) CH3NH2 (g)

b. CH3OH (g) + CO (g) CH3COOH (l)

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8. Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for each of the following:
a. HCN

b. NH4+

c. H2CO

9. Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for each of the following molecules and ions (in each
case the first atom listed is the central atom).
a. POCl3

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b. SO42-

c. NF3

10. Write Lewis structures for the following molecules or ions, which have central atoms that do not
obey the octet rule:
a. PF5

b. BeH2

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c. SF4

d. ClF5

e. SF6

11. Write Lewis structures for the following. Show all resonance structures where applicable:
a. NO3-

b. OCN-

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12. Consider the following bond lengths:

The carbon oxygen single bond = 143 pm
The carbon oxygen double bond = 123 pm
The carbon oxygen triple bond = 109 pm
In the CO32- ion, all three carbon oxygen bonds have identical bond lengths of 136 pm. Why?

13. Use the formal charge arguments to rationalize why BF3 would not follow the octet rule.

14. Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for the following species. Assign the formal charge
for each of the central atoms.
a. POCl3

b. ClO4-

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c. XeO4

d. ClO3-

15. Write Lewis structures, then predict the molecular structure, bond angles, and polarity of each of the
following molecules or ions:
a. SO3

b. NI3

c. IF3

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d. SeF4

e. AsF5

f. CO2

g. SeF6

16. The molecules BF3, CF4, CO2, PF5, and SF6 are all nonpolar, even though they all contain polar
bonds. Why?

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17. Use the localized electron model to describe the bonding in CCl 4

18. Use the localized electron model to describe the bonding in H 2CO.

19. For each of the following molecules or ions, write the Lewis structure(s), predict the molecular
structure (including bond angles), give the expected hybrid orbitals on each central atom, and predict the
overall polarity:
a. NF3

b. TeF4

c. PCl5

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d. IF5

e. SO3

f. (S2O3)2-

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20. Biacetyl and acetoin are added to margarine to make it taste more like butter.
Biacetyl:
O O
|| ||
CH3 C C CH3
Acetoin:
O
||
CH3 CH C CH3
|
OH
Complete the Lewis structures, predict values for all the C-C-O bond angles, and give the hybridization of
the carbon atoms in these two compounds. Are the four carbons and two oxygens in biacetyl in the same
plane? How many bonds and how many bonds are there in biacetyl and acetoin?

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